1
φιλοσοφώτατον λόγον ἐπιδείκνυσθαι μέλλων εἰ αὐτοδέσποτός ἐστιν τῶν παθῶν ὁ εὐσεβὴς λογισμός συμβουλεύσαιμ' ἂν ὑμῖν ὀρθῶς ὅπως προσέχητε προθύμως τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ
Since I am about to set forth a most philosophical argument, namely whether pious reason is master of the passions, I would rightly advise you to devote yourselves eagerly to philosophy.
The book opens as a philosophical proem. The key claim, repeated throughout the treatise, is that pious reason can rule the passions rather than be ruled by them.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
φιλοσοφώτατονφιλοσοφώτατονA1 ASMS · φιλόσοφοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectφιλόσοφος: meaning 'φιλοσοφώτατον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
λόγονλόγοςN2 ASM · λόγοςObject / complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'λόγος'; it serves as Object / complement.
ἐπιδείκνυσθαιἐπιδείκνυσθαιV5 PMN · δεικνύω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseδεικνύω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιδείκνυσθαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
μέλλωνbeing about toV1 · παπνσμ μέλλωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or state→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ μέλλω: meaning 'being about to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing attendant action, manner, or state.
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
αὐτοδέσποτόςαὐτοδέσποτόςN2 NSM · αὐτοδέσποτοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreαὐτοδέσποτος: meaning 'αὐτοδέσποτός'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβὴςdevoutA3H NSM · εὐσεβήςnominative element functioning within the clause→ content term supplying the subject matter or imagery of the lineεὐσεβής: meaning 'devout'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
συμβουλεύσαιμ'συμβουλεύσαιμVA AAO1S · βουλεύω + συνfinite verb governing the clauseβουλεύω + συν: meaning 'συμβουλεύσαιμ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑμῖνwith youRP DP · σύdative of advantage or relation→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'with you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage or relation.
ὀρθῶςrightlyD · ὀρθῶςadverb qualifying ποιήσεις→ discourse linkage or contrastὀρθῶς: meaning 'rightly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςconjunction introducing purpose→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέχητεπροσέχητεV1 PAS2P · ἔχω + προςfinite verb governing the clauseἔχω + προς: meaning 'προσέχητε'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
προθύμωςprothymosD · προθύμωςadverbial form modifying the verbal action or descriptionπροθύμως: meaning 'prothymos'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φιλοσοφίᾳφιλοσοφίᾳN1A DSF · φιλοσοφίαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectφιλοσοφία: meaning 'φιλοσοφίᾳ'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
2
καὶ γὰρ ἀναγκαῖος εἰς ἐπιστήμην παντὶ ὁ λόγος καὶ ἄλλως τῆς μεγίστης ἀρετῆς λέγω δὴ φρονήσεως περιέχει ἔπαινον
For the discourse is necessary for everyone who seeks understanding, and besides it contains praise of the greatest virtue, namely prudence.
The speaker frames the topic as both intellectually necessary and ethically elevating, with prudence highlighted as the chief excellence under discussion.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναγκαῖοςnecessaryA1A NSM · ἀναγκαῖοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreἀναγκαῖος: meaning 'necessary'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
ἐπιστήμηνknowledgeN1 ASF · ἐπιστήμηaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐπιστήμη: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
παντὶeveryA3 DSM · πᾶςadjective modifying καιρῷ→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as adjective modifying καιρῷ.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄλλωςotherwiseD · ἄλλωςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ zophar: hidden guilt and repentanceἄλλως: meaning 'otherwise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγίστηςgreatA1 GSFS · μέγαςgenitive modifier within the phraseμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἀρετῆςpraise / excellenceN1 GSF · ἀρετήgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description→ apparent brevity and enduring righteousnessἀρετή: meaning 'praise'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
λέγωI say / purposeV1 PAI1S · λέγωmain verb (declaration of intent)→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'I say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (declaration of intent).
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρονήσεωςφρονήσεωςN3I GSF · φρόνησιςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationφρόνησις: meaning 'φρονήσεως'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
περιέχειπεριέχειV1 PAI3S · ἔχω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseἔχω + περι: meaning 'περιέχει'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἔπαινονpraiseN2 ASM · ἔπαινοςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationἔπαινος: meaning 'praise'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
3
εἰ ἄρα τῶν σωφροσύνης κωλυτικῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμὸς φαίνεται ἐπικρατεῖν γαστριμαργίας τε καὶ ἐπιθυμίας
If, then, reason is shown to prevail over the passions that hinder self-control, namely gluttony and desire,
The argument begins from self-control, especially bodily appetites, because these provide the clearest entry point for testing reason’s mastery.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ἄραperhapsX · ἄραparticle softening the expectation→ discourse linkage or contrastἄρα: meaning 'perhaps'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωφροσύνηςmoderationN1 GSF · σωφροσύνηgenitive modifier within the phraseσωφροσύνη: meaning 'moderation'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κωλυτικῶνκωλυτικῶνA1 GPN · κωλυτικόςgenitive modifier within the phraseκωλυτικός: meaning 'κωλυτικῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
φαίνεταιappearV1 PMI3S · φαίνωfinite verb governing the clause→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderφαίνω: meaning 'appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐπικρατεῖνἐπικρατεῖνV2 PAN · κρατέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπικρατεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
γαστριμαργίαςγαστριμαργίαςN1A GSF · γαστριμαργίαgenitive modifier within the phraseγαστριμαργία: meaning 'γαστριμαργίας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τεandX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθυμίαςdesireN1A GSF · ἐπιθυμίαgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
4
ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἐμποδιστικῶν παθῶν κυριεύειν ἀναφαίνεται οἷον κακοηθείας καὶ τῶν τῆς ἀνδρείας ἐμποδιστικῶν παθῶν θυμοῦ τε καὶ φόβου καὶ πόνου
it is also plainly shown to master the passions that obstruct justice, such as malice, and those that obstruct courage, such as anger and fear and pain.
The scope widens from temperance to the passions that obstruct justice and courage, showing that the thesis concerns the whole moral life.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐμποδιστικῶνἐμποδιστικῶνA1 GPN · ἐμποδιστικόςgenitive modifier within the phraseἐμποδιστικός: meaning 'ἐμποδιστικῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κυριεύεινto exercise authority overV1 PAN · κυριεύωsecond infinitive of content after πιστεύουσιν→ present infinitiveκυριεύω: meaning 'to exercise authority over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as second infinitive of content after πιστεύουσιν.
