1
ἔστιν δὲ κομιδῇ γελοῖος ὁ λόγος οὐ γὰρ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ παθῶν ὁ λογισμὸς ἐπικρατεῖν φαίνεται ἀλλὰ τῶν σωματικῶν
But the argument is altogether ridiculous, for reason appears to prevail not over its own passions but over bodily ones.
The author rejects a misunderstanding of the thesis: the point is not that reason abolishes the passions themselves, but that it governs them.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἔστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίFinite verb / predicate→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κομιδῇκομιδῇN1 DSF · κομιδήdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectκομιδή: meaning 'κομιδῇ'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
γελοῖοςγελοῖοςA1A NSM · γελοῖοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreγελοῖος: meaning 'γελοῖος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun referring within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐπικρατεῖνἐπικρατεῖνV2 PAN · κρατέω + ἐπιcomplementary infinitive within the clauseκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπικρατεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
φαίνεταιappearV1 PMI3S · φαίνωfinite verb governing the clause→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderφαίνω: meaning 'appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωματικῶνσωματικῶνA1 GPN · σωματικόςgenitive modifier within the phraseσωματικός: meaning 'σωματικῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
2
οἷον ἐπιθυμίαν τις οὐ δύναται ἐκκόψαι ἡμῶν ἀλλὰ μὴ δουλωθῆναι τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ δύναται ὁ λογισμὸς παρασχέσθαι
For example, no one can cut desire out of us, but reason can enable us not to be enslaved by desire.
Desire remains part of human life, yet reason can keep it from becoming a tyranny.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
οἷονwhat thingsA1A ASM · οἷοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectοἷος: meaning 'what things'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐπιθυμίανdesireN1A ASF · ἐπιθυμίαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιmain verb taking infinitive complement→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking infinitive complement.
ἐκκόψαιcut downVA AAN · κόπτω + ἐκinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ infinitival complementκόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δουλωθῆναιthey will enslaveVC APN · δουλόωfinite verb governing the clauseδουλόω: meaning 'they will enslave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμίᾳdesireN1A DSF · ἐπιθυμίαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιmain verb taking infinitive complement→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking infinitive complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
παρασχέσθαιπαρασχέσθαιVB AMN · ἔχω + παραfinite verb governing the clauseἔχω + παρα: meaning 'παρασχέσθαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
3
θυμόν τις οὐ δύναται ἐκκόψαι ὑμῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀλλὰ τῷ θυμῷ δυνατὸν τὸν λογισμὸν βοηθῆσαι
No one can cut anger out of your soul, but reason can come to the aid against anger.
The same distinction applies to anger: it may arise, but it need not dominate the soul.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
θυμόνwrathN2 ASM · θυμόςobject or complement within the clause→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιmain verb taking infinitive complement→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking infinitive complement.
ἐκκόψαιcut downVA AAN · κόπτω + ἐκinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ infinitival complementκόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύgenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive object with φείσασθαί→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive object with φείσασθαί.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμῷθυμόςN2 DSM · θυμόςDative complement→ sphere or referenceθυμός: meaning 'θυμός'; it serves as Dative complement.
δυνατὸνδυνατοςA1 ASM · δυνατόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationδυνατός: meaning 'δυνατος'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
βοηθῆσαιhelpVA AAN · βοηθέωParticipial modifier→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβοηθέω: meaning 'help'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Participial modifier.
4
κακοήθειάν τις ἡμῶν οὐ δύναται ἐκκόψαι ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ καμφθῆναι τῇ κακοηθείᾳ δύναιτ' ἂν ὁ λογισμὸς συμμαχῆσαι
No one can cut out our malice, but reason can act as an ally so that we are not bent by malice.
Malice too cannot simply be erased, but reason can stand beside the person as an ally against being morally bent by it.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
κακοήθειάνmaliceN1A ASF · κακοήθειαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectκακοήθεια: meaning 'malice'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιmain verb taking infinitive complement→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking infinitive complement.
