Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 9ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ Θ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Jehu is anointed to judge Ahab's house, and Joram, Ahaziah, and Jezebel fall under Naboth's curse.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 4 Kingdoms 9 (= 2 Kings 9) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. This chapter belongs to the so-called καίγε section of Kingdoms, a recension that revises the Old Greek toward a proto-Masoretic Hebrew, and its diction is correspondingly literalistic and Hebraizing: relentless καί-parataxis, the cognate construction οὐροῦντα πρὸς τοῖχον ('one pissing against a wall', v. 8) calquing מַשְׁתִּין בְּקִיר, transliterated technical and place-terms left untranslated (γαρεμ τῶν ἀναβαθμῶν v. 13; Ρεμμωθ Γαλααδ; Βαιθαγγαν), and the personal name Ιου (Jehu) treated as indeclinable throughout. The narrative is a tightly built regicide-cycle: Elisha dispatches a member of the prophetic guild to anoint Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi king over Israel at Ramoth-gilead with the prophetic messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος and the perfect κέχρικά σε εἰς βασιλέα ('I have anointed you king', vv. 3, 6, 12), commissioning him to exterminate (ἐξολεθρεύσεις) the house of Ahab and avenge the blood (ἐκδικήσεις τὰ αἵματα) of the prophets and of Naboth shed by Jezebel (vv. 7–10). The captains proclaim Jehu king on the bare steps with the trumpet (vv. 11–13); Jehu drives furiously to Jezreel (the watchman recognizes the headlong ἐν παραλλαγῇ driving, v. 20), kills Joram of Israel with an arrow through the heart in the very plot of Naboth the Jezreelite (vv. 21–26), pursues and mortally wounds Ahaziah of Judah (vv. 27–29), and confronts the painted Jezebel at her window — the ironic taunt εἰ εἰρήνη Ζαμβρι ὁ φονευτὴς τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ ('Is it peace, Zimri, murderer of his lord?', v. 31) recalling Zimri's earlier regicide — who is thrown down by the eunuchs, trampled by the horses, and eaten by the dogs, leaving only τὸ κρανίον καὶ οἱ πόδες καὶ τὰ ἴχνη τῶν χειρῶν (v. 35), thus fulfilling the word the LORD spoke by Elijah the Tishbite (vv. 36–37).

1

καὶ Ελισαιε ὁ προφήτης ἐκάλεσεν ἕνα τῶν υἱῶν τῶν προφητῶν καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ζῶσαι τὴν ὀσφύν σου καὶ λαβὲ τὸν φακὸν τοῦ ἐλαίου τούτου ἐν τῇ χειρί σου καὶ δεῦρο εἰς Ρεμμωθ Γαλααδ

And Elisha the prophet called one of the sons of the prophets and said to him, 'Gird up your loins and take this flask of oil in your hand and go to Ramoth-gilead.'

Episode-initial main narrative (new scene opens the regicide cycle)καὶ Ελισαιε
The chapter opens with the standard Hebraizing καί-parataxis. The named prophet Ελισαιε is fronted as the agent of the whole anointing-sequence; the three imperatives ζῶσαι … λαβέ … δεῦρο form a rapid commissioning chain that propels the unnamed disciple toward Ramoth-gilead.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: transliteration of Hebrew אֱלִישָׁע ('God is salvation'); the LXX leaves the prophet's name indeclinable; here the nominative subject (signalled by the apposed article ὁ προφήτης) of ἐκάλεσεν.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativeappositional title (with Ελισαιε)→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet / spokesman'; renders נָבִיא; the title in apposition identifies Elisha as the authoritative source of the royal anointing, transferring Elijah's mantle-mission (cf. 3 Kgdms 19:16) into action.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aorist (single summoning act)καλέω: 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; the aorist sets the scene by summoning the agent who will carry out the anointing in Elisha's stead.
ἕναoneAccusativedirect object (numeral substantive)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the masculine accusative ἕνα substantivized as 'one (member)'; the disciple remains anonymous, a feature of the prophetic-guild traditions.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἕνα)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the idiom υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν ('sons of the prophets') renders בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים, a Hebraism for members of a prophetic guild or company, not literal offspring.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive (defining the guild)→ relational specificationπροφήτης (gen. pl.): the second member of the construct-chain 'sons of the prophets'; the guild is the corporate body from which Elisha's emissary is drawn.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elisha's direct commissioning speech.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (addressee)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of the personal pronoun marking the disciple as the recipient of the command.
ζῶσαιgirdAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ζώννυμιmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (prepare for travel)ζώννυμι: 'gird / fasten a belt'; the middle ζῶσαι ('gird yourself') renders חֲגֹר מָתְנֶיךָ; girding the loins is the standard idiom for readying oneself for rapid action or a journey (cf. 3 Kgdms 18:46; Exod 12:11).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύνloinsAccusativedirect object of ζῶσαι→ object specificationὀσφῦς: 'loins / waist'; renders מָתְנַיִם; the accusative of the part girded; girding the loins meant tucking up the long robe for swift movement.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperative (single decisive act)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the flask of oil is the instrument of the royal anointing the disciple must carry.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φακὸνflaskAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationφακός: properly 'lentil', then by shape 'a flask / cruse (of oil)'; renders פַּךְ; the small anointing-cruse, the same vessel-type used at Saul's and Jehu's anointings (cf. 1 Kgdms 10:1).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivegenitive of content (the flask's oil)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the oil of anointing that ritually consecrates the new king.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative (attributive to ἐλαίου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: the demonstrative τούτου points to the particular cruse of oil Elisha designates for the act.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (instrumental/locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental/locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'in your hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; the disciple is to carry the cruse personally — the prophet's hand becomes the conduit of the anointing.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεῦροgo / comeadverbial imperative (interjection of motion)→ imperatival force ('come!/go!')δεῦρο: an adverb of place used as an imperatival particle 'come here / go!'; here it has the force of a command to set out for Ramoth-gilead, completing the triple charge gird–take–go.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion).
ΡεμμωθRamothaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμωθ: transliteration of Hebrew רָמֹת ('heights'); indeclinable; with Γαλααδ designates Ramoth-gilead, the contested Transjordanian fortress-city where the army of Israel is encamped against Syria.
ΓαλααδGileadappositional place-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliteration of גִּלְעָד; indeclinable; the Transjordanian region whose 'heights' name the city Ramoth-gilead.
2

καὶ εἰσελεύσῃ ἐκεῖ καὶ ὄψῃ ἐκεῖ Ιου υἱὸν Ιωσαφατ υἱοῦ Ναμεσσι καὶ εἰσελεύσῃ καὶ ἀναστήσεις αὐτὸν ἐκ μέσου τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰσάξεις αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ ταμίειον ἐν τῷ ταμιείῳ

And you shall enter there and see there Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi, and you shall go in and raise him up from the midst of his brothers and bring him into an inner chamber within the chamber.

Continuation of the commission (predictive futures functioning as instructions)καὶ εἰσελεύσῃ
Elisha's directive shifts to a chain of second-person futures (εἰσελεύσῃ … ὄψῃ … ἀναστήσεις … εἰσάξεις) with imperatival force, a Hebraizing use of the future for command. The double εἰσελεύσῃ and the doubled ταμίειον … ἐν τῷ ταμιείῳ ('chamber within chamber') stress the secrecy required for the dangerous act.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσελεύσῃyou shall enterFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive future (command)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; renders בּוֹא; the future indicative used for a command is a Hebraism mirroring the Hebrew weqatal-instruction sequence.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; locates the action at Ramoth-gilead, repeated for emphasis.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψῃyou shall seeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureὁράω: 'see / look at'; the suppletive future ὄψομαι; renders רָאָה; the disciple is to single out Jehu among the officers.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ΙουJehudirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙου: transliteration of Hebrew יֵהוּא ('YHWH is he'); the future king and protagonist; the LXX treats the name as indeclinable throughout the chapter, so the accusative function here is shown only by syntax and the apposed υἱόν.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeappositional accusative (to Ιου)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the accusative makes explicit the case Ιου itself cannot show; introduces Jehu's two-generation pedigree.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliteration of יְהוֹשָׁפָט; Jehu's father; not the Judean king of the same name; indeclinable.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship (grandfather link)→ relational specificationυἱός (gen.): links Jehoshaphat to the grandfather Nimshi; the dynasty is normally named 'Jehu son of Nimshi' (cf. v. 20).
ΝαμεσσιNimshigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαμεσσι: transliteration of נִמְשִׁי; Jehu's grandfather; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσελεύσῃyou shall go inFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureεἰσέρχομαι: the repeated verb underscores the staged approach — entering the encampment, then drawing Jehu apart.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναστήσειςyou shall raise upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureἀνίστημι: 'raise up / make stand'; renders קוּם (Hiphil); here 'make him get up (and come away)' from among his fellow officers.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
μέσουmidstGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (with τῶν ἀδελφῶν)→ relational specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐκ μέσου renders מִתּוֹךְ ('from the midst of'), a Hebraism for extraction from a group.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivegenitive (the fellow officers)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; here 'brothers' = Jehu's fellow army-commanders, his comrades-in-arms rather than literal siblings.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσάξειςyou shall bring inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureεἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead in'; renders בּוֹא (Hiphil); the private summons into an inner room is essential to keeping the anointing secret until the deed is irreversible.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταμίειονinner chamberAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationταμιεῖον: 'storeroom / inner chamber / private room'; renders חֶדֶר; the most secluded part of the house, ensuring privacy for the anointing.
ἐνwithinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'within'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταμιείῳchamberDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceταμιεῖον (dat.): the repetition 'into the chamber within the chamber' renders the doubled Hebrew חֶדֶר בְּחָדֶר ('an inner room within an inner room'), intensifying the secrecy of the act.
3

καὶ λήμψῃ τὸν φακὸν τοῦ ἐλαίου καὶ ἐπιχεεῖς ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰπόν τάδε λέγει κύριος κέχρικά σε εἰς βασιλέα ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ ἀνοίξεις τὴν θύραν καὶ φεύξῃ καὶ οὐ μενεῖς

And you shall take the flask of oil and pour it on his head and say, 'Thus says the LORD: I have anointed you king over Israel.' Then you shall open the door and flee and not wait.

Climax of the commission: the anointing-act and prophetic wordκαὶ λήμψῃ
The directive chain reaches its climax in the anointing itself and the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος followed by the performative perfect κέχρικά σε ('I have anointed you'). The closing imperatives (ἀνοίξεις … φεύξῃ … οὐ μενεῖς) demand instant flight — the act is treasonous against the reigning Joram and must not be witnessed.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψῃyou shall takeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureλαμβάνω: 'take'; the Koine future λήμψομαι (with intrusive μ); resumes the flask-of-oil from v. 1 as the instrument of anointing.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φακὸνflaskAccusativedirect object→ object specificationφακός: the anointing-cruse (see v. 1).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivegenitive of content→ relational specificationἔλαιον: anointing-oil (see v. 1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχεεῖςyou shall pour uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureἐπιχέω: 'pour upon'; renders יָצַק; the compound ἐπι- marks the pouring 'onto' the head, the physical core of the anointing-rite (fulfilled at v. 6 with the cognate ἐπέχεεν).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (goal of pouring)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of pouring).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the head is the locus of royal consecration; the oil running over it marks the transfer of kingship.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰπόνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (aorist imperative)→ aorist imperative (decisive speech-act)λέγω: the second-aorist imperative εἰπόν (oxytone variant of εἰπέ); commands the pronouncement of the prophetic word that constitutes the anointing's meaning.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (object of λέγει)→ object specificationὅδε: the formula τάδε λέγει κύριος renders כֹּה אָמַר יהוה, the standard prophetic messenger-formula; τάδε anticipates the oracle that follows.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of messenger-formula (historic present)→ present immediacy of the divine wordλέγω (pres.): the durative/historic present in the citation-formula presents the LORD's word as presently authoritative.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of λέγει (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here unmistakably divine — it is the LORD who anoints through the prophet's word.
κέχρικάI have anointedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · χρίωmain verb of the oracle (performative perfect)→ performative/resultative perfect (the anointing is accomplished and stands)χρίω: 'anoint'; renders מָשַׁח, the verb from which מָשִׁיחַ / χριστός ('anointed one') derives; the perfect κέχρικά presents the anointing as an accomplished, abiding fact — by this very utterance Jehu is now the LORD's anointed king (cf. the same form at vv. 6, 12).
σεyouAccusativedirect object of κέχρικα→ participant referenceσύ (acc.): Jehu addressed directly as the object of divine anointing.
εἰςas / to bepreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as king')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: the predicative εἰς βασιλέα ('anoint as/into king') is a Hebraism rendering לְמֶלֶךְ, the lamed of product/role.
βασιλέαkingAccusativepredicative accusative (with εἰς)→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the office to which Jehu is anointed.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; renders עַל; marks the domain of Jehu's rule.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; here the northern kingdom over which Jehu is anointed, in deliberate displacement of the Omride dynasty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίξειςyou shall openFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureἀνοίγω: 'open'; renders פָּתַח; the door opened is the same one the prophet must use for immediate escape.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθύρα: 'door'; renders דֶּלֶת; the door of the inner chamber, fulfilled at v. 10 (ἤνοιξεν τὴν θύραν καὶ ἔφυγεν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φεύξῃyou shall fleeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureφεύγω: 'flee'; renders נוּס; instant flight is required because anointing a rival is high treason against the reigning king Joram.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μενεῖςyou shall waitFut Act Indic 2 Sg · μένωmain verb (negated future with imperatival force)→ prohibitive future ('do not linger')μένω: 'remain / stay / wait'; renders חָכָה / עָמַד; the negated future οὐ μενεῖς forbids any delay — the prophet must vanish before reaction sets in.
4

καὶ ἐπορεύθη τὸ παιδάριον ὁ προφήτης εἰς Ρεμμωθ Γαλααδ

And the young man, the prophet, went to Ramoth-gilead.

Narrative execution of the commission (transition to the deed)καὶ ἐπορεύθη
A terse summary verse marks obedience: the disciple sets out as charged. The double designation τὸ παιδάριον ὁ προφήτης ('the young man, the prophet') joins his youth and his prophetic status, the two facts the officers will seize on at v. 11 (ὁ ἐπίλημπτος οὗτος).
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (completed journey)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; the deponent aorist passive ἐπορεύθη renders הָלַךְ; reports the disciple's obedient departure for Ramoth-gilead.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονyoung manNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: 'boy / young man / servant'; diminutive of παῖς; renders נַעַר; stresses the prophet's youth — a striking agent for so weighty a commission.
theNominativearticle (appositional)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativeappositional title (to τὸ παιδάριον)→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the apposition 'the young man, the prophet' identifies him as a guild-member (cf. v. 1) acting with prophetic authority despite his youth.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΡεμμωθRamothaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμωθ: Ramoth-gilead (see v. 1).
ΓαλααδGileadappositional place-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: Gilead (see v. 1).
5

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ἰδοὺ οἱ ἄρχοντες τῆς δυνάμεως ἐκάθηντο καὶ εἶπεν λόγος μοι πρὸς σέ ὁ ἄρχων καὶ εἶπεν Ιου πρὸς τίνα ἐκ πάντων ἡμῶν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς σέ ὁ ἄρχων

And he entered, and behold, the commanders of the army were sitting; and he said, 'I have a word for you, O commander.' And Jehu said, 'To which of us all?' And he said, 'To you, O commander.'