ἀναφαίνεταιἀναφαίνεταιV1 PMI3S · φαίνω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clauseφαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀναφαίνεται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
οἷονwhat thingsA1A ASM · οἷοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectοἷος: meaning 'what things'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
κακοηθείαςmaliceN1A GSF · κακοήθειαgenitive dependent modifier / possession relationκακοήθεια: meaning 'malice'; it serves as genitive dependent modifier / possession relation.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρείαςἀνδρείαςN1A GSF · ἀνδρείαgenitive modifier within the phraseἀνδρεία: meaning 'ἀνδρείας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐμποδιστικῶνἐμποδιστικῶνA1 GPN · ἐμποδιστικόςgenitive modifier within the phraseἐμποδιστικός: meaning 'ἐμποδιστικῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
θυμοῦwrathN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive modifier→ relational specificationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as genitive modifier.
τεandX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive modifier→ relational specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as genitive modifier.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόνουpainN2 GSM · πόνοςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
5
πῶς οὖν ἴσως εἴποιεν ἄν τινες εἰ τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμὸς κρατεῖ λήθης καὶ ἀγνοίας οὐ δεσπόζει γελοῖον ἐπιχειροῦντες λέγειν
How then, someone might perhaps say, if reason rules the passions, does it not also rule forgetfulness and ignorance? Those who attempt such a claim are speaking absurdly.
A possible counterexample is raised: if reason rules passions, why does it not also rule cognitive weakness such as forgetfulness and ignorance?
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴσωςἴσωςD · ἴσωςindeclinable modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἴσως: meaning 'ἴσως'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἴποιενsaidVB AAO3P · εἶπονfinite verb governing the clauseεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἄνeverX · ἄνconnective or particle linking the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τινεςanyRI NPM · τιςindefinite pronoun subject→ participant referenceτινες: meaning 'any'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indefinite pronoun subject.
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
κρατεῖprevailV2 PAI3S · κρατέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ divine greatness and inaccessible justiceκρατέω: meaning 'prevail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
λήθηςforgetfulnessN1 GSF · λήθηgenitive modifier within the phrase→ darkness, fear, and imprisoned conscienceλήθη: meaning 'forgetfulness'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγνοίαςignoranceN1A GSF · ἄγνοιαgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἄγνοια: meaning 'ignorance'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
δεσπόζειmasterV1 PAI3S · δεσπόζωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ ongoing verbal processδεσπόζω: meaning 'master'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
γελοῖονγελοῖονA1A ASM · γελοῖοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectγελοῖος: meaning 'γελοῖον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐπιχειροῦντεςἐπιχειροῦντεςV2 · παπνπμ χειρέω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνπμ χειρέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιχειροῦντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
λέγεινto sayV1 PAN · λέγωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ infinitival complementλέγω: meaning 'to say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
6
οὐ γὰρ τῶν αὑτοῦ παθῶν ὁ λογισμὸς κρατεῖ ἀλλὰ τῶν τῆς δικαιοσύνης καὶ ἀνδρείας καὶ σωφροσύνης ἐναντίων καὶ τούτων οὐχ ὥστε αὐτὰ καταλῦσαι ἀλλ' ὥστε αὐτοῖς μὴ εἶξαι
For reason does not rule over its own passions, but over those contrary to justice and courage and self-control, and it rules these not so as to destroy them but so as not to yield to them.
The answer distinguishes passions from intellectual deficiencies. Reason governs contrary impulses, not the absence of knowledge itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὑτοῦhimselfRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦReflexive genitive completing the comparison with Tryphon himself→ relational specificationαὑτοῦ: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as Reflexive genitive completing the comparison with Tryphon himself.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
κρατεῖprevailV2 PAI3S · κρατέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ divine greatness and inaccessible justiceκρατέω: meaning 'prevail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρείαςἀνδρείαςN1A GSF · ἀνδρείαgenitive modifier within the phraseἀνδρεία: meaning 'ἀνδρείας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σωφροσύνηςmoderationN1 GSF · σωφροσύνηgenitive modifier within the phraseσωφροσύνη: meaning 'moderation'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐναντίωνεναντιοςA1A GPM · ἐναντίοςgenitive modifier within the phraseἐναντίος: meaning 'εναντιος'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifying λόγων→ relational specificationοὗτος: meaning 'these'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
οὐχnotD · οὐAdverbial modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὥστεso as to / toC · ὥστεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so as to'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὰaytaRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal term functioning in a acc relation→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'ayta'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal term functioning in a acc relation.
καταλῦσαικαταλῦσαιVA AAN · λύω + καταcomplementary infinitive within the clause→ infinitival complementλύω + κατα: meaning 'καταλῦσαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
ἀλλ'ἀλλάC · ἀλλάclause linker→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: meaning 'ἀλλά'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ὥστεso as to / toC · ὥστεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so as to'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςindirect object of εἶπεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of εἶπεν.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶξαιεἶξαιVA AAN · εἴκωcomplementary infinitive within the clauseεἴκω: meaning 'εἶξαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
7
πολλαχόθεν μὲν οὖν καὶ ἀλλαχόθεν ἔχοιμ' ἂν ὑμῖν ἐπιδεῖξαι ὅτι αὐτοκράτωρ ἐστὶν τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμός
Accordingly, from many quarters and in many ways I could show you that reason is sovereign over the passions,
The proem signals that many proofs are available, but the author is deliberately choosing the martyr tradition as the strongest demonstration.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
πολλαχόθενπολλαχόθενD · πολλαχόθενindeclinable modifier within the clauseπολλαχόθεν: meaning 'πολλαχόθεν'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλλαχόθενἀλλαχόθενD · ἀλλαχόθενindeclinable modifier within the clauseἀλλαχόθεν: meaning 'ἀλλαχόθεν'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἔχοιμ'haveV1 PAO1S · ἔχωfinite verb governing the clauseἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑμῖνwith youRP DP · σύdative of advantage or relation→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'with you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage or relation.
ἐπιδεῖξαιἐπιδεῖξαιVA AAN · δεικνύω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseδεικνύω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιδεῖξαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοκράτωραὐτοκράτωρN3R NSM · αὐτοκράτωρnominative term functioning in the clause coreαὐτοκράτωρ: meaning 'αὐτοκράτωρ'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
8
πολὺ δὲ πλέον τοῦτο ἀποδείξαιμι ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνδραγαθίας τῶν ὑπὲρ ἀρετῆς ἀποθανόντων Ελεαζαρου τε καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀδελφῶν καὶ τῆς τούτων μητρός
but I would prove it much more powerfully from the bravery of those who died for virtue, Eleazar and the seven brothers and their mother.
