1
τοῖς πᾶσιν χρόνος καὶ καιρὸς τῷ παντὶ πράγματι ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν
For everything there is a time, and a season for every matter under heaven.
The chapter opens by asserting that human affairs unfold within divinely bounded temporal order.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χρόνοςtimeN2 NSM · χρόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSN · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πράγματιmatterN3M DSN · πρᾶγμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρᾶγμα: meaning 'matter'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανόνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
2
καιρὸς τοῦ τεκεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν καιρὸς τοῦ φυτεῦσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκτῖλαι πεφυτευμένον
A season to bear and a season to die; a season to plant and a season to pluck up what has been planted.
The first pairings move from birth and death to cultivation and uprooting, framing life as a sequence of appointed opposites.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεκεῖνbearVB AAN · τίκτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτίκτω: meaning 'bear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποθανεῖνdieVB AAN · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυτεῦσαιplantVA AAN · φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφυτεύω: meaning 'plant'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκτῖλαιpluck upVA AAN · τίλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτίλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'pluck up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πεφυτευμένονwhat has been plantedVM · χππασν φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππασν φυτεύω: meaning 'what has been planted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποκτεῖναι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἰάσασθαι καιρὸς τοῦ καθελεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι
A season to kill and a season to heal; a season to tear down and a season to build.
Violence and restoration, demolition and construction, are held together within the same providential ordering of times.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποκτεῖναιkillVA AAN · κτείνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'kill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰάσασθαιhealVA AMN · ἰάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἰάομαι: meaning 'heal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθελεῖνtear downVB AAN · αἱρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementαἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'tear down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομῆσαιbuildVA AAN · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
καιρὸς τοῦ κλαῦσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ γελάσαι καιρὸς τοῦ κόψασθαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ὀρχήσασθαι
A season to weep and a season to laugh; a season to mourn and a season to dance.
Emotional and communal responses are likewise timed, not made permanent.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλαῦσαιweepVA AAN · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκλαίω: meaning 'weep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γελάσαιlaughVA AAN · γελάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementγελάω: meaning 'laugh'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόψασθαιmournVA AMN · κόπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκόπτω: meaning 'mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρχήσασθαιdanceVA AMN · ὀρχέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὀρχέομαι: meaning 'dance'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
καιρὸς τοῦ βαλεῖν λίθους καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ συναγαγεῖν λίθους καιρὸς τοῦ περιλαβεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μακρυνθῆναι ἀπὸ περιλήμψεως
A season to throw stones and a season to gather stones; a season to embrace and a season to refrain from embracing.
The poem turns to gestures of division and gathering, intimacy and distance, all governed by circumstance.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βαλεῖνthrowVB AAN · βάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβάλλω: meaning 'throw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λίθουςstonesN2 APM · λίθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλίθος: meaning 'stones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγαγεῖνgatherVB AAN · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λίθουςstonesN2 APM · λίθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλίθος: meaning 'stones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιλαβεῖνembraceVB AAN · λαμβάνω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementλαμβάνω + περι: meaning 'embrace'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μακρυνθῆναιrefrainVC APN · μακρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementμακρύνω: meaning 'refrain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
περιλήμψεωςembracingN3I GSF · περίλημψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίλημψις: meaning 'embracing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
6
καιρὸς τοῦ ζητῆσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀπολέσαι καιρὸς τοῦ φυλάξαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκβαλεῖν
A season to seek and a season to lose; a season to keep and a season to cast away.
Acquisition, loss, preservation, and relinquishment are all presented as fitting in their time.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζητῆσαιseekVA AAN · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementζητέω: meaning 'seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπολέσαιloseVA AAN · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'lose'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάξαιkeepVA AAN · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφυλάσσω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκβαλεῖνcast awayVB AAN · βάλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'cast away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
καιρὸς τοῦ ῥῆξαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ῥάψαι καιρὸς τοῦ σιγᾶν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ λαλεῖν
A season to tear and a season to sew; a season to keep silence and a season to speak.
Acts of rupture and repair culminate in the moral discipline of when to refrain and when to utter words.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆξαιtearVA AAN · ῥηγνύναιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementῥηγνύναι: meaning 'tear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάψαιsewVA AAN · ῥάπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementῥάπτω: meaning 'sew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σιγᾶνbe silentV3 PAN · σιγάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementσιγάω: meaning 'be silent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλεῖνspeakV2 PAN · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
καιρὸς τοῦ φιλῆσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μισῆσαι καιρὸς πολέμου καὶ καιρὸς εἰρήνης
A season to love and a season to hate; a season for war and a season for peace.