Arrival and dialogue: identifying the intended recipientκαὶ εἰσῆλθεν
The presentative ἰδού freezes the scene on the assembled officers. The clipped dialogue (λόγος μοι πρὸς σέ … πρὸς τίνα … πρὸς σέ) singles Jehu out of the company by elimination, building dramatic focus before the private anointing.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενhe enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; renders בּוֹא; the disciple enters the place where the officers sit, executing v. 2.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (with ἰδού)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ deictic vividnessἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative particle stages the scene through the disciple's eyes — the officers gathered.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςcommandersNominativesubject of ἐκάθηντο→ participant prominenceἄρχων (pl. ἄρχοντες): 'ruler / commander / officer'; renders שָׂרִים; here the army-commanders among whom Jehu sits.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςarmyGenitivegenitive (of the army)→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'power / force / army'; renders חַיִל / צָבָא; the military 'host' encamped at Ramoth-gilead.
ἐκάθηντοwere sittingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · κάθημαιmain verb (of the presentative clause)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing posture)κάθημαι: 'sit / be seated'; the imperfect ἐκάθηντο paints the officers in session as the disciple enters.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the disciple's address to the officers.
λόγοςa wordNominativesubject (verbless clause: 'a word is for me to you')→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / message'; renders דָּבָר; the nominative in the verbless idiom λόγος μοι πρὸς σέ ('I have a word for you') — a Hebraism for 'I have a message for you.'
μοιfor me / I haveDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat.): the dative of possession (λόγος μοι = 'I have a word'), rendering the Hebrew דָּבָר־לִי construction.
πρὸςfor / topreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ (acc.): the addressee of the message; deliberately ambiguous until specified.
the / ONominativearticle (with vocatival force)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχωνcommanderNominativenominative for vocative (address)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'commander'; the articular nominative ὁ ἄρχων functions as a vocative of address ('O commander'), a Semitizing use.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's reply.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu, here the subject of εἶπεν (see v. 2).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τίναwhomAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of πρός)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'who / which'; πρὸς τίνα ('to which?') seeks to narrow the message's recipient from the whole company.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
πάντωνallGenitivepartitive genitive (with τίνα)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; ἐκ πάντων ἡμῶν ('of all of us') frames the question as a selection from the whole group of officers.
ἡμῶνusGenitivepartitive genitive (1st person plural)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl.): 'of us'; Jehu includes himself among the officers, not yet knowing he is the one singled out.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the disciple's pointed reply.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (emphatic identification)→ participant referenceσύ (acc.): the emphatic 'to you' fixes Jehu as the sole recipient — the dramatic narrowing is complete.
the / ONominativearticle (with vocatival force)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχωνcommanderNominativenominative for vocative (address)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: vocatival nominative 'O commander', repeated to seal the identification of Jehu.
6

καὶ ἀνέστη καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον καὶ ἐπέχεεν τὸ ἔλαιον ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ κέχρικά σε εἰς βασιλέα ἐπὶ λαὸν κυρίου ἐπὶ τὸν Ισραηλ

And he arose and went into the house, and he poured the oil on his head and said to him, 'Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel: I have anointed you king over the people of the LORD, over Israel.'

Execution of the anointing (fulfilment of vv. 2–3)καὶ ἀνέστη
The disciple carries out Elisha's directive verbatim: ἐπέχεεν τὸ ἔλαιον ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλήν fulfils ἐπιχεεῖς of v. 3, and the oracle expands the formula with the fuller divine title κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ and the covenantal phrase λαὸν κυρίου, framing Jehu's kingship as service over the LORD's own people.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηhe aroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise / stand up'; the intransitive second aorist ἀνέστη; renders קוּם; Jehu rises to follow the prophet aside.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; the move indoors fulfils the privacy required at v. 2 (εἰς τὸ ταμίειον).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; renders בַּיִת; the private dwelling where the anointing is performed away from the assembled officers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέχεενhe poured uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the anointing-act)ἐπιχέω: 'pour upon'; the aorist ἐπέχεεν fulfils the commissioned future ἐπιχεεῖς of v. 3 — the physical anointing of Jehu's head with oil.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἔλαιον: the anointing-oil from the cruse (see v. 1).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (goal of pouring)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of pouring).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the locus of royal consecration (see v. 3).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the prophetic oracle accompanying the anointing.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat.): Jehu as addressee.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (object of λέγει)→ object specificationὅδε: the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος (see v. 3).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of messenger-formula (historic present)→ present immediacy of the divine wordλέγω (pres.): historic present of the citation-formula (see v. 3).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of λέγει (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here expanded with the appositional title ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ.
theNominativearticle (with appositional θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativeappositional title (to κύριος)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the fuller title κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ('the LORD, the God of Israel') renders יהוה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, lending solemn covenantal weight to the anointing-oracle.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here a possessive/relational genitive 'of Israel' with θεός.
κέχρικάI have anointedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · χρίωmain verb of the oracle (performative perfect)→ performative/resultative perfectχρίω: 'anoint' (see v. 3); the abiding perfect declares Jehu the LORD's anointed king.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of κέχρικα→ participant referenceσύ (acc.): Jehu directly addressed.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: predicative 'as king' (Hebraism for לְ; see v. 3).
βασιλέαkingAccusativepredicative accusative→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king' (see v. 3).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; marks the domain of rule.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenantal designation λαὸν κυρίου ('the people of the LORD') frames Jehu's kingship as stewardship over a people who belong to YHWH, not merely a political throne.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivepossessive genitive (the people belongs to the LORD)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton; the people are the LORD's own possession — the theological premise of the whole purge to follow.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (appositional restatement)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: the second ἐπί restates the realm by name (ἐπὶ τὸν Ισραηλ), specifying the LORD's people as the northern kingdom.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the articular τὸν Ισραηλ identifies the LORD's people concretely as Israel, the kingdom Jehu will rule.
7

καὶ ἐξολεθρεύσεις τὸν οἶκον Αχααβ τοῦ κυρίου σου ἐκ προσώπου μου καὶ ἐκδικήσεις τὰ αἵματα τῶν δούλων μου τῶν προφητῶν καὶ τὰ αἵματα πάντων τῶν δούλων κυρίου ἐκ χειρὸς Ιεζαβελ

And you shall utterly destroy the house of Ahab your lord from before me, and you shall avenge the blood of my servants the prophets and the blood of all the servants of the LORD at the hand of Jezebel.

The commission's purpose: destruction and blood-vengeanceκαὶ ἐξολεθρεύσεις
The oracle now states Jehu's mandate in two parallel futures: ἐξολεθρεύσεις ('you shall exterminate') and ἐκδικήσεις ('you shall avenge'). The phrase τοῦ κυρίου σου ('your lord') marks Ahab as Jehu's former royal master — the regicide is divinely commissioned. The avenging of τὰ αἵματα ('the bloods') of the prophets and servants of the LORD shed by Jezebel supplies the moral logic of the purge (cf. 3 Kgdms 18:4; 21:13).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξολεθρεύσειςyou shall utterly destroyFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive future (commissioned act)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / extirpate'; renders הִכְרִית / הִשְׁמִיד; the strong compound ἐξ- denotes total annihilation, the standard LXX verb for divinely-mandated extermination (cf. the herem ban); here the whole Omride dynasty.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here 'house of Ahab' = the Omride dynasty and household, the object of extermination.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliteration of אַחְאָב; indeclinable; the apostate king whose house, through Jezebel, persecuted the LORD's prophets.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive in apposition (Ahab as Jehu's master)→ relational specificationκύριος: here in the human-master sense ('your lord'), not the Tetragrammaton; Ahab (and his dynasty) was Jehu's royal overlord — the appositive stresses the gravity of the commissioned regicide.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (with κυρίου)→ relational specificationσύ (gen.): 'your'; identifies Ahab's house as Jehu's own former sovereign.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (Hebraism)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἐκ προσώπου μου ('from before me') renders מִפָּנַי, a Hebraism for removal from the LORD's sight — the house of Ahab is to be wiped out of the divine presence.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive (the LORD's presence)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen.): the LORD speaking in first person; 'from before me' = from the LORD's own presence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδικήσειςyou shall avengeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐκδικέωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureἐκδικέω: 'avenge / vindicate / requite'; renders נָקַם; Jehu is the instrument of divine blood-vengeance for the martyred prophets (cf. Deut 32:43).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐκδικήσεις→ object specificationαἷμα (pl. αἵματα): 'blood'; the Greek plural τὰ αἵματα renders the Hebrew דָּמִים ('bloodshed / bloodguilt'), a Semitic plural denoting violently shed blood that cries for vengeance (cf. Gen 4:10).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλωνservantsGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose blood)→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders עֶבֶד; 'my servants the prophets' is a standard prophetic designation (cf. Amos 3:7; Jer 7:25).
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen.): the prophets belong to the LORD as 'my servants.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (appositional)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive in apposition (to δούλων)→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the appositive specifies the servants as the prophets slain under Jezebel (cf. 3 Kgdms 18:4, 13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματαbloodAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationαἷμα (pl.): the second object widens the scope from the prophets to all the LORD's slain servants.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive attributive (with δούλων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing 'all the servants of the LORD' universalizes the bloodguilt to be avenged.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλωνservantsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; here the LORD's faithful generally, all victims of Jezebel's persecution.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivepossessive genitive (whose servants)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the servants belong to YHWH.
ἐκat / frompreposition + genitive (agency/source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (agency/source).
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (Hebraism for agency)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός ('from/at the hand of') renders מִיַּד, a Hebraism for agency — the blood was shed 'at the hand of' Jezebel.
ΙεζαβελJezebelgenitive of agency (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: transliteration of אִיזֶבֶל; indeclinable; the Sidonian queen of Ahab and chief persecutor of the prophets, whose own death (vv. 30–37) is the climax of the chapter.
8

καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς ὅλου τοῦ οἴκου Αχααβ καὶ ἐξολεθρεύσεις τῷ οἴκῳ Αχααβ οὐροῦντα πρὸς τοῖχον καὶ συνεχόμενον καὶ ἐγκαταλελειμμένον ἐν Ισραηλ

And from the hand of the whole house of Ahab; and you shall cut off from the house of Ahab every male, both bond and free in Israel.

Continuation of the destruction-oracle (totality of the purge)καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς
The verse extends the blood-vengeance to the whole house of Ahab and specifies the totality of the extermination with the crude Hebraistic merism οὐροῦντα πρὸς τοῖχον … συνεχόμενον καὶ ἐγκαταλελειμμένον ('one who pisses against a wall, both bond and free'), a fixed idiom for 'every male, of every status' (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:10; 21:21).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (agency/source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ χειρός: the phrase continues the blood-requital of v. 7, now widened to the whole household of Ahab.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (Hebraism)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός = 'at the hand of' (see v. 7).
ὅλουwholeGenitiveattributive adjective (with οἴκου)→ relational specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; renders כֹּל; intensifies the scope — the entire house of Ahab is implicated in the bloodguilt.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (the household of Ahab)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty' (see v. 7).
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: Ahab (see v. 7).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξολεθρεύσειςyou shall cut offFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ directive futureἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly' (see v. 7); here construed with a dative of separation (τῷ οἴκῳ Ἀχααβ, 'cut off from/for the house of Ahab').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of disadvantage/separation (from the house of Ahab)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat.): the dative τῷ οἴκῳ Αχααβ ('to/from the house of Ahab') marks the household from which every male is to be cut off — a Hebraistic construction.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: Ahab (see v. 7).
οὐροῦνταone pissingPres Act Part Acc Sg Masc · οὐρέωsubstantival participle (direct object of ἐξολεθρεύσεις)→ characterizing present participle (Hebraistic idiom)οὐρέω: 'urinate'; the substantival participle οὐροῦντα πρὸς τοῖχον ('one who urinates against a wall') woodenly calques the Hebrew idiom מַשְׁתִּין בְּקִיר, a crude but fixed expression for 'male / man-child' (cf. 1 Kgdms 25:22; 3 Kgdms 14:10; 21:21); it denotes every male of the dynasty marked for death.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τοῖχονwallAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationτοῖχος: 'wall (of a house)'; renders קִיר; part of the fixed Hebraistic idiom for the male (see οὐροῦντα above).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεχόμενονthe bond / confinedPres Mid Part Acc Sg Masc · συνέχωsubstantival participle (coordinate object)→ characterizing participle (status-merism)συνέχω: 'hold together / confine / restrain'; the passive participle συνεχόμενον renders עָצוּר ('bound / restrained'), the first half of the fixed Hebrew merism עָצוּר וְעָזוּב ('bond and free') denoting persons of every social status — none excepted.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκαταλελειμμένονthe free / forsakenPerf Mid Part Acc Sg Masc · ἐγκαταλείπωsubstantival participle (coordinate object)→ characterizing perfect participle (status-merism)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'leave behind / abandon'; the perfect passive participle ἐγκαταλελειμμένον renders עָזוּב ('left / free'), the second half of the merism עָצוּר וְעָזוּב; together 'bond and free' means absolutely everyone of the house of Ahab.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; locates the extermination 'in Israel' — the whole northern kingdom is purged of Ahab's line.
9

καὶ δώσω τὸν οἶκον Αχααβ ὡς τὸν οἶκον Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ καὶ ὡς τὸν οἶκον Βαασα υἱοῦ Αχια

And I will make the house of Ahab like the house of Jeroboam son of Nebat and like the house of Baasha son of Ahijah.

Divine first-person verdict: Ahab's house judged like prior condemned dynastiesκαὶ δώσω
The oracle reverts to YHWH's first person (δώσω) to pronounce the precedent: Ahab's house will share the fate of the two earlier exterminated northern dynasties, Jeroboam's (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:10–11) and Baasha's (cf. 3 Kgdms 16:3–4, 11–12). The double comparison sets Jehu's purge in a recurring pattern of dynastic judgment on the northern kingdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will makeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine first-person)→ predictive future (divine verdict)δίδωμι: 'give'; with a predicate (δώσω … ὡς) it means 'render / make (to be like)', rendering נָתַן in the sense of 'set / appoint'; YHWH himself decrees the fate of Ahab's house.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; the house of Ahab as object of the verdict.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: Ahab (see v. 7).
ὡςlikecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; renders כְּ; introduces the comparison to the precedent dynasties.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative (object of comparison)→ object specificationοἶκος: the house of Jeroboam, the first northern dynasty wiped out.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of יָרָבְעָם; indeclinable; the first king of the northern schism, whose house was exterminated (3 Kgdms 15:29) as foretold (14:10).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός (gen.): identifies Jeroboam by patronymic.
ΝαβατNebatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of נְבָט; indeclinable; Jeroboam's father, the standard epithet 'Jeroboam son of Nebat.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlikecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: the second comparison, to the house of Baasha.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative (object of comparison)→ object specificationοἶκος: the house of Baasha, the second exterminated northern dynasty (3 Kgdms 16:11–12).
ΒαασαBaashagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliteration of בַּעְשָׁא; indeclinable; the usurper-king whose house Zimri destroyed, fulfilling prophecy (3 Kgdms 16:3, 11–13).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός (gen.): patronymic of Baasha.
ΑχιαAhijahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχια: transliteration of אֲחִיָּה; indeclinable; Baasha's father (cf. 3 Kgdms 15:27).
10

καὶ τὴν Ιεζαβελ καταφάγονται οἱ κύνες ἐν τῇ μερίδι Ιεζραελ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θάπτων καὶ ἤνοιξεν τὴν θύραν καὶ ἔφυγεν

And as for Jezebel, the dogs shall devour her in the plot of Jezreel, and there shall be none to bury her. Then he opened the door and fled.