ἐκκόψαιcut downVA AAN · κόπτω + ἐκinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ infinitival complementκόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
καμφθῆναιyou will bow down / make bendVV APN · κάμπτωfinite verb governing the clauseκάμπτω: meaning 'you will bow down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακοηθείᾳmaliceN1A DSF · κακοήθειαdative element functioning within the clauseκακοήθεια: meaning 'malice'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
δύναιτ'were ableV6 PMO3S · δύναμαιfinite verb governing the clauseδύναμαι: meaning 'were able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
συμμαχῆσαισυμμαχῆσαιVA AAN · μαχέω + συνcomplementary infinitive within the clauseμαχέω + συν: meaning 'συμμαχῆσαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
5
οὐ γὰρ ἐκριζωτὴς τῶν παθῶν ὁ λογισμός ἐστιν ἀλλὰ ἀνταγωνιστής
For reason is not the uprooter of the passions but their antagonist.
This compact thesis clarifies the entire treatise: mastery means disciplined resistance, not the extinction of feeling.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκριζωτὴςἐκριζωτὴςN3H NSM · ἐκριζωτήςnominative term functioning in the clause coreἐκριζωτής: meaning 'ἐκριζωτὴς'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταγωνιστήςἀνταγωνιστήςA3H NSM · ἀνταγωνιστήςnominative term functioning in the clause coreἀνταγωνιστής: meaning 'ἀνταγωνιστής'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
6
ἔστιν γοῦν τοῦτο διὰ τῆς Δαυιδ τοῦ βασιλέως δίψης σαφέστερον ἐπιλογίσασθαι
This may be considered more clearly from the thirst of King David.
David’s thirst is introduced as a vivid and memorable scriptural case of bodily desire brought under rational control.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἔστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίFinite verb / predicate→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
γοῦνso thenX · γοῦνconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseγοῦν: meaning 'so then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant already in view.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive in apposition to Ἀντιόχου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to Ἀντιόχου.
δίψηςδίψαN1S GSF · δίψαGenitive modifier→ relational specificationδίψα: meaning 'δίψα'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
σαφέστερονclearA3H ASNC · σαφήςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectσαφής: meaning 'clear'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐπιλογίσασθαιἐπιλογίσασθαιVA AMN · λογίζομαι + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseλογίζομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιλογίσασθαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
7
ἐπεὶ γὰρ δι' ὅλης ἡμέρας προσβαλὼν τοῖς ἀλλοφύλοις ὁ Δαυιδ πολλοὺς αὐτῶν ἀπέκτεινεν μετὰ τῶν τοῦ ἔθνους στρατιωτῶν
For after David had attacked the foreigners throughout the whole day, he killed many of them along with the soldiers of the nation.
The military frame heightens the seriousness of the story: the desire in view comes after battle, exhaustion, and real bodily depletion.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐπεὶwhenC · ἐπείtemporal conjunction (introducing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεὶ: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
ὅληςwholeA1 GSF · ὅλοςattributive adjective (modifying κρηπῖδος)→ relational specificationὅλος: meaning 'whole'; it serves as attributive adjective (modifying κρηπῖδος).
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive following ἕως→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive following ἕως.
προσβαλὼνπροσβαλὼνVB · ααπνσμ βάλλω + προςfinite verb governing the clauseααπνσμ βάλλω + προς: meaning 'προσβαλὼν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοῖς in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλοιςPhilistinesA1B DPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
πολλοὺςmuch / manyA1 APM · πολύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
ἀπέκτεινενkilledVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποmain verb of execution→ constative aoristκτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'killed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of execution.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνουςnationN3E GSN · ἔθνοςgenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as genitive object of περί.
