1
προκαθίσας γέ τοι μετὰ τῶν συνέδρων ὁ τύραννος Ἀντίοχος ἐπί τινος ὑψηλοῦ τόπου καὶ τῶν στρατευμάτων αὐτῷ παρεστηκότων κυκλόθεν ἐνόπλων
Now when the tyrant Antiochus had taken his seat in advance with his councillors upon a certain elevated place, with the armed troops standing around him in a circle,
The chapter opens like a public tribunal. Antiochus arranges both political counsel and military spectacle to make coercion visible and authoritative.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
προκαθίσαςizoprokataVA · ααπνσμ ἵζω + προ + καταparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἵζω + προ + κατα: izoprokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
γέgeX · γέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγέ: ge; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τοιtoiX TOIparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseτοι: toi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μετὰmetaP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phraseμετά: meta; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
συνέδρωνcouncillorN2 GPM · σύνεδροςgenitive element qualifying a related head termσύνεδρος: councillor; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τύραννοςtyrantN2 NSM · τύραννοςnominative element functioning within the clauseτύραννος: tyrant; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἈντίοχοςAntiochusN2 NSM · Ἀντίοχοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἈντίοχος: Antiochus; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπίpiP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: pi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τινοςsomeoneRI GSM · τιςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentτις: someone; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὑψηλοῦupselosA1 GSM · ὑψηλόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termὑψηλός: upselos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τόπουtoposN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive element qualifying a related head termτόπος: topos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
στρατευμάτωνarmyN3M GPN · στράτευμαgenitive element qualifying a related head termστράτευμα: army; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
αὐτῷautosRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: autos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρεστηκότωνparestekotonVXI XAPGPN I(/STHMI PARAinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaπαρεστηκότων: parestekoton; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κυκλόθενkuklothenD · κυκλόθενadverbial modifier of the clauseκυκλόθεν: kuklothen; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐνόπλωνenoplosA1B GPN · ἔνοπλοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἔνοπλος: enoplos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
2
παρεκέλευεν τοῖς δορυφόροις ἕνα ἕκαστον Εβραῖον ἐπισπᾶσθαι καὶ κρεῶν ὑείων καὶ εἰδωλοθύτων ἀναγκάζειν ἀπογεύεσθαι
he ordered the bodyguards to drag up each Hebrew one by one and compel them to taste pork and meat sacrificed to idols.
The tyrant's program targets both dietary law and cultic allegiance. The procedure is individualized, turning each Jew into a test case of fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
παρεκέλευενkeleuoparaV1I IAI3S · κελεύω + παραmain verbal form advancing the clauseκελεύω + παρα: keleuopara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δορυφόροιςdoruphorosN2 DPM · δορυφόροςdative element functioning within the clauseδορυφόρος: doruphoros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἕναeisA3 ASM · εἷςaccusative element functioning within the clauseεἷς: eis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἕκαστονeachA1 ASM · ἕκαστοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἕκαστος: each; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ΕβραῖονHebrewN2 ASM · Εβραῖοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseΕβραῖος: Hebrew; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπισπᾶσθαιspaopiV3 PMN · σπάω + ἐπιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaσπάω + ἐπι: spaopi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
κρεῶνkreasN3 GPN · κρέαςgenitive element qualifying a related head termκρέας: kreas; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὑείωνueiosA1A GPN · ὕειοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termὕειος: ueios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
εἰδωλοθύτωνeidolothutosA1B GPN · εἰδωλόθυτοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termεἰδωλόθυτος: eidolothutos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀναγκάζεινagkazoanaV1 PAN · ἀγκάζω + ἀναinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἀγκάζω + ἀνα: agkazoana; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπογεύεσθαιgeuoapoV1 PMN · γεύω + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaγεύω + ἀπο: geuoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
3
εἰ δέ τινες μὴ θέλοιεν μιαροφαγῆσαι τούτους τροχισθέντας ἀναιρεθῆναι
But if any should refuse to eat the defiling food, he ordered that they be put on the wheel and killed.
The command links ritual violation with torture. Refusal will not merely be punished but publicly broken on instruments of pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
εἰeiC · εἰconnector linking clauses or phrasesεἰ: ei; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δέbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τινεςsomeoneRI NPM · τιςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentτις: someone; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
θέλοιενtheloV1 PAO3P · ἐθέλωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἐθέλω: thelo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μιαροφαγῆσαιmiarophageoVA AAN · μιαροφαγέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionμιαροφαγέω: miarophageo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τούτουςoutosRD APM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τροχισθένταςput on the wheelVS · αππαπμ τροχίζωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionτροχίζω: put on the wheel; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀναιρεθῆναιaireoanaVC APN · αἱρέω + ἀναinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaαἱρέω + ἀνα: aireoana; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
4
πολλῶν δὲ συναρπασθέντων εἷς πρῶτος ἐκ τῆς ἀγέλης ὀνόματι Ελεαζαρος τὸ γένος ἱερεύς τὴν ἐπιστήμην νομικὸς καὶ τὴν ἡλικίαν προήκων καὶ πολλοῖς τῶν περὶ τὸν τύραννον διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν γνώριμος παρήχθη πλησίον αὐτοῦ
And when many had been seized, one man, first from the company, named Eleazar, a priest by race, learned in the law, advanced in age, and known to many around the tyrant because of that age, was brought near him.