Eleazar, the seven brothers, and their mother are named in advance so that the later narrative will be read as evidence, not merely as edifying history.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
πολὺmuchA1P ASN · πολύςattributive adjective (with σπέρμα)→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as attributive adjective (with σπέρμα).
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλέονmanyA3C ASN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ coming Lord, judgment, remembrance, and the day to comeπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in view.
ἀποδείξαιμιἀποδείξαιμιVA AAO1S · δεικνύω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseδεικνύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποδείξαιμι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδραγαθίαςbrave deedsN1A GSF · ἀνδραγαθίαgenitive modifier within the phraseἀνδραγαθία: meaning 'brave deeds'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπὲρunder / byP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀρετῆςpraise / excellenceN1 GSF · ἀρετήgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description→ apparent brevity and enduring righteousnessἀρετή: meaning 'praise'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀποθανόντωνἀποθανόντωνVB · ααπγπμ θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseααπγπμ θνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποθανόντων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ΕλεαζαρουEleazarN2 GSM · Ελεαζαροςgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relationΕλεαζαρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
τεandX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάnumeral quantifying πυραμίδας→ discourse linkage or contrastἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive of comparison→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifying λόγων→ relational specificationοὗτος: meaning 'these'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
μητρόςof the motherN3 GSF · μήτηρnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'of the mother'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
9
ἅπαντες γὰρ οὗτοι τοὺς ἕως θανάτου πόνους ὑπεριδόντες ἐπεδείξαντο ὅτι περικρατεῖ τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμός
For all of them, by despising torments even unto death, demonstrated that reason prevails over the passions.
The martyr stories are summarized in advance: endurance under torture proves that pious reasoning can stand over even lethal pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἅπαντεςallA3 NPM · ἅπαςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ subject or predicate term within the clauseἅπας: meaning 'all'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θανάτουfrom deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'from death'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
πόνουςpainN2 APM · πόνοςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὑπεριδόντεςὑπεριδόντεςVB · ααπνπμ ὁράω + ὑπερfinite verb governing the clauseααπνπμ ὁράω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπεριδόντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐπεδείξαντοἐπεδείξαντοVAI AMI3P · δεικνύω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseδεικνύω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπεδείξαντο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περικρατεῖπερικρατεῖV2 PAI3S · κρατέω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseκρατέω + περι: meaning 'περικρατεῖ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
10
τῶν μὲν οὖν ἀρετῶν ἔπεστί μοι ἐπαινεῖν τοὺς κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς καλοκἀγαθίας ἀποθανόντας μετὰ τῆς μητρὸς ἄνδρας τῶν δὲ τιμῶν μακαρίσαιμ' ἄν
It therefore falls to me to praise the men who at that time died with their mother for nobility of soul, and to count them blessed for their honors.
The rhetoric moves from thesis to praise, introducing the martyrs as both exemplars of virtue and recipients of blessed remembrance.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρετῶνpraise / excellenceN1 GPF · ἀρετήgenitive modifier within the phraseἀρετή: meaning 'praise'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἔπεστίἔπεστίV9 PAI3S · εἰμί + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseεἰμί + ἐπι: meaning 'ἔπεστί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
μοιfrom meRP DS · ἐγώdative of reference with γένοιτο→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'from me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of reference with γένοιτο.
ἐπαινεῖνἐπαινεῖνV2 PAN · αἰνέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseαἰνέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπαινεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρὸνtimeN2 ASM · καιρόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
ὑπὲρunder / byP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλοκἀγαθίαςnobility and goodnessN1A GSF · καλοκἀγαθίαgenitive modifier within the phraseκαλοκἀγαθία: meaning 'nobility and goodness'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἀποθανόνταςααπαπμ θνήσκω + ἀποVB · ααπαπμ θνήσκω + ἀποparticiple or verbal form adding circumstance to the main action→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipααπαπμ θνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'ααπαπμ θνήσκω + ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form adding circumstance to the main action.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςμήτηρN3 GSF · μήτηρGenitive modifier→ relational specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'μήτηρ'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
ἄνδραςmenN3 APM · ἀνήρdirect object of συνήγαγεν→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as direct object of συνήγαγεν.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιμῶνhonorsN1 GPF · τιμήgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionτιμή: meaning 'honors'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
μακαρίσαιμ'I bless / I call blessedVA AAO1S · μακαρίζωfinite verb governing the clauseμακαρίζω: meaning 'I bless'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἄνeverX · ἄνconnective or particle linking the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
11
θαυμασθέντες γὰρ οὐ μόνον ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τῇ ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ ὑπομονῇ ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν αἰκισαμένων αἴτιοι κατέστησαν τοῦ καταλυθῆναι τὴν κατὰ τοῦ ἔθνους τυραννίδα νικήσαντες τὸν τύραννον τῇ ὑπομονῇ ὥστε καθαρισθῆναι δι' αὐτῶν τὴν πατρίδα
For admired not only by all people for their courage and endurance but even by those who tortured them, they became the cause of the downfall of the tyranny against the nation, conquering the tyrant by steadfastness so that through them the homeland was purified.
Their victory is described not only morally but politically and cultically: steadfast endurance breaks tyranny and brings cleansing to the homeland.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
θαυμασθέντεςheld in honor / admiredVC · αππνπμ θαυμάζωfinite verb governing the clauseαππνπμ θαυμάζω: meaning 'held in honor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
μόνονμονονD · μόνονadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ discourse linkage or contrastμόνον: meaning 'μονον'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςadjective modifying πλεόντων→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying πλεόντων.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρείᾳἀνδρείᾳN1A DSF · ἀνδρείαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectἀνδρεία: meaning 'ἀνδρείᾳ'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπομονῇabidingN1 DSF · ὑπομονήdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ judgment on Jerusalem and arrogant oppressorsὑπομονή: meaning 'abiding'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰκισαμένωναἰκίζομαιVA · αμπγπμ αἰκίζομαιfinite verb governing the clauseαμπγπμ αἰκίζομαι: meaning 'αἰκίζομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
αἴτιοιresponsibleA1A NPM · αἴτιοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreαἴτιος: meaning 'responsible'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
κατέστησανappoint / set overVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + καταfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ constative aoristἵστημι + κατα: meaning 'appoint'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλυθῆναικαταλυθῆναιVC APN · λύω + καταfinite verb governing the clauseλύω + κατα: meaning 'καταλυθῆναι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνουςnationN3E GSN · ἔθνοςgenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as genitive object of περί.
