1
καὶ τί θαυμαστόν εἰ αἱ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπιθυμίαι πρὸς τὴν τοῦ κάλλους μετουσίαν ἀκυροῦνται
And what is surprising if the desires of the soul are rendered powerless with respect to participation in beauty?
The chapter continues the argument from desire, asking why anyone should be surprised if inner longing can be checked when a higher good is in view.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhat? who?RI ASN · τίςdirect object / accusative complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what? who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object / accusative complement.
θαυμαστόνmarvelousA1 NSN · θαυμαστόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceθαυμαστός: meaning 'marvelous'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle with πράξεις→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive object with φείσασθαί→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive object with φείσασθαί.
ἐπιθυμίαιdesireN1A NPF · ἐπιθυμίαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ correction, truth, and diligent stabilityἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάλλουςbeautyN3E GSN · κάλλοςgenitive modifier→ relational specificationκάλλος: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as genitive modifier.
μετουσίανμετουσίανN1A ASF · μετουσίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectμετουσία: meaning 'μετουσίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἀκυροῦνταιinvalidateV4 PPI3P · ἀκυρόωfinite verb governing the clauseἀκυρόω: meaning 'invalidate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
2
ταύτῃ γοῦν ὁ σώφρων Ιωσηφ ἐπαινεῖται ὅτι διανοίᾳ περιεκράτησεν τῆς ἡδυπαθείας
For this very reason the temperate Joseph is praised, because by his mind he mastered sensual indulgence.
Joseph functions as the first biblical exemplar of rational chastity, praised for inward mastery rather than mere outward escape.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ταύτῃthisRD DSF · οὗτοςdemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestταύτῃ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ).
γοῦνso thenX · γοῦνconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseγοῦν: meaning 'so then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώφρωνσώφρωνA3N NSM · σώφρωνnominative term functioning in the clause coreσώφρων: meaning 'σώφρων'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ΙωσηφJosephN NSM · Ιωσηφnominal term functioning within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal term functioning within the clause.
ἐπαινεῖταιἐπαινεῖταιV2 PMI3S · αἰνέω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἰνέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπαινεῖται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διανοίᾳmind / understandingN1A DSF · διάνοιαdative term marking reference, means, manner, or location→ sphere or referenceδιάνοια: meaning 'mind'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, manner, or location.
περιεκράτησενπεριεκράτησενVAI AAI3S · κρατέω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseκρατέω + περι: meaning 'περιεκράτησεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδυπαθείαςἡδυπαθείαςN1A GSF · ἡδυπάθειαgenitive modifier within the phraseἡδυπάθεια: meaning 'ἡδυπαθείας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
3
νέος γὰρ ὢν καὶ ἀκμάζων πρὸς συνουσιασμὸν ἠκύρωσε τῷ λογισμῷ τὸν τῶν παθῶν οἶστρον
For though he was young and in the full vigor suited for intercourse, he nullified by reason the frenzy of the passions.
His youth and bodily vigor only sharpen the point: reason proves strongest precisely where passion might seem most natural and forceful.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
νέοςyoungA1A NSM · νέοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceνέος: meaning 'young'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὢνπαπνσμ εἰμίV9 · παπνσμ εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ εἰμί: meaning 'παπνσμ εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκμάζωνἀκμάζωνV1 · παπνσμ ἀκμάζωfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ ἀκμάζω: meaning 'ἀκμάζων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
συνουσιασμὸνσυνουσιασμὸνN2 ASM · συνουσιασμόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectσυνουσιασμός: meaning 'συνουσιασμὸν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἠκύρωσεinvalidateVAI AAI3S · ἀκυρόωfinite verb governing the clauseἀκυρόω: meaning 'invalidate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμῷpurposeN2 DSM · λογισμόςdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
οἶστρονοἶστρονN2 ASM · οἶστροςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectοἶστρος: meaning 'οἶστρον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
4
καὶ οὐ μόνον δὲ τὴν τῆς ἡδυπαθείας οἰστρηλασίαν ὁ λογισμὸς ἐπικρατεῖν φαίνεται ἀλλὰ καὶ πάσης ἐπιθυμίας
And reason is plainly seen to prevail not only over the goading of sensual pleasure but over every desire.