στρατιωτῶνsoldiersN1M GPM · στρατιώτηςgenitive modifier within the phraseστρατιώτης: meaning 'soldiers'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
8
τότε δὴ γενομένης ἑσπέρας ἱδρῶν καὶ σφόδρα κεκμηκὼς ἐπὶ τὴν βασίλειον σκηνὴν ἦλθεν περὶ ἣν ὁ πᾶς τῶν προγόνων στρατὸς ἐστρατοπεδεύκει
Then, when evening came and he was sweating and utterly exhausted, he came to the royal tent, around which the whole army of his ancestors had encamped.
Evening, sweat, and fatigue intensify the realism of David’s thirst and prepare for the force of the temptation.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τότεthenD · τότεparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενομένηςhaving arisenVB · αμπγσφ γίγνομαιgenitive absolute participle→ protest, friendship, and unbearable griefαμπγσφ γίγνομαι: meaning 'having arisen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as genitive absolute participle.
ἑσπέραςἑσπέραN1A GSF · ἑσπέραGenitive modifier→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: meaning 'ἑσπέρα'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
ἱδρῶνἱδρῶνV4 · παπνσμ ἱδρόωfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσμ ἱδρόω: meaning 'ἱδρῶν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverb intensifying πολλὴ→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'very'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κεκμηκὼςκεκμηκὼςVX · χαπνσμ κάμνωfinite verb governing the clauseχαπνσμ κάμνω: meaning 'κεκμηκὼς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασίλειονroyalA1A ASM · βασίλειοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectβασίλειος: meaning 'royal'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
σκηνὴνtentN1 ASF · σκηνήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationσκηνή: meaning 'tent'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verb of movement→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of movement.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
ἣνwhichRR ASF · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the clause about the gift→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun introducing the clause about the gift.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςadjective modifying Ισραηλ→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying Ισραηλ.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προγόνωνancestorN2 GPM · πρόγονοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπρόγονος: meaning 'ancestor'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification.
στρατὸςarmyN2 NSM · στρατόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreστρατός: meaning 'army'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐστρατοπεδεύκειencampedVXI YAI3S · στρατοπεδεύωfinite verb governing the clauseστρατοπεδεύω: meaning 'encamped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
9
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἄλλοι πάντες ἐπὶ τὸ δεῖπνον ἦσαν
Now all the others were at supper,
The detail isolates David’s experience from the others, emphasizing that his crisis is singular and inward.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοί→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancer→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄλλοιotherRD NPM · ἄλλοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant referenceἄλλος: meaning 'other'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjective modifying ἀδελφοί→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying ἀδελφοί.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεῖπνονδεῖπνονN2N ASN · δεῖπνονaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationδεῖπνον: meaning 'δεῖπνον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίcopulative verb linking subject and predicate nominative→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb linking subject and predicate nominative.
10
ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ὡς μάλιστα διψῶν καίπερ ἀφθόνους ἔχων πηγάς οὐκ ἠδύνατο δι' αὐτῶν ἰάσασθαι τὴν δίψαν
but the king, though extremely thirsty and though he had abundant springs, could not relieve his thirst by means of them.
Ordinary water is available, yet it does not satisfy him; the problem is not need alone but desire’s fixation on a specific object.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςappositional title of Δημήτριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositional title of Δημήτριος.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςtemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάλισταespeciallyD · μάλισταadverbial modifier of the clauseμάλιστα: meaning 'especially'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
διψῶνdipseiN3E GPN · δίψοςgenitive modifier within the phraseδίψος: meaning 'dipsei'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καίπερalthoughC · καίπερclause connective or particle→ prudence, diligence, and shunning follyκαίπερ: meaning 'although'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφθόνουςabundantA1B APF · ἄφθονοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἄφθονος: meaning 'abundant'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἔχωνεχωνV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωmain finite verb of the clause→ circumstantial present participleπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'εχων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main finite verb of the clause.
πηγάςspringsN1 APF · πηγήaccusative object of ἐπί (the place reached)→ object specificationπηγή: meaning 'springs'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί (the place reached).