τυραννίδαtyrannyN3D ASF · τυραννίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationτυραννίς: meaning 'tyranny'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
νικήσαντεςbe victoriousVA · ααπνπμ νικάωfinite verb governing the clauseααπνπμ νικάω: meaning 'be victorious'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύραννονrulerN2 ASM · τύραννοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπομονῇabidingN1 DSF · ὑπομονήdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ judgment on Jerusalem and arrogant oppressorsὑπομονή: meaning 'abiding'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
ὥστεso as to / toC · ὥστεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so as to'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρισθῆναιshall pronounce cleanVS APN · καθαρίζωfinite verb governing the clause→ infinitival complementκαθαρίζω: meaning 'shall pronounce clean'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρίδαhomelandN3D ASF · πατρίςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationπατρίς: meaning 'homeland'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
12
ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τούτου νῦν αὐτίκα δὴ λέγειν ἐξέσται ἀρξαμένῳ τῆς ὑποθέσεως ὅπερ εἴωθα ποιεῖν καὶ οὕτως εἰς τὸν περὶ αὐτῶν τρέψομαι λόγον δόξαν διδοὺς τῷ πανσόφῳ θεῷ
But I shall have occasion to speak of this presently, once I have begun the subject in the way I customarily do; then I will turn to the account concerning them, giving glory to the all-wise God.
Before narrating the martyrs directly, the author follows a philosophical order, beginning with definitions and first principles while giving glory to God.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSN · οὗτοςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
νῦνnowD · νῦνtemporal adverb marking present decision→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
αὐτίκααὐτίκαD · αὐτίκαindeclinable modifier within the clauseαὐτίκα: meaning 'αὐτίκα'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγεινto sayV1 PAN · λέγωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ infinitival complementλέγω: meaning 'to say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἐξέσταιit shall be permittedVF FMI3S · εἰμί + ἐκimpersonal future verb of legal permissionεἰμί + ἐκ: meaning 'it shall be permitted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as impersonal future verb of legal permission.
ἀρξαμένῳἀρξαμένῳVA · αμπδσμ ἄρχωfinite verb governing the clauseαμπδσμ ἄρχω: meaning 'ἀρξαμένῳ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποθέσεωςὑποθέσεωςN3I GSF · ὑπόθεσιςgenitive modifier within the phraseὑπόθεσις: meaning 'ὑποθέσεως'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὅπερwhichRR ASN · ὅσπερaccusative term functioning as complement or objectὅσπερ: meaning 'which'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
εἴωθαcustom / what was customaryVX XAI1S · ἔθωfinite verb governing the clauseἔθω: meaning 'custom'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ποιεῖνto makeV2 PAN · ποιέωinfinitive expressing intended action→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'to make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing intended action.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverb summarizing the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
τρέψομαιturnedVF FMI1S · τρέπωfinite verb governing the clauseτρέπω: meaning 'turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
λόγονλόγοςN2 ASM · λόγοςObject / complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'λόγος'; it serves as Object / complement.
δόξανglory, honorN1S ASF · δόξαdirect object / accusative complement→ object specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory, honor'; it serves as direct object / accusative complement.
διδοὺςgiveV8 · παπνσμ δίδωμιfinite verb governing the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ δίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πανσόφῳπανσόφῳA1B DSM · πάνσοφοςdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectπάνσοφος: meaning 'πανσόφῳ'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
13
ζητοῦμεν δὴ τοίνυν εἰ αὐτοκράτωρ ἐστὶν τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμός
We ask, then, whether reason is sovereign over the passions.
The inquiry is restated in compact form to mark the shift from rhetorical opening to formal demonstration.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ζητοῦμενseekV2 PAI1P · ζητέωfinite verb governing the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω: meaning 'seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνproper name or indeclinable item→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
αὐτοκράτωραὐτοκράτωρN3R NSM · αὐτοκράτωρnominative term functioning in the clause coreαὐτοκράτωρ: meaning 'αὐτοκράτωρ'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
14
διακρίνομεν τί ποτέ ἐστιν λογισμὸς καὶ τί πάθος καὶ πόσαι παθῶν ἰδέαι καὶ εἰ πάντων ἐπικρατεῖ τούτων ὁ λογισμός
Let us determine what reason is, what passion is, how many forms of passion there are, and whether reason prevails over them all.
This verse sets the agenda for the conceptual part of the proem: define the main terms, classify the passions, and test reason’s power over them.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
διακρίνομενδιακρίνομενV1 PAI1P · κρίνω + διαfinite verb governing the clauseκρίνω + δια: meaning 'διακρίνομεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τίwhat? who?RI ASN · τίςdirect object / accusative complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what? who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object / accusative complement.
ποτέeverD · ποτέindeclinable modifier within the clauseποτέ: meaning 'ever'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhat? who?RI ASN · τίςdirect object / accusative complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what? who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object / accusative complement.
πάθοςπάθοςN3E NSN · πάθοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ hezekian wisdom and measured social prudenceπάθος: meaning 'πάθος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόσαιhow much / how littleA1 NPF · πόσοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ lawsuit, hiddenness, and risky hopeπόσος: meaning 'how much'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἰδέαιideaN1A NPF · ἰδέαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceἰδέα: meaning 'idea'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςadjective modifying πλεόντων→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying πλεόντων.
ἐπικρατεῖholds authority overV2 PAI3S · κρατέω + ἐπιmain verb governing genitives of domainκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'holds authority over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb governing genitives of domain.
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifying λόγων→ relational specificationοὗτος: meaning 'these'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
15
λογισμὸς μὲν δὴ τοίνυν ἐστὶν νοῦς μετὰ ὀρθοῦ λόγου προτιμῶν τὸν σοφίας βίον
Reason, then, is mind joined with right judgment, choosing the life of wisdom.
Reason is not treated as bare calculation but as a mind governed by right judgment and oriented toward wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνproper name or indeclinable item→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
νοῦςmindN3 NSM · νοῦςnominative term functioning in the clause coreνοῦς: meaning 'mind'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
ὀρθοῦuprightA1 GSM · ὀρθόςgenitive modifier within the phraseὀρθός: meaning 'upright'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
λόγουwordN2 GSM · λόγοςgenitive object of περί→ relational specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as genitive object of περί.
προτιμῶνπροτιμῶνV3 · παπνσμ τιμάω + προfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ τιμάω + προ: meaning 'προτιμῶν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφίαςwisdomN1A GSF · σοφίαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ relational specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
βίονlifeN2 ASM · βίοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ royal discipline and the strong wifeβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
16
σοφία δὴ τοίνυν ἐστὶν γνῶσις θείων καὶ ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων καὶ τῶν τούτων αἰτιῶν
And wisdom is knowledge of divine and human matters and of their causes.