Climactic oracle (Jezebel's fate) and narrative execution of the flight-commandκαὶ τὴν Ιεζαβελ
The oracle ends with its most graphic stroke: the fronted accusative τὴν Ιεζαβελ (casus pendens) throws emphasis on Jezebel, whose corpse the dogs will devour 'in the plot of Jezreel' with no one to bury — a prophecy fulfilled to the letter at vv. 35–37. The verse then shifts to narrative (ἤνοιξεν … ἔφυγεν), the disciple obeying the flight-command of v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνthe / as forAccusativearticle (with fronted accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεζαβελJezebelfronted accusative (casus pendens, object of καταφάγονται)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: indeclinable, but marked accusative by the article τήν; the fronting ('and as for Jezebel') gives her fate emphatic, climactic position in the oracle.
καταφάγονταιshall devourFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατεσθίωmain verb→ predictive future (prophetic certainty)κατεσθίω: 'devour / eat up'; the suppletive future κατέδομαι/καταφάγομαι; the intensive κατα- ('eat down / consume wholly'); renders אָכַל; the dogs' devouring of Jezebel is the precise prophecy fulfilled at vv. 35–36 and echoing Elijah's word (3 Kgdms 21:23).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύνεςdogsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύων (pl. κύνες): 'dog'; renders כֶּלֶב; scavenging dogs devouring a corpse is the ultimate dishonor in the OT, the antithesis of honorable burial (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:11; 16:4; 21:24).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδιplot / portionDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceμερίς: 'portion / share / plot (of land)'; renders חֵלֶק; 'the plot of Jezreel' is the specific field where Jezebel will die — narrative geography binding oracle to fulfilment (vv. 36–37).
ΙεζραελJezreelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable, with μερίδι)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: transliteration of יִזְרְעֶאל ('God sows'); indeclinable; the Omride royal city and valley, scene of Naboth's murder and of the dynasty's downfall.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ gnomic/predictive present (no one will bury)εἰμί: 'be / exist'; the existential οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θάπτων ('there is none who buries') renders אֵין קֹבֵר; the denial of burial completes the dishonor — Jezebel's body will lie unburied.
the oneNominativearticle (substantivizing participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάπτωνburyingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · θάπτωsubstantival participle (subject of ἔστιν)→ characterizing present participleθάπτω: 'bury'; the articular participle ὁ θάπτων ('the one who buries') denotes the absence of any who would give Jezebel honorable burial — the antithesis of v. 34's later ironic order to bury her.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (shift to action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤνοιξενhe openedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνοίγω: 'open'; the aorist ἤνοιξεν fulfils the commissioned ἀνοίξεις of v. 3 — the disciple opens the door to flee.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθύρα: 'door'; the same door named at v. 3.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; the aorist ἔφυγεν fulfils φεύξῃ of v. 3 — the prophet vanishes the instant the anointing is done, as charged.
11

καὶ Ιου ἐξῆλθεν πρὸς τοὺς παῖδας τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπον αὐτῷ εἰ εἰρήνη τί ὅτι εἰσῆλθεν ὁ ἐπίλημπτος οὗτος πρὸς σέ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὑμεῖς οἴδατε τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὴν ἀδολεσχίαν αὐτοῦ

And Jehu went out to the servants of his lord, and they said to him, 'Is it well? Why did this madman come to you?' And he said to them, 'You know the man and his babbling.'

New scene: the officers question Jehuκαὶ Ιου ἐξῆλθεν
Jehu rejoins his fellow officers, here called οἱ παῖδες τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ ('the servants of his lord', i.e. of king Joram). Their probing εἰ εἰρήνη ('is all well?') and dismissive ὁ ἐπίλημπτος οὗτος ('this epileptic/madman') reflect the stereotype of ecstatic prophets; Jehu's evasive reply (his 'babbling') initially deflects suspicion.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu, subject of ἐξῆλθεν (see v. 2).
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; renders יָצָא; Jehu leaves the inner room and returns to the officers.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαςservantsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationπαῖς (pl. παῖδας): 'servant / attendant / officer'; renders עֶבֶד; the king's officers/courtiers, Jehu's fellow commanders.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive of relationship (their royal master)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-master sense ('his lord' = king Joram), not the Tetragrammaton; the officers are 'the servants of his lord,' i.e. royal servants.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: the aorist εἶπον (here 3 pl.) introduces the officers' questions.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat.): Jehu addressed.
εἰis...?interrogative particle (direct question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: normally 'if', but here introduces a direct yes/no question (a Hebraism rendering the interrogative ה־); εἰ εἰρήνη = 'is it peace/well?'
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative (verbless question)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace / well-being'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the verbless εἰ εἰρήνη ('is all well?') is the recurring keyword of the chapter (vv. 17, 18, 19, 22, 31), each time charged with deeper irony.
τίwhyinterrogative (adverbial accusative: 'why?')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; τί ὅτι ('why is it that?') renders מַדּוּעַ, asking the reason for the prophet's visit.
ὅτιthatconjunction (with τί: 'why that...')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here completing the idiom τί ὅτι ('why is it that...?').
εἰσῆλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of the indirect question→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'come in'; the officers ask why the prophet 'came in' to Jehu.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίλημπτοςmadman / epilepticNominativesubject (substantival adjective)→ participant prominenceἐπίλημπτος: 'epileptic / one seized (by a fit)', hence 'crazed person'; renders מְשֻׁגָּע ('madman'); a contemptuous popular label for the ecstatic prophet (cf. Jer 29:26; Hos 9:7) — the officers do not take him seriously.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (with ἐπίλημπτος)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative adds a dismissive tone ('this madman of yours').
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ (acc.): Jehu, the one the prophet came to.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's deflecting reply.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl.): the officers.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl.): the emphatic ὑμεῖς ('you yourselves') makes the reply offhand — 'you know the type already.'
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ stative perfect (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present meaning); Jehu's evasive 'you know the man and his ramblings' deflects the officers' curiosity without disclosing the anointing.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; refers to the prophet, dismissively as 'that fellow.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδολεσχίανbabblingAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationἀδολεσχία: 'idle talk / chatter / babbling'; renders שִׂיחַ; Jehu downplays the oracle as the prophet's customary 'rambling,' masking its momentous content.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
12

καὶ εἶπον ἄδικον ἀπάγγειλον δὴ ἡμῖν καὶ εἶπεν Ιου πρὸς αὐτούς οὕτως καὶ οὕτως ἐλάλησεν πρός με λέγων τάδε λέγει κύριος κέχρικά σε εἰς βασιλέα ἐπὶ Ισραηλ

And they said, 'That is false; tell us now!' And Jehu said to them, 'Thus and thus he spoke to me, saying, "Thus says the LORD: I have anointed you king over Israel."'

Disclosure: the officers press and Jehu reports the oracleκαὶ εἶπον
The officers reject the evasion (ἄδικον, 'that's not true / not right') and demand the truth (ἀπάγγειλον δή). Jehu then repeats the anointing-oracle verbatim — τάδε λέγει κύριος κέχρικά σε εἰς βασιλέα ἐπὶ Ισραηλ — the third occurrence of the formula (cf. vv. 3, 6), now made public and so triggering the acclamation of v. 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the officers' insistent demand.
ἄδικονfalse / unjustAccusativepredicate (exclamatory: 'that is false!')→ object specificationἄδικος: 'unjust / false'; the neuter ἄδικον used exclamatorily ('that's not so / not right') rejects Jehu's evasion and demands the real answer (rendering a Hebrew idiom for 'false / a lie').
ἀπάγγειλονtellAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperative (urgent demand)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce / declare'; renders הִגִּיד; the officers command Jehu to disclose what was really said.
δὴnow / prayemphatic particle (urging the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: enclitic particle of urgency ('now / do / pray'); renders נָא; strengthens the demand — 'tell us at once.'
ἡμῖνusDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl.): the officers as recipients of the report.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's disclosure.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl.): the officers.
οὕτωςthusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; the doubled οὕτως καὶ οὕτως ('thus and thus') renders כָּזֹאת וְכָזֹאת, a summarizing idiom for reporting a speech ('such and such').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthusadverb of manner (paired)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: the second member of the idiom 'thus and thus.'
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; Jehu reports the prophet's words.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc.): Jehu, the one addressed by the prophet.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (Hebraistic לֵאמֹר)λέγω (part.): the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew quotative לֵאמֹר, marking the onset of the cited oracle.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (object of λέγει)→ object specificationὅδε: the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος (see vv. 3, 6).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of messenger-formula (historic present)→ present immediacy of the divine wordλέγω (pres.): historic present of the citation-formula.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of λέγει (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; Jehu cites the divine oracle as the prophet delivered it.
κέχρικάI have anointedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · χρίωmain verb of the cited oracle (performative perfect)→ performative/resultative perfectχρίω: 'anoint' (see v. 3); the third utterance of κέχρικά σε, now public, makes Jehu's claim to the throne irrevocable.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of κέχρικα→ participant referenceσύ (acc.): Jehu.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: predicative 'as king' (see v. 3).
βασιλέαkingAccusativepredicative accusative→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king' (see v. 3).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; the realm of Jehu's rule.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom (see v. 3).
13

καὶ ἀκούσαντες ἔσπευσαν καὶ ἔλαβον ἕκαστος τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔθηκαν ὑποκάτω αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ γαρεμ τῶν ἀναβαθμῶν καὶ ἐσάλπισαν ἐν κερατίνῃ καὶ εἶπον ἐβασίλευσεν Ιου

And hearing it, they hurried and took each his cloak and placed it under him on the bare steps, and they blew the ram's horn and said, 'Jehu is king!'

Acclamation: the officers proclaim Jehu kingκαὶ ἀκούσαντες
The disclosure provokes an instant, unanimous coup-acclamation. The cloaks spread on the bare steps form an improvised throne-dais; the ram's horn (κερατίνη) signals royal accession; and the cry ἐβασίλευσεν Ιου ('Jehu has become king') is the formal proclamation. The aorist participle ἀκούσαντες ('having heard') ties the action directly to the oracle of v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'when they heard')→ antecedent aorist participleἀκούω: 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; the aorist participle marks the officers' hearing of the oracle as the immediate trigger of the acclamation.
ἔσπευσανthey hurriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σπεύδωmain verb→ constative aorist (swift response)σπεύδω: 'hasten / hurry'; renders מִהֵר; the haste conveys the officers' eager, decisive embrace of Jehu as king.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονtookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; each officer takes his own garment to honor the new king.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativesubject in apposition (distributive: 'each one')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; distributive, with the plural verb — every officer participates in the gesture.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονcloakAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / outer cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; spreading garments before/under a king is an act of homage and enthronement (cf. the parallel at Matt 21:8).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκανplacedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put / place / lay'; renders שִׂים; the cloaks are laid beneath Jehu's feet to form a makeshift throne-platform.
ὑποκάτωunderimproper preposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: 'underneath / below'; renders תַּחַת; takes the genitive αὐτοῦ — the garments are placed 'under him.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive with ὑποκάτω→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): Jehu, beneath whom the cloaks are spread.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
γαρεμbare (steps)transliterated noun (object of ἐπί)→ clausal contributionγαρεμ: an untranslated transliteration of Hebrew גֶּרֶם ('bare bone / very thing'); the obscure phrase ἐπὶ γαρεμ τῶν ἀναβαθμῶν renders עַל־גֶּרֶם הַמַּעֲלוֹת, 'on the bare/top of the steps' — the makeshift throne is the bare stairway itself; the recensor left the rare Hebrew word transliterated rather than rendered.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναβαθμῶνstepsGenitivegenitive (defining γαρεμ)→ relational specificationἀναβαθμός: 'step / stair'; renders מַעֲלָה; the staircase on which Jehu is acclaimed — an improvised dais in the absence of a proper throne.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσάλπισανthey blew the trumpetAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: 'sound a trumpet/horn'; renders תָּקַע (בַּשּׁוֹפָר); the horn-blast publicly proclaims the new king's accession (cf. 3 Kgdms 1:34, 39).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
κερατίνῃram's hornDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceκερατίνη: 'horn (trumpet)', from κέρας ('horn'); renders שׁוֹפָר; the ram's-horn trumpet sounded at coronations and alarms.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (acclamation-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the coronation-cry.
ἐβασίλευσενis king / has become kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb of the acclamation→ ingressive aorist ('has become king')βασιλεύω: 'reign / be(come) king'; the ingressive aorist ἐβασίλευσεν Ιου ('Jehu has become king!') renders מָלַךְ, the formal accession-proclamation (cf. 2 Kgdms 15:10; 3 Kgdms 1:11).
ΙουJehusubject of the acclamation (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu, now publicly proclaimed king (see v. 2).
14

καὶ συνεστράφη Ιου υἱὸς Ιωσαφατ υἱοῦ Ναμεσσι πρὸς Ιωραμ καὶ Ιωραμ αὐτὸς ἐφύλασσεν ἐν Ρεμμωθ Γαλααδ αὐτὸς καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ ἀπὸ προσώπου Αζαηλ βασιλέως Συρίας

And Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi conspired against Joram. Now Joram himself had been keeping guard at Ramoth-gilead, he and all Israel, before Hazael king of Syria.