Eleazar is introduced with layered authority: priestly lineage, legal expertise, old age, and public recognizability. He is the fitting first witness for the book's thesis.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
πολλῶνpolusA1 GPM · πολύςgenitive element qualifying a related head termπολύς: polus; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
συναρπασθέντωνarpazosunVS · αππγπμ ἁρπάζω + συνparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἁρπάζω + συν: arpazosun; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἷςeisM NSM · εἷςnominal element functioning within the clauseεἷς: eis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πρῶτοςprotosA1 NSMS · πρῶτοςnominative element functioning within the clauseπρῶτος: protos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐκkP · ἐκpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐκ: k; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀγέληςageleN1 GSF · ἀγέληgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀγέλη: agele; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὀνόματιonomaN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative element functioning within the clauseὄνομα: onoma; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ΕλεαζαροςEleazarN1 NSM · Ελεαζαροςnominative element functioning within the clauseΕλεαζαρος: Eleazar; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
γένοςgenosN3E NSN · γένοςnominative element functioning within the clauseγένος: genos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἱερεύςiereusN3V NSM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning within the clauseἱερεύς: iereus; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐπιστήμηνpistemeN1 ASF · ἐπιστήμηaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐπιστήμη: pisteme; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
νομικὸςnomikosA1 NSM · νομικόςnominative element functioning within the clauseνομικός: nomikos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἡλικίανelikiaN1A ASF · ἡλικίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἡλικία: elikia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
προήκωνekoproV1 · παπνσμ ἥκω + προmain verbal form advancing the clauseἥκω + προ: ekopro; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
πολλοῖςpolusA1 DPM · πολύςdative element functioning within the clauseπολύς: polus; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
περὶperiP · περίpreposition governing its object within the phraseπερί: peri; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τύραννονtyrantN2 ASM · τύραννοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτύραννος: tyrant; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἡλικίανelikiaN1A ASF · ἡλικίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἡλικία: elikia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γνώριμοςgnorimosA1B NSM · γνώριμοςnominative element functioning within the clauseγνώριμος: gnorimos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρήχθηagoparaVQI API3S · ἄγω + παραmain verbal form advancing the clauseἄγω + παρα: agopara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πλησίονplesionD · πλησίονadverbial modifier of the clauseπλησίον: plesion; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
αὐτοῦautosRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: autos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
5
καὶ αὐτὸν ἰδὼν ὁ Ἀντίοχος ἔφη
And when Antiochus saw him, he said:
The tyrant addresses Eleazar directly, setting up a formal debate between coercive power and disciplined reason.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
αὐτὸνautosRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: autos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἰδὼνseeVB · ααπνσμ ὁράωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionὁράω: see; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἈντίοχοςAntiochusN2 NSM · Ἀντίοχοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἈντίοχος: Antiochus; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἔφηphemiV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbal form advancing the clauseφημί: phemi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
6
ἐγὼ πρὶν ἄρξασθαι τῶν κατὰ σοῦ βασάνων ὦ πρεσβῦτα συμβουλεύσαιμ' ἄν σοι ταῦτα ὅπως ἀπογευσάμενος τῶν ὑείων σῴζοιο
Before I begin the tortures against you, old man, I would advise you this: if you taste the pork, you may save yourself.
Antiochus begins with apparent pragmatism rather than immediate violence. Survival is offered as the reward for small concession.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐγὼgoRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πρὶνprinD · πρίνadverbial modifier of the clauseπρίν: prin; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἄρξασθαιarchoVA AMN · ἄρχωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἄρχω: archo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κατὰkataP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: kata; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σοῦsuRP GS · σύgenitive element qualifying a related head termσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
βασάνωνbasanosN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termβάσανος: basanos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὦoI · ὦnominal element functioning within the clauseὦ: o; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πρεσβῦταpresbutesN1M VSM · πρεσβύτηςnominal element functioning within the clauseπρεσβύτης: presbutes; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
συμβουλεύσαιμ'bouleuosunVA AAO1S · βουλεύω + συνparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionβουλεύω + συν: bouleuosun; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἄνanX · ἄνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseἄν: an; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σοιsuRP DS · σύdative element functioning within the clauseσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ταῦταoutosRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςconnector linking clauses or phrasesὅπως: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀπογευσάμενοςgeuoapoVA · αμπνσμ γεύω + ἀποparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionγεύω + ἀπο: geuoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ὑείωνueiosA1A GPN · ὕειοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termὕειος: ueios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σῴζοιοsozoV1 PMO2S · σώζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseσώζω: sozo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
7
αἰδοῦμαι γάρ σου τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ τὴν πολιάν ἣν μετὰ τοσοῦτον ἔχων χρόνον οὔ μοι δοκεῖς φιλοσοφεῖν τῇ Ιουδαίων χρώμενος θρησκείᾳ
For I respect your age and your gray hair; and though you have worn it for so long, it does not seem to me that you are philosophizing if you persist in using the religion of the Jews.
The tyrant appropriates philosophical language in order to shame Eleazar. Age is invoked not to honor piety but to encourage surrender.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
αἰδοῦμαιaideomaiV2 PMI1S · αἰδέομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseαἰδέομαι: aideomai; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
γάρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σουsuRP GS · σύgenitive element qualifying a related head termσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἡλικίανelikiaN1A ASF · ἡλικίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἡλικία: elikia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πολιάνpoliaN1A ASF · πολιάaccusative element functioning within the clauseπολιά: polia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἣνosRR ASF · ὅςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅς: os; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μετὰmetaP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phraseμετά: meta; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τοσοῦτονtosoutoA1 ASM · τοσοῦτοaccusative element functioning within the clauseτοσοῦτο: tosouto; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἔχωνechoV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἔχω: echo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
χρόνονchronosN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseχρόνος: chronos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὔnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μοιgoRP DS · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δοκεῖςdokeoV2 PAI2S · δοκέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseδοκέω: dokeo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φιλοσοφεῖνphilosopheoV2 PAN · φιλοσοφέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaφιλοσοφέω: philosopheo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ΙουδαίωνoudaiosN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἸουδαῖος: oudaios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
χρώμενοςchraomaiV3 · πμπνσμ χράομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseχράομαι: chraomai; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
θρησκείᾳreligionN1A DSF · θρησκείαdative element functioning within the clauseθρησκεία: religion; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
8
διὰ τί γὰρ τῆς φύσεως κεχαρισμένης καλλίστην τὴν τοῦδε τοῦ ζῴου σαρκοφαγίαν βδελύττῃ
For why, when nature has granted the eating of this creature's flesh as something very fine, do you loathe it?
Antiochus frames the issue as a matter of natural appetite rather than divine command. Nature is rhetorically conscripted against law.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τίsomeoneRI ASN · τίςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentτίς: someone; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
φύσεωςphusisN3I GSF · φύσιςgenitive element qualifying a related head termφύσις: phusis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κεχαρισμένηςgrantVT · χππγσφ χαρίζομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseχαρίζομαι: grant; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καλλίστηνkalosA1 ASFS · καλόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseκαλός: kalos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τοῦδεodeRD GSM · ὅδεpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅδε: ode; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ζῴουzonN2 GSN · ζῷονgenitive element qualifying a related head termζῷον: zon; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σαρκοφαγίανsarkophagiaN1A ASF · σαρκοφαγίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseσαρκοφαγία: sarkophagia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
βδελύττῃloatheV1 PMS2S · βδελύσσωmain verbal form advancing the clauseβδελύσσω: loathe; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
9
καὶ γὰρ ἀνόητον τοῦτο τὸ μὴ ἀπολαύειν τῶν χωρὶς ὀνείδους ἡδέων καὶ ἄδικον ἀποστρέφεσθαι τὰς τῆς φύσεως χάριτας
For it is foolish not to enjoy pleasant things that bring no reproach, and unjust to reject the gifts of nature.