οὐκnotD · οὐnegator with ἀπέστειλα→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠδύνατοwas ableV6I IMI3S · δύναμαιfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ ongoing verbal processδύναμαι: meaning 'was able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
ἰάσασθαιto healVA AMN · ἰάομαιverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsἰάομαι: meaning 'to heal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίψανdipsanN1S ASF · δίψαnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationδίψα: meaning 'dipsan'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
11
ἀλλά τις αὐτὸν ἀλόγιστος ἐπιθυμία τοῦ παρὰ τοῖς πολεμίοις ὕδατος ἐπιτείνουσα συνέφρυγεν καὶ λύουσα κατέφλεγεν
Instead an irrational craving for the water that was among the enemy, tightening itself upon him and unbinding him, kept burning him up.
The craving is called irrational because it masters the king instead of being judged by him.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀλλάbutC · ἀλλάconnective or particle linking the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
ἀλόγιστοςwantonA1B NSM · ἀλόγιστοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreἀλόγιστος: meaning 'wanton'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐπιθυμίαdesireN1A NSF · ἐπιθυμίαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing the dative phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the dative phrase.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοῖς in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμίοιςenemyA1A DPM · πολέμιοςdative complement or reference term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπολέμιος: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as dative complement or reference term.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
ἐπιτείνουσαἐπιτείνουσαV1 · παπνσφ τείνω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσφ τείνω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιτείνουσα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
συνέφρυγενσυνέφρυγενV1I IAI3S · φρύγω + συνfinite verb governing the clauseφρύγω + συν: meaning 'συνέφρυγεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λύουσαbroke downV1 · παπνσφ λύωfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνσφ λύω: meaning 'broke down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
κατέφλεγενκατέφλεγενV1I IAI3S · φλέγω + καταfinite verb governing the clauseφλέγω + κατα: meaning 'κατέφλεγεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
12
ὅθεν τῶν ὑπασπιστῶν ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιθυμίᾳ σχετλιαζόντων δύο νεανίσκοι στρατιῶται καρτεροὶ καταιδεσθέντες τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιθυμίαν τὰς παντευχίας καθωπλίσαντο καὶ κάλπην λαβόντες ὑπερέβησαν τοὺς τῶν πολεμίων χάρακας
So when the bodyguards were indignant at the king’s desire, two sturdy young soldiers, ashamed on account of the king’s craving, armed themselves completely and, taking a pitcher, crossed over the enemy stockade.
The loyalty of the young soldiers shows the danger latent in ungoverned desire: a ruler’s craving can put others at mortal risk.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ὅθενfrom where / whereverD · ὅθενrelative adverb (locative — introducing the indefinite relative clause)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅθεν: meaning 'from where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπασπιστῶνὑπασπιστῶνA3H GPM · ὑπασπιστήςgenitive modifier within the phraseὑπασπιστής: meaning 'ὑπασπιστῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive in apposition to Ἀντιόχου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to Ἀντιόχου.
ἐπιθυμίᾳdesireN1A DSF · ἐπιθυμίαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
σχετλιαζόντωνσχετλιαζόντωνV1 · παπγπμ σχετλιάζωfinite verb governing the clauseπαπγπμ σχετλιάζω: meaning 'σχετλιαζόντων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
δύοtwoM · δύοnumeral modifying the implied hostages/sons→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
στρατιῶταιsoldiersN1M NPM · στρατιώτηςnominative term functioning in the clause coreστρατιώτης: meaning 'soldiers'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καρτεροὶstrongA1A NPM · καρτερόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreκαρτερός: meaning 'strong'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καταιδεσθέντεςκαταιδεσθέντεςVC · αππνπμ αἰδέομαι + καταfinite verb governing the clauseαππνπμ αἰδέομαι + κατα: meaning 'καταιδεσθέντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive in apposition to Ἀντιόχου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to Ἀντιόχου.