New movement: the conspiracy against Joram, with background noteκαὶ συνεστράφη
The verb συνεστράφη ('formed a conspiracy') opens the regicide proper. The verse then supplies a backgrounding parenthesis (Joram and all Israel defending Ramoth-gilead against Hazael of Syria) using the imperfect ἐφύλασσεν to set the prior military situation against which Jehu's coup unfolds.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεστράφηconspiredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συστρέφωmain verb→ constative aorist (formation of conspiracy)συστρέφω: lit. 'twist/band together'; the passive συνεστράφη πρός ('banded together / conspired against') renders קָשַׁר ('conspire'), the technical verb for plotting against a king (cf. 3 Kgdms 16:9; 4 Kgdms 10:9).
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositional nominative (to Ιου)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the full patronymic 'Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi' (cf. v. 2) is restated to mark the start of the decisive action.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: Jehu's father (see v. 2).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός (gen.): links to the grandfather.
ΝαμεσσιNimshigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαμεσσι: Jehu's grandfather (see v. 2).
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here in hostile sense 'against' with συστρέφω.
ΙωραμJoramaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: transliteration of יוֹרָם / יְהוֹרָם; indeclinable; Joram (Jehoram) son of Ahab, the reigning king of Israel and target of Jehu's conspiracy.
καὶand / nownarrative conjunction (introducing background)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωραμJoramsubject of background clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram, now subject of the backgrounding note.
αὐτὸςhimselfNominativeintensive pronoun (with Ιωραμ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'himself'; stresses that Joram personally had been holding the front line.
ἐφύλασσενwas keeping guardImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb of background clause→ descriptive imperfect (prior ongoing situation)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep watch'; renders שָׁמַר; the imperfect supplies the military backdrop — Joram had been defending Ramoth-gilead against Syria.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡεμμωθRamothdative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡεμμωθ: Ramoth-gilead (see v. 1).
ΓαλααδGileadappositional place-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: Gilead (see v. 1).
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive: 'he and all Israel')→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumptive 'he (himself), together with...'; introduces the comprehensive subject of the defense.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all Israel' = the whole army was engaged in the defense.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable, with πᾶς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: here the national army of the northern kingdom.
ἀπὸbefore / frompreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before/against')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ προσώπου: 'from the face of / before'; renders מִפְּנֵי, here in the sense of defending 'against' the threat of Hazael.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Hebraism)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; part of the prepositional idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου (see above).
ΑζαηλHazaelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: transliteration of חֲזָאֵל; indeclinable; the Aramean king of Damascus, Israel's chief enemy at this time (cf. 4 Kgdms 8:7–15).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Αζαηλ)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): 'king'; identifies Hazael as king of Syria.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship (Hazael's realm)→ relational specificationΣυρία: 'Syria / Aram'; renders אֲרָם; the Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus.
15

καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν Ιωραμ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἰατρευθῆναι ἐν Ιεζραελ ἀπὸ τῶν πληγῶν ὧν ἔπαισαν αὐτὸν οἱ Σύροι ἐν τῷ πολεμεῖν αὐτὸν μετὰ Αζαηλ βασιλέως Συρίας καὶ εἶπεν Ιου εἰ ἔστιν ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ μὴ ἐξελθέτω ἐκ τῆς πόλεως διαπεφευγὼς τοῦ πορευθῆναι καὶ ἀπαγγεῖλαι ἐν Ιεζραελ

But Joram the king had turned back to be healed in Jezreel of the wounds with which the Syrians had struck him when he fought with Hazael king of Syria. And Jehu said, 'If your soul is with me, let no one escaping go out of the city to go and report it in Jezreel.'

Background completed; Jehu seals the cityκαὶ ἀπέστρεψεν Ιωραμ
The background note explains why Joram is vulnerable at Jezreel — withdrawn there to recover from battle-wounds. Jehu then takes the decisive precaution: a conditional appeal to his officers' loyalty (εἰ ἔστιν ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ) and a prohibition (μὴ ἐξελθέτω) sealing the city so that no warning reaches Jezreel before he strikes.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction (continuing background)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενhad turned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (pluperfect sense)→ constative aorist with anterior forceἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; here intransitive ('Joram had returned') to Jezreel to convalesce — the anterior nuance is required by the narrative sequence.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14).
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositional title (to Ιωραμ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title marks Joram as the reigning king of Israel whom Jehu means to displace.
ἰατρευθῆναιto be healedAor Pass Infin · ἰατρεύωinfinitive of purpose→ purpose infinitiveἰατρεύω: 'heal / treat medically'; the passive infinitive ἰατρευθῆναι ('to get healed') states Joram's purpose in withdrawing to Jezreel — convalescence from his wounds.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙεζραελJezreeldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10); the Omride second residence where Joram recuperates.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (source: healed 'from' wounds)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: healed 'from' wounds).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πληγῶνwoundsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationπληγή: 'blow / wound / stroke'; renders מַכָּה; the battle-wounds from which Joram seeks healing.
ὧνwith whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, gen. pl. by attraction to πληγῶν; 'the wounds with which they struck him.'
ἔπαισανstruckAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παίωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristπαίω: 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה / הִכָּה; the Syrians inflicted the wounds in battle.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Joram, the one wounded.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣύροιSyriansNominativesubject of ἔπαισαν→ participant prominenceΣύρος (pl. Σύροι): 'Syrian / Aramean'; renders אֲרַמִּים; Hazael's forces who wounded Joram.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: a temporal construction ('when / while'), a frequent LXX Hebraism rendering בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμεῖνfightingPres Act Infin · πολεμέωarticular infinitive (temporal clause)→ contemporaneous present infinitiveπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; renders לָחַם; ἐν τῷ πολεμεῖν αὐτόν = 'when he fought / was fighting.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): the subject of the infinitive — Joram, fighting Hazael.
μετὰwith / againstpreposition + genitive (association in combat)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with', here in the sense of fighting 'against / with' an opponent.
ΑζαηλHazaelgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: Hazael (see v. 14).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): of Hazael.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationΣυρία: Syria/Aram (see v. 14).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (return to foreground)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's command to seal the city.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
εἰifconditional particle (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the real condition appealing to the officers' loyalty.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the protasis→ present (real condition)εἰμί: 'be'; the protasis εἰ ἔστιν ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ ('if your soul/will is with me') tests whether the officers truly back Jehu.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴsoul / willNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / life / inner self / desire'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ ('your heart/will is with me') is an idiom for committed allegiance.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the officers.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (elided μετ᾿): 'with'; marks allegiance.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen.): Jehu.
μὴnotnegative (with imperative)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: prohibitive negative with the third-person imperative.
ἐξελθέτωlet go outAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (apodosis: third-person prohibition)→ prohibitive aorist imperativeἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the negated third-person imperative μὴ ἐξελθέτω ('let no one go out') orders the city sealed so no warning escapes to Jezreel.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; Ramoth-gilead, which Jehu seals against any messenger.
διαπεφευγὼςas a fugitive / escapingPerf Act Part Nom Sg Masc · διαφεύγωpredicative participle (with the subject of ἐξελθέτω)→ resultative perfect participleδιαφεύγω: 'escape / slip away'; the perfect participle διαπεφευγώς ('as one having escaped / a fugitive') describes the manner — no escapee is to slip out to carry news.
τοῦthe / so asGenitivearticle (with infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευθῆναιto goAor Pass Infin · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive of purpose→ purpose infinitiveπορεύομαι: 'go'; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ πορευθῆναι expresses purpose ('so as to go') — the danger Jehu forecloses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking infinitives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπαγγεῖλαιto reportAor Act Infin · ἀπαγγέλλωinfinitive of purpose (coordinate)→ purpose infinitiveἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; the news Jehu must prevent reaching Joram at Jezreel — surprise is essential to the coup.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙεζραελJezreeldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10), where Joram lies wounded and unsuspecting.
16

καὶ ἵππευσεν καὶ ἐπορεύθη Ιου καὶ κατέβη εἰς Ιεζραελ ὅτι Ιωραμ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ἐθεραπεύετο ἐν Ιεζραελ ἀπὸ τῶν τοξευμάτων ὧν κατετόξευσαν αὐτὸν οἱ Αραμιν ἐν τῇ Ραμμαθ ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ μετὰ Αζαηλ βασιλέως Συρίας ὅτι αὐτὸς δυνατὸς καὶ ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως καὶ Οχοζιας βασιλεὺς Ιουδα κατέβη ἰδεῖν τὸν Ιωραμ

And Jehu mounted and rode and went down to Jezreel, because Joram king of Israel was being treated in Jezreel of the arrow-wounds with which the Arameans had shot him in Ramah in the war with Hazael king of Syria — because he was powerful and a man of valor. And Ahaziah king of Judah had gone down to see Joram.

Departure for Jezreel, with restated motive and the introduction of Ahaziahκαὶ ἵππευσεν
Jehu sets out at speed (ἵππευσεν … ἐπορεύθη … κατέβη). A double ὅτι-clause restates Joram's convalescence (now with τοξεύματα, 'arrow-wounds', and the variant ethnonym οἱ Αραμιν) and adds the editorial aside that Joram had been valiant. The final clause introduces Ahaziah king of Judah, present at Jezreel — a presence that seals his own fate in vv. 27–28.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵππευσενmounted / rodeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἱππεύωmain verb→ constative aoristἱππεύω: 'ride / mount (a chariot or horse)'; from ἵππος ('horse'); Jehu mounts to drive for Jezreel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηrode / wentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; the deponent aorist (see v. 4); Jehu's journey toward Jezreel.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go down / descend'; renders יָרַד; the topographical descent from Transjordanian Ramoth down into the Jezreel valley.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΙεζραελJezreelaccusative goal (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; renders כִּי; introduces the reason — Joram lies wounded at Jezreel.
ΙωραμJoramsubject of causal clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositional title→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom (see v. 3).
ἐθεραπεύετοwas being treatedImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb of causal clause→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing convalescence)θεραπεύω: 'serve / treat medically / heal'; the imperfect passive ἐθεραπεύετο ('was being treated/healed') depicts Joram's ongoing convalescence at Jezreel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙεζραελJezreeldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10).
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοξευμάτωνarrow-woundsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationτόξευμα: 'arrow / arrow-shot (wound)'; from τοξεύω ('shoot with a bow'); the arrow-wounds Joram took — a more specific term than πληγῶν in v. 15.
ὧνwith whichGenitiverelative pronoun (gen. by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun (cf. v. 15); 'the arrow-wounds with which...'
κατετόξευσανshot downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατατοξεύωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristκατατοξεύω: 'shoot down with arrows'; the intensive κατα- ('shoot full of arrows'); the Arameans riddled Joram with arrows in battle.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Joram.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑραμινArameanssubject of κατετόξευσαν (transliterated gentilic)→ participant identificationΑραμιν: a transliteration of Hebrew אֲרַמִּים ('Arameans'), left untranslated by the recensor (contrast οἱ Σύροι at v. 15); treated as an indeclinable plural gentilic — the same Syrian forces of Hazael.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαμμαθRamahdative of place (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΡαμμαθ: transliteration of רָמֹת — a variant rendering of Ramoth-gilead (cf. Ρεμμωθ vv. 1, 4, 14); the articular τῇ Ραμμαθ ('the Ramah') treats the place-name as indeclinable.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative/temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative/temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμῳwarDativedative of place/time (in the war)→ sphere or referenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the campaign against Hazael in which Joram was wounded.
μετὰwith / againstpreposition + genitive (combat)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with/against' in combat (see v. 15).
ΑζαηλHazaelgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: Hazael (see v. 14).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): of Hazael.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationΣυρία: Syria/Aram (see v. 14).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (editorial aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the editorial note on Joram's prowess.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he himself'; refers to Joram.
δυνατὸςpowerfulNominativepredicate adjective (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceδυνατός: 'mighty / powerful / able'; renders גִּבּוֹר; the aside notes Joram's military valor, making his fall the more striking.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὴρmanNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως ('a man of valor/force') is a Hebraism rendering אִישׁ חַיִל, 'warrior / man of valor.'
δυνάμεωςof valorGenitivegenitive of quality (with ἀνήρ)→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'power / valor / might'; here the qualitative genitive in the idiom 'man of valor' (see ἀνήρ above).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing Ahaziah)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: Greek rendering of Hebrew אֲחַזְיָהוּ ('Ahaziah'); here declined as a first-declension masculine (nom. -ας, acc. -αν, voc. -α), unlike the indeclinable northern names; Ahaziah king of Judah, Joram's nephew and ally, whose visit places him in Jehu's path.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositional title→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of יְהוּדָה; indeclinable; the southern kingdom whose king Ahaziah was Joram's kinsman (married into the Omride house).
κατέβηhad gone downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (anterior sense)→ constative aorist with anterior forceκαταβαίνω: 'go down'; Ahaziah had come down from Judah to Jezreel to visit the convalescing Joram — the visit that brings him into the slaughter.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Infin · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ purpose infinitiveὁράω: 'see / visit'; the aorist infinitive ἰδεῖν expresses Ahaziah's purpose — to visit the sick king.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιωραμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωραμJoramaccusative object of ἰδεῖν (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14); the articular τὸν Ιωραμ marks the accusative object of the visit.
17

καὶ ὁ σκοπὸς ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸν πύργον ἐν Ιεζραελ καὶ εἶδεν τὸν κονιορτὸν Ιου ἐν τῷ παραγίνεσθαι αὐτὸν καὶ εἶπεν Κονιορτὸν ἐγὼ βλέπω καὶ εἶπεν Ιωραμ λαβὲ ἐπιβάτην καὶ ἀπόστειλον ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν καὶ εἰπάτω εἰ εἰρήνη

And the watchman went up on the tower in Jezreel and saw the dust of Jehu as he approached, and said, 'I see a cloud of dust.' And Joram said, 'Take a horseman and send him to meet them, and let him say, "Is it peace?"'

New scene: the watchman sights Jehu's approachκαὶ ὁ σκοπὸς
The narrative shifts to Jezreel's tower-watchman, whose sightings (vv. 17, 20) structure the approach-sequence. His report of the κονιορτός ('dust-cloud') prompts Joram to send a mounted messenger with the recurring question εἰ εἰρήνη — the keyword whose ironic charge intensifies with each repetition.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκοπὸςwatchmanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceσκοπός: 'watchman / lookout'; from σκοπέω ('look out'); renders צֹפֶה; the sentinel on the tower whose successive reports drive the scene.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; the watchman climbs the tower to his post.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύργονtowerAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπύργος: 'tower / watchtower'; renders מִגְדָּל; the high vantage point over the approach to Jezreel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙεζραελJezreeldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the watchman sights the approaching dust-cloud.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κονιορτὸνdustAccusativedirect object→ object specificationκονιορτός: 'dust / cloud of dust'; renders אָבָק / שִׁפְעָה; the dust raised by Jehu's fast-driving company, visible from afar.
Ιουof Jehugenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Jehu's dust')→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2); here genitival 'the dust of Jehu (and his band).'
ἐνas / whilepreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: temporal 'as / while' (see v. 15).
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραγίνεσθαιapproachingPres Mid Infin · παραγίνομαιarticular infinitive (temporal clause)→ contemporaneous present infinitiveπαραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / draw near'; ἐν τῷ παραγίνεσθαι αὐτόν = 'as he was approaching.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Jehu, subject of the infinitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the watchman's report.
ΚονιορτὸνdustAccusativedirect object (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationκονιορτός: 'dust-cloud'; fronted in the watchman's report 'a dust-cloud I see' — only the cloud is yet visible, not the riders.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I (for my part) see'; the watchman reports his own observation.
βλέπωseePres Act Indic 1 Sg · βλέπωmain verb of the report→ descriptive present (live observation)βλέπω: 'see / look'; the present tense conveys the watchman's live, in-progress sighting.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joram's order.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14).
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeλαμβάνω: 'take'; Joram orders a horseman dispatched.
ἐπιβάτηνhorseman / riderAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἐπιβάτης: 'one who mounts / rider'; from ἐπιβαίνω; renders רֹכֵב; the mounted messenger sent to reconnoiter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόστειλονsendAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeἀποστέλλω: 'send (out / off)'; renders שָׁלַח; the rider is sent to meet the approaching company.
ἔμπροσθενbefore / to meetimproper preposition + genitive (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'in front of / before'; with the genitive αὐτῶν, 'out before them / to meet them.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive with ἔμπροσθεν→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): Jehu and his company.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰπάτωlet him sayAor Act Impv 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (third-person imperative)→ aorist imperativeλέγω: the third-person imperative εἰπάτω ('let him say'); the rider is to pose Joram's question.
εἰis...?interrogative particle (direct question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces the direct question (Hebraism, see v. 11).
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative (verbless question)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; the recurring εἰ εἰρήνη ('is it peace?', see v. 11), here Joram's anxious probe to a force he cannot yet identify.
18

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐπιβάτης ἵππου εἰς ἀπαντὴν αὐτῶν καὶ εἶπεν τάδε λέγει ὁ βασιλεύς εἰ εἰρήνη καὶ εἶπεν Ιου τί σοι καὶ εἰρήνῃ ἐπίστρεφε εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω μου καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν ὁ σκοπὸς λέγων ἦλθεν ὁ ἄγγελος ἕως αὐτῶν καὶ οὐκ ἀνέστρεψεν

And a horseman went to meet them and said, 'Thus says the king: Is it peace?' And Jehu said, 'What have you to do with peace? Turn in behind me.' And the watchman reported, saying, 'The messenger came up to them but has not turned back.'