The tyrant tries to redefine vice and virtue by stripping the food of its covenantal context. Pleasure becomes normative and abstinence irrational.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀνόητονanoetosA1B NSN · ἀνόητοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἀνόητος: anoetos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τοῦτοoutosRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀπολαύεινlauoapoV1 PAN · λαύω + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaλαύω + ἀπο: lauoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
χωρὶςchorisD · χωρίςadverbial modifier of the clauseχωρίς: choris; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὀνείδουςoneidosN3E GSN · ὄνειδοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termὄνειδος: oneidos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἡδέωνedusA3U GPM · ἡδύςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἡδύς: edus; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἄδικονadikosA1B NSN · ἄδικοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄδικος: adikos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀποστρέφεσθαιstrephoapoV1 PMN · στρέφω + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaστρέφω + ἀπο: strephoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
φύσεωςphusisN3I GSF · φύσιςgenitive element qualifying a related head termφύσις: phusis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
χάριταςcharisN3T APF · χάριςaccusative element functioning within the clauseχάρις: charis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
10
σὺ δέ μοι καὶ ἀνοητότερον ποιήσειν δοκεῖς εἰ κενοδοξῶν περὶ τὸ ἀληθὲς ἔτι κἀμοῦ καταφρονήσεις ἐπὶ τῇ ἰδίᾳ τιμωρίᾳ
And I think you will act even more senselessly if, vainly glorifying yourself over what is true, you still despise me to your own punishment.
Pragmatic counsel hardens into threatened retaliation. Resistance is recast as vanity directed against royal authority.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
σὺsuRP NS · σύnominative element functioning within the clauseσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δέbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
μοιgoRP DS · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clauseκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἀνοητότερονanoetosA1B NSNC · ἀνόητοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἀνόητος: anoetos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ποιήσεινpoieoVF FAN · ποιέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaποιέω: poieo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δοκεῖςdokeoV2 PAI2S · δοκέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseδοκέω: dokeo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰeiC · εἰconnector linking clauses or phrasesεἰ: ei; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κενοδοξῶνkenodoxeoV2 · παπνσμ κενοδοξέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseκενοδοξέω: kenodoxeo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
περὶperiP · περίpreposition governing its object within the phraseπερί: peri; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀληθὲςalethesA3H ASN · ἀληθήςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀληθής: alethes; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἔτιetiD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clauseἔτι: eti; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κἀμοῦkaimosC+RPGS · καϊἐμόςconnector linking clauses or phrasesκαϊἐμός: kaimos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καταφρονήσειςphroneokataVF FAI2S · φρονέω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseφρονέω + κατα: phroneokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπὶpiP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: pi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἰδίᾳidiosA1A DSF · ἴδιοςdative element functioning within the clauseἴδιος: idios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τιμωρίᾳtimoriaN1A DSF · τιμωρίαdative element functioning within the clauseτιμωρία: timoria; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
11
οὐκ ἐξυπνώσεις ἀπὸ τῆς φλυάρου φιλοσοφίας ὑμῶν καὶ ἀποσκεδάσεις τῶν λογισμῶν σου τὸν λῆρον καὶ ἄξιον τῆς ἡλικίας ἀναλαβὼν νοῦν φιλοσοφήσεις τὴν τοῦ συμφέροντος ἀλήθειαν
Will you not wake up from your babbling philosophy and scatter the nonsense of your reasonings, and, taking up a mind worthy of your age, philosophize the truth of what is advantageous?
Antiochus claims the name of philosophy for expediency and mocks covenantal fidelity as irrational chatter.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐξυπνώσειςupnookVF FAI2S · ὑπνόω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseὑπνόω + ἐκ: upnook; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπὸapoP · ἀπόpreposition governing its object within the phraseἀπό: apo; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
φλυάρουphluarosN2 GSM · φλύαροςgenitive element qualifying a related head termφλύαρος: phluaros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
φιλοσοφίαςphilosophiaN1A GSF · φιλοσοφίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termφιλοσοφία: philosophia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὑμῶνsuRP GP · σύgenitive element qualifying a related head termσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἀποσκεδάσειςskedazoapoVF FAI2S · σκεδάζω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clauseσκεδάζω + ἀπο: skedazoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
λογισμῶνreasonN2 GPM · λογισμόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termλογισμός: reason; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σουsuRP GS · σύgenitive element qualifying a related head termσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
λῆρονlerosN2 ASM · λῆροςaccusative element functioning within the clauseλῆρος: leros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἄξιονaxiosA1A ASM · ἄξιοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἄξιος: axios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἡλικίαςelikiaN1A GSF · ἡλικίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termἡλικία: elikia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀναλαβὼνlambanoanaVB · ααπνσμ λαμβάνω + ἀναparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionλαμβάνω + ἀνα: lambanoana; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
νοῦνnousN3 ASM · νοῦςaccusative element functioning within the clauseνοῦς: nous; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
φιλοσοφήσειςphilosopheoVF FAI2S · φιλοσοφέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseφιλοσοφέω: philosopheo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
συμφέροντοςpherosunV1 · παπγσμ φέρω + συνmain verbal form advancing the clauseφέρω + συν: pherosun; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀλήθειανaletheiaN1A ASF · ἀλήθειαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀλήθεια: aletheia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
12
καὶ προσκυνήσας μου τὴν φιλάνθρωπον παρηγορίαν οἰκτιρήσεις τὸ σεαυτοῦ γῆρας
And after honoring my humane exhortation, will you not have pity on your own old age?
The appeal to compassion becomes self-directed: Eleazar should spare himself. Royal clemency is offered as a final inducement to compromise.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
προσκυνήσαςkuneoprosVA · ααπνσμ κυνέω + προςparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionκυνέω + προς: kuneopros; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μουgoRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
φιλάνθρωπονphilanthroposA1B ASF · φιλάνθρωποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseφιλάνθρωπος: philanthropos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρηγορίανparegoriaN1A ASF · παρηγορίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπαρηγορία: paregoria; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οἰκτιρήσειςoikteiroVF FAI2S · οἰκτείρωmain verbal form advancing the clauseοἰκτείρω: oikteiro; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
σεαυτοῦseautouRD GSM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentσεαυτοῦ: seautou; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γῆραςgerasN3 ASN · γῆραςaccusative element functioning within the clauseγῆρας: geras; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
13
καὶ γὰρ ἐνθυμήθητι ὡς εἰ καί τίς ἐστιν τῆσδε τῆς θρησκείας ὑμῶν ἐποπτικὴ δύναμις συγγνωμονήσειεν ἄν σοι ἐπὶ πάσῃ δι' ἀνάγκην παρανομίᾳ γινομένῃ
For consider that if there is some overseeing power belonging to this religion of yours, it would pardon you for any lawless act done under compulsion.