Wisdom is defined expansively, embracing divine realities, human affairs, and the causes that bind them together.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
σοφίασοφιαN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceσοφία: meaning 'σοφια'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνproper name or indeclinable item→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
γνῶσιςknowledge / discernmentN3I NSF · γνῶσιςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
θείωνdivineA1A GPN · θεῖοςgenitive modifier within the phraseθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνθρωπίνωνἀνθρωπίνωνA1 GPN · ἀνθρώπινοςgenitive modifier within the phraseἀνθρώπινος: meaning 'ἀνθρωπίνων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
πραγμάτωνaffairsN3M GPN · πρᾶγμαgenitive complement defining τὰ→ relational specificationπρᾶγμα: meaning 'affairs'; it serves as genitive complement defining τὰ.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronoun referring within the clause→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
αἰτιῶνreasonN1A GPF · αἰτίαgenitive modifier within the phraseαἰτία: meaning 'reason'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
17
αὕτη δὴ τοίνυν ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ νόμου παιδεία δι' ἧς τὰ θεῖα σεμνῶς καὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα συμφερόντως μανθάνομεν
This, then, is the training supplied by the law, through which we learn the divine things reverently and human things in a beneficial way.
The Mosaic law is presented as the school of wisdom, teaching reverence toward God and practical usefulness in human conduct.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
αὕτηahyteRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal term functioning in a nom relation→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'ahyte'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal term functioning in a nom relation.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνproper name or indeclinable item→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle with παρεμβολὴ→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
παιδείαdiscipline / instructionN1A NSF · παιδείαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῖαdivineA1A APN · θεῖοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
σεμνῶςσεμνῶςD · σεμνῶςindeclinable modifier within the clauseσεμνῶς: meaning 'σεμνῶς'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπιναἀνθρώπιναA1 APN · ἀνθρώπινοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀνθρώπινος: meaning 'ἀνθρώπινα'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
συμφερόντωςσυμφερόντωςD · συμφερόντωςindeclinable modifier within the clauseσυμφερόντως: meaning 'συμφερόντως'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μανθάνομενlearnV1 PAI1P · μανθάνωfinite verb governing the clauseμανθάνω: meaning 'learn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
18
τῆς δὲ σοφίας ἰδέαι καθεστήκασιν φρόνησις καὶ δικαιοσύνη καὶ ἀνδρεία καὶ σωφροσύνη
The forms of wisdom are prudence and justice and courage and self-control.
The familiar quartet of virtues organizes the moral landscape in which reason exercises rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφίαςwisdomN1A GSF · σοφίαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ relational specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ἰδέαιideaN1A NPF · ἰδέαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceἰδέα: meaning 'idea'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καθεστήκασινκαθεστήκασινVXI XAI3P · ἵστημι + καταfinite verb governing the clauseἵστημι + κατα: meaning 'καθεστήκασιν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
φρόνησιςφρόνησιςN3I NSF · φρόνησιςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceφρόνησις: meaning 'φρόνησις'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαιοσύνηdikaiosyneN1 NSF · δικαιοσύνηnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'dikaiosyne'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρείαἀνδρείαN1A NSF · ἀνδρείαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderἀνδρεία: meaning 'ἀνδρεία'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σωφροσύνηmoderationN1 NSF · σωφροσύνηnominative term functioning in the clause coreσωφροσύνη: meaning 'moderation'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
19
κυριωτάτη δὲ πάντων ἡ φρόνησις ἐξ ἧς δὴ τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμὸς ἐπικρατεῖ
And the most authoritative of all is prudence, by means of which reason rules the passions.
Prudence stands first because it directs discernment and therefore mediates reason’s mastery over the passions.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
κυριωτάτηLordA1A NSFS · κύριοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςadjective modifying πλεόντων→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying πλεόντων.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle with παρεμβολὴ→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρόνησιςφρόνησιςN3I NSF · φρόνησιςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceφρόνησις: meaning 'φρόνησις'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing αὐτῆς→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing αὐτῆς.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐπικρατεῖholds authority overV2 PAI3S · κρατέω + ἐπιmain verb governing genitives of domainκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'holds authority over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb governing genitives of domain.
20
παθῶν δὲ φύσεις εἰσὶν αἱ περιεκτικώταται δύο ἡδονή τε καὶ πόνος τούτων δὲ ἑκάτερον καὶ περὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ περὶ τὴν ψυχὴν πέφυκεν
Now the two most comprehensive kinds of passion are pleasure and pain, and each of these naturally belongs both to body and to soul.
Pleasure and pain are identified as the two broad fields from which the various passions arise, in both bodily and inward forms.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φύσειςcreaturely natureN3I NPF · φύσιςnominative term functioning in the clause coreφύσις: meaning 'creaturely nature'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle with πράξεις→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιεκτικώταταιπεριεκτικώταταιA1 NPFS · περιεκτικόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreπεριεκτικός: meaning 'περιεκτικώταται'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
δύοtwoM · δύοnumeral modifying the implied hostages/sons→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡδονήἡδονήN1 NSF · ἡδονήnominative term functioning in the clause coreἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονή'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τεandX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόνοςpainN2 NSM · πόνοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifying λόγων→ relational specificationοὗτος: meaning 'these'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκάτερονboth sidesA1A NSN · ἑκάτεροςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ nominative element contributing participant or descriptionἑκάτερος: meaning 'both sides'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαdirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as direct object of λούσεται.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
πέφυκενgrowing / sproutingVX XAI3S · φύωfinite verb governing the clauseφύω: meaning 'growing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
21
πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ περὶ τὴν ἡδονὴν καὶ τὸν πόνον παθῶν εἰσιν ἀκολουθίαι
And around pleasure and pain there are many attendant passions as well.
The basic pair now generates secondary affects, preparing for a fuller moral taxonomy.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πολλαὶmanyA1 NPF · πολύςattributive adjective (with γυναῖκες)→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as attributive adjective (with γυναῖκες).
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδονὴνἡδονὴνN1 ASF · ἡδονήaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ discipline, provision, and healing mercyἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονὴν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόνονaffliction / painN2 ASM · πόνοςaccusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα)→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as accusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα).
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
εἰσινεἰμίV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ἀκολουθίαιἀκολουθίαιN1A NPF · ἀκολουθίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreἀκολουθία: meaning 'ἀκολουθίαι'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
22
πρὸ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἡδονῆς ἐστιν ἐπιθυμία μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἡδονὴν χαρά
Before pleasure comes desire, and after pleasure comes joy.