The example is generalized so that erotic temptation becomes evidence for the wider rule of reason over desire as such.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
μόνονμονονD · μόνονadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ discourse linkage or contrastμόνον: meaning 'μονον'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδυπαθείαςἡδυπαθείαςN1A GSF · ἡδυπάθειαgenitive modifier within the phraseἡδυπάθεια: meaning 'ἡδυπαθείας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
οἰστρηλασίανοἰστρηλασίανN1A ASF · οἰστρηλασίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectοἰστρηλασία: meaning 'οἰστρηλασίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐπικρατεῖνἐπικρατεῖνV2 PAN · κρατέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπικρατεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
φαίνεταιappearV1 PMI3S · φαίνωfinite verb governing the clause→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderφαίνω: meaning 'appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσηςall / everyA1S GSF · πᾶςGenitive modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
ἐπιθυμίαςdesireN1A GSF · ἐπιθυμίαgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
5
λέγει γοῦν ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον σου οὐδὲ ὅσα τῷ πλησίον σού ἐστιν
Accordingly the law says, 'You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, nor anything that belongs to your neighbor.'
The author grounds the claim in the Decalogue, reading the prohibition of coveting as proof that desire is something the law expects to be governed.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
γοῦνso thenX · γοῦνconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseγοῦν: meaning 'so then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegator with ἀπέστειλα→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπιθυμήσειςἐπιθυμήσειςVF FAI2S · θυμέω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseθυμέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιθυμήσεις'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwife, womanN3K ASF · γυνήdirect object / accusative complement→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'wife, woman'; it serves as direct object / accusative complement.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: meaning 'nor'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ὅσαhow muchA1 APN · ὅσοςaccusative object of οἴδατε introducing extent→ object specificationὅσος: meaning 'how much'; it serves as accusative object of οἴδατε introducing extent.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σούyouRP GS · σύgenitive modifier→ relational specificationσού: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive modifier.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
6
καίτοι ὅτε μὴ ἐπιθυμεῖν εἴρηκεν ἡμᾶς ὁ νόμος πολὺ πλέον πείσαιμ' ἂν ὑμᾶς ὅτι τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν κρατεῖν δύναται ὁ λογισμός ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν κωλυτικῶν τῆς δικαιοσύνης παθῶν
Indeed, when the law has told us not to desire, I could persuade you all the more that reason is able to master desires, just as it also masters the passions opposed to justice.
Because the law commands restraint, the author argues that reason must possess real power to obey that command.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καίτοικαίτοιC · καίτοιconnective or particle linking the argumentκαίτοι: meaning 'καίτοι'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτεwhenD · ὅτεadverbial modifier qualifying manner, time, degree, or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: meaning 'when'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπιθυμεῖνἐπιθυμεῖνV2 PAN · θυμέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseθυμέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιθυμεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
εἴρηκενsaidVX XAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb governing the clause→ verbal action or stateεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώdirect object of ἐκτρῖψαι→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκτρῖψαι.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
πολὺmuchA1P ASN · πολύςattributive adjective (with σπέρμα)→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as attributive adjective (with σπέρμα).
πλέονmanyA3C ASN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ coming Lord, judgment, remembrance, and the day to comeπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
πείσαιμ'trust / relyVA AAO1S · πείθωfinite verb governing the clauseπείθω: meaning 'trust'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύobject of πρός→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμιῶνdesireN1A GPF · ἐπιθυμίαgenitive modifier within the phrase→ participantἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κρατεῖνholding powerV2 PAN · κρατέωcomplementary infinitive within the clause→ infinitival complementκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιmain verb taking infinitive complement→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking infinitive complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ὥσπερὥσπερD · ὥσπερindeclinable modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'ὥσπερ'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωλυτικῶνκωλυτικῶνA1 GPN · κωλυτικόςgenitive modifier within the phraseκωλυτικός: meaning 'κωλυτικῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
7
ἐπεὶ τίνα τις τρόπον μονοφάγος ὢν τὸ ἦθος καὶ γαστρίμαργος ἢ καὶ μέθυσος μεταπαιδεύεται εἰ μὴ δῆλον ὅτι κύριός ἐστιν τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμός
For how is a person whose character is marked by solitary greed in eating, by gluttony, or even by drunkenness reeducated, unless it is evident that reason is lord of the passions?