Antiochus attempts a theology of excused apostasy. Divine oversight is invoked only to empty obedience of its cost.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐνθυμήθητιthumeomainVC APD2S · θυμέομαι + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clauseθυμέομαι + ἐν: thumeomain; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnector linking clauses or phrasesὡς: as; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἰeiC · εἰconnector linking clauses or phrasesεἰ: ei; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τίςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentτις: someone; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐστινeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῆσδεodeRD GSF · ὅδεpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅδε: ode; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
θρησκείαςreligionN1A GSF · θρησκείαgenitive element qualifying a related head termθρησκεία: religion; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὑμῶνsuRP GP · σύgenitive element qualifying a related head termσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐποπτικὴpoptikosA1 NSF · ἐποπτικόςnominative element functioning within the clauseἐποπτικός: poptikos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δύναμιςdunamisN3I NSF · δύναμιςnominative element functioning within the clauseδύναμις: dunamis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
συγγνωμονήσειενsuggnomoneoVA AAO3S · συγγνωμονέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionσυγγνωμονέω: suggnomoneo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἄνanX · ἄνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseἄν: an; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σοιsuRP DS · σύdative element functioning within the clauseσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπὶpiP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: pi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πάσῃallA1S DSF · πᾶςdative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δι'diaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀνάγκηνanagkeN1 ASF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀνάγκη: anagke; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρανομίᾳparanomiaN1A DSF · παρανομίαdative element functioning within the clauseπαρανομία: paranomia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γινομένῃgignomaiV1 · πμπδσφ γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseγίγνομαι: gignomai; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
14
τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἐπὶ τὴν ἔκθεσμον σαρκοφαγίαν ἐποτρύνοντος τοῦ τυράννου λόγον ᾔτησεν ὁ Ελεαζαρος
When the tyrant had urged him in this way toward unlawful meat-eating, Eleazar requested permission to speak.
The debate turns from royal speech to philosophical defense. Eleazar's request formalizes his response as reasoned testimony rather than impulsive refusal.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τοῦτονoutosRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τρόπονtroposN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτρόπος: tropos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπὶpiP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: pi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἔκθεσμονekthesmosA1B ASF · ἔκθεσμοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἔκθεσμος: ekthesmos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
σαρκοφαγίανsarkophagiaN1A ASF · σαρκοφαγίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseσαρκοφαγία: sarkophagia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐποτρύνοντοςotrunopiV1 · παπγσμ ὀτρύνω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clauseὀτρύνω + ἐπι: otrunopi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τυράννουtyrantN2 GSM · τύραννοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termτύραννος: tyrant; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
λόγονlogosN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseλόγος: logos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ᾔτησενaiteoVAI AAI3S · αἰτέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description→ constative aoristαἰτέω: aiteo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ΕλεαζαροςEleazarN2 NSM · Ελεαζαροςnominative element functioning within the clauseΕλεαζαρος: Eleazar; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
15
καὶ λαβὼν τοῦ λέγειν ἐξουσίαν ἤρξατο δημηγορεῖν οὕτως
And after he had received authority to speak, he began to address the assembly thus:
Eleazar's answer is public and deliberate. The martyr becomes a teacher before tyrant, guards, and spectators alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
λαβὼνreceiveVB · ααπνσμ λαμβάνωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionλαμβάνω: receive; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
λέγεινsayV1 PAN · λέγωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaλέγω: say; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐξουσίανxousiaN1A ASF · ἐξουσίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐξουσία: xousia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἤρξατοarchoVAI AMI3S · ἄρχωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἄρχω: archo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δημηγορεῖνaddress publiclyV2 PAN · δημηγορέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaδημηγορέω: address publicly; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὕτωςoutosD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
16
ἡμεῖς Ἀντίοχε θείῳ πεπεισμένοι νόμῳ πολιτεύεσθαι οὐδεμίαν ἀνάγκην βιαιοτέραν εἶναι νομίζομεν τῆς πρὸς τὸν νόμον ἡμῶν εὐπειθείας
We, Antiochus, being persuaded to govern our lives by a divine law, think that no necessity is stronger than our obedience to that law.
Eleazar states the governing principle of the whole scene: divine law outweighs every competing necessity. Obedience is framed as rational conviction.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἡμεῖςgoRP NP · ἐγώnominative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἈντίοχεAntiochusN2 VSM · Ἀντίοχοςnominal element functioning within the clauseἈντίοχος: Antiochus; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
θείῳtheiosA1A DSM · θεῖοςdative element functioning within the clauseθεῖος: theios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πεπεισμένοιpeithoVT · χμπνπμ πείθωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπείθω: peitho; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
πολιτεύεσθαιpoliteuoV1 PMN · πολιτεύωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaπολιτεύω: politeuo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὐδεμίανoudeisA1A ASF · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning within the clauseοὐδείς: oudeis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀνάγκηνanagkeN1 ASF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀνάγκη: anagke; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
βιαιοτέρανbiaiosA1A ASF · βίαιοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseβίαιος: biaios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἶναιeimiV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
νομίζομενthinkV1 PAI1P · νομίζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseνομίζω: think; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πρὸςprosP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: pros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
ἡμῶνgoRP GP · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εὐπειθείαςeupeitheiaN1A APF · εὐπείθειαaccusative element functioning within the clauseεὐπείθεια: eupeitheia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
17
διὸ δὴ κατ' οὐδένα τρόπον παρανομεῖν ἀξιοῦμεν
Therefore we judge that in no way ought we to transgress it.
The practical conclusion follows directly from the thesis. If obedience is supreme, compromise becomes impossible.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
διὸdioC · διόconnector linking clauses or phrasesδιό: dio; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δὴdeX · δήparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδή: de; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κατ'kataP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: kata; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐδέναoudeisA3 ASM · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning within the clauseοὐδείς: oudeis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τρόπονtroposN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτρόπος: tropos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρανομεῖνnomeoparaV2 PAN · νομέω + παραinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaνομέω + παρα: nomeopara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀξιοῦμενaxiooV4 PAI1P · ἀξιόωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀξιόω: axioo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
18
καίτοι εἰ κατὰ ἀλήθειαν μὴ ἦν ὁ νόμος ἡμῶν ὡς ὑπολαμβάνεις θεῖος ἄλλως δὲ ἐνομίζομεν αὐτὸν εἶναι θεῖον οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐξὸν ἦν ἡμῖν τὴν ἐπὶ τῇ εὐσεβείᾳ δόξαν ἀκυρῶσαι
And indeed, even if our law were not truly divine, as you suppose, but we wrongly thought it divine, not even so would it be right for us to invalidate the reputation of our piety.