The time-poem closes with the widest oppositions, from affection and aversion to social conflict and peace.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φιλῆσαιloveVA AAN · φιλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφιλέω: meaning 'love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισῆσαιhateVA AAN · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementμισέω: meaning 'hate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολέμουwarN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰρήνηςpeaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
9
τίς περισσεία τοῦ ποιοῦντος ἐν οἷς αὐτὸς μοχθεῖ
What surplus has the one who works in the things at which he toils?
Qoheleth turns from the poem to the old question of gain from labor under the pressure of time.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τίςwhatRI NSF · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περισσείαsurplusN1A NSF · περισσείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπερισσεία: meaning 'surplus'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιοῦντοςof the one doingV2 · παπγσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ποιέω: meaning 'of the one doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἷςwhich thingsRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'which things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μοχθεῖtoilsV2 PAI3S · μοχθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμοχθέω: meaning 'toils'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
εἶδον σὺν τὸν περισπασμόν ὃν ἔδωκεν ὁ θεὸς τοῖς υἱοῖς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τοῦ περισπᾶσθαι ἐν αὐτῷ
I saw the occupation that God has given to the sons of men to be occupied with in it.
The burden of human busyness is here described as a divinely permitted sphere of engagement rather than autonomous mastery.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περισπασμόνoccupationN2 ASM · περισπασμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπερισπασμός: meaning 'occupation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsN2 DPM · υἱόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'of man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περισπᾶσθαιto be occupiedV3 PMN · σπάω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementσπάω + περι: meaning 'to be occupied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷwith itRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
σὺν τὰ πάντα ἐποίησεν καλὰ ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ καί γε σὺν τὸν αἰῶνα ἔδωκεν ἐν καρδίᾳ αὐτῶν ὅπως μὴ εὕρῃ ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὸ ποίημα ὃ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός ἀπ' ἀρχῆς καὶ μέχρι τέλους
He has made everything beautiful in its time; indeed, he has put the age also in their heart, so that man may not find out the work that God has done from beginning to end.
God orders things fittingly and implants a sense of totality, yet withholds exhaustive comprehension of his whole work.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall thingsA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενhe madeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'he made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καλὰbeautifulA1 APN · καλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαλός: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καιρῷκαιρόςN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'καιρός'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καίindeedC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεγέX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'γέ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναforeverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'forever'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὕρῃmay find outVB AAS3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεὑρίσκω: meaning 'may find out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὸὁRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίημαworkN3M ASN · ποίημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποίημα: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃexcept whatRR ASN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'except what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐποίησενhe madeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'he made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςθεόςN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τέλουςendN3E GSN · τέλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτέλος: meaning 'end'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
12
ἔγνων ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀγαθὸν ἐν αὐτοῖς εἰ μὴ τοῦ εὐφρανθῆναι καὶ τοῦ ποιεῖν ἀγαθὸν ἐν ζωῇ αὐτοῦ
I knew that there is no good in them except to rejoice and to do good in his life.
Since the whole pattern remains beyond grasp, Qoheleth commends gladness and practical goodness within one's lifetime.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἔγνωνI knewVZI AAI1S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'I knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 ASM · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςin themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'in them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰwhetherC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐφρανθῆναιto rejoiceVC APN · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεὐφραίνω: meaning 'to rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιεῖνto doV2 PAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'to do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 ASM · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ζωῇlifeN1 DSF · ζωήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
καί γε πᾶς ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὃς φάγεται καὶ πίεται καὶ ἴδῃ ἀγαθὸν ἐν παντὶ μόχθῳ αὐτοῦ δόμα θεοῦ ἐστιν
And indeed every man who eats and drinks and sees good in all his toil - this is the gift of God.
Ordinary enjoyment is not trivialized but reclassified as divine gift rather than human achievement.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καίindeedC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεγέX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'γέ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὃςὅςRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'ὅς'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φάγεταιeatsVF FMI3S · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίεταιdrinksVF FMI3S · πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίνω: meaning 'drinks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδῃseesVB AAS3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὁράω: meaning 'sees'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 ASN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μόχθῳtoilN2 DSM · μόχθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμόχθος: meaning 'toil'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δόμαgiftN3M NSN · δόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόμα: meaning 'gift'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θεοῦθεόςN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ἔγνων ὅτι πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός αὐτὰ ἔσται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἐπ' αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν προσθεῖναι καὶ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀφελεῖν καὶ ὁ θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἵνα φοβηθῶσιν ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ
I knew that everything God has made - it shall be forever; there is nothing to add to it and there is nothing to take from it; and God has done this so that they may fear before him.