Habits like gluttony and drunkenness are treated as re-trainable dispositions, which makes moral formation evidence for reason’s dominion.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐπεὶwhenC · ἐπείtemporal conjunction (introducing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεὶ: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίναwhatRI ASM · τίςpronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant referenceτίνα: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μονοφάγοςμονοφάγοςN2 NSM · μονοφάγοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreμονοφάγος: meaning 'μονοφάγος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ὢνπαπνσμ εἰμίV9 · παπνσμ εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ εἰμί: meaning 'παπνσμ εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἦθοςἦθοςN3E ASN · ἦθοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἦθος: meaning 'ἦθος'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γαστρίμαργοςγαστρίμαργοςA1B NSM · γαστρίμαργοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreγαστρίμαργος: meaning 'γαστρίμαργος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἢorC · ἤalternative marker→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: meaning 'or'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέθυσοςμέθυσοςA1 NSM · μέθυσοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceμέθυσος: meaning 'μέθυσος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
μεταπαιδεύεταιμεταπαιδεύεταιV1 PMI3S · παιδεύω + μεταfinite verb governing the clauseπαιδεύω + μετα: meaning 'μεταπαιδεύεται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δῆλονδῆλονA1 ASM · δῆλοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectδῆλος: meaning 'δῆλον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριόςlordN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject (human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'lord'; it serves as subject (human master).
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
8
αὐτίκα γοῦν τῷ νόμῳ πολιτευόμενος κἂν φιλάργυρός τις ᾖ βιάζεται τὸν αὑτοῦ τρόπον τοῖς δεομένοις δανείζων χωρὶς τόκων καὶ τὸ δάνειον τῶν ἑβδομάδων ἐνστασῶν χρεοκοπούμενος
At once, then, one who lives by the law, even if he is covetous, compels his own disposition by lending to the needy without interest and by cancelling the debt when the sabbatical time arrives.
The legal practices of interest-free lending and debt release show that reason can overcome acquisitive instinct in economic life.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
αὐτίκααὐτίκαD · αὐτίκαindeclinable modifier within the clauseαὐτίκα: meaning 'αὐτίκα'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γοῦνso thenX · γοῦνconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseγοῦν: meaning 'so then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
πολιτευόμενοςliveV1 · πμπνσμ πολιτεύωfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνσμ πολιτεύω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
κἂνeven ifC+X · καί̈ἄνparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkageκἂν: meaning 'even if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιλάργυρόςφιλάργυρόςA1B NSM · φιλάργυροςnominative term functioning in the clause coreφιλάργυρος: meaning 'φιλάργυρός'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
ᾖeimiV9 PAS3S · εἰμίverbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state→ verbal action in summary styleεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state.
βιάζεταιpressedV1 PMI3S · βιάζομαιfinite verb governing the clauseβιάζομαι: meaning 'pressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὑτοῦhimselfRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦReflexive genitive completing the comparison with Tryphon himself→ relational specificationαὑτοῦ: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as Reflexive genitive completing the comparison with Tryphon himself.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοῖς in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεομένοιςI begV2 · πμπδπμ δέομαιfinite verb governing the clauseπμπδπμ δέομαι: meaning 'I beg'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
δανείζωνyou shall lendV1 · παπνσμ δανείζωfinite verb governing the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ δανείζω: meaning 'you shall lend'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
χωρὶςchorisD · χωρίςadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastχωρίς: meaning 'choris'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τόκωντόκωνN2 GPM · τόκοςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ law, judgment, and generosity to the poorτόκος: meaning 'τόκων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάνειονδάνειονN2N ASN · δάνειονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectδάνειον: meaning 'δάνειον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδομάδωνἑβδομάςN3D GPF · ἑβδομάςgenitive element qualifying another term→ participantἑβδομάς: meaning 'ἑβδομάς'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
ἐνστασῶνἐνστασῶνVH · ααπγπφ ἵστημι + ἐνfinite verb governing the clauseααπγπφ ἵστημι + ἐν: meaning 'ἐνστασῶν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
χρεοκοπούμενοςχρεοκοπούμενοςV2 · πππνσμ χρεοκοπέομαιfinite verb governing the clauseπππνσμ χρεοκοπέομαι: meaning 'χρεοκοπούμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
9
κἂν φειδωλός τις ᾖ ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου κρατεῖται διὰ τὸν λογισμὸν μήτε ἐπικαρπολογούμενος τοὺς ἀμητοὺς μήτε ἐπιρρωγολογούμενος τοὺς ἀμπελῶνας καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἑτέρων δὲ ἔστιν ἐπιγνῶναι τοῦτο ὅτι τῶν παθῶν ἐστιν ὁ λογισμὸς κρατῶν
And even if someone is stingy, he is restrained by the law through reason so that he neither gathers the gleanings of his harvest nor picks over his vineyards. And from other examples too one can see that reason rules the passions.