First messenger absorbed by Jehu's trainκαὶ ἐπορεύθη
The first rider relays the royal εἰ εἰρήνη and receives Jehu's dismissive τί σοι καὶ εἰρήνῃ ('what is peace to you?') with the command to fall in behind him. The watchman's report that the messenger did not return builds suspense and signals that the company will not be turned aside.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; the rider sets out (see v. 4).
ἐπιβάτηςhorsemanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἐπιβάτης: 'rider' (see v. 17); here qualified by ἵππου.
ἵππουof a horseGenitivegenitive (defining the rider)→ relational specificationἵππος: 'horse'; ἐπιβάτης ἵππου = 'a rider of a horse / mounted messenger.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal: meeting)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal: meeting).
ἀπαντὴνmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationἀπαντή: 'a meeting / encounter'; εἰς ἀπαντήν ('to meet') renders לִקְרַאת, a Hebraistic idiom of going out to meet someone.
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobjective genitive (with ἀπαντήν)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): Jehu's company, those to be met.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the rider's relayed question.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (object of λέγει)→ object specificationὅδε: 'thus'; here the royal messenger-formula τάδε λέγει ὁ βασιλεύς ('thus says the king'), echoing the prophetic τάδε λέγει κύριος but on the human plane.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the messenger-formula→ historic presentλέγω (pres.): the royal citation-formula 'thus says the king.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Joram, on whose authority the messenger speaks.
εἰis...?interrogative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces the direct question (see v. 11).
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative (verbless question)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace' — the king's question relayed (see v. 17).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's curt reply.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (idiomatic)→ participant referenceτίς: 'what?'; τί σοι καὶ εἰρήνῃ ('what to you and to peace?') is a Hebraism (מַה־לְּךָ) brushing the question aside — 'what business have you with peace?'
σοιto youDativedative (in the idiom 'what to you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat.): 'to you'; part of the dismissive idiom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in the idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; the idiom τί ... καί ... ('what have X and Y in common?') expresses curt dismissal.
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativedative (in the idiom 'what to you and to peace')→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη (dat.): 'with peace'; Jehu rebuffs the messenger's concern for peace.
ἐπίστρεφεturnPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (imperative)→ present imperative (durative command)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn around'; renders סָבַב; Jehu commands the messenger to fall in behind him rather than return to Joram.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing ὀπίσω)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωbehindadverb (substantivized: 'the things behind')→ clausal contributionὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω μου ('in behind me') orders the rider into Jehu's retinue, neutralizing him as a witness.
μουmeGenitivegenitive with ὀπίσω→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen.): Jehu, behind whom the rider must fall in.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενreportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce' (see v. 12); the watchman reports the messenger's failure to return.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκοπὸςwatchmanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceσκοπός: watchman (see v. 17).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (Hebraistic לֵאמֹר)λέγω (part.): λέγων = the quotative (see v. 12).
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of the report→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the messenger reached Jehu's company.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγγελοςmessengerNominativesubject of ἦλθεν→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: 'messenger'; renders מַלְאָךְ; the rider sent by Joram (the general sense 'messenger', not 'angel').
ἕωςup toimproper preposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; with the genitive αὐτῶν, the messenger reached the company.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive with ἕως→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): Jehu's band.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστρεψενturned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; the messenger 'did not turn back' — absorbed into Jehu's train, heightening the menace.
19

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ἐπιβάτην ἵππου δεύτερον καὶ ἦλθεν πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ εἶπεν τάδε λέγει ὁ βασιλεύς εἰ εἰρήνη καὶ εἶπεν Ιου τί σοι καὶ εἰρήνῃ ἐπιστρέφου εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω μου

And he sent a second horseman, and he came to him and said, 'Thus says the king: Is it peace?' And Jehu said, 'What have you to do with peace? Turn in behind me.'

Second messenger: doublet reinforcing the patternκαὶ ἀπέστειλεν
The episode repeats almost verbatim with a second rider (δεύτερον), the doublet building inexorable momentum: again the royal εἰ εἰρήνη, again Jehu's τί σοι καὶ εἰρήνῃ and the command (now middle ἐπιστρέφου) to fall in behind. Repetition is a classic Hebrew narrative device for mounting tension before the climactic recognition (v. 20).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send' (see v. 17); Joram dispatches a second rider.
ἐπιβάτηνhorsemanAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἐπιβάτης: 'rider' (see v. 17).
ἵππουof a horseGenitivegenitive (defining the rider)→ relational specificationἵππος: 'horse' (see v. 18).
δεύτερονsecondAccusativeattributive ordinal (with ἐπιβάτην)→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'second'; renders שֵׁנִי; marks this as the second of the two messengers, signalling the doublet structure.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the rider reaches Jehu.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Jehu.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the relayed question.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (object of λέγει)→ object specificationὅδε: the royal messenger-formula (see v. 18).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the messenger-formula→ historic presentλέγω (pres.): 'thus says the king' (see v. 18).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Joram (see v. 18).
εἰis...?interrogative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: direct question (see v. 11).
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative (verbless question)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace' (see v. 17).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's reply.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (idiomatic)→ participant referenceτίς: τί σοι καὶ εἰρήνῃ (see v. 18).
σοιto youDativedative (idiom)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat.): see v. 18.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: idiom of dismissal (see v. 18).
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativedative (idiom)→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη (dat.): see v. 18.
ἐπιστρέφουturnPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (imperative)→ present imperative (durative command)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn'; here the middle ἐπιστρέφου ('turn yourself') — a slight variation from the active ἐπίστρεφε of v. 18, with the same effect: fall in behind Jehu.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing ὀπίσω)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωbehindadverb (substantivized)→ clausal contributionὀπίσω: 'behind' (see v. 18).
μουmeGenitivegenitive with ὀπίσω→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen.): Jehu.
20

καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν ὁ σκοπὸς λέγων ἦλθεν ἕως αὐτῶν καὶ οὐκ ἀνέστρεψεν καὶ ὁ ἄγων ἦγεν τὸν Ιου υἱὸν Ναμεσσιου ὅτι ἐν παραλλαγῇ ἐγένετο

And the watchman reported, saying, 'He came up to them but has not turned back; and the driving is the driving of Jehu son of Nimshi, for he drives furiously.'

Recognition: the watchman identifies Jehu by his drivingκαὶ ἀπήγγειλεν
The second non-returning messenger prompts the climactic recognition: the watchman names the driver by his unmistakable style — ὁ ἄγων ἦγεν τὸν Ιου ('the driving drove [like] Jehu') ... ἐν παραλλαγῇ ('with derangement / furiously'). The famous note on Jehu's headlong, madcap driving identifies him before he arrives, sealing Joram's doom.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενreportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report' (see v. 12); the watchman's climactic report.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκοπὸςwatchmanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceσκοπός: watchman (see v. 17).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (quotative)λέγω (part.): λέγων = the quotative (see v. 12).
ἦλθενhe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of the report→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the second messenger reached the company.
ἕωςup toimproper preposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'up to' (see v. 18).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive with ἕως→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): Jehu's band.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστρεψενturned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristἀναστρέφω: 'turn back' (see v. 18); the second rider, too, was absorbed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (substantivizing participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγωνdrivingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ἄγωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the driving/driver')→ characterizing present participleἄγω: 'lead / drive (a chariot)'; the figura etymologica ὁ ἄγων ἦγεν ('the driver drove' / 'the driving was the driving of...') woodenly renders the Hebrew הַמִּנְהָג כְּמִנְהַג ('the driving is like the driving of'), a cognate construction describing the characteristic manner of Jehu's chariot-driving.
ἦγενdroveImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἄγωmain verb (with cognate participle)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing manner)ἄγω (impf.): 'was driving'; the imperfect with the cognate ὁ ἄγων depicts the manner of approach — recognizably Jehu's headlong style.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιου)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουJehuobject/identifier of the driving (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2); the articular τὸν Ιου identifies the recognized driver.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeappositional accusative→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Nimshi' (skipping the father, as commonly for Jehu).
Ναμεσσιουof NimshiGenitivegenitive of relationship (declined form)→ relational specificationΝαμεσσι/Ναμεσσιου: Jehu's grandfather Nimshi; here, unusually, the name takes a Greek second-declension genitive ending (Ναμεσσιου) rather than the indeclinable Ναμεσσι of v. 2 — a variant in the recension.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the reason the driver is recognizable — his furious manner.
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
παραλλαγῇderangement / madnessDativedative of manner (with ἐγένετο)→ sphere or referenceπαραλλαγή: 'change / variation / aberration'; ἐν παραλλαγῇ ('with derangement / erratically') renders the Hebrew בְּשִׁגָּעוֹן ('in madness'); the famous note that Jehu 'drives like a madman' — recklessly, furiously — has become proverbial.
ἐγένετοhe drives / it wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (of the causal clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / be'; ἐν παραλλαγῇ ἐγένετο ('he was/went in derangement') describes Jehu's frenzied driving as his settled, recognizable manner.
21

καὶ εἶπεν Ιωραμ ζεῦξον καὶ ἔζευξεν ἅρμα καὶ ἐξῆλθεν Ιωραμ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ Οχοζιας βασιλεὺς Ιουδα ἀνὴρ ἐν τῷ ἅρματι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξῆλθον εἰς ἀπαντὴν Ιου καὶ εὗρον αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ μερίδι Ναβουθαι τοῦ Ιεζραηλίτου

And Joram said, 'Yoke up!' And he yoked the chariot, and Joram king of Israel and Ahaziah king of Judah went out, each in his chariot, and they went out to meet Jehu and found him in the plot of Naboth the Jezreelite.

The two kings ride out to meet Jehu (entering the trap)καὶ εἶπεν Ιωραμ
Joram's command ζεῦξον ('yoke!') and the two kings' joint sortie unwittingly carry them into Jehu's reach. The meeting-place is freighted with significance: ἐν τῇ μερίδι Ναβουθαι τοῦ Ιεζραηλίτου ('in the plot of Naboth the Jezreelite') — the very field stolen by judicial murder (3 Kgdms 21), where divine retribution will now fall on Ahab's son.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joram's command to harness the chariot.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14).
ζεῦξονyoke upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ζεύγνυμιmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeζεύγνυμι: 'yoke / harness'; renders אָסַר (the chariot); Joram orders his chariot made ready to ride out.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζευξενhe yokedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζεύγνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristζεύγνυμι: the charioteer harnesses the chariot at the command.
ἅρμαchariotAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב / מֶרְכָּבָה; the war-chariot in which Joram rides out.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the kings sally from Jezreel toward Jehu.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositional title→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom (see v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: Ahaziah king of Judah (see v. 16).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositional title→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: Judah (see v. 16).
ἀνὴρeachNominativedistributive apposition ('each man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; here distributive 'each (king) in his own chariot', a Hebraism (אִישׁ = 'each one'); the two ride in separate chariots.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματιchariotDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἅρμα (dat.): 'chariot'; each king in his own.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (distributive)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): 'his (own)'; with ἀνήρ, distributive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθονthey went outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: now plural — both kings ride out together to meet Jehu.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal: meeting)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal: meeting).
ἀπαντὴνmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom)→ object specificationἀπαντή: 'meeting'; εἰς ἀπαντήν (see v. 18); the kings go to meet Jehu — fatally.
ΙουJehuobjective genitive (with ἀπαντήν, indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2); the one they go to meet.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὗρονfoundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; renders מָצָא; the kings find Jehu in the ominous location.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Jehu.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδιplot / portionDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceμερίς: 'plot / portion (of land)' (see v. 10); the field of Naboth — the place of the foretold blood-requital.
Ναβουθαιof Nabothgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβουθαι: transliteration of נָבוֹת ('Naboth'); indeclinable; the Jezreelite whose vineyard Ahab seized after Jezebel had him judicially murdered (3 Kgdms 21) — the crime now avenged on his very land.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with gentilic)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιεζραηλίτουthe JezreeliteGenitivegentilic in apposition (to Ναβουθαι)→ relational specificationΙεζραηλίτης: 'Jezreelite'; the gentilic of Naboth, declined as a first-declension masculine; ties the murdered man and his field to Jezreel, the scene of the dynasty's downfall.
22

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδεν Ιωραμ τὸν Ιου καὶ εἶπεν εἰ εἰρήνη Ιου καὶ εἶπεν Ιου τί εἰρήνη ἔτι αἱ πορνεῖαι Ιεζαβελ τῆς μητρός σου καὶ τὰ φάρμακα αὐτῆς τὰ πολλά

And it happened, when Joram saw Jehu, that he said, 'Is it peace, Jehu?' And Jehu said, 'What peace, while the whoredoms of your mother Jezebel and her many sorceries continue?'