The permanence of God's work and the inability of humans to alter it establish reverent fear as the fitting response.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἔγνωνI knewVZI AAI1S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'I knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅσαas many things asA1 APN · ὅσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅσος: meaning 'as many things as'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενhe madeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'he made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςθεόςN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτὰtheyRD NPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'they'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναforeverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'forever'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷwith itRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
προσθεῖναιaddV7 PAN · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτίθημι + προς: meaning 'add'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀφελεῖνtake awayVB AAN · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'take away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐποίησενhe madeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'he made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβηθῶσινthey may fearVC APS3P · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyφοβέω: meaning 'they may fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσώπουbefore the faceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'before the face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
τὸ γενόμενον ἤδη ἐστίν καὶ ὅσα τοῦ γίνεσθαι ἤδη γέγονεν καὶ ὁ θεὸς ζητήσει τὸν διωκόμενον
What has come to be already is, and what is to happen has already happened; and God will seek what is pursued away.
Qoheleth compresses recurrence and divine oversight into a final statement about the repetition and retrieval of what passes.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τὸὁRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενόμενονwhat has come to beVB · αμπνσν γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαμπνσν γίγνομαι: meaning 'what has come to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἤδηalreadyD · ἤδηadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἤδη: meaning 'already'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστίνisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσαas many things asA1 NPN · ὅσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅσος: meaning 'as many things as'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γίνεσθαιto happenV1 PMN · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementγίγνομαι: meaning 'to happen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἤδηalreadyD · ἤδηadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἤδη: meaning 'already'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γέγονενhas happenedVX XAI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγίγνομαι: meaning 'has happened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζητήσειwill seekN3I DSF · ζήτησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceζήτησις: meaning 'will seek'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διωκόμενονwhat is pursued awayV1 · πμπασμ διώκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασμ διώκω: meaning 'what is pursued away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
καὶ ἔτι εἶδον ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον τόπον τῆς κρίσεως ἐκεῖ ὁ ἀσεβής καὶ τόπον τοῦ δικαίου ἐκεῖ ὁ ἀσεβής
And further I saw under the sun the place of judgment - there was the ungodly; and the place of the righteous - there was the ungodly.
The social order appears disordered when wickedness occupies the very spaces meant for justice and righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔτιfurtherD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'further'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιονsunN2 ASM · ἥλιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςὁRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίσεωςof judgmentN3I GSF · κρίσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκρίσις: meaning 'of judgment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβήςungodlyA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαίουof righteousnessA1A GSM · δίκαιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβήςungodlyA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
17
εἶπα ἐγὼ ἐν καρδίᾳ μου σὺν τὸν δίκαιον καὶ σὺν τὸν ἀσεβῆ κρινεῖ ὁ θεός ὅτι καιρὸς τῷ παντὶ πράγματι καὶ ἐπὶ παντὶ τῷ ποιήματι
I said in my heart, 'God will judge the righteous and the ungodly, for there is a season for every matter and for every deed there.'
The answer to corrupted justice is not denial but deferred divine judgment at the proper time.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼἐγώRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'ἐγώ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβῆungodlyA3H ASN · ἀσεβήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κρινεῖwill judgeVF2 FAI3S · κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκρίνω: meaning 'will judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςθεόςN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷfor theRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSN · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πράγματιmatterN3M DSN · πρᾶγμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρᾶγμα: meaning 'matter'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶἐπίP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'ἐπί'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSN · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῷfor theRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιήματιdeedN3M DSN · ποίημαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceποίημα: meaning 'deed'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
18
ἐκεῖ εἶπα ἐγὼ ἐν καρδίᾳ μου περὶ λαλιᾶς υἱῶν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὅτι διακρινεῖ αὐτοὺς ὁ θεός καὶ τοῦ δεῖξαι ὅτι αὐτοὶ κτήνη εἰσὶν καί γε αὐτοῖς
There I said in my heart concerning the speech about the sons of men, that God will sift them and show that they themselves are beasts, indeed, with respect to them.
Qoheleth interprets the human condition through divine testing, exposing humanity's creaturely likeness rather than its presumed superiority.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼἐγώRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'ἐγώ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λαλιᾶςspeechN1A GSF · λαλιάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαλιά: meaning 'speech'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'of man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διακρινεῖwill siftVF2 FAI3S · κρίνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκρίνω + δια: meaning 'will sift'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςθεόςN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεῖξαιshowVA AAN · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementδεικνύω: meaning 'show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶαὐτόςRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κτήνηbeastsN3E NPN · κτῆνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκτῆνος: meaning 'beasts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰσὶνareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καίindeedC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεγέX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'γέ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςin themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'in them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
19
ὅτι συνάντημα υἱῶν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ συνάντημα τοῦ κτήνους συνάντημα ἓν αὐτοῖς ὡς ὁ θάνατος τούτου οὕτως ὁ θάνατος τούτου καὶ πνεῦμα ἓν τοῖς πᾶσιν καὶ τί ἐπερίσσευσεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος παρὰ τὸ κτῆνος οὐδέν ὅτι τὰ πάντα ματαιότης
For the fate of the sons of men and the fate of the beast is one fate for them: as the death of this one, so the death of that one; and one breath belongs to them all. And what has man gained beyond the beast? Nothing, because all things are vanity.