ἐπιθυμίανdesireN1A ASF · ἐπιθυμίαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντευχίαςπαντευχίαςN1A APF · παντευχίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπαντευχία: meaning 'παντευχίας'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καθωπλίσαντοκαθωπλίσαντοVAI AMI3P · ὁπλίζω + καταfinite verb governing the clauseὁπλίζω + κατα: meaning 'καθωπλίσαντο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάλπηνκάλπηνN1 ASF · κάλπηaccusative term functioning as complement or objectκάλπη: meaning 'κάλπην'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
λαβόντεςhaving takenVB · ααπνπμ λαμβάνωAorist participle describing the first secret act of preservation.→ constative aorist participleααπνπμ λαμβάνω: meaning 'having taken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Aorist participle describing the first secret act of preservation.
ὑπερέβησανὑπερέβησανVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + ὑπερfinite verb governing the clause→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningβαίνω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπερέβησαν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμίωνenemyA1A GPM · πολέμιοςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ content term qualifying another element through relation or possessionπολέμιος: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
χάρακαςχάρακαςN3K APF · χάραξaccusative term functioning as complement or objectχάραξ: meaning 'χάρακας'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
13
καὶ λαθόντες τοὺς τῶν πυλῶν ἀκροφύλακας διεξῄεσαν ἀνερευνώμενοι κατὰ πᾶν τὸ τῶν πολεμίων στρατόπεδον
And escaping the gate guards, they went through, searching the whole camp of the enemy.
Their stealthy passage through the hostile camp underlines the cost at which the desired water is obtained.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαθόντεςwill be hidden / escape noticeVB · ααπνπμ λανθάνωfinite verb governing the clauseααπνπμ λανθάνω: meaning 'will be hidden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with γυναικῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυλῶνgatesN1 GPF · πύληhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἀκροφύλακαςἀκροφύλακαςN3K APM · ἀκροφύλαξaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀκροφύλαξ: meaning 'ἀκροφύλακας'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
διεξῄεσανδιεξῄεσανVHI IAI3P · ἵημι + δια + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseἵημι + δια + ἐκ: meaning 'διεξῄεσαν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἀνερευνώμενοιἀνερευνώμενοιV3 · πμπνπμ ἐρευνάω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνπμ ἐρευνάω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνερευνώμενοι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASN · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμίωνenemyA1A GPM · πολέμιοςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ content term qualifying another element through relation or possessionπολέμιος: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
στρατόπεδονcampN2N ASN · στρατόπεδονaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationστρατόπεδον: meaning 'camp'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
14
καὶ ἀνευράμενοι τὴν πηγὴν ἐξ αὐτῆς θαρραλέως ἐκόμισαν τῷ βασιλεῖ τὸ ποτόν
And when they found the spring, they boldly brought the drink from it to the king.
The soldiers succeed, which means the real crisis now becomes David’s inward judgment rather than the mission itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνευράμενοιἀνευράμενοιVA · αμπνπμ εὑρίσκω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clauseαμπνπμ εὑρίσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνευράμενοι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πηγὴνπηγήN1 ASF · πηγήaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationπηγή: meaning 'πηγή'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing αὐτῆς→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing αὐτῆς.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςobject of ἐξ referring to the city→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐξ referring to the city.
θαρραλέωςbravelyD · θαρραλέωςadverb modifying βοηθεῖνθαρραλέως: meaning 'bravely'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐκόμισανtakeVAI AAI3P · κομίζωfinite verb governing the clauseκομίζω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative complement→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτόνdrinkN2 ASM · ποτόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectποτός: meaning 'drink'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
15
ὁ δὲ καίπερ τῇ δίψῃ διαπυρούμενος ἐλογίσατο πάνδεινον εἶναι κίνδυνον ψυχῇ λογισθὲν ἰσοδύναμον ποτὸν αἵματι
But although he was inflamed with thirst, he reckoned the drink to be a most dreadful danger to the soul, because it had been obtained at a risk equal to bloodshed.
David refuses to consume what he regards as blood-bought, recognizing a moral danger deeper than bodily thirst.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καίπερalthoughC · καίπερclause connective or particle→ prudence, diligence, and shunning follyκαίπερ: meaning 'although'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίψῃδίψαN1S DSF · δίψαDative complementδίψα: meaning 'δίψα'; it serves as Dative complement.