Eleazar argues on Antiochus' own hypothetical terms. Even mistaken devotion, once publicly professed, could not be honorably betrayed.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καίτοιkaitoiC · καίτοιconnector linking clauses or phrasesκαίτοι: kaitoi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἰeiC · εἰconnector linking clauses or phrasesεἰ: ei; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κατὰkataP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: kata; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀλήθειανaletheiaN1A ASF · ἀλήθειαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀλήθεια: aletheia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἦνeimiV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
ἡμῶνgoRP GP · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnector linking clauses or phrasesὡς: as; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὑπολαμβάνειςlambanoupoV1 PAI2S · λαμβάνω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the clauseλαμβάνω + ὑπο: lambanoupo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
θεῖοςtheiosA1A NSM · θεῖοςnominative element functioning within the clauseθεῖος: theios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἄλλωςallosD · ἄλλωςadverbial modifier of the clauseἄλλως: allos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
ἐνομίζομενthinkV1I IAI1P · νομίζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseνομίζω: think; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αὐτὸνautosRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: autos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἶναιeimiV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
θεῖονtheiosA1A ASM · θεῖοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseθεῖος: theios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐδὲoudeC · οὐδέconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὐδέ: oude; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὕτωςoutosD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐξὸνeimikV9 · παπνσν εἰμί + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί + ἐκ: eimik; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἦνeimiV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμῖνgoRP DP · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐπὶpiP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: pi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
εὐσεβείᾳeusebeiaN1A DSF · εὐσέβειαdative element functioning within the clauseεὐσέβεια: eusebeia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δόξανdoxaN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative element functioning within the clauseδόξα: doxa; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀκυρῶσαιinvalidateVA AAN · ἀκυρόωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἀκυρόω: invalidate; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
19
μὴ μικρὰν οὖν εἶναι νομίσῃς ταύτην εἰ μιαροφαγήσαιμεν ἁμαρτίαν
Therefore do not suppose it to be a small sin if we should eat defiled food.
Eleazar rejects the tyrant's minimization of the act. To eat is not trivial because the meaning of obedience is at stake.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μικρὰνmikrosA1A ASF · μικρόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseμικρός: mikros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseοὖν: therefore; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἶναιeimiV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
νομίσῃςthinkVA AAS2S · νομίζωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionνομίζω: think; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ταύτηνoutosRD ASF · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἰeiC · εἰconnector linking clauses or phrasesεἰ: ei; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μιαροφαγήσαιμενmiarophageoVA AAO1P · μιαροφαγέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionμιαροφαγέω: miarophageo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἁμαρτίανamartiaN1A ASF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἁμαρτία: amartia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
20
τὸ γὰρ ἐπὶ μικροῖς καὶ μεγάλοις παρανομεῖν ἰσοδύναμόν ἐστιν
For to transgress in small matters and in great matters is equivalent.
The law is not divided into weightless and weighty violations when its authority is being denied. Small acts become decisive tests of allegiance.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπὶpiP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: pi; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μικροῖςmikrosA1A DPM · μικρόςdative element functioning within the clauseμικρός: mikros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μεγάλοιςmegasA1 DPM · μέγαςdative element functioning within the clauseμέγας: megas; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρανομεῖνnomeoparaV2 PAN · νομέω + παραinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaνομέω + παρα: nomeopara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἰσοδύναμόνisodunamosA1B NSN · ἰσοδύναμοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἰσοδύναμος: isodunamos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐστινeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
21
δι' ἑκατέρου γὰρ ὡς ὁμοίως ὁ νόμος ὑπερηφανεῖται
For in either case the law is equally despised.
The issue is contempt for the lawgiver, not merely the material size of the commandment. Transgression has a unified moral logic.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
δι'diaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἑκατέρουkaterosA1A GSN · ἑκάτεροςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἑκάτερος: kateros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnector linking clauses or phrasesὡς: as; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὁμοίωςomoiosD · ὁμοίωςadverbial modifier of the clauseὁμοίως: omoios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
ὑπερηφανεῖταιephaneouperV2 PPI3S · ἠφανέω + ὑπερmain verbal form advancing the clauseἠφανέω + ὑπερ: ephaneouper; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
22
χλευάζεις δὲ ἡμῶν τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ὥσπερ οὐ μετὰ εὐλογιστίας ἐν αὐτῇ βιούντων
You mock our philosophy as if we did not live in it with sound reason.
Eleazar directly contests the tyrant's account of Jewish rationality. The defense becomes explicitly philosophical.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
χλευάζειςmockV1 PAI2S · χλευάζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseχλευάζω: mock; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
ἡμῶνgoRP GP · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
φιλοσοφίανphilosophiaN1A ASF · φιλοσοφίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseφιλοσοφία: philosophia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὥσπερosperD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier of the clauseὥσπερ: osper; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μετὰmetaP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phraseμετά: meta; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εὐλογιστίαςeulogistiaN1A GSF · εὐλογιστίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termεὐλογιστία: eulogistia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐνnP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: n; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
αὐτῇautosRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: autos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
βιούντωνbiooV4 · παπγπμ βιόωmain verbal form advancing the clauseβιόω: bioo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
23
σωφροσύνην τε γὰρ ἡμᾶς ἐκδιδάσκει ὥστε πασῶν τῶν ἡδονῶν καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν κρατεῖν καὶ ἀνδρείαν ἐξασκεῖ ὥστε πάντα πόνον ἑκουσίως ὑπομένειν
For it trains us in self-control, so that we master all pleasures and desires, and it disciplines us in courage, so that we endure every pain willingly.