Desire precedes pleasurable attainment, while joy follows it; the author is mapping the inner sequence of the passions.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition taking a complement within the phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition taking a complement within the phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδονῆςἡδονῆςN1 GSF · ἡδονήgenitive modifier within the phrase→ peace, loyalty, and restrained speechἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονῆς'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
ἐπιθυμίαdesireN1A NSF · ἐπιθυμίαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδονὴνἡδονὴνN1 ASF · ἡδονήaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ discipline, provision, and healing mercyἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονὴν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
χαράjoyN1A NSF · χαράnominative term functioning in the clause core→ locust devastation and communal lamentχαρά: meaning 'joy'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
23
πρὸ δὲ τοῦ πόνου ἐστὶν φόβος μετὰ δὲ τὸν πόνον λύπη
Before pain comes fear, and after pain comes grief.
Fear prepares the way for pain, and grief follows it, completing the parallel sequence on the side of suffering.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition taking a complement within the phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition taking a complement within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόνουpainN2 GSM · πόνοςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ participant prominenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόνονaffliction / painN2 ASM · πόνοςaccusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα)→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as accusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα).
λύπηgriefN1 NSF · λύπηsubject nominative of ἀνεκαινίσθη→ participant prominenceλύπη: meaning 'grief'; it serves as subject nominative of ἀνεκαινίσθη.
24
θυμὸς δὲ κοινὸν πάθος ἐστὶν ἡδονῆς καὶ πόνου ἐὰν ἐννοηθῇ τις ὅτι αὐτῷ περιέπεσεν
Anger is a passion shared by pleasure and pain whenever one reflects that something has happened to him.
Anger is treated as a mixed passion, since it is entangled with both the pain of injury and the satisfaction of retaliation.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςpredicate nominative ('their wine is venom')→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'venom'; it serves as predicate nominative ('their wine is venom').
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοινὸνcommonA1 NSN · κοινόςsubject / nominative complementκοινός: meaning 'common'; it serves as subject / nominative complement.
πάθοςπάθοςN3E NSN · πάθοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ hezekian wisdom and measured social prudenceπάθος: meaning 'πάθος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ἡδονῆςἡδονῆςN1 GSF · ἡδονήgenitive modifier within the phrase→ peace, loyalty, and restrained speechἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονῆς'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόνουpainN2 GSM · πόνοςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconditional conjunction introducing the contingency→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐννοηθῇἐννοηθῇVC APS3S · νοέω + ἐνfinite verb governing the clauseνοέω + ἐν: meaning 'ἐννοηθῇ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷwith himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative complement of συνάπτειν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of συνάπτειν.
περιέπεσενπεριέπεσενVAI AAI3S · πίπτω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseπίπτω + περι: meaning 'περιέπεσεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
25
ἐν τῇ ἡδονῇ δὲ ἔνεστιν καὶ ἡ κακοήθης διάθεσις πολυτροπωτάτη πάντων οὖσα τῶν παθῶν
Within pleasure there is also a malicious disposition, the most many-sided of all the passions.
Pleasure contains especially deformed habits, with maliciousness singled out as the most versatile corruption.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the dative→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the dative.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδονῇἡδονῇN1 DSF · ἡδονήdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονῇ'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔνεστινἔνεστινV9 PAI3S · εἰμί + ἐνfinite verb governing the clause→ household prudence and fear of the Lordεἰμί + ἐν: meaning 'ἔνεστιν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle with παρεμβολὴ→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακοήθηςκακοήθηςA3H NSF · κακοήθηςnominative term functioning in the clause coreκακοήθης: meaning 'κακοήθης'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
διάθεσιςdispositionN3I NSF · διάθεσιςnominative element functioning within the clauseδιάθεσις: meaning 'disposition'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
πολυτροπωτάτηπολυτροπωτάτηA1B NSFS · πολυτρόποςnominative term functioning in the clause coreπολυτρόπος: meaning 'πολυτροπωτάτη'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
πάντωνall, everyA3 GPN · πᾶςgenitive modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all, every'; it serves as genitive modifier.
οὖσαisV9 · παπνσφ εἰμίfinite verb governing the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ εἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
26
καὶ τὰ μὲν ψυχῆς ἀλαζονεία καὶ φιλαργυρία καὶ φιλοδοξία καὶ φιλονεικία καὶ βασκανία
And among the passions of the soul are boastfulness and love of money and love of honor and contentiousness and envy.
The author lists passions rooted chiefly in the soul, particularly social and honor-related distortions.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive object with φείσασθαί→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive object with φείσασθαί.
ἀλαζονείαboastfulnessN1A NSF · ἀλαζονείαnominative term functioning in the clause coreἀλαζονεία: meaning 'boastfulness'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιλαργυρίαφιλαργυρίαN1A NSF · φιλαργυρίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreφιλαργυρία: meaning 'φιλαργυρία'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιλοδοξίαambitionN1A NSF · φιλοδοξίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreφιλοδοξία: meaning 'ambition'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιλονεικίαrivalryN1A NSF · φιλονεικίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreφιλονεικία: meaning 'rivalry'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασκανίαβασκανίαN1A NSF · βασκανίαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ apparent brevity and enduring righteousnessβασκανία: meaning 'βασκανία'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
27
κατὰ δὲ τὸ σῶμα παντοφαγία καὶ λαιμαργία καὶ μονοφαγία
And among the passions of the body are indiscriminate eating and greediness and solitary selfish eating.
He then names bodily vices centered on food, which prepares for the dietary example that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαdirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as direct object of λούσεται.
παντοφαγίαπαντοφαγίαN1A NSF · παντοφαγίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreπαντοφαγία: meaning 'παντοφαγία'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαιμαργίαλαιμαργίαN1A NSF · λαιμαργίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreλαιμαργία: meaning 'λαιμαργία'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μονοφαγίαμονοφαγίαN1A NSF · μονοφαγίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreμονοφαγία: meaning 'μονοφαγία'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
28
καθάπερ οὖν δυεῖν τοῦ σώματος καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς φυτῶν ὄντων ἡδονῆς τε καὶ πόνου πολλαὶ τούτων τῶν φυτῶν εἰσιν παραφυάδες
Just as pleasure and pain are like two plants growing from body and soul, so these plants have many offshoots.
The passions are compared to plants whose many shoots branch from the two roots of pleasure and pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καθάπερκαθάπερD · καθάπερAdverbial modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: meaning 'καθάπερ'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυεῖνtwoM · δύοindeclinable modifier within the clauseδύο: meaning 'two'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματοςsomatosN3M GSN · σῶμαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationσῶμα: meaning 'somatos'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive object with φείσασθαί→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive object with φείσασθαί.