διαπυρούμενοςδιαπυρούμενοςV4 · πμπνσμ πυρόω + διαfinite verb governing the clauseπμπνσμ πυρόω + δια: meaning 'διαπυρούμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐλογίσατοhe concludedVAI AMI3S · λογίζομαιfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'he concluded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
πάνδεινονπάνδεινονA1B ASM · πάνδεινοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπάνδεινος: meaning 'πάνδεινον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίComplementary infinitive completing δοκοῦσα.→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Complementary infinitive completing δοκοῦσα.
κίνδυνονdangersN2 ASM · κίνδυνοςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ The chapter binds honoring father and mother to blessing and atonement, then broadens that ethic into humility before the Lord, contentment with revealed duties, and a wise, merciful heart that refuses proud self-destruction.κίνδυνος: meaning 'dangers'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
λογισθὲνshall be reckonedVS · αππασν λογίζομαιfinite verb governing the clauseαππασν λογίζομαι: meaning 'shall be reckoned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἰσοδύναμονἰσοδύναμονA1B ASN · ἰσοδύναμοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἰσοδύναμος: meaning 'ἰσοδύναμον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ποτὸνdrinkN2 ASM · ποτόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectποτός: meaning 'drink'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αἵματιbloodN3M DSN · αἷμαdative element functioning within the clause→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
16
ὅθεν ἀντιθεὶς τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ τὸν λογισμὸν ἔσπεισεν τὸ πόμα τῷ θεῷ
Therefore, setting reason against desire, he poured out the drink as a libation to God.
His libation turns dangerous desire into worship, making rational piety the victor over appetite.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὅθενfrom where / whereverD · ὅθενrelative adverb (locative — introducing the indefinite relative clause)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅθεν: meaning 'from where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀντιθεὶςἀντιθεὶςVB · ααπνσμ τίθημι + ἀντιfinite verb governing the clauseααπνσμ τίθημι + ἀντι: meaning 'ἀντιθεὶς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμίᾳdesireN1A DSF · ἐπιθυμίαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἔσπεισενpoured a libationVAI AAI3S · σπένδωfinite verb advancing the clause→ assertion or appealσπένδω: meaning 'poured a libation'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόμαdrinkN3M ASN · πόμαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπόμα: meaning 'drink'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
17
δυνατὸς γὰρ ὁ σώφρων νοῦς νικῆσαι τὰς τῶν παθῶν ἀνάγκας καὶ σβέσαι τὰς τῶν οἴστρων φλεγμονὰς
For the temperate mind is able to conquer the compulsions of the passions and to quench the burning of impulses,
The narrative is interpreted directly: temperate reason can overcome the necessities imposed by passion.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
δυνατὸςmighty / strongA1 NSM · δυνατόςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceδυνατός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώφρωνσώφρωνA3N NSM · σώφρωνnominative term functioning in the clause coreσώφρων: meaning 'σώφρων'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
νοῦςmindN3 NSM · νοῦςnominative term functioning in the clause coreνοῦς: meaning 'mind'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
νικῆσαιovercomeVA AAN · νικάωinfinitive complement or purpose form within the clause→ theophany, trembling, and rejoicing trustνικάω: meaning 'overcome'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose form within the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἀνάγκαςnecessityN1 APF · ἀνάγκηaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationἀνάγκη: meaning 'necessity'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σβέσαιquenchVA AAN · σβέννυμιinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, or complementary action→ verbal form contributing the clause's action according to its tense-form and moodσβέννυμι: meaning 'quench'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, or complementary action.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴστρωνοἴστρωνN2 GPM · οἶστροςgenitive modifier within the phraseοἶστρος: meaning 'οἴστρων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
φλεγμονὰςφλεγμονὰςN1 APF · φλεγμονήaccusative term functioning as complement or objectφλεγμονή: meaning 'φλεγμονὰς'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
18
καὶ τὰς τῶν σωμάτων ἀλγηδόνας καθ' ὑπερβολὴν οὔσας καταπαλαῖσαι καὶ τῇ καλοκἀγαθίᾳ τοῦ λογισμοῦ ἀποπτύσαι πάσας τὰς τῶν παθῶν ἐπικρατείας
and to wrestle down the bodily pains, even when they are extreme, and by the nobility of reason to spit upon every domination of the passions.