Confrontation: Joram's question, Jehu's denunciationκαὶ ἐγένετο ὡς
The Hebraistic καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ('and it came to pass when') frames the fatal encounter. Joram's hopeful εἰ εἰρήνη Ιου is met by Jehu's blistering τί εἰρήνη ('what peace?') — peace is impossible while Jezebel's πορνεῖαι ('whoredoms', i.e. idolatrous apostasy) and φάρμακα ('sorceries') persist. The denunciation supplies the theological charge against the house of Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Hebraistic narrative formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο ('and it came to pass') renders וַיְהִי, the standard Hebrew narrative connector introducing a new development.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when / as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר / כְּ; with the formula 'it came to pass when...'
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the moment Joram recognizes Jehu close at hand.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιου)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουJehudirect object (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2); articular accusative object of εἶδεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis after καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the 'apodotic καί' completing the וַיְהִי...וַ construction — left untranslated in idiomatic English.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joram's question.
εἰis...?interrogative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: direct question (see v. 11).
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative (verbless question)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; Joram's anxious 'is it peace, Jehu?' (see v. 17) — now face to face.
ΙουJehuvocative (direct address, indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu, here in direct address.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's denunciation.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative (with εἰρήνη)→ participant referenceτίς: 'what?'; τί εἰρήνη ('what peace?') is a scornful rejection — there can be no peace.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate (with τί)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; Jehu turns Joram's own word against him.
ἔτιwhile stilltemporal adverb ('so long as ... still')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; here 'while ... still continue', renders עוֹד / עַד; peace is impossible as long as Jezebel's apostasy persists.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορνεῖαιwhoredomsNominativesubject (verbless: 'the whoredoms ... still [exist]')→ participant prominenceπορνεία: 'fornication / harlotry / whoredom'; renders זְנוּנִים; the plural denotes Jezebel's Baal-cult — idolatry figured as spiritual harlotry (cf. Hos 1–3), the root sin of the Omride house.
Ιεζαβελof Jezebelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: Jezebel (see v. 7); the source of the apostasy that bars peace.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with μητρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρόςmotherGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Ιεζαβελ)→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; renders אֵם; identifies Jezebel as Joram's own mother — the king is implicated in his mother's sins.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationσύ (gen.): Joram; 'your mother Jezebel.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάρμακαsorceriesNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceφάρμακον: 'drug / potion / sorcery'; renders כְּשָׁפִים ('witchcrafts'); pairs idolatry (πορνεῖαι) with occult practices as Jezebel's twin abominations.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem.): Jezebel's.
τὰtheNominativearticle (attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολλάmanyNominativeattributive adjective (with φάρμακα)→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'many / much'; the attributive τὰ πολλά ('the many') underscores the abundance of Jezebel's sorceries — the depth of the corruption.
23

καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν Ιωραμ τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ τοῦ φυγεῖν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς Οχοζιαν δόλος Οχοζια

And Joram turned his hands to flee and said to Ahaziah, 'Treachery, Ahaziah!'

Joram realizes the trap and tries to fleeκαὶ ἐπέστρεψεν Ιωραμ
Joram instantly grasps the danger: he wheels his chariot (ἐπέστρεψεν τὰς χεῖρας, 'turned his hands [on the reins]') to flee, crying δόλος Οχοζια ('treachery, Ahaziah!') — a warning to his ally that comes too late.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn (around)'; here Joram wheels his chariot about — ἐπέστρεψεν τὰς χεῖρας ('turned his hands [on the reins]') renders the Hebrew הָפַךְ יָדָיו, an idiom for reversing direction in flight.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; renders יָד; 'turned his hands' = pulled the reins to wheel the chariot in flight.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
τοῦthe / so asGenitivearticle (with infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυγεῖνto fleeAor Act Infin · φεύγωarticular infinitive of purpose→ purpose infinitiveφεύγω: 'flee'; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ φυγεῖν ('in order to flee') states Joram's purpose in wheeling about.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joram's warning-cry to Ahaziah.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΟχοζιανAhaziahAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΟχοζιας (acc. Οχοζιαν): Ahaziah king of Judah (see v. 16); the declined accusative confirms the name's first-declension inflection.
δόλοςtreacheryNominativeexclamatory nominative ('treachery!')→ participant prominenceδόλος: 'deceit / treachery / guile'; renders מִרְמָה; the one-word alarm δόλος ('treachery!') is Joram's frantic recognition that Jehu has come to kill, not to parley.
ΟχοζιαAhaziahVocativevocative (direct address)→ direct addressΟχοζιας (voc. Οχοζια): the vocative of address; Joram shouts the warning directly to his ally — too late to save either.
24

καὶ ἔπλησεν Ιου τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ τόξῳ καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν Ιωραμ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν βραχιόνων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξῆλθεν τὸ βέλος διὰ τῆς καρδίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔκαμψεν ἐπὶ τὰ γόνατα αὐτοῦ

And Jehu filled his hand with the bow and struck Joram between his arms, and the arrow went out through his heart, and he sank down on his knees.

Climax of Section D: the killing of Joramκαὶ ἔπλησεν Ιου
The death-blow is narrated in swift, anatomically precise strokes: Jehu draws the bow (ἔπλησεν τὴν χεῖρα ... ἐν τῷ τόξῳ, 'filled his hand with the bow'), shoots Joram between the shoulders, the arrow exits through the heart, and the king collapses (ἔκαμψεν ἐπὶ τὰ γόνατα). The Omride king dies in Naboth's field — the precise place of fulfilment (vv. 25–26).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπλησενfilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίμπλημιmain verb→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'fill'; ἔπλησεν τὴν χεῖρα ... ἐν τῷ τόξῳ ('filled his hand with the bow') woodenly renders the Hebrew מִלֵּא יָדוֹ בַּקֶּשֶׁת — an idiom for grasping/drawing the bow to full draw.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the hand 'filled with the bow' — drawn to shoot.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόξῳbowDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceτόξον: 'bow'; renders קֶשֶׁת; the weapon Jehu draws to kill Joram.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה / הִכָּה; the standard verb for a death-blow; here the arrow-shot that fells Joram.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιωραμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωραμJoramdirect object (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14); the articular τὸν Ιωραμ marks the accusative object.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'), rendering בֵּין; locates the wound.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν βραχιόνων ('between his arms/shoulders') marks the point of entry — between the shoulder-blades, i.e. in the back as Joram flees.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βραχιόνωνarms / shouldersGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον)→ relational specificationβραχίων: 'arm / shoulder'; renders זְרוֹעַ / כָּתֵף; 'between the arms' = between the shoulder-blades, the arrow striking Joram from behind.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'come/go out'; the arrow passed clean through — a fatal, full-penetration wound.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βέλοςarrow / missileNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθεν→ participant prominenceβέλος: 'arrow / dart / missile'; renders חֵץ; the arrow that drives through Joram's heart.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (passage through)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through'; the arrow's path through the body.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαςheartGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; the arrow exits 'through his heart' — a mortal, instant wound.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκαμψενhe sank / bowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κάμπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκάμπτω: 'bend / bow'; renders כָּרַע; Joram collapses 'onto his knees' in the chariot — the death-throe of the Omride king.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γόναταkneesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγόνυ (pl. γόνατα): 'knee'; renders בֶּרֶךְ; Joram sinks onto his knees, mortally struck.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
25

καὶ εἶπεν Ιου πρὸς Βαδεκαρ τὸν τριστάτην αὐτοῦ ῥῖψον αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ μερίδι ἀγροῦ Ναβουθαι τοῦ Ιεζραηλίτου ὅτι μνημονεύω ἐγὼ καὶ σὺ ἐπιβεβηκότες ἐπὶ ζεύγη ὀπίσω Αχααβ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ κύριος ἔλαβεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸ λῆμμα τοῦτο λέγων

And Jehu said to Bidkar his officer, 'Throw him into the plot of the field of Naboth the Jezreelite; for I remember, when you and I were riding together behind Ahab his father, that the LORD took up against him this oracle, saying:'

Jehu invokes the divine oracle of requitalκαὶ εἶπεν Ιου πρὸς Βαδεκαρ
Jehu orders his aide Bidkar to cast Joram's body into Naboth's field, explicitly tying the act to the prophetic word he and Bidkar heard when they rode behind Ahab. The recollection (μνημονεύω) frames the killing not as mere coup but as the LORD's λῆμμα ('oracle / burden') of blood-requital coming to pass on Ahab's son.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's command and recollection.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΒαδεκαρBidkaraccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαδεκαρ: transliteration of בִּדְקַר ('Bidkar'); indeclinable; Jehu's chariot-officer/adjutant who shares the memory of Ahab's doom-oracle.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τριστάτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριστάτηνofficer / adjutantAccusativeaccusative in apposition (to Βαδεκαρ)→ object specificationτριστάτης: lit. 'third man (on a chariot)'; renders שָׁלִישׁ ('officer / aide-de-camp'); a high-ranking military adjutant, originally the third rider on a war-chariot.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
ῥῖψονthrowAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ῥίπτωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeῥίπτω: 'throw / cast / fling'; renders שָׁלַךְ / נָשָׂא; Jehu orders the corpse flung into Naboth's field — a deliberate fulfilment-gesture (cf. v. 26).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Joram's body.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδιplot / portionDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceμερίς: 'plot / portion' (see v. 10); the field of Naboth, place of the foretold requital.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive (defining μερίδι)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / farmland'; renders שָׂדֶה; μερὶς ἀγροῦ ('the plot of the field') specifies Naboth's confiscated agricultural land.
Ναβουθαιof Nabothgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβουθαι: Naboth (see v. 21).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with gentilic)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιεζραηλίτουthe JezreeliteGenitivegentilic in apposition→ relational specificationΙεζραηλίτης: 'Jezreelite' (see v. 21).
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; introduces Jehu's reason — the remembered oracle.
μνημονεύωI rememberPres Act Indic 1 Sg · μνημονεύωmain verb of the causal clause→ descriptive present (act of recollection)μνημονεύω: 'remember / call to mind'; renders זָכַר; Jehu recalls the doom-word spoken against Ahab's house, grounding the present act in prophecy.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I'; Jehu personally witnessed the oracle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativesubject (coordinate pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: 'you'; Bidkar too was present — a shared, attestable memory.
ἐπιβεβηκότεςridingPerf Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιβαίνωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'when we were riding')→ resultative perfect participle (state of being mounted)ἐπιβαίνω: 'mount / ride'; the perfect participle ἐπιβεβηκότες ('having mounted / riding') sets the scene — Jehu and Bidkar were mounted on chariot-teams behind Ahab when the oracle was uttered.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
ζεύγηteams / pairsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationζεῦγος (pl. ζεύγη): 'yoke / pair / team (of chariot-horses)'; renders צֶמֶד; the chariot-teams on which they rode in Ahab's train.
ὀπίσωbehindimproper preposition + genitive (following)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; they rode in Ahab's retinue, 'behind' the king.
ΑχααβAhabgenitive with ὀπίσω (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: Ahab (see v. 7); behind whom Jehu and Bidkar rode when the oracle fell.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Αχααβ)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; Ahab is 'his (Joram's) father' — the oracle against Ahab now falls on his son.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (Joram's father)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): Joram, whose father was Ahab.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἔλαβεν (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the LORD himself 'took up' the oracle of doom against Ahab.
ἔλαβενtook upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / take up'; ἔλαβεν ... τὸ λῆμμα ('took up the oracle/burden') renders the Hebrew idiom נָשָׂא מַשָּׂא ('lift up an oracle/pronouncement') — to utter a prophetic doom.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (elided ἐπ᾿) + acc.: 'against'; the oracle was uttered 'against him' (Ahab).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Ahab, against whom the oracle was pronounced.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with λῆμμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λῆμμαoracle / burdenAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationλῆμμα: 'that which is received / a charge / oracle'; renders מַשָּׂא ('burden / prophetic pronouncement'); the technical term for a weighty oracle of doom (cf. the prophetic 'burdens' of Isaiah, Nahum).
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (with λῆμμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; points forward to the oracle quoted in v. 26.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (quotative)λέγω (part.): λέγων = the quotative (see v. 12); introduces the cited oracle of v. 26.
26

εἰ μὴ μετὰ τῶν αἱμάτων Ναβουθαι καὶ τὰ αἵματα τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ εἶδον ἐχθές φησὶν κύριος καὶ ἀνταποδώσω αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ μερίδι ταύτῃ φησὶν κύριος καὶ νῦν ἄρας δὴ ῥῖψον αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ μερίδι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου

'Surely I saw yesterday the blood of Naboth and the blood of his sons,' says the LORD, 'and I will requite him in this very plot,' says the LORD. 'Now therefore lift him up and throw him into the plot, according to the word of the LORD.'

The cited oracle and its present applicationεἰ μὴ
The oracle opens with the oath-formula εἰ μή ('surely', the protasis of a Hebrew self-imprecation) and the double φησὶν κύριος ('says the LORD') framing the divine first-person vow: the LORD saw Naboth's blood and his sons' blood and will requite (ἀνταποδώσω) it in this very plot. Jehu then applies it (καὶ νῦν, 'and now'): the body is flung into the field κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD').
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
εἰsurely (oath)oath-particle (protasis of self-imprecation)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in oaths, εἰ μή functions as a strong asseveration ('surely / assuredly'), rendering the Hebrew אִם־לֹא oath-formula; the apodosis (a curse on oneself) is suppressed, yielding emphatic affirmation.
μὴnotnegative (in the oath-formula)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: with εἰ forms the asseverative oath-particle (see εἰ above).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; here the construction is loose — the divine vow concerns 'the blood of Naboth and the blood of his sons' which the LORD has seen.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἱμάτωνbloodGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαἷμα (pl. αἵματα): 'blood / bloodshed' (see v. 7); the violently shed blood of Naboth crying for vengeance.
Ναβουθαιof Nabothgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβουθαι: Naboth (see v. 21).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματαbloodAccusativedirect object of εἶδον→ object specificationαἷμα (pl.): 'blood'; the LORD 'saw' (εἶδον) the blood of Naboth's sons too — the killing of Naboth's heirs ensured the land could be seized (cf. 3 Kgdms 21).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; Naboth's sons, killed with him so that no heir could reclaim the vineyard.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): Naboth's.
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (divine first-person)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the LORD's 'I saw yesterday' (εἶδον ἐχθές) declares that the bloodshed has not been overlooked — divine memory grounds the requital.
ἐχθέςyesterdaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionἐχθές: 'yesterday'; renders אֶתְמוֹל; figuratively 'recently / not long ago' — the LORD vividly recalls the crime as if it were yesterday.
φησὶνsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb (oracle-formula, parenthetical)→ present (divine speech-marker)φημί: 'say / declare'; φησὶν κύριος ('says the LORD') is an oracle-marker (cf. נְאֻם יהוה), here punctuating the divine vow.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of φησίν (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the speaker of the oracle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταποδώσωI will requiteFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀνταποδίδωμιmain verb (divine first-person)→ predictive future (divine recompense)ἀνταποδίδωμι: 'repay / requite / recompense'; the double compound (ἀντι- + ἀπο- + δίδωμι) stresses exact retribution; renders שִׁלֵּם; the LORD will repay the bloodshed 'in this very plot.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (recipient of requital)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat.): the house of Ahab / its representative, on whom the requital falls.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδιplotDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceμερίς: 'plot' (see v. 10); the requital falls on the very plot where the crime was consummated — poetic, exact justice.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (with μερίδι)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; ἐν τῇ μερίδι ταύτῃ ('in this very plot') makes the place of crime the place of punishment.
φησὶνsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb (oracle-formula, parenthetical)→ present (divine speech-marker)φημί: the second φησὶν κύριος, sealing the divine vow.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of φησίν (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Jehu resumes application)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transition to application)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν ('and now') marks Jehu's shift from citing the oracle to applying it — the present action enacts the old word.
ἄραςhaving liftedAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωcircumstantial participle (attendant: 'lift up and...')→ antecedent aorist participleαἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; the aorist participle ἄρας ('lifting [him] up') describes the action preliminary to flinging the corpse — 'lift him and throw him.'
δὴnow / prayemphatic particle (urging the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: particle of urgency (see v. 12); strengthens the command 'throw him at once.'
ῥῖψονthrowAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ῥίπτωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeῥίπτω: 'throw / cast' (see v. 25); the command repeated, now grounded in the cited oracle.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Joram's corpse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδιplotDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceμερίς: 'plot' (see v. 10); Naboth's field, where the body is cast.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the act is done in exact conformity to the prophetic word.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / utterance / thing'; renders דָּבָר; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD') is the fulfilment-formula stamping the deed as prophecy realized.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton; the word is the LORD's own.
27

καὶ Οχοζιας βασιλεὺς Ιουδα εἶδεν καὶ ἔφυγεν ὁδὸν Βαιθαγγαν καὶ ἐδίωξεν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ Ιου καὶ εἶπεν καί γε αὐτόν καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ ἅρματι ἐν τῷ ἀναβαίνειν Γαι ἥ ἐστιν Ιεβλααμ καὶ ἔφυγεν εἰς Μαγεδδων καὶ ἀπέθανεν ἐκεῖ

And Ahaziah king of Judah saw it and fled by the road of Beth-haggan, and Jehu pursued after him and said, 'Him too!' And they struck him in the chariot at the ascent of Gai, which is by Ibleam; and he fled to Megiddo and died there.

