1
καὶ ἐπέστρεψα ἐγὼ καὶ εἶδον σὺν πάσας τὰς συκοφαντίας τὰς γινομένας ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον καὶ ἰδοὺ δάκρυον τῶν συκοφαντουμένων καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς παρακαλῶν καὶ ἀπὸ χειρὸς συκοφαντούντων αὐτοὺς ἰσχύς καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς παρακαλῶν
And I turned, and I saw all the oppressions being done under the sun. And behold, the tears of the oppressed, and there is no one to comfort them; and from the hand of those oppressing them there is strength, and there is no one to comfort them.
Qoheleth begins with repeated notice of oppression and with the doubled refrain that the afflicted have no comforter.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψαI turnedVAI AAI1S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'I turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκοφαντίαςoppressionsN1A APF · συκοφαντίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυκοφαντία: meaning 'oppressions'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γινομέναςbeing doneV1 · πμπαπφ γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπαπφ γίγνομαι: meaning 'being done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιονsunN2 ASM · ἥλιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δάκρυονtearN3 NSN · δάκρυnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδάκρυ: meaning 'tear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκοφαντουμένωνbeing oppressedV2 · πμπγπμ συκοφαντέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ συκοφαντέω: meaning 'being oppressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παρακαλῶνone comfortingV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'one comforting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συκοφαντούντωνof the ones oppressingV2 · παπγπμ συκοφαντέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ συκοφαντέω: meaning 'of the ones oppressing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἰσχύςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παρακαλῶνone comfortingV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'one comforting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
καὶ ἐπῄνεσα ἐγὼ σὺν τοὺς τεθνηκότας τοὺς ἤδη ἀποθανόντας ὑπὲρ τοὺς ζῶντας ὅσοι αὐτοὶ ζῶσιν ἕως τοῦ νῦν
And I praised the dead, who have already died, more than the living, as many as are still alive until now.
The misery of oppression is so severe that Qoheleth momentarily judges the dead better off than the presently living.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπῄνεσαI praisedVAI AAI1S · αἰνέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἰνέω + ἐπι: meaning 'I praised'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεθνηκόταςdeadVX · χαπαπμ θνήσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπαπμ θνήσκω: meaning 'dead'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἤδηalreadyD · ἤδηadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἤδη: meaning 'already'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθανόνταςhaving diedVB · ααπαπμ θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπαπμ θνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'having died'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρmore thanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'more than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶνταςlivingV3 · παπαπμ ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ ζάω: meaning 'living'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅσοιas many asA1 NPM · ὅσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅσος: meaning 'as many as'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοὶtheyRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'they'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ζῶσινliveV3 PAI3P · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζάω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
3
καὶ ἀγαθὸς ὑπὲρ τοὺς δύο τούτους ὅστις οὔπω ἐγένετο ὃς οὐκ εἶδεν σὺν τὸ ποίημα τὸ πονηρὸν τὸ πεποιημένον ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον
And better than both of these is the one who has not yet come to be, who has not seen the evil deed done under the sun.
The unborn are called happier still because they have not witnessed the world's corrupt works.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθὸςbetterA1 NSM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὲρthanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτουςtheseRD APM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτούτους: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅστιςwhoeverRX NSM · ὅστιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant referenceὅστις: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὔπωnot yetD · οὔπωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὔπω: meaning 'not yet'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοcame to beVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίημαdeedN3M ASN · ποίημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποίημα: meaning 'deed'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilA1A ASM · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεποιημένονhaving been doneVM · χππασν ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππασν ποιέω: meaning 'having been done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιονsunN2 ASM · ἥλιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
4
καὶ εἶδον ἐγὼ σὺν πάντα τὸν μόχθον καὶ σὺν πᾶσαν ἀνδρείαν τοῦ ποιήματος ὅτι αὐτὸ ζῆλος ἀνδρὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἑταίρου αὐτοῦ καί γε τοῦτο ματαιότης καὶ προαίρεσις πνεύματος
And I saw all toil and all skill in work, that it is a man's envy from his companion; this too is vanity and a chasing of wind.