The conclusion broadens from thirst to every extreme bodily and emotional pressure that reason can meet with noble contempt.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωμάτωνbodyN3M GPN · σῶμαgenitive element qualifying a related head termσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
ἀλγηδόναςpainsN3N APF · ἀλγηδώνnominal element functioning within the clauseἀλγηδών: meaning 'pains'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑπερβολὴνὑπερβολὴνN1 ASF · ὑπερβολήaccusative term functioning as complement or objectὑπερβολή: meaning 'ὑπερβολὴν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
οὔσαςisV9 · παπαπφ εἰμίfinite verb governing the clauseπαπαπφ εἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καταπαλαῖσαικαταπαλαῖσαιVA AAN · παλαίω + καταcomplementary infinitive within the clauseπαλαίω + κατα: meaning 'καταπαλαῖσαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle with νυκτὶ→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλοκἀγαθίᾳnobility and goodnessN1A DSF · καλοκἀγαθίαdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationκαλοκἀγαθία: meaning 'nobility and goodness'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, manner, or location.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμοῦpurposeN2 GSM · λογισμόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description→ relational specificationλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
ἀποπτύσαιἀποπτύσαιVA AAN · πτύω + ἀποcomplementary infinitive within the clauseπτύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποπτύσαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
πάσαςall, everyA1S APF · πᾶςdirect object / accusative complement→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all, every'; it serves as direct object / accusative complement.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle with ἐθνῶν→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐπικρατείαςἐπικρατείαςN1A APF · ἐπικράτειαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἐπικράτεια: meaning 'ἐπικρατείας'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
19
ἤδη δὲ καὶ ὁ καιρὸς ἡμᾶς καλεῖ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀπόδειξιν τῆς ἱστορίας τοῦ σώφρονος λογισμοῦ
And now the time itself calls us on to the demonstration from history of temperate reason.
The author now leaves illustrative examples and turns toward the sustained historical narrative that will prove the thesis at greater scale.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἤδηalreadyD · ἤδηadverb modifying ἐποιεῖτο→ discourse linkage or contrastἤδη: meaning 'already'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρὸςtimeN2 NSM · καιρόςsubject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as subject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώdirect object of ἐκτρῖψαι→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκτρῖψαι.
καλεῖcallV2 PAI3S · καλέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ ongoing verbal processκαλέω: meaning 'call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπόδειξινproofN3I ASF · ἀπόδειξιςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀπόδειξις: meaning 'proof'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱστορίαςhistoryN1A GSF · ἱστορίαgenitive element marking relation, possession, or qualificationἱστορία: meaning 'history'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, possession, or qualification.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώφρονοςσώφρονοςA3N GSM · σώφρωνgenitive modifier within the phraseσώφρων: meaning 'σώφρονος'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
λογισμοῦpurposeN2 GSM · λογισμόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description→ relational specificationλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
20
ἐπειδὴ γὰρ βαθεῖαν εἰρήνην διὰ τὴν εὐνομίαν οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν εἶχον καὶ ἔπραττον καλῶς ὥστε καὶ τὸν τῆς Ἀσίας βασιλέα Σέλευκον τὸν Νικάνορα καὶ χρήματα εἰς τὴν ἱερουργίαν αὐτοῖς ἀφορίσαι καὶ τὴν πολιτείαν αὐτῶν ἀποδέχεσθαι
For because our fathers possessed deep peace owing to good order and prospered, so that even Seleucus Nicator, the king of Asia, assigned them funds for the temple service and approved their commonwealth,