Section E: the pursuit and death of Ahaziah of Judahκαὶ Οχοζιας
Ahaziah, witnessing Joram's fall, flees; Jehu's order καί γε αὐτόν ('him too!') extends the purge to the Judean king, whose own grandmother was Jezebel's daughter (Athaliah). Struck in his chariot at the ascent of Gai near Ibleam, he reaches Megiddo and dies — the northern coup spills over onto the Davidic line.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: Ahaziah king of Judah (see v. 16).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositional title→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: Judah (see v. 16).
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; Ahaziah witnesses Joram's killing and flees.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee' (see v. 10); Ahaziah flees for his life.
ὁδὸνby the road ofAccusativeaccusative of route ('by the way of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'road / way'; the accusative of extent/route (ὁδὸν Βαιθαγγαν, 'by the Beth-haggan road') renders the Hebrew דֶּרֶךְ + place.
ΒαιθαγγανBeth-haggangenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒαιθαγγαν: transliteration of בֵּית הַגָּן ('house of the garden / Beth-haggan'); indeclinable; the route by which Ahaziah fled (the modern Jenin region).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδίωξενpursuedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διώκωmain verb→ constative aoristδιώκω: 'pursue / chase'; renders רָדַף; Jehu gives chase after Ahaziah.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (following)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind' (see v. 25); 'pursued after him.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive with ὀπίσω→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): Ahaziah.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's order to kill Ahaziah too.
καίalso / evenadverbial (in the phrase καί γε)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'also / even'; with γε forms the emphatic καί γε ('and indeed / him too'), the recension's hallmark rendering of Hebrew גַּם.
γεindeedemphatic particle (with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: emphatic enclitic; καί γε αὐτόν ('him too!') is the elliptical command to strike Ahaziah as well — the very phrase that names the καίγε recension.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeelliptical accusative object ('[strike] him')→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Ahaziah; the verb of striking is elided in Jehu's terse command.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενthey struckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (impersonal/indefinite subject)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite' (see v. 24); the singular with indefinite force ('they/one struck him'); Ahaziah is wounded at Jehu's order.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Ahaziah.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματιchariotDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἅρμα (dat.): 'chariot' (see v. 21); Ahaziah is struck while riding in his chariot.
ἐνat / aspreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: temporal 'when / as' (see v. 15).
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναβαίνεινgoing upPres Act Infin · ἀναβαίνωarticular infinitive (temporal clause)→ contemporaneous present infinitiveἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; ἐν τῷ ἀναβαίνειν ('at the ascent / as he was going up') locates the wounding on the climb toward Gai.
ΓαιGaiaccusative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαι: transliteration of Hebrew גּוּר ('Gur') / the ascent of Gur; indeclinable; the slope where Ahaziah was struck, glossed by the narrator as 'which is by Ibleam.'
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, fem. nom., introducing the locating gloss 'which is (by) Ibleam.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (identification)→ gnomic presentεἰμί: 'be'; ἥ ἐστιν Ιεβλααμ ('which is Ibleam') is a narratorial geographical gloss identifying the ascent's location.
ΙεβλααμIbleampredicate (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙεβλααμ: transliteration of יִבְלְעָם ('Ibleam'); indeclinable; a town near the ascent of Gur, fixing the site of Ahaziah's wounding.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενhe fledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; wounded, Ahaziah flees on to Megiddo.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΜαγεδδωνMegiddoaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜαγεδδων: transliteration of מְגִדּוֹ ('Megiddo'); indeclinable; the great fortress-city of the Jezreel plain where Ahaziah dies of his wound.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; Ahaziah succumbs to the wound at Megiddo.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at Megiddo, where the Judean king dies.
28

καὶ ἐπεβίβασαν αὐτὸν οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ἅρμα καὶ ἤγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ τάφῳ αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ

And his servants set him on the chariot and brought him to Jerusalem and buried him in his tomb in the city of David.

Burial of Ahaziah in Jerusalemκαὶ ἐπεβίβασαν
In contrast to Joram's body flung into Naboth's field, Ahaziah receives honorable burial: his servants convey him to Jerusalem and inter him in his own tomb in the city of David — the Davidic king is gathered to his fathers despite dying in the northern purge.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεβίβασανthey set / mountedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιβιβάζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιβιβάζω: 'set/place upon (a vehicle or animal)'; causative of ἐπιβαίνω; renders הִרְכִּיב; the servants lay the body on the chariot for transport.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Ahaziah's body.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαῖς (pl. παῖδες): 'servant / attendant' (see v. 11); Ahaziah's own retainers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμαchariotAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot' (see v. 21); the vehicle bearing Ahaziah's body to Jerusalem.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγαγονbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω: 'lead / bring' (see v. 20); the body is conveyed south to Jerusalem.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Ahaziah's body.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative goal (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם; indeclinable; the Davidic capital, where the Judean king is properly buried.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανburiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb→ constative aoristθάπτω: 'bury' (see v. 10); Ahaziah receives the honorable burial denied to Joram and (later) Jezebel.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Ahaziah.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφῳtombDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceτάφος: 'tomb / grave'; renders קֶבֶר; 'in his own tomb' — Ahaziah is laid in the royal sepulchres.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πόλειcityDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city' (see v. 15); 'the city of David' = the royal quarter of Jerusalem, burial-place of the Davidic kings.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of דָּוִד ('David'); indeclinable; 'the city of David' anchors Ahaziah, despite his Omride ties, within the Davidic dynasty's resting-place.
29

καὶ ἐν ἔτει ἑνδεκάτῳ Ιωραμ βασιλέως Ισραηλ ἐβασίλευσεν Οχοζιας ἐπὶ Ιουδαν

And in the eleventh year of Joram king of Israel, Ahaziah had become king over Judah.

Synchronistic regnal note (chronistic aside)καὶ ἐν ἔτει ἑνδεκάτῳ
A formulaic synchronism in the chronicler's manner dates Ahaziah's accession to the eleventh year of Joram of Israel — a Deuteronomistic dating-note inserted to anchor the Judean king's brief reign just ended. It interrupts the narrative flow before the Jezebel episode resumes.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the regnal-year reckoning typical of the synchronistic formula.
ἑνδεκάτῳeleventhDativeattributive ordinal (with ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceἑνδέκατος: 'eleventh'; renders אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה; dates the synchronism within Joram's reign (cf. the variant '12th year' at 8:25).
Ιωραμof Joramgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram (see v. 14); the reference-point of the synchronism.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Ιωραμ)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): 'king'; of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom (see v. 3).
ἐβασίλευσενbecame kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ ingressive aorist ('became king')βασιλεύω: 'reign / become king' (see v. 13); the accession-verb of the synchronistic formula — Ahaziah's reign dated to Joram's eleventh year.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: Ahaziah king of Judah (see v. 16).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; marks the realm of Ahaziah's rule.
ΙουδανJudahAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationΙουδα (acc. Ιουδαν): 'Judah'; here, unusually, declined with a Greek accusative ending -αν (contrast the indeclinable Ιουδα of vv. 16, 21, 27); the southern kingdom Ahaziah ruled.
30

καὶ ἦλθεν Ιου εἰς Ιεζραελ καὶ Ιεζαβελ ἤκουσεν καὶ ἐστιμίσατο τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῆς καὶ ἠγάθυνεν τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτῆς καὶ διέκυψεν διὰ τῆς θυρίδος

And Jehu came to Jezreel, and Jezebel heard of it and painted her eyes with antimony and adorned her head and looked down through the window.

Section F: Jehu reaches Jezreel; Jezebel prepares to meet himκαὶ ἦλθεν Ιου
The final movement opens with Jezebel's defiant self-composure: hearing of Jehu's arrival, she paints her eyes (ἐστιμίσατο, with stibium/antimony), adorns her head, and looks down from the window — a queenly, perhaps seductive or simply regal, posture of contempt as she awaits the usurper. The window-scene sets up her death (vv. 32–33).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come' (see v. 18); Jehu arrives at Jezreel for the final reckoning.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΙεζραελJezreelaccusative goal (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙεζαβελJezebelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: Jezebel (see v. 7); now the focus of the climactic scene.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear' (see v. 13); Jezebel learns of Jehu's coming and her son's death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστιμίσατοpainted with antimonyAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · στιμίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (reflexive middle)στιμίζω: 'paint (the eyes) with stibium/antimony'; from στίμμι ('antimony'); the middle ἐστιμίσατο ('she painted her own eyes') renders שִׂים בַּפּוּךְ ('set [her eyes] in kohl') — the cosmetic darkening of the eyes, here a gesture of queenly defiance before death.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עַיִן; the object of Jezebel's cosmetic painting.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠγάθυνενadorned / made fineAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαθύνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀγαθύνω: lit. 'make good / beautify'; renders יָטַב ('make fair / dress [the head]'); Jezebel arranges/adorns her hair — completing her royal toilette before facing Jehu.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect object→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head' (see v. 3); here her coiffure/headdress, adorned for the confrontation.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέκυψενlooked downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διακύπτωmain verb→ constative aoristδιακύπτω: 'stoop and peer / look down (through an opening)'; renders שָׁקַף; Jezebel leans out to look down through the window at the arriving Jehu.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (passage through)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through'; she peers through the window-opening.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυρίδοςwindowGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationθυρίς: 'window / small opening'; diminutive of θύρα; renders חַלּוֹן; the upper window from which Jezebel looks — and from which she will be thrown (vv. 32–33).
31

καὶ Ιου εἰσεπορεύετο ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ εἶπεν εἰ εἰρήνη Ζαμβρι ὁ φονευτὴς τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ

And Jehu was entering the city, and she said, 'Is it peace, Zimri, murderer of his lord?'

Jezebel's taunt as Jehu entersκαὶ Ιου εἰσεπορεύετο
As Jehu enters (imperfect εἰσεπορεύετο, 'was coming in'), Jezebel hurls the chapter's final, scornful εἰ εἰρήνη — now barbed with the name Ζαμβρι ('Zimri'), the earlier regicide who seized Israel's throne for only seven days (3 Kgdms 16:9–20). Calling Jehu 'Zimri, murderer of his lord' brands him a doomed usurper — a taunt that proves hollow.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
εἰσεπορεύετοwas enteringImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (action in progress)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; the imperfect ἐισεπορεύετο ('was coming in') depicts Jehu in the act of entering the gate as Jezebel speaks.
ἐνinto / inpreposition + dative (locative, of entry)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here with a verb of motion, 'into / within the city' (a Koine/Hebraizing looseness for εἰς).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city' (see v. 15); Jezreel, which Jehu is entering.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jezebel's taunt (subject she, from v. 30).
εἰis...?interrogative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: direct question (see v. 11); the chapter's final εἰ εἰρήνη, now charged with contempt.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative (verbless question)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace' (see v. 17); Jezebel's mocking 'is it peace?' — the keyword's last, most sarcastic occurrence.
ΖαμβριZimrivocative (direct address, indeclinable)→ participant identificationΖαμβρι: transliteration of זִמְרִי ('Zimri'); indeclinable; the army-officer who murdered king Elah and reigned only seven days before perishing (3 Kgdms 16:9–20). Jezebel brands Jehu a 'Zimri' — a regicide-usurper destined to swift ruin.
theNominativearticle (with φονευτής, vocatival)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φονευτὴςmurdererNominativenominative for vocative (in apposition to Ζαμβρι)→ participant prominenceφονευτής: 'murderer / slayer'; from φονεύω ('murder'); renders רֹצֵחַ / הֹרֵג; the articular nominative ὁ φονευτής functions as a vocative epithet ('O murderer'), hurled at Jehu.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitiveobjective genitive (with φονευτής)→ relational specificationκύριος: here the human-master sense ('his lord' = king Joram), not the Tetragrammaton; Jezebel charges Jehu with killing his royal master, just as Zimri killed Elah.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (Jehu's lord)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): Jehu; 'the murderer of his (own) lord' — the accusation of treasonous regicide.
32

καὶ ἐπῆρεν τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν θυρίδα καὶ εἶδεν αὐτὴν καὶ εἶπεν τίς εἶ σύ κατάβηθι μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ κατέκυψαν πρὸς αὐτὸν δύο εὐνοῦχοι

And he lifted up his face to the window and saw her and said, 'Who are you? Come down to me!' And two eunuchs looked down toward him.

Jehu summons help against Jezebelκαὶ ἐπῆρεν τὸ πρόσωπον
Jehu looks up, spots Jezebel, and dismissively challenges her (τίς εἶ σύ; 'who are you?') before summoning whoever is loyal to him in the palace. Two (or three) eunuchs peer down — the instruments of Jezebel's imminent defenestration (v. 33).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπῆρενlifted upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαίρωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπαίρω: 'lift up / raise'; ἐπῆρεν τὸ πρόσωπον ('raised his face') renders נָשָׂא פָנִים — Jehu looks up toward the window where Jezebel stands.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face' (see v. 7); here literally the face Jehu raises toward the window.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυρίδαwindowAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationθυρίς: 'window' (see v. 30); the window where Jezebel appears.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; Jehu catches sight of Jezebel at the window.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): Jezebel.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's challenge and summons.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; τίς εἶ σύ ('who are you?') is a contemptuous challenge — Jehu refuses to dignify the queen, or addresses the household at large.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of the question→ presentεἰμί: 'be'; 'who are you?' — the copula of the dismissive question.
σύyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; sharpens the scorn of the challenge.
κατάβηθιcome downAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeκαταβαίνω: 'come/go down' (see v. 16); but here, as the sequel shows, Jehu's call is answered not by Jezebel descending but by the eunuchs hurling her down.
μετ᾿to / withpreposition + genitive (association, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (elided μετ᾿) + gen.: 'with'; 'come down to my side' — a summons that becomes Jezebel's death-sentence.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen.): Jehu.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέκυψανlooked downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακύπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακύπτω: 'stoop down / peer down'; the eunuchs lean out of the window toward Jehu, signalling their readiness to obey him against their mistress.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Jehu, toward whom the eunuchs look.
δύοtwoNominativenumeral (with εὐνοῦχοι)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; renders שְׁנַיִם / שְׁלֹשָׁה ('two or three'); the few palace officials who side with Jehu.
εὐνοῦχοιeunuchsNominativesubject of κατέκυψαν→ participant prominenceεὐνοῦχος: 'eunuch / court-official'; renders סָרִיס; the palace chamberlains who, switching allegiance, will throw Jezebel from the window (v. 33).
33

καὶ εἶπεν κυλίσατε αὐτήν καὶ ἐκύλισαν αὐτήν καὶ ἐρραντίσθη τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς πρὸς τὸν τοῖχον καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἵππους καὶ συνεπάτησαν αὐτήν

And he said, 'Throw her down!' And they threw her down, and some of her blood was spattered on the wall and on the horses, and they trampled her.