Agricultural laws likewise discipline stinginess by forbidding a person to squeeze every possible gain from field and vineyard.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
κἂνeven ifC+X · καί̈ἄνparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkageκἂν: meaning 'even if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φειδωλόςφειδωλόςA1 NSM · φειδωλόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreφειδωλός: meaning 'φειδωλός'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
ᾖeimiV9 PAS3S · εἰμίverbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state→ verbal action in summary styleεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
κρατεῖταιholding powerV2 PMI3S · κρατέωfinite verb governing the clauseκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπικαρπολογούμενοςἐπικαρπολογούμενοςV2 · πμπνσμ καρπολογέω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνσμ καρπολογέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπικαρπολογούμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμητοὺςἀμητοὺςN2 APM · ἀμητόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀμητός: meaning 'ἀμητοὺς'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιρρωγολογούμενοςἐπιρρωγολογούμενοςV2 · πμπνσμ ῥωγολογέω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνσμ ῥωγολογέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιρρωγολογούμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶναςampelonasN3W APM · ἀμπελώνnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationἀμπελών: meaning 'ampelonas'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑτέρωνotherA1A GPM · ἕτεροςgenitive dependent phrase within the clause→ relational specificationἕτερος: meaning 'other'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίFinite verb / predicate→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
ἐπιγνῶναιto learnVZ AAN · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ infinitival complementγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: meaning 'to learn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in view.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
κρατῶνmightN3E GPN · κράτοςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationκράτος: meaning 'might'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
10
ὁ γὰρ νόμος καὶ τῆς πρὸς γονεῖς εὐνοίας κρατεῖ μὴ καταπροδιδοὺς τὴν ἀρετὴν δι' αὐτοὺς
For the law also prevails over affection toward parents, not allowing virtue to be betrayed for their sake.
Natural affection toward parents is honorable, but it must not be allowed to override the claims of virtue.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
γονεῖςparentsN3V NPM · γονεύςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceγονεύς: meaning 'parents'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
εὐνοίαςloyaltyN1A GSF · εὔνοιαhead noun within the clauseεὔνοια: meaning 'loyalty'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κρατεῖprevailV2 PAI3S · κρατέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ divine greatness and inaccessible justiceκρατέω: meaning 'prevail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
καταπροδιδοὺςκαταπροδιδοὺςV8 · παπνσμ δίδωμι + κατα + προfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ δίδωμι + κατα + προ: meaning 'καταπροδιδοὺς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρετὴνvalorN1 ASF · ἀρετήaccusative element functioning as object or complementἀρετή: meaning 'valor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of παρεκάλεσεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρεκάλεσεν.
11
καὶ τῆς πρὸς γαμετὴν φιλίας ἐπικρατεῖ διὰ τὴν παρανομίαν αὐτὴν ἀπελέγχων
And it masters love for a wife, exposing her when she acts unlawfully.
Marriage too comes under the law: loyalty to a spouse does not excuse complicity in wrongdoing.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
γαμετὴνγαμετὴνN1 ASF · γαμετήaccusative term functioning as complement or objectγαμετή: meaning 'γαμετὴν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
φιλίαςfriendshipN1A GSF · φιλίαsecond object of περὶ→ presumption, stewardship, and unstable powerφιλία: meaning 'friendship'; it serves as second object of περὶ.
ἐπικρατεῖholds authority overV2 PAI3S · κρατέω + ἐπιmain verb governing genitives of domainκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'holds authority over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb governing genitives of domain.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρανομίανπαρανομίανN1A ASF · παρανομίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπαρανομία: meaning 'παρανομίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object of ὠχύρωσεν→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὠχύρωσεν.
ἀπελέγχωνἀπελέγχωνV1 · παπνσμ ἐλέγχω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ ἐλέγχω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπελέγχων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
12
καὶ τῆς τέκνων φιλίας κυριεύει διὰ κακίαν αὐτὰ κολάζων
And it rules over love for children, chastening them when they act wickedly.
Parental love must remain disciplined enough to correct children rather than indulge their evil.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνωνchildrenN2N GPN · τέκνονgenitive coordinated with γυναικῶν→ relational specificationτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as genitive coordinated with γυναικῶν.
φιλίαςfriendshipN1A GSF · φιλίαsecond object of περὶ→ presumption, stewardship, and unstable powerφιλία: meaning 'friendship'; it serves as second object of περὶ.
κυριεύειruleV1 PAI3S · κυριεύωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseκυριεύω: meaning 'rule'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
κακίανevilN1A ASF · κακίαdirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationκακία: meaning 'evil'; it serves as direct object of εἶδεν.
αὐτὰaytaRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal term functioning in a acc relation→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'ayta'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal term functioning in a acc relation.
κολάζωνpunishV1 · παπνσμ κολάζωfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ κολάζω: meaning 'punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
13
καὶ τῆς φίλων συνηθείας δεσπόζει διὰ πονηρίαν αὐτοὺς ἐξελέγχων
And it is lord over attachment to friends, reproving them when they do wrong.