Peace, lawful order, and royal favor form the background against which later persecution will appear as a tragic rupture.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἐπειδὴἐπειδὴC · ἐπειδήconnective or particle linking the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπειδὴ: meaning 'ἐπειδὴ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαθεῖανdeepA3U ASF · βαθύςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationβαθύς: meaning 'deep'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηdirect object of ποιεῖν→ object specificationεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as direct object of ποιεῖν.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐνομίανεὐνομίανN1A ASF · εὐνομίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectεὐνομία: meaning 'εὐνομίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοί→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςpateresN3 NPM · πατήρnominal term functioning in a nom relation→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'pateres'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a nom relation.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἶχονthey hadV1I IAI3P · ἔχωverb completing the relative phrase about possessions→ imperfect of continuing stateἔχω: meaning 'they had'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb completing the relative phrase about possessions.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπραττονdoV1I IAI3P · πράσσωfinite verb governing the clauseπράσσω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καλῶςwellD · καλῶςadverbial particle qualifying the assertion→ discourse linkage or contrastκαλῶς: meaning 'well'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥστεso as to / toC · ὥστεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so as to'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈσίαςAsiaN1A GSF · Ἀσίαgenitive dependent on διάδημαἈσίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent on διάδημα.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative in apposition to Δημήτριον→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative in apposition to Δημήτριον.
ΣέλευκονSeleucusN2 ASM · Σέλευκοςaccusative element functioning as object or complementΣέλευκον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝικάνοραNicanorN3R ASM · Νικάνωρdirect object of ἀπέστειλενΝικάνορα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἀπέστειλεν.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρήματαmoneyN3M APN · χρῆμαDirect object of λαβεῖν.→ oath of innocence and wicked destinyχρῆμα: meaning 'money'; it serves as Direct object of λαβεῖν.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερουργίανἱερουργίανN1A ASF · ἱερουργίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἱερουργία: meaning 'ἱερουργίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςindirect object of εἶπεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of εἶπεν.
ἀφορίσαιἀφορίσαιVA AAN · ὁρίζω + ἀποcomplementary infinitive within the clauseὁρίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀφορίσαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολιτείανcitizenshipN1A ASF · πολιτείαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπολιτεία: meaning 'citizenship'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
ἀποδέχεσθαιἀποδέχεσθαιV1 PMN · δέχομαι + ἀποcomplementary infinitive within the clauseδέχομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποδέχεσθαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
21
τότε δή τινες πρὸς τὴν κοινὴν νεωτερίσαντες ὁμόνοιαν πολυτρόποις ἐχρήσαντο συμφοραῖς
then certain persons, making innovations against the common harmony, involved themselves in troubles by many devices.
The disturbance enters through internal innovation against communal harmony, setting the stage for the crisis under hostile rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τότεthenD · τότεparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δήdeX · δήnominal term functioning within the local clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: meaning 'de'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τινεςanyRI NPM · τιςindefinite pronoun subject→ participant referenceτινες: meaning 'any'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indefinite pronoun subject.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοινὴνcommonA1 ASF · κοινόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseκοινός: meaning 'common'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
νεωτερίσαντεςνεωτερίσαντεςVA · ααπνπμ νεωτερίζωfinite verb governing the clauseααπνπμ νεωτερίζω: meaning 'νεωτερίσαντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὁμόνοιανὁμόνοιανN1A ASF · ὁμόνοιαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectὁμόνοια: meaning 'ὁμόνοιαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
πολυτρόποιςπολυτρόποιςA1B DPM · πολυτρόποςdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectπολυτρόπος: meaning 'πολυτρόποις'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
ἐχρήσαντοactedVAI AMI3P · χράωverbal element carrying the clause's action or processχράω: meaning 'acted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
συμφοραῖςdisasterN1A DPF · συμφοράdative complement / reference or instrumentσυμφορά: meaning 'disaster'; it serves as dative complement / reference or instrument.