The death of Jezebel: defenestration and tramplingκαὶ εἶπεν κυλίσατε
Jehu's blunt command κυλίσατε αὐτήν ('roll/throw her down') is instantly executed. The grisly detail — her blood spattering the wall and the horses, and the trampling underfoot (συνεπάτησαν) — fulfils the prophetic word with brutal literalism; the painted queen who looked down from the window now lies crushed beneath the chariot-horses.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's death-command.
κυλίσατεthrow downAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κυλίωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeκυλίω: 'roll / tumble down'; renders שָׁמַט ('let drop / throw down'); Jehu commands the eunuchs to pitch Jezebel from the window.
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): Jezebel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκύλισανthey threw downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κυλίωmain verb→ constative aoristκυλίω: 'throw/roll down'; the eunuchs obey instantly — Jezebel is hurled from the upper window to the ground.
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): Jezebel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρραντίσθηwas spatteredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ῥαντίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)ῥαντίζω: 'sprinkle / spatter'; the passive ἐρραντίσθη ('was spattered'), with the partitive genitive τοῦ αἵματος ('with [some] of her blood'); renders נָזָה; the violence of the fall splashes her blood on wall and horses.
τοῦthe / some ofGenitivearticle (with partitive αἵματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἐρραντίσθη)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood' (see v. 7); the partitive genitive 'some of her blood' was spattered about — a gruesome inversion: the queen who shed the prophets' blood now sheds her own.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
πρὸςon / againstpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῖχονwallAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationτοῖχος: 'wall' (see v. 8); the palace wall on which her blood is splashed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςonpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππουςhorsesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἵππος: 'horse' (see v. 18); the chariot-horses, spattered with Jezebel's blood as she falls among them.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεπάτησανthey trampledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συμπατέωmain verb→ constative aoristσυμπατέω: 'trample down / tread underfoot'; the compound συν- intensifies; renders רָמַס / בּוּס; the horses trample Jezebel's body — the ultimate degradation of the fallen queen.
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): Jezebel, trodden underfoot.
34

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ιου καὶ ἔφαγεν καὶ ἔπιεν καὶ εἶπεν ἐπισκέψασθε δὴ τὴν κατηραμένην ταύτην καὶ θάψατε αὐτήν ὅτι θυγάτηρ βασιλέως ἐστίν

And Jehu went in and ate and drank, and said, 'See now to this cursed woman and bury her, for she is a king's daughter.'

Jehu's callous banquet and belated burial-orderκαὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ιου
Jehu's chilling composure — he goes in and feasts (ἔφαγεν καὶ ἔπιεν) over the corpse — frames his order to bury 'this cursed woman' (τὴν κατηραμένην ταύτην). The grudging concession θυγάτηρ βασιλέως ('a king's daughter') acknowledges Jezebel's royal Sidonian lineage, but the burial comes too late (v. 35).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter' (see v. 5); Jehu enters the palace, master of Jezreel.
ΙουJehusubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: Jehu (see v. 2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφαγενateAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; renders אָכַל; Jehu feasts in cold triumph while Jezebel's body lies in the courtyard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπιενdrankAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίνωmain verb→ constative aoristπίνω: 'drink'; renders שָׁתָה; 'ate and drank' marks Jehu's callous unconcern — a victor's banquet over the slain.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the burial-order.
ἐπισκέψασθεsee toAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeἐπισκέπτομαι: 'look after / attend to / see to'; renders פָּקַד; 'see to this cursed woman' — Jehu orders her body dealt with (i.e. buried).
δὴnowemphatic particle (urging the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: particle of urgency (see v. 12).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατηραμένηνcursed womanPerf Mid Part Acc Sg Fem · καταράομαιsubstantival participle (direct object)→ resultative perfect participleκαταράομαι: 'curse'; the perfect passive participle ἡ κατηραμένη ('the cursed [woman]') brands Jezebel as one under a divine curse; renders אֲרוּרָה; the epithet captures Jehu's contempt even as he orders her buried.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (with the participle)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this cursed woman' — dismissive deixis.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάψατεburyAor Act Impv 2 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeθάπτω: 'bury' (see v. 10); Jehu's order to bury her — which the discovery of v. 35 renders impossible, fulfilling the no-burial prophecy of v. 10.
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): Jezebel.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for the burial — her royal birth.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; Jezebel was daughter of Ethbaal king of Sidon (3 Kgdms 16:31) — royal birth warranting burial.
βασιλέωςof a kingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with θυγάτηρ)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): 'king'; Jezebel's father, the Sidonian king Ethbaal — her royal status is the ground of the (failed) burial-order.
ἐστίνshe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ present (statement of status)εἰμί: 'be'; 'for she is a king's daughter' — the rationale Jehu offers, ironically undercut by the verse that follows.
35

καὶ ἐπορεύθησαν θάψαι αὐτὴν καὶ οὐχ εὗρον ἐν αὐτῇ ἄλλο τι ἢ τὸ κρανίον καὶ οἱ πόδες καὶ τὰ ἴχνη τῶν χειρῶν

And they went to bury her, but they found nothing of her except the skull and the feet and the palms of the hands.

The grim discovery: only fragments remainκαὶ ἐπορεύθησαν
The attempt to bury Jezebel founders on the dogs' work: nothing remains but the skull, the feet, and the palms of the hands. The macabre inventory both confirms the trampling and devouring and fulfils to the letter the prophecy that there would be no body to bury (v. 10; cf. vv. 36–37).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθησανthey wentAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go' (see v. 4); the servants go out to carry out the burial-order.
θάψαιto buryAor Act Infin · θάπτωinfinitive of purpose→ purpose infinitiveθάπτω: 'bury' (see v. 10); the purpose of their going — but the body is gone.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of θάψαι→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): Jezebel.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὗρονthey foundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find' (see v. 21); they found nothing of her — the dogs had done their work.
ἐνof / inpreposition + dative (partitive: 'of her')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here 'in / of her' — what remained of her body.
αὐτῇherDativedative with ἐν→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem.): Jezebel's remains.
ἄλλοother / elseAccusativedirect object (with τι)→ object specificationἄλλος: 'other / another'; ἄλλο τι ... ἤ ('anything else than') frames the grim exception that follows.
τιanythingAccusativeindefinite pronoun (with ἄλλο)→ participant referenceτις: indefinite 'anything'; 'nothing else than' — only fragments survive.
than / exceptcomparative/exceptive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'than / except'; after the negative + ἄλλο, 'except' — introducing the macabre remnant.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρανίονskullNominativenominative (in the exceptive list)→ participant prominenceκρανίον: 'skull'; renders גֻּלְגֹּלֶת; the first of the three remnants (the same word that names Golgotha, Matt 27:33) — all that is left of the queen's head she had so carefully adorned (v. 30).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδεςfeetNominativenominative (in the exceptive list)→ participant prominenceπούς (pl. πόδες): 'foot'; renders רֶגֶל; the second remnant — the extremities the dogs left.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἴχνηpalms / tracksNominativenominative (in the exceptive list)→ participant prominenceἴχνος: 'track / sole / palm'; renders כַּף ('palm / sole'); τὰ ἴχνη τῶν χειρῶν ('the palms of the hands') — the third remnant; the hand-palms, like the skull and feet, untouched by the dogs.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἴχνη)→ relational specificationχείρ (gen. pl. χειρῶν): 'hand' (see v. 1); 'the palms of the hands' — completing the gruesome trio of surviving fragments.
36

καὶ ἐπέστρεψαν καὶ ἀνήγγειλαν αὐτῷ καὶ εἶπεν λόγος κυρίου ὃν ἐλάλησεν ἐν χειρὶ δούλου αὐτοῦ Ηλιου τοῦ Θεσβίτου λέγων ἐν τῇ μερίδι Ιεζραελ καταφάγονται οἱ κύνες τὰς σάρκας Ιεζαβελ

And they returned and reported to him, and he said, 'This is the word of the LORD that he spoke by the hand of his servant Elijah the Tishbite, saying: In the plot of Jezreel the dogs shall devour the flesh of Jezebel.'

Fulfilment-formula: Elijah's word realizedκαὶ ἐπέστρεψαν
The servants report; Jehu recognizes the event as the fulfilment of Elijah's prophecy (3 Kgdms 21:23). The citation — ἐν τῇ μερίδι Ιεζραελ καταφάγονται οἱ κύνες τὰς σάρκας Ιεζαβελ — verbally echoes the disciple's oracle at v. 10, closing the narrative arc of prophecy and fulfilment that governs the whole chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψανreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return' (see v. 18); the servants return to Jehu with the news.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγγειλανreportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'report / announce / bring back word'; renders הִגִּיד; the servants report the grim discovery to Jehu.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat.): Jehu.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Jehu's recognition of the fulfilled prophecy.
λόγοςwordNominativepredicate nominative (verbless: 'this is the word')→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word' (see v. 5); λόγος κυρίου ('the word of the LORD') is the prophetic-fulfilment formula — what has happened is exactly what was foretold.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton; the word's divine origin.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc.; 'the word which he spoke.'
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak' (see v. 12); the LORD spoke this word through Elijah.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (Hebraism for agency)→ spatial or relational framingἐν χειρί: 'by the hand of'; renders בְּיַד, a Hebraism for prophetic mediation — the word came through Elijah as the LORD's agent.
χειρὶhandDativedative (in the idiom ἐν χειρί)→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat.): 'hand' (see v. 1); in the agency-idiom 'by the hand of his servant Elijah.'
δούλουservantGenitivegenitive of relationship (with χειρί)→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant' (see v. 7); Elijah as 'his servant', the prophetic title (cf. v. 7, 'my servants the prophets').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (the LORD's servant)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): the LORD; Elijah is 'his servant.'
ΗλιουElijahGenitivegenitive in apposition (to δούλου)→ relational specificationΗλιου: Greek genitive of Ηλιας (Hebrew אֵלִיָּהוּ, 'Elijah'); declined as a first-declension masculine; the prophet through whom this doom on Jezebel was first spoken (3 Kgdms 21:23).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with gentilic)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Θεσβίτουthe TishbiteGenitivegentilic in apposition (to Ηλιου)→ relational specificationΘεσβίτης: 'Tishbite'; renders תִּשְׁבִּי; Elijah's standard epithet, from Tishbe in Gilead (3 Kgdms 17:1).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (quotative)λέγω (part.): λέγων = the quotative (see v. 12); introduces the cited prophecy.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδιplotDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceμερίς: 'plot' (see v. 10); the citation echoes v. 10's wording exactly.
Ιεζραελof Jezreelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10).
καταφάγονταιshall devourFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατεσθίωmain verb of the cited prophecy→ predictive future (now fulfilled)κατεσθίω: 'devour' (see v. 10); the verbatim repetition of the oracle verb seals the fulfilment.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύνεςdogsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύων (pl. κύνες): 'dog' (see v. 10); the agents of the prophesied dishonor, now realized.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαςfleshAccusativedirect object of καταφάγονται→ object specificationσάρξ (pl. σάρκας): 'flesh'; renders בָּשָׂר; 'the flesh of Jezebel' the dogs devour — the prophecy made flesh-and-blood reality.
Ιεζαβελof Jezebelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: Jezebel (see v. 7); her flesh the object of the dogs' devouring.
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καὶ ἔσται τὸ θνησιμαῖον Ιεζαβελ ὡς κοπρία ἐπὶ προσώπου τοῦ ἀγροῦ ἐν τῇ μερίδι Ιεζραελ ὥστε μὴ εἰπεῖν αὐτούς Ιεζαβελ

'And the corpse of Jezebel shall be as dung on the face of the field in the plot of Jezreel, so that they cannot say, "This is Jezebel."'

Closing clause of the prophecy: total obliterationκαὶ ἔσται
The oracle's final clause completes the dishonor: Jezebel's corpse will lie like dung (κοπρία) on the open field, so unrecognizable that none can even say 'this is Jezebel.' The chapter ends on the name Ιεζαβελ — the once-feared queen reduced to an anonymous heap, her memory effaced; prophecy and fulfilment meet in total annihilation.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (continuing the cited oracle)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predictive)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; the future ἔσται continues the prophetic word — Jezebel's corpse 'shall be' as dung.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θνησιμαῖονcorpse / carcassNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθνησιμαῖον: 'dead body / carcass'; from θνῄσκω ('die'); renders נְבֵלָה ('carcass'), a word often used of unclean animal carrion — its application to Jezebel's body conveys utter degradation.
Ιεζαβελof Jezebelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: Jezebel (see v. 7); whose carcass is the subject.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like' (see v. 9); introduces the simile 'like dung.'
κοπρίαdungNominativepredicate (in the simile)→ participant prominenceκοπρία: 'dung / manure / refuse'; renders דֹּמֶן; the corpse scattered like manure on a field is the image of total worthlessness and dishonor (cf. Jer 8:2; 9:22).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
προσώπουface / surfaceGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (Hebraism)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; ἐπὶ προσώπου τοῦ ἀγροῦ ('on the face/surface of the field') renders עַל־פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה — the open, exposed surface of the field, denied the dignity of a grave.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive (defining προσώπου)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field' (see v. 25); the open ground on which the corpse lies like refuse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδιplotDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceμερίς: 'plot' (see v. 10); the plot of Jezreel — the prophesied place of judgment.
Ιεζραελof Jezreelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: Jezreel (see v. 10); the recurring place-name binding crime, judgment, and fulfilment.
ὥστεso thatconjunction (result clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / with the result that'; introduces the consequence — the body so destroyed that it cannot be identified.
μὴnotnegative (with infinitive)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: negates the infinitive in the result clause.
εἰπεῖνto sayAor Act Infin · λέγωinfinitive (in the ὥστε result clause)→ result infinitiveλέγω: 'say'; ὥστε μὴ εἰπεῖν αὐτούς ('so that they could not say') — the result is that no one can even identify the remains as Jezebel's.
αὐτούςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl.): 'they' (people in general); the accusative subject of εἰπεῖν in the result construction.
Ιεζαβελ(This is) Jezebelcontent of the (impossible) utterance (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: the final word of the chapter; the unspeakable identification 'this is Jezebel' — her remains so obliterated that her very name can no longer be attached to them. The queen who flaunted her name ends as an unrecognizable heap, her memory erased.