Mortality levels human pride, and the shared breath of humans and beasts becomes a sharp emblem of vanity.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνάντημαfateN3M NSM · συνάντημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυνάντημα: meaning 'fate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'of man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνάντημαfateN3M NSN · συνάντημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυνάντημα: meaning 'fate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνουςof the beastN3E GSN · κτῆνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκτῆνος: meaning 'of the beast'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συνάντημαfateN3M NSN · συνάντημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυνάντημα: meaning 'fate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἓνoneA3 NSN · εἷςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countἓν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
αὐτοῖςin themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'in them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάνατοςdeathN2 NSM · θάνατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τούτουof this oneRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'of this one'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὕτωςοὕτωςD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'οὕτως'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάνατοςdeathN2 NSM · θάνατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τούτουof this oneRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'of this one'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεῦμαbreathN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'breath'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἓνoneA3 NSN · εἷςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countἓν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίτίςRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'τίς'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπερίσσευσενhas ... gained beyondVAI AAI3S · περισσεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπερισσεύω: meaning 'has ... gained beyond'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰbeyondP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beyond'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸὁRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτῆνοςbeastN3E ASN · κτῆνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκτῆνος: meaning 'beast'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐδένnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ματαιότηςvanityN3T NSF · ματαιότηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
20
τὰ πάντα πορεύεται εἰς τόπον ἕνα τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο ἀπὸ τοῦ χοός καὶ τὰ πάντα ἐπιστρέφει εἰς τὸν χοῦν
All go to one place; all have come from the dust, and all return to the dust.
The argument is reduced to its elemental conclusion: common origin and common return.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πορεύεταιgoV1 PMI3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἕναoneA3 ASM · εἷςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countἕνα: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγένετοcame to beVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοόςdustN3 GSM · χοῦςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχοῦς: meaning 'dust'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπιστρέφειreturnV1 PAI3S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'return'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦνdustN3 ASM · χοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχοῦς: meaning 'dust'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
καὶ τίς οἶδεν πνεῦμα υἱῶν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰ ἀναβαίνει αὐτὸ εἰς ἄνω καὶ πνεῦμα τοῦ κτήνους εἰ καταβαίνει αὐτὸ κάτω εἰς γῆν
And who knows whether the spirit of the sons of men goes upward, and whether the spirit of the beast goes downward into the earth?
Qoheleth leaves ultimate postmortem distinction unresolved, pressing the limits of human knowledge.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἶδενknowsVX XAI3S · οἶδαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateοἶδα: meaning 'knows'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πνεῦμαbreathN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'breath'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtoRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'of man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰwhetherC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβαίνειgoes upV1 PAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'goes up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄνωupwardD · ἄνωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἄνω: meaning 'upward'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεῦμαbreathN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'breath'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνουςof the beastN3E GSN · κτῆνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκτῆνος: meaning 'of the beast'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰwhetherC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταβαίνειgoes downV1 PAI3S · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'goes down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κάτωdownwardD · κάτωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκάτω: meaning 'downward'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
22
καὶ εἶδον ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀγαθὸν εἰ μὴ ὃ εὐφρανθήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐν ποιήμασιν αὐτοῦ ὅτι αὐτὸ μερὶς αὐτοῦ ὅτι τίς ἄξει αὐτὸν τοῦ ἰδεῖν ἐν ᾧ ἐὰν γένηται μετ' αὐτόν
And I saw that there is no good except that a man should rejoice in his deeds, because that is his portion; for who will bring him to see what will happen after him?
The chapter closes by returning to measured enjoyment in present work, since the future beyond one's life remains inaccessible.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 NSN · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰwhetherC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃexcept whatRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'except what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὐφρανθήσεταιwill rejoiceVC FPI3S · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὐφραίνω: meaning 'will rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ποιήμασινdeedsN3M DPN · ποίημαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceποίημα: meaning 'deeds'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸitRD NSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μερὶςportionN3D NSF · μερίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄξειwill bringVF FAI3S · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω: meaning 'will bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸναὐτόςRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδεῖνto seeVB AAN · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὁράω: meaning 'to see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ᾧwhatRR DSN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐὰνmayC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'may'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιhappenVB AMS3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγίγνομαι: meaning 'happen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μετ'afterP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτόναὐτόςRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.