Friendship also is judged by virtue, so that rebuke becomes an act of rational fidelity rather than betrayal.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φίλωνFriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςpartitive genitive in apposition to Βακχίδην→ qualification or source relationφίλος: meaning 'Friends'; it serves as partitive genitive in apposition to Βακχίδην.
συνηθείαςσυνηθείαςN1A GSF · συνήθειαgenitive modifier within the phraseσυνήθεια: meaning 'συνηθείας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
δεσπόζειmasterV1 PAI3S · δεσπόζωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ ongoing verbal processδεσπόζω: meaning 'master'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
πονηρίανevil / wickednessN1A ASF · πονηρίαnominal term functioning as an accusative complement→ object specificationπονηρία: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominal term functioning as an accusative complement.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of παρεκάλεσεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρεκάλεσεν.
ἐξελέγχωνἐξελέγχωνV1 · παπνσμ ἐλέγχω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ ἐλέγχω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξελέγχων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
14
καὶ μὴ νομίσητε παράδοξον εἶναι ὅπου καὶ ἔχθρας ἐπικρατεῖν ὁ λογισμὸς δύναται διὰ τὸν νόμον μήτε δενδροτομῶν τὰ ἥμερα τῶν πολεμίων φυτά τὰ δὲ τῶν ἐχθρῶν τοῖς ἀπολέσασι διασῴζων καὶ τὰ πεπτωκότα συνεγείρων
And do not think it strange that reason can even prevail over enmity on account of the law, since it neither cuts down the cultivated plants of enemies nor abandons those of foes to destroyers, but even raises up what has fallen.
The command not to destroy enemy trees shows that the law can restrain even hostility, ordering conduct beyond instinctive retaliation.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
νομίσητενομίζωVA AAS2P · νομίζωfinite verb governing the clauseνομίζω: meaning 'νομίζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
παράδοξονextraordinaryA1B ASN · παράδοξοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπαράδοξος: meaning 'extraordinary'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίComplementary infinitive completing δοκοῦσα.→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Complementary infinitive completing δοκοῦσα.
ὅπουwhereX · ὅπουconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπου: meaning 'where'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχθραςhatredA1A GSF · ἐχθρόςgenitive modifier or complement→ speech, worship, and inward dispositionἐχθρός: meaning 'hatred'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
ἐπικρατεῖνἐπικρατεῖνV2 PAN · κρατέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπικρατεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιmain verb taking infinitive complement→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking infinitive complement.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςdirect object of ποιήσωσιν→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as direct object of ποιήσωσιν.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δενδροτομῶνδενδροτομῶνV2 · παπνσμ δενδροτομέωfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ δενδροτομέω: meaning 'δενδροτομῶν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμεραgentleA1B APN · ἥμεροςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἥμερος: meaning 'gentle'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμίωνenemyA1A GPM · πολέμιοςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ content term qualifying another element through relation or possessionπολέμιος: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
φυτάplantsN2N APN · φυτόνaccusative term functioning as complement or objectφυτόν: meaning 'plants'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρῶνenemyA1A GPM · ἐχθρόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοῖς in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπολέσασιἀπολέσασιVA · ααπδπμ ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseααπδπμ ὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπολέσασι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
διασῴζωνsavingV1 · παπνσμ σώζω + διαParticiple describing God's continuing action toward Israel.παπνσμ σώζω + δια: meaning 'saving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Participle describing God's continuing action toward Israel.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεπτωκόταfellVX · χαπαπν πίπτωfinite verb governing the clause→ verbal actionχαπαπν πίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
συνεγείρωνσυνεγείρωνV1 · παπνσμ ἐγείρω + συνfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ ἐγείρω + συν: meaning 'συνεγείρων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
15
καὶ τῶν βιαιοτέρων δὲ παθῶν κρατεῖν ὁ λογισμὸς φαίνεται φιλαρχίας καὶ κενοδοξίας καὶ ἀλαζονείας καὶ μεγαλαυχίας καὶ βασκανίας
Reason is also seen to master the more violent passions, ambition and vanity and boastfulness and arrogance and envy.