φυτῶνplantsN2N GPN · φυτόνgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationφυτόν: meaning 'plants'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὄντωνisV9 · παπγπν εἰμίfinite verb governing the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπγπν εἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἡδονῆςἡδονῆςN1 GSF · ἡδονήgenitive modifier within the phrase→ peace, loyalty, and restrained speechἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονῆς'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τεandX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόνουpainN2 GSM · πόνοςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
πολλαὶmanyA1 NPF · πολύςattributive adjective (with γυναῖκες)→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as attributive adjective (with γυναῖκες).
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronoun referring within the clause→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυτῶνplantsN2N GPN · φυτόνgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationφυτόν: meaning 'plants'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
εἰσινεἰμίV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
παραφυάδεςπαραφυάδεςN3D NPF · παραφυάςnominative term functioning in the clause coreπαραφυάς: meaning 'παραφυάδες'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
29
ὧν ἑκάστην ὁ παγγέωργος λογισμὸς περικαθαίρων καὶ ἀποκνίζων καὶ περιπλέκων καὶ ἐπάρδων καὶ πάντα τρόπον μεταχέων ἐξημεροῖ τὰς τῶν ἠθῶν καὶ παθῶν ὕλας
The master cultivator, reason, trims and prunes and entwines and waters and in every way transplants each of these, taming the tangled growth of habits and passions.
Reason appears as a cultivator rather than an annihilator, disciplining the passions the way a gardener manages unruly growth.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὧνwho / whichRR GPF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἑκάστηνeachA1 ASF · ἕκαστοςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παγγέωργοςπαγγέωργοςN2 NSM · παγγέωργοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreπαγγέωργος: meaning 'παγγέωργος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
περικαθαίρωνπερικαθαίρωνV1 · παπνσμ αἴρω + περι + καταfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ αἴρω + περι + κατα: meaning 'περικαθαίρων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκνίζωνἀποκνίζωνV1 · παπνσμ κνίζω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ κνίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποκνίζων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιπλέκωνπεριπλέκωνV1 · παπνσμ πλέκω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ πλέκω + περι: meaning 'περιπλέκων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάρδωνἐπάρδωνV1 · παπνσμ ἄρδω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ ἄρδω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπάρδων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταeveryA3 ASM · πᾶςadjective modifying τόπον→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as adjective modifying τόπον.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μεταχέωνμεταχέωνV2 · παπνσμ χέω + μεταfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ χέω + μετα: meaning 'μεταχέων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐξημεροῖἐξημεροῖV4 PAI3S · ἡμερόω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseἡμερόω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξημεροῖ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἠθῶνἠθῶνN3E GPN · ἦθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseἦθος: meaning 'ἠθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὕλαςmaterialN1 APF · ὕληaccusative term functioning as complement or objectὕλη: meaning 'material'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
30
ὁ γὰρ λογισμὸς τῶν μὲν ἀρετῶν ἐστιν ἡγεμών τῶν δὲ παθῶν αὐτοκράτωρ ἐπιθεωρεῖτε τοίνυν πρῶτον διὰ τῶν κωλυτικῶν τῆς σωφροσύνης ἔργων ὅτι αὐτοδέσποτός ἐστιν τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμός
For reason is the guide of the virtues and the sovereign of the passions. Observe first, then, through the restraining works of self-control, that reason is master of the passions.
The metaphor yields to application: Jewish self-control in food becomes the first concrete proof that reason is sovereign.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀρετῶνpraise / excellenceN1 GPF · ἀρετήgenitive modifier within the phraseἀρετή: meaning 'praise'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
ἡγεμώνleaderN3N NSM · ἡγεμώνnominative term functioning in the clause coreἡγεμών: meaning 'leader'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
αὐτοκράτωραὐτοκράτωρN3R NSM · αὐτοκράτωρnominative term functioning in the clause coreαὐτοκράτωρ: meaning 'αὐτοκράτωρ'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐπιθεωρεῖτεἐπιθεωρεῖτεV2 PAD2P · θεωρέω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseθεωρέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιθεωρεῖτε'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνproper name or indeclinable item→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πρῶτονfirstD · πρῶτονadverbial or subordinating marker shaping the clause relation→ discourse linkage or contrastπρῶτον: meaning 'first'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωλυτικῶνκωλυτικῶνA1 GPN · κωλυτικόςgenitive modifier within the phraseκωλυτικός: meaning 'κωλυτικῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωφροσύνηςmoderationN1 GSF · σωφροσύνηgenitive modifier within the phraseσωφροσύνη: meaning 'moderation'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἔργωνworks / laboursN2N GPN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοδέσποτόςαὐτοδέσποτόςN2 NSM · αὐτοδέσποτοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreαὐτοδέσποτος: meaning 'αὐτοδέσποτός'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
31
σωφροσύνη δὴ τοίνυν ἐστὶν ἐπικράτεια τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν
Self-control, then, is mastery over the desires.
Self-control is defined succinctly as rule over desire, allowing the next verses to specify its range.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
σωφροσύνηmoderationN1 NSF · σωφροσύνηnominative term functioning in the clause coreσωφροσύνη: meaning 'moderation'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνproper name or indeclinable item→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ἐπικράτειαἐπικράτειαN1A NSF · ἐπικράτειαnominative term functioning in the clause coreἐπικράτεια: meaning 'ἐπικράτεια'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμιῶνdesireN1A GPF · ἐπιθυμίαgenitive modifier within the phrase→ participantἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
32
τῶν δὲ ἐπιθυμιῶν αἱ μέν εἰσιν ψυχικαί αἱ δὲ σωματικαί καὶ τούτων ἀμφοτέρων ἐπικρατεῖν ὁ λογισμὸς φαίνεται
Some desires belong to the soul and others to the body, and reason evidently prevails over both.