Qoheleth reads much human achievement not as pure excellence but as rivalry sharpened against a neighbor.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόχθονtoilN2 ASM · μόχθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμόχθος: meaning 'toil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνδρείανskillA1A ASF · ἀνδρεῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνδρεῖος: meaning 'skill'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιήματοςworkN3M GSN · ποίημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποίημα: meaning 'work'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸitRD NSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ζῆλοςenvyN2 NSM · ζῆλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζῆλος: meaning 'envy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑταίρουcompanionN2 GSM · ἑταῖροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἑταῖρος: meaning 'companion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ματαιότηςvanityN3T NSF · ματαιότηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προαίρεσιςchasingN3I NSF · προαίρεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροαίρεσις: meaning 'chasing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πνεύματοςof windN3M GSN · πνεῦμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'of wind'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
5
ὁ ἄφρων περιέλαβεν τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔφαγεν τὰς σάρκας αὐτοῦ
The fool folds his hands and eats his own flesh.
Against envious striving stands not wisdom but the opposite ruin of idle self-consumption.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
περιέλαβενfoldedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + περι: meaning 'folded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφαγενateVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐσθίω: meaning 'ate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
ἀγαθὸν πλήρωμα δρακὸς ἀναπαύσεως ὑπὲρ πλήρωμα δύο δρακῶν μόχθου καὶ προαιρέσεως πνεύματος
Better is a handful with rest than the filling of two hands with toil and a chasing of wind.
Qoheleth briefly commends modest sufficiency joined to quiet over abundance gained by restless striving.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀγαθὸνbetterA1 NSN · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλήρωμαfullnessN3M NSN · πλήρωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρωμα: meaning 'fullness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δρακὸςof a handfulN3K GSF · δράξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδράξ: meaning 'of a handful'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀναπαύσεωςof restN3I GSF · ἀνάπαυσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνάπαυσις: meaning 'of rest'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑπὲρthanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλήρωμαfullnessN3M ASN · πλήρωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλήρωμα: meaning 'fullness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δύοof twoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'of two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δρακῶνhandfulsN3K GPF · δράξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδράξ: meaning 'handfuls'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μόχθουof toilN2 GSM · μόχθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμόχθος: meaning 'of toil'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προαιρέσεωςchasingN3I GSF · προαίρεσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπροαίρεσις: meaning 'chasing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πνεύματοςof windN3M GSN · πνεῦμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'of wind'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
7
καὶ ἐπέστρεψα ἐγὼ καὶ εἶδον ματαιότητα ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον
And I turned, and I saw vanity under the sun:
The formula of renewed seeing marks a new example of futility within the same world of observation.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψαI turnedVAI AAI1S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'I turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ματαιότηταvanityN3T ASF · ματαιότηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιονsunN2 ASM · ἥλιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
8
ἔστιν εἷς καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν δεύτερος καί γε υἱὸς καὶ ἀδελφὸς οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῷ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν περασμὸς τῷ παντὶ μόχθῳ αὐτοῦ καί γε ὀφθαλμὸς αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐμπίπλαται πλούτου καὶ τίνι ἐγὼ μοχθῶ καὶ στερίσκω τὴν ψυχήν μου ἀπὸ ἀγαθωσύνης καί γε τοῦτο ματαιότης καὶ περισπασμὸς πονηρός ἐστιν
There is one, and there is not a second; indeed, he has neither son nor brother, and there is no end to all his toil. Yet his eye is not filled with wealth, and he does not say, 'For whom do I toil and deprive my soul of good?' This too is vanity and a grievous occupation.