Jewish law is described as a school of the virtues. Reason proves itself precisely in mastery over pleasure and pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
σωφροσύνηνsophrosuneN1 ASF · σωφροσύνηaccusative element functioning within the clauseσωφροσύνη: sophrosune; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τεteX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseτε: te; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἡμᾶςgoRP AP · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐκδιδάσκειdidaskokV1 PAI3S · διδάσκω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseδιδάσκω + ἐκ: didaskok; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrasesὥστε: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πασῶνallA1S GPF · πᾶςgenitive element qualifying a related head termπᾶς: all; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἡδονῶνpleasureN1 GPF · ἡδονήgenitive element qualifying a related head termἡδονή: pleasure; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἐπιθυμιῶνpithumiaN1A GPF · ἐπιθυμίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐπιθυμία: pithumia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κρατεῖνmasterV2 PAN · κρατέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaκρατέω: master; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἀνδρείανandreiaN1A ASF · ἀνδρείαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀνδρεία: andreia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐξασκεῖaskeokV2 PAI3S · ἀσκέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀσκέω + ἐκ: askeok; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrasesὥστε: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πόνονponosN2 ASM · πόνοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπόνος: ponos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἑκουσίωςkousiosD · ἑκουσίωςadverbial modifier of the clauseἑκουσίως: kousios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὑπομένεινmenoupoV1 PAN · μένω + ὑποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaμένω + ὑπο: menoupo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
24
καὶ δικαιοσύνην παιδεύει ὥστε διὰ πάντων τῶν ἠθῶν ἰσονομεῖν καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐκδιδάσκει ὥστε μόνον τὸν ὄντα θεὸν σέβειν μεγαλοπρεπῶς
And it educates us in justice, so that in all our conduct we act equitably, and it instructs us in piety, so that we worship only the God who truly exists in fitting majesty.
The law is comprehensive moral pedagogy. Justice and piety complete the portrait of reasoned obedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
δικαιοσύνηνdikaiosuneN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηaccusative element functioning within the clauseδικαιοσύνη: dikaiosune; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παιδεύειtrainV1 PAI3S · παιδεύωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπαιδεύω: train; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrasesὥστε: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
πάντωνallA3 GPN · πᾶςgenitive element qualifying a related head termπᾶς: all; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἠθῶνethosN3E GPN · ἦθοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἦθος: ethos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἰσονομεῖνisonomeoV2 PAN · ἰσονομέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἰσονομέω: isonomeo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
εὐσέβειανeusebeiaN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative element functioning within the clauseεὐσέβεια: eusebeia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐκδιδάσκειdidaskokV1 PAI3S · διδάσκω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseδιδάσκω + ἐκ: didaskok; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrasesὥστε: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μόνονmononD · μόνονadverbial modifier of the clauseμόνον: monon; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ὄνταeimiV9 · παπασμ εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseθεός: God; across these chapters the divine will stands behind both judgment and martyrial vindication.
σέβεινworshipV1 PAN · σέβωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaσέβω: worship; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μεγαλοπρεπῶςmegalopreposD · μεγαλοπρεπῶςadverbial modifier of the clauseμεγαλοπρεπῶς: megaloprepos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
25
διὸ οὐ μιαροφαγοῦμεν πιστεύοντες γὰρ θεοῦ καθεστάναι τὸν νόμον οἴδαμεν ὅτι κατὰ φύσιν ἡμῖν συμπαθεῖ νομοθετῶν ὁ τοῦ κόσμου κτίστης
For this reason we do not eat defiling food, since, believing that the law has been ordained by God, we know that the Creator of the world, in giving the law, is sympathetic to our nature.
Eleazar roots dietary law in creation itself. Divine legislation is not arbitrary but suited to the constitution of human life.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
διὸdioC · διόconnector linking clauses or phrasesδιό: dio; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μιαροφαγοῦμενmiarophageoV2 PAI1P · μιαροφαγέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseμιαροφαγέω: miarophageo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πιστεύοντεςpisteuoV1 · παπνπμ πιστεύωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπιστεύω: pisteuo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termθεός: God; across these chapters the divine will stands behind both judgment and martyrial vindication.
καθεστάναιistemikataVXI XAN · ἵστημι + καταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἵστημι + κατα: istemikata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
οἴδαμενoidaVX XAI1P · οἶδαmain verbal form advancing the clauseοἶδα: oida; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnector linking clauses or phrasesὅτι: oti; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κατὰkataP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: kata; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
φύσινphusisN3I ASF · φύσιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseφύσις: phusis; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἡμῖνgoRP DP · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
συμπαθεῖpatheosunV2 PAI3S · παθέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the clauseπαθέω + συν: patheosun; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
νομοθετῶνlegislateV2 · παπνσμ νομοθετέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseνομοθετέω: legislate; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κόσμουkosmosN2 GSM · κόσμοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termκόσμος: kosmos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
κτίστηςktistesN1M NSM · κτίστηςnominative element functioning within the clauseκτίστης: ktistes; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
26
τὰ μὲν οἰκειωθησόμενα ἡμῶν ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐπέτρεψεν ἐσθίειν τὰ δὲ ἐναντιωθησόμενα ἐκώλυσεν σαρκοφαγεῖν
He permitted us to eat those things that would be congenial to our souls, but he forbade us to eat the flesh of things that would be alien to us.
The distinction between foods is interpreted as moral and anthropological. The law differentiates what nourishes from what harms.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οἰκειωθησόμεναoikeiooVC · φππαπν οἰκειόωmain verbal form advancing the clauseοἰκειόω: oikeioo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμῶνgoRP GP · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ψυχαῖςpsucheN1 DPF · ψυχήdative element functioning within the clauseψυχή: psuche; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπέτρεψενtrepopiVAI AAI3S · τρέπω + ἐπιparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionτρέπω + ἐπι: trepopi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐσθίεινsthioV1 PAN · ἐσθίωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἐσθίω: sthio; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
ἐναντιωθησόμεναantioonVC · φππαπν ἀντιόω + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀντιόω + ἐν: antioon; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐκώλυσενforbidVAI AAI3S · κωλύωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionκωλύω: forbid; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σαρκοφαγεῖνsarkophageoV2 PAN · σαρκοφαγέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaσαρκοφαγέω: sarkophageo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
27
τυραννικὸν δὲ οὐ μόνον ἀναγκάζειν ἡμᾶς παρανομεῖν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐσθίειν ὅπως τῇ ἐχθίστῃ ἡμῶν μιαροφαγίᾳ ταύτῃ ἐπεγγελάσῃς
And it is tyrannical not only to force us to transgress, but even to make us eat, so that you may mock us by means of this most hateful defilement.