Desire is divided into psychic and bodily forms, and reason is said to command both, not just one class.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθυμιῶνdesireN1A GPF · ἐπιθυμίαgenitive modifier within the phrase→ participantἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle with πράξεις→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μένindeedX · μένparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινεἰμίV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ψυχικαίψυχικαίA1 NPF · ψυχικόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreψυχικός: meaning 'ψυχικαί'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle with πράξεις→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σωματικαίσωματικαίA1 NPF · σωματικόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreσωματικός: meaning 'σωματικαί'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτωνthis/theseRD GPF · οὗτοςdemonstrative summarizing the preceding names→ relational specificationοὗτος: meaning 'this'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀμφοτέρωνbothA1A GPF · ἀμφότεροιgenitive modifier within the phraseἀμφότεροι: meaning 'both'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐπικρατεῖνἐπικρατεῖνV2 PAN · κρατέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπικρατεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
φαίνεταιappearV1 PMI3S · φαίνωfinite verb governing the clause→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderφαίνω: meaning 'appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
33
ἐπεὶ πόθεν κινούμενοι πρὸς τὰς ἀπειρημένας τροφὰς ἀποστρεφόμεθα τὰς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἡδονάς οὐχ ὅτι δύναται τῶν ὀρέξεων ἐπικρατεῖν ὁ λογισμός ἐγὼ μὲν οἶμαι
Otherwise, why is it that when we are stirred toward forbidden foods we turn away from the pleasure that comes from them, unless reason is able to master appetites? I at least think it is.
A rhetorical question turns Israel’s food restrictions into lived evidence that reason can refuse an attractive pleasure.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐπεὶwhenC · ἐπείtemporal conjunction (introducing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεὶ: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόθενwhere fromD · πόθενinterrogative adverb (source)→ discourse linkage or contrastπόθεν: meaning 'where from'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κινούμενοιthat movesV2 · πμπνπμ κινέωfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνπμ κινέω: meaning 'that moves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπειρημέναςἀπειρημέναςVM · χμπαπφ εἶπον + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseχμπαπφ εἶπον + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπειρημένας'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τροφὰςtrophasN1 APF · τροφήcommon noun within the clauseτροφή: meaning 'trophas'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἀποστρεφόμεθαἀποστρεφόμεθαV1 PMI1P · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποστρεφόμεθα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing αὐτῆς→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing αὐτῆς.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier or resumptive dependent→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier or resumptive dependent.
ἡδονάςἡδονάςN1 APF · ἡδονήaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονάς'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
οὐχnotD · οὐAdverbial modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιmain verb taking infinitive complement→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking infinitive complement.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρέξεωνὀρέξεωνN3I GPF · ὄρεξιςgenitive modifier within the phraseὄρεξις: meaning 'ὀρέξεων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐπικρατεῖνἐπικρατεῖνV2 PAN · κρατέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπικρατεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώfirst subject within the content clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as first subject within the content clause.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οἶμαιthinkV1 PMI1S · οἴομαιfinite verb governing the clauseοἴομαι: meaning 'think'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
34
τοιγαροῦν ἐνύδρων ἐπιθυμοῦντες καὶ ὀρνέων καὶ τετραπόδων καὶ παντοίων βρωμάτων τῶν ἀπηγορευμένων ἡμῖν κατὰ τὸν νόμον ἀπεχόμεθα διὰ τὴν τοῦ λογισμοῦ ἐπικράτειαν
Therefore, although we desire water-creatures and birds and four-footed animals and all sorts of foods forbidden us by the law, we abstain because of reason’s mastery.
The forbidden foods of the law provide the clearest habitual example of appetite being checked by deliberate obedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τοιγαροῦντοιγαροῦνX · τοιγαροῦνconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument or narrative→ discourse linkage or contrastτοιγαροῦν: meaning 'τοιγαροῦν'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνύδρωνἐνύδρωνA1B GPN · ἔνυδροςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ exodus completion and reordered creationἔνυδρος: meaning 'ἐνύδρων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐπιθυμοῦντεςἐπιθυμοῦντεςV4 · παπνπμ θυμόω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clause→ discipline, provision, and healing mercyπαπνπμ θυμόω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιθυμοῦντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρνέωνὀρνέωνN3I GPM · ὄρνιςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὄρνις: meaning 'ὀρνέων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τετραπόδωνsquaredA1B GPM · τετράποδοςadjectival modifier of λίθωντετράποδος: meaning 'squared'; it serves as adjectival modifier of λίθων.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παντοίωνevery kind ofA1A GPN · παντοῖοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπαντοῖος: meaning 'every kind of'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
βρωμάτωνfoodN3M GPN · βρῶμαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationβρῶμα: meaning 'food'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπηγορευμένωνἀπηγορευμένωνVM · χππγπν ἀγορεύω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseχππγπν ἀγορεύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπηγορευμένων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώindirect object of εἴπῃς→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of εἴπῃς.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςdirect object of ποιήσωσιν→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as direct object of ποιήσωσιν.
ἀπεχόμεθαἀπεχόμεθαV1 PMI1P · ἔχω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseἔχω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπεχόμεθα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμοῦpurposeN2 GSM · λογισμόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description→ relational specificationλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
ἐπικράτειανἐπικράτειανN1A ASF · ἐπικράτειαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἐπικράτεια: meaning 'ἐπικράτειαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
35
ἀνέχεται γὰρ τὰ τῶν ὀρέξεων πάθη ὑπὸ τοῦ σώφρονος νοὸς ἀνακοπτόμενα καὶ φιμοῦται πάντα τὰ τοῦ σώματος κινήματα ὑπὸ τοῦ λογισμοῦ
For the passions of appetite are checked by the prudent mind as it cuts them back, and every impulse of the body is bridled by reason.
The section ends by summarizing the point: prudent reason restrains appetitive drives and so governs the body’s impulses.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἀνέχεταιἀνέχεταιV1 PMI3S · ἔχω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clauseἔχω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνέχεται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρέξεωνὀρέξεωνN3I GPF · ὄρεξιςgenitive modifier within the phraseὄρεξις: meaning 'ὀρέξεων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
πάθηπάθηN3E APN · πάθοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπάθος: meaning 'πάθη'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώφρονοςσώφρονοςA3N GSM · σώφρωνgenitive modifier within the phraseσώφρων: meaning 'σώφρονος'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
νοὸςmindN2 GSM · νοῦςgenitive modifier within the phraseνοῦς: meaning 'mind'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἀνακοπτόμεναἀνακοπτόμεναV1 · πμπαπν κόπτω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clauseπμπαπν κόπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνακοπτόμενα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιμοῦταιyou shall muzzleV4 PPI3S · φιμόωfinite verb governing the clauseφιμόω: meaning 'you shall muzzle'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςadjective modifying ἔθνη→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying ἔθνη.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματοςsomatosN3M GSN · σῶμαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationσῶμα: meaning 'somatos'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
κινήματαcommotionN3M APN · κίνημαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectκίνημα: meaning 'commotion'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμοῦpurposeN2 GSM · λογισμόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description→ relational specificationλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.