The argument now names harsher and more socially disruptive passions that also fall under reason’s supervision.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιαιοτέρωνviolentA1A GPN · βίαιοςgenitive modifier within the phraseβίαιος: meaning 'violent'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κρατεῖνholding powerV2 PAN · κρατέωcomplementary infinitive within the clause→ infinitival complementκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
φαίνεταιappearV1 PMI3S · φαίνωfinite verb governing the clause→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderφαίνω: meaning 'appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
φιλαρχίαςφιλαρχίαςN1A GSF · φιλαρχίαgenitive modifier within the phraseφιλαρχία: meaning 'φιλαρχίας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κενοδοξίαςκενοδοξίαςN1A GSF · κενοδοξίαgenitive modifier within the phraseκενοδοξία: meaning 'κενοδοξίας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλαζονείαςarroganceN1A GSF · ἀλαζονείαgenitive dependent phrase within the clause→ darkness, fear, and imprisoned conscienceἀλαζονεία: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεγαλαυχίαςμεγαλαυχίαςN1A GSF · μεγαλαυχίαgenitive modifier within the phraseμεγαλαυχία: meaning 'μεγαλαυχίας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασκανίαςβασκανίαςN1A GSF · βασκανίαgenitive modifier within the phraseβασκανία: meaning 'βασκανίας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
16
πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα τὰ κακοήθη πάθη ὁ σώφρων νοῦς ἀπωθεῖται ὥσπερ καὶ τὸν θυμόν καὶ γὰρ τούτου δεσπόζει
For the temperate mind drives away all these evil passions, just as it also drives away anger; for it is master even of that.
The temperate mind is portrayed as actively repelling these distortions, with anger singled out as no exception.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
πάνταeveryA3 ASM · πᾶςadjective modifying τόπον→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as adjective modifying τόπον.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςobject of μετά→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'these things'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακοήθηκακοήθηA3H APN · κακοήθηςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectκακοήθης: meaning 'κακοήθη'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
πάθηπάθηN3E APN · πάθοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπάθος: meaning 'πάθη'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώφρωνσώφρωνA3N NSM · σώφρωνnominative term functioning in the clause coreσώφρων: meaning 'σώφρων'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
νοῦςmindN3 NSM · νοῦςnominative term functioning in the clause coreνοῦς: meaning 'mind'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἀπωθεῖταιἀπωθεῖταιV2 PMI3S · ὠθέω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clause→ speech, worship, and inward dispositionὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπωθεῖται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὥσπερὥσπερD · ὥσπερindeclinable modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'ὥσπερ'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμόνwrathN2 ASM · θυμόςobject or complement within the clause→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτουfor thisRD GSM · οὗτοςgenitive object in the idiom τούτου χάριν→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'for this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object in the idiom τούτου χάριν.
δεσπόζειmasterV1 PAI3S · δεσπόζωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ ongoing verbal processδεσπόζω: meaning 'master'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
17
θυμούμενός γέ τοι Μωυσῆς κατὰ Δαθαν καὶ Αβιρων οὐ θυμῷ τι κατ' αὐτῶν ἐποίησεν ἀλλὰ λογισμῷ τὸν θυμὸν διῄτησεν
So Moses, though angry with Dathan and Abiram, did nothing against them in anger, but governed his anger by reason.
Moses provides an example of anger governed rather than unleashed, turning a potentially destructive passion into measured action.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
θυμούμενόςwas angeredV4 · πμπνσμ θυμόωfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνσμ θυμόω: meaning 'was angered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
γέindeedX · γέconnective or particle linking the argumentγέ: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοιτοιX TOIindeclinable modifier within the clauseτοι: meaning 'τοι'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ΜωυσῆςMosesN1M NSM · ΜωυσῆςSubject of εἶπεν, invoking Torah authority.→ participant identificationΜωυσῆς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as Subject of εἶπεν, invoking Torah authority.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
ΔαθανδαθανN GSM · Δαθανindeclinable modifier within the clause→ participant identificationΔαθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable modifier within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβιρωναβιρωνN GSM · Αβιρωνindeclinable modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastΑβιρων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable modifier within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
θυμῷθυμόςN2 DSM · θυμόςDative complement→ sphere or referenceθυμός: meaning 'θυμός'; it serves as Dative complement.
τιanythingRI ASN · τιςaccusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing)→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing).
κατ'according toP · κατάpreposition with ἐνιαυτὸν→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition with ἐνιαυτὸν.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
ἐποίησενhe madeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verb introducing added features of the monument→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'he made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb introducing added features of the monument.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λογισμῷpurposeN2 DSM · λογισμόςdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμὸνθυμόςN2 ASM · θυμόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'θυμός'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
διῄτησενδιῄτησενVAI AAI3S · αἰτέω + διαfinite verb governing the clauseαἰτέω + δια: meaning 'διῄτησεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
18
δυνατὸς γὰρ ὁ σώφρων νοῦς ὡς ἔφην κατὰ τῶν παθῶν ἀριστεῦσαι καὶ τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν μεταθεῖναι τὰ δὲ καὶ ἀκυρῶσαι
For the temperate mind, as I have said, is able to win distinction against the passions, to alter some of them, and even to render some ineffective.