Eleazar exposes the intention behind compulsion: humiliation. The tyrant seeks not mere compliance but derision and symbolic domination.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τυραννικὸνturannikosA1 NSN · τυραννικόςnominative element functioning within the clauseτυραννικός: turannikos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μόνονmononD · μόνονadverbial modifier of the clauseμόνον: monon; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀναγκάζεινagkazoanaV1 PAN · ἀγκάζω + ἀναinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἀγκάζω + ἀνα: agkazoana; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμᾶςgoRP AP · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρανομεῖνnomeoparaV2 PAN · νομέω + παραinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaνομέω + παρα: nomeopara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnector linking clauses or phrasesἀλλά: but; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clauseκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἐσθίεινsthioV1 PAN · ἐσθίωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἐσθίω: sthio; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςconnector linking clauses or phrasesὅπως: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐχθίστῃchthrosA1 DSFS · ἐχθρόςdative element functioning within the clauseἐχθρός: chthros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἡμῶνgoRP GP · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μιαροφαγίᾳmiarophagiaN1A DSF · μιαροφαγίαdative element functioning within the clauseμιαροφαγία: miarophagia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ταύτῃoutosRD DSF · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπεγγελάσῃςgelaopinVA AAS2S · γελάω + ἐπι + ἐνparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionγελάω + ἐπι + ἐν: gelaopin; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
28
ἀλλ' οὐ γελάσεις κατ' ἐμοῦ τοῦτον τὸν γέλωτα
But you will not laugh this laugh over me.
The martyr turns the anticipated mockery back upon the tyrant. Refusal itself becomes victory over shame.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnector linking clauses or phrasesἀλλά: but; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γελάσειςlaughVF FAI2S · γελάωmain verbal form advancing the clauseγελάω: laugh; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κατ'kataP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: kata; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐμοῦgoRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τοῦτονoutosRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
γέλωταgelosN3T ASM · γέλωςaccusative element functioning within the clauseγέλως: gelos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
29
οὔτε τοὺς ἱεροὺς τῶν προγόνων περὶ τοῦ φυλάξαι τὸν νόμον ὅρκους οὐ παρήσω
Nor will I betray the sacred oaths of my ancestors concerning the keeping of the law.
Eleazar binds his conscience to ancestral covenant fidelity. The issue is transgenerational continuity, not private preference.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὔτεouteC · οὔτεconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὔτε: oute; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἱεροὺςierosA1A APM · ἱερόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἱερός: ieros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
προγόνωνprogonosN2 GPM · πρόγονοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termπρόγονος: progonos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
περὶperiP · περίpreposition governing its object within the phraseπερί: peri; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
φυλάξαιphulassoVA AAN · φυλάσσωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionφυλάσσω: phulasso; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
ὅρκουςorkosN2 APM · ὅρκοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseὅρκος: orkos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παρήσωiemiparaVF FAI1S · ἵημι + παραmain verbal form advancing the clauseἵημι + παρα: iemipara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
30
οὐδ' ἂν ἐκκόψειάς μου τὰ ὄμματα καὶ τὰ σπλάγχνα μου τήξειας
Not even if you were to gouge out my eyes and melt my inward parts.
The speech now meets torture directly. Imagined mutilation fails to loosen his commitment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οὐδ'oudeC · οὐδέconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὐδέ: oude; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἂνanX · ἄνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseἄν: an; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐκκόψειάςkoptokVA AAO2S · κόπτω + ἐκparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionκόπτω + ἐκ: koptok; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μουgoRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ὄμματαommaN3M APN · ὄμμαaccusative element functioning within the clauseὄμμα: omma; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
σπλάγχναsplagchnonN2N APN · σπλάγχνονaccusative element functioning within the clauseσπλάγχνον: splagchnon; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μουgoRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τήξειαςmeltVA AAO2S · τήκωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionτήκω: melt; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
31
οὐχ οὕτως εἰμὶ γέρων ἐγὼ καὶ ἄνανδρος ὥστε μοι διὰ τὴν εὐσέβειαν μὴ νεάζειν τὸν λογισμόν
I am not so old and unmanly that, for the sake of piety, my reason cannot still be made young.
Age is redefined through courage. Piety rejuvenates reason instead of weakening it.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὕτωςoutosD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἰμὶeimiV9 PAI1S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
γέρωνgeronN3 NSM · γέρωνnominative element functioning within the clauseγέρων: geron; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐγὼgoRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἄνανδροςanandrosA1B NSM · ἄνανδροςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνανδρος: anandros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrasesὥστε: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μοιgoRP DS · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
εὐσέβειανeusebeiaN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative element functioning within the clauseεὐσέβεια: eusebeia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
νεάζεινbe youthfulV1 PAN · νεάζωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaνεάζω: be youthful; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
λογισμόνreasonN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseλογισμός: reason; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
32
πρὸς ταῦτα τροχοὺς εὐτρέπιζε καὶ τὸ πῦρ ἐκφύσα σφοδρότερον
So prepare the wheels and stoke the fire more fiercely.
Eleazar's rhetoric strips the torture devices of their power to intimidate. He summons the ordeal rather than shrinking from it.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πρὸςprosP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: pros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ταῦταoutosRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τροχοὺςtrochosN2 APM · τροχόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτροχός: trochos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εὐτρέπιζεprepareV1 IAI3S · εὐτρεπίζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseεὐτρεπίζω: prepare; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πῦρpurN3 ASN · πῦρaccusative element functioning within the clauseπῦρ: pur; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐκφύσαphusaokV3 PAD2S · φυσάω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseφυσάω + ἐκ: phusaok; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σφοδρότερονsphodrosA1A ASMC · σφοδρόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseσφοδρός: sphodros; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
33
οὐχ οὕτως οἰκτίρομαι τὸ ἐμαυτοῦ γῆρας ὥστε δι' ἐμαυτοῦ τὸν πάτριον καταλῦσαι νόμον
I do not so pity my own old age that I would through myself abolish the ancestral law.
Self-preservation is subordinated to the continuity of the law. Old age becomes an arena for witness rather than an excuse for compromise.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὕτωςoutosD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: outos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οἰκτίρομαιoikteiroV1 PMI1S · οἰκτείρωmain verbal form advancing the clauseοἰκτείρω: oikteiro; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐμαυτοῦmautouRD GSM · ἐμαυτοῦpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentἐμαυτοῦ: mautou; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γῆραςgerasN3 ASN · γῆραςaccusative element functioning within the clauseγῆρας: geras; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrasesὥστε: so that; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δι'diaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐμαυτοῦmautouRD GSM · ἐμαυτοῦpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentἐμαυτοῦ: mautou; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πάτριονpatriosA1A ASM · πάτριοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπάτριος: patrios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καταλῦσαιluokataVA AAN · λύω + καταparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionλύω + κατα: luokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
34
οὐ ψεύσομαί σε παιδευτὰ νόμε οὐδὲ ἐξομοῦμαί σε φίλη ἐγκράτεια
I will not lie to you, instructor Law, nor will I renounce you, beloved self-control.