The solitary worker labors without limit or heir, yet cannot answer the basic question of who benefits from his self-denial.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἷςoneM NSM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δεύτεροςa secondA1A NSM · δεύτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεύτερος: meaning 'a second'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφὸςbrotherN2 NSM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
περασμὸςendN2 NSM · περασμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπερασμός: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μόχθῳtoilN2 DSM · μόχθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμόχθος: meaning 'toil'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθαλμὸςeyeN2 NSM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπίπλαταιis filledV6 PMI3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'is filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πλούτουwith wealthN2 GSM · πλοῦτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλοῦτος: meaning 'with wealth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίνιfor whomRI DSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτίνι: meaning 'for whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μοχθῶtoilV2 PAI1S · μοχθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμοχθέω: meaning 'toil'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στερίσκωdepriveV1 PAI1S · στερίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστερίσκω: meaning 'deprive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουof meRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'of me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγαθωσύνηςgoodnessN1 GSF · ἀγαθωσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθωσύνη: meaning 'goodness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ματαιότηςvanityN3T NSF · ματαιότηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περισπασμὸςoccupationN2 NSM · περισπασμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπερισπασμός: meaning 'occupation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πονηρόςevilA1A NSM · πονηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
ἀγαθοὶ οἱ δύο ὑπὲρ τὸν ἕνα οἷς ἔστιν αὐτοῖς μισθὸς ἀγαθὸς ἐν μόχθῳ αὐτῶν
Two are better than one, because they have a good reward in their toil.
The chapter's positive center begins with the practical gain that shared labor yields.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀγαθοὶbetterA1 NPM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὲρthanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕναoneA3 ASM · εἷςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countἕνα: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
οἷςfor whomRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'for whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μισθὸςrewardN2 NSM · μισθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγαθὸςgoodA1 NSM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μόχθῳtoilN2 DSM · μόχθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμόχθος: meaning 'toil'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'of them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
ὅτι ἐὰν πέσωσιν ὁ εἷς ἐγερεῖ τὸν μέτοχον αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐαὶ αὐτῷ τῷ ἑνί ὅταν πέσῃ καὶ μὴ ᾖ δεύτερος τοῦ ἐγεῖραι αὐτόν
For if they fall, the one will raise up his companion; but woe to the one when he falls and there is not a second to raise him up.
Mutual help in collapse displays why companionship is not sentimental excess but concrete wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέσωσινthey should fallVA AAS3P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίπτω: meaning 'they should fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἷςoneM NSM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγερεῖwill raiseVF2 FAI3S · ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐγείρω: meaning 'will raise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέτοχονcompanionN2 ASM · μέτοχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτοχος: meaning 'companion'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνίoneA3 DSM · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτανwheneverD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέσῃhe fallsVF FMI2S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'he falls'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾖthere isV9 PAS3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δεύτεροςa secondA1A NSM · δεύτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεύτερος: meaning 'a second'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγεῖραιto raiseVA AAN · ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἐγείρω: meaning 'to raise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
καί γε ἐὰν κοιμηθῶσιν δύο καὶ θέρμη αὐτοῖς καὶ ὁ εἷς πῶς θερμανθῇ
Again, if two lie down, there is warmth for them; but how can one be warmed alone?
The shared warmth of two bodies supplies another ordinary image of the good of companionship.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοιμηθῶσινthey should lie downVC APS3P · κοιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκοιμάω: meaning 'they should lie down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θέρμηwarmthA1 NSF · θερμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθερμός: meaning 'warmth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἷςoneM NSM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θερμανθῇmight be warmedVC APS3S · θερμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyθερμαίνω: meaning 'might be warmed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
καὶ ἐὰν ἐπικραταιωθῇ ὁ εἷς οἱ δύο στήσονται κατέναντι αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ σπαρτίον τὸ ἔντριτον οὐ ταχέως ἀπορραγήσεται
And if one should prevail against the one, the two will stand against him, and a threefold cord will not be broken quickly.
The argument culminates in resistance and durability: plurality gives strength against attack and against sudden rupture.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπικραταιωθῇshould overpowerVC APS3S · κραταιόω