The point is restated with nuance: reason may redirect or neutralize passions even when it does not erase them altogether.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
δυνατὸςmighty / strongA1 NSM · δυνατόςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceδυνατός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώφρωνσώφρωνA3N NSM · σώφρωνnominative term functioning in the clause coreσώφρων: meaning 'σώφρων'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
νοῦςmindN3 NSM · νοῦςnominative term functioning in the clause coreνοῦς: meaning 'mind'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςtemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφηνsaidV6I IAI1S · φημίfinite verb governing the clauseφημί: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἀριστεῦσαιἀριστεῦσαιVA AAN · ἀριστεύωcomplementary infinitive within the clauseἀριστεύω: meaning 'ἀριστεῦσαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
μεταθεῖναιto turn asideVE AAN · τίθημι + μεταsecond complementary infinitive after δεομένων→ infinitival complementτίθημι + μετα: meaning 'to turn aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as second complementary infinitive after δεομένων.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκυρῶσαιinvalidateVA AAN · ἀκυρόωcomplementary infinitive within the clauseἀκυρόω: meaning 'invalidate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
19
ἐπεὶ διὰ τί ὁ πάνσοφος ἡμῶν πατὴρ Ιακωβ τοὺς περὶ Συμεων καὶ Λευιν αἰτιᾶται μὴ λογισμῷ τοὺς Σικιμίτας ἐθνηδὸν ἀποσφάξαντας λέγων ἐπικατάρατος ὁ θυμὸς αὐτῶν
For why does our all-wise father Jacob accuse those around Simeon and Levi of slaughtering the Shechemites like a nation without reason, saying, 'Cursed be their anger'?
Jacob’s curse on the anger of Simeon and Levi serves as scriptural evidence that wrath is morally accountable and therefore governable.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐπεὶwhenC · ἐπείtemporal conjunction (introducing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεὶ: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τίwhat? who?RI ASN · τίςdirect object / accusative complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what? who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object / accusative complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνσοφοςπάνσοφοςN2 NSM · πάνσοφοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreπάνσοφος: meaning 'πάνσοφος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ΙακωβJacobN NSM · Ἰακώβproper name within the narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative sequence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
ΣυμεωνSimeonN GSM · ΣυμεωνProper name within the clause→ participant identificationΣυμεων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as Proper name within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛευινLevisN GSM · Λευίςindeclinable modifier within the clauseΛευιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable modifier within the clause.
αἰτιᾶταιαἰτιᾶταιV3 PMI3S · αἰτιάομαιfinite verb governing the clause→ folly, mercy, and enduring counselαἰτιάομαι: meaning 'αἰτιᾶται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
λογισμῷpurposeN2 DSM · λογισμόςdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣικιμίταςσικιμίταςN1M APM · Σικιμῖταιaccusative term functioning as complement or objectΣικιμίτας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐθνηδὸνἐθνηδὸνD · ἐθνηδόνindeclinable modifier within the clauseἐθνηδόν: meaning 'ἐθνηδὸν'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀποσφάξανταςἀποσφάξανταςVA · ααπαπμ σφάζω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseααπαπμ σφάζω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποσφάξαντας'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple introducing the message→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle introducing the message.
ἐπικατάρατοςaccursedA1B NSM · ἐπικατάρατοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceἐπικατάρατος: meaning 'accursed'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςpredicate nominative ('their wine is venom')→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'venom'; it serves as predicate nominative ('their wine is venom').
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
20
εἰ μὴ γὰρ ἐδύνατο τοῦ θυμοῦ ὁ λογισμὸς κρατεῖν οὐκ ἂν εἶπεν οὕτως
For if reason were not able to master anger, he would not have spoken in this way.
Jacob’s rebuke presupposes that anger can and should be mastered by reason.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδύνατοbe ableV6I IMI3S · δύναμαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμοῦwrathN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive modifier→ relational specificationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as genitive modifier.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
κρατεῖνholding powerV2 PAN · κρατέωcomplementary infinitive within the clause→ infinitival complementκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegator with ἀπέστειλα→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb introducing speech→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb introducing speech.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverb summarizing the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
21
ὁπηνίκα γὰρ ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον κατεσκεύασεν τὰ πάθη αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ ἤθη περιεφύτευσεν
For when God fashioned the human being, he planted within him both passions and dispositions.