Eleazar personifies the law and self-control as honored teachers. His speech becomes almost liturgical in its direct addresses.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ψεύσομαίpseudoVF FMI1S · ψεύδωmain verbal form advancing the clauseψεύδω: pseudo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σεsuRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning within the clauseσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
παιδευτὰpaideutesN1M VSM · παιδευτήςnominal element functioning within the clauseπαιδευτής: paideutes; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
νόμεlawN2 VSM · νόμοςnominal element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; here the divine ancestral law whose authority pious reason refuses to surrender.
οὐδὲoudeC · οὐδέconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὐδέ: oude; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐξομοῦμαίomnumikVF2 FMI1S · ὄμνυμι + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseὄμνυμι + ἐκ: omnumik; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σεsuRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning within the clauseσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
φίληphilosA1 NSF · φίλοςnominative element functioning within the clauseφίλος: philos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐγκράτειαgkrateiaN1A NSF · ἐγκράτειαnominative element functioning within the clauseἐγκράτεια: gkrateia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
35
οὐδὲ καταισχυνῶ σε φιλόσοφε λόγε οὐδὲ ἐξαρνήσομαί σε ἱερωσύνη τιμία καὶ νομοθεσίας ἐπιστήμη
Nor will I put you to shame, philosopher Reason, nor deny you, honored priesthood and knowledge of the law.
Reason, priesthood, and Torah-learning are held together as one noble vocation. Denial of the law would be betrayal of his entire formed identity.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὐδὲoudeC · οὐδέconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὐδέ: oude; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καταισχυνῶaischunokataV1 PAI1S · αἰσχύνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseαἰσχύνω + κατα: aischunokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σεsuRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning within the clauseσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
φιλόσοφεphilosophosN2 VSM · φιλόσοφοςnominal element functioning within the clauseφιλόσοφος: philosophos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
λόγεlogosN2 VSM · λόγοςnominal element functioning within the clauseλόγος: logos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐδὲoudeC · οὐδέconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὐδέ: oude; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐξαρνήσομαίarneomaikVF FMI1S · ἀρνέομαι + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀρνέομαι + ἐκ: arneomaik; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σεsuRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning within the clauseσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἱερωσύνηierosuneN1 VSF · ἱερωσύνηnominal element functioning within the clauseἱερωσύνη: ierosune; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τιμίαtimiosA1A VSF · τίμιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseτίμιος: timios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
νομοθεσίαςnomothesiaN1A GSF · νομοθεσίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termνομοθεσία: nomothesia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἐπιστήμηpistemeN1 VSF · ἐπιστήμηnominal element functioning within the clauseἐπιστήμη: pisteme; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
36
οὐδὲ μιανεῖς μου τὸ σεμνὸν γήρως στόμα οὐδὲ νομίμου βίου ἡλικίαν
Nor will you defile the reverent mouth of my old age nor the age of a life ordered by the law.
The tyrant's food would stain more than a body; it would profane a lifetime of discipline. Eleazar guards the symbolic integrity of his whole life.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οὐδὲoudeC · οὐδέconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὐδέ: oude; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μιανεῖςdefileVF2 FAI2S · μιαίνωmain verbal form advancing the clauseμιαίνω: defile; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μουgoRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
σεμνὸνsemnosA1 ASN · σεμνόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseσεμνός: semnos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γήρωςgerasN3 GSN · γῆραςgenitive element qualifying a related head termγῆρας: geras; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
στόμαstomaN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative element functioning within the clauseστόμα: stoma; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὐδὲoudeC · οὐδέconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὐδέ: oude; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
νομίμουnomimosA1 GSM · νόμιμοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termνόμιμος: nomimos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
βίουbiosN2 GSM · βίοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termβίος: bios; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἡλικίανelikiaN1A ASF · ἡλικίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἡλικία: elikia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
37
ἁγνόν με οἱ πατέρες εἰσδέξονται μὴ φοβηθέντα σου τὰς μέχρι θανάτου ἀνάγκας
My fathers will receive me pure, as one who did not fear your compulsions even unto death.
Ancestral reception beyond death grounds his courage. Purity before the fathers outweighs life before the tyrant.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἁγνόνagnosA1 ASM · ἁγνόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἁγνός: agnos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μεgoRP AS · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: go; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πατέρεςpaterN3 NPM · πατήρnominative element functioning within the clauseπατήρ: pater; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
εἰσδέξονταιdechomaieisVF FMI3P · δέχομαι + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the clauseδέχομαι + εἰς: dechomaieis; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: not; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
φοβηθένταphobeoVC · αππασμ φοβέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseφοβέω: phobeo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σουsuRP GS · σύgenitive element qualifying a related head termσύ: su; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
μέχριmechriP · μέχριpreposition governing its object within the phraseμέχρι: mechri; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
θανάτουthanatosN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termθάνατος: thanatos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἀνάγκαςanagkeN1 APF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀνάγκη: anagke; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
38
ἀσεβῶν μὲν γὰρ τυραννήσεις τῶν δὲ ἐμῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐσεβείας λογισμῶν οὔτε λόγοις δεσπόσεις οὔτε δι' ἔργων
For over the ungodly you will tyrannize, but over my reasonings for the sake of piety you will rule neither by words nor by deeds.
Eleazar closes by drawing the final boundary of tyranny. Antiochus may control bodies, but not pious reasoning.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἀσεβῶνasebesA3H GPM · ἀσεβήςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀσεβής: asebes; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τυραννήσειςturanneoVF FAI2S · τυραννέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseτυραννέω: turanneo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
ἐμῶνmosA1 GPM · ἐμόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐμός: mos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ὑπὲρuperP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its object within the phraseὑπέρ: uper; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
εὐσεβείαςeusebeiaN1A GSF · εὐσέβειαgenitive element qualifying a related head termεὐσέβεια: eusebeia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
λογισμῶνreasonN2 GPM · λογισμόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termλογισμός: reason; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
οὔτεouteC · οὔτεconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὔτε: oute; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
λόγοιςlogosN2 DPM · λόγοςdative element functioning within the clauseλόγος: logos; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δεσπόσειςruleVF FAI2S · δεσπόζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseδεσπόζω: rule; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὔτεouteC · οὔτεconnector linking clauses or phrasesοὔτε: oute; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
δι'diaP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: dia; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.
ἔργωνergonN2N GPN · ἔργονgenitive element qualifying a related head termἔργον: ergon; lexical item used here according to its local syntactic role.