The argument ends by grounding the passions in creation itself; they are implanted, not alien intrusions.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὁπηνίκαwheneverD · ὁπηνίκαconnective or modifier structuring the clause in contextὁπηνίκα: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςSubject / head term→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as Subject / head term.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
κατεσκεύασενhe madeVAI AAI3S · σκευάζω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristσκευάζω + κατα: meaning 'he made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάθηπάθηN3E APN · πάθοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπάθος: meaning 'πάθη'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςobject of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἤθηἤθηN3E APN · ἦθοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἦθος: meaning 'ἤθη'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
περιεφύτευσενπεριεφύτευσενVAI AAI3S · φυτεύω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseφυτεύω + περι: meaning 'περιεφύτευσεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
22
ἡνίκα δὲ ἐπὶ πάντων τὸν ἱερὸν ἡγεμόνα νοῦν διὰ τῶν αἰσθητηρίων ἐνεθρόνισεν
But at the same time he enthroned over them all the holy mind as ruler through the senses.
Yet God also installs the mind as ruler, giving human life an ordered hierarchy in which the senses serve rational governance.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἡνίκαwhenD · ἡνίκαparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςadjective modifying πλεόντων→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying πλεόντων.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερὸνholy / sanctuaryA1A ASM · ἱερόςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complementἱερός: meaning 'holy'; it serves as adjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complement.
ἡγεμόναleaderN3N ASM · ἡγεμώνDirect object of συνεκεραύνωσαν.ἡγεμών: meaning 'leader'; it serves as Direct object of συνεκεραύνωσαν.
νοῦνmindN3 ASM · νοῦςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectνοῦς: meaning 'mind'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰσθητηρίωναἰσθητηρίωνN2N GPN · αἰσθητήριονgenitive modifier within the phraseαἰσθητήριον: meaning 'αἰσθητηρίων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐνεθρόνισενἐνεθρόνισενVAI AAI3S · θρονίζω + ἐνfinite verb governing the clauseθρονίζω + ἐν: meaning 'ἐνεθρόνισεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
23
καὶ τούτῳ νόμον ἔδωκεν καθ' ὃν πολιτευόμενος βασιλεύσει βασιλείαν σώφρονά τε καὶ δικαίαν καὶ ἀγαθὴν καὶ ἀνδρείαν
And to this mind he gave the law, according to which, if one lives, he will reign a kingdom that is temperate and just and good and courageous.
The law is the mode by which this God-given rule becomes a just, good, courageous, and self-controlled life.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτῳto himRD DSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςdirect object of ποιήσωσιν→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as direct object of ποιήσωσιν.
ἔδωκενhe gaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verb granting the request→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'he gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb granting the request.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the clause modifying τάφος→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun introducing the clause modifying τάφος.
πολιτευόμενοςliveV1 · πμπνσμ πολιτεύωfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνσμ πολιτεύω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
βασιλεύσειreignedVF FAI3S · βασιλεύωverbal form carrying the action of the clause→ futureβασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action of the clause.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σώφρονάσώφρονάA3N ASM · σώφρωνaccusative term functioning as complement or objectσώφρων: meaning 'σώφρονά'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τεandX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαίανjustA1A ASF · δίκαιοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'just'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθὴνgoodA1 ASF · ἀγαθόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ reputation, prudence, and instructional turnἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρείανbraveryA1A ASF · ἀνδρεῖοςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipἀνδρεῖος: meaning 'bravery'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
24
πῶς οὖν εἴποι τις ἄν εἰ τῶν παθῶν δεσπότης ἐστὶν ὁ λογισμός λήθης καὶ ἀγνοίας οὐ κρατεῖ
How then can anyone still say that if reason is master of the passions, it does not also rule forgetfulness and ignorance?
The chapter closes by returning to the earlier objection and pressing it from the opposite side: the law’s command structure assumes rational mastery.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴποιsaidVB AAO3S · εἶπονfinite verb governing the clauseεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
ἄνeverX · ἄνconnective or particle linking the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰεἰC · εἰCoordinator→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'εἰ'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
δεσπότηςMasterN1M NSM · δεσπότηςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceδεσπότης: meaning 'Master'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
λήθηςforgetfulnessN1 GSF · λήθηgenitive modifier within the phrase→ darkness, fear, and imprisoned conscienceλήθη: meaning 'forgetfulness'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγνοίαςignoranceN1A GSF · ἄγνοιαgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἄγνοια: meaning 'ignorance'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
κρατεῖprevailV2 PAI3S · κρατέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ divine greatness and inaccessible justiceκρατέω: meaning 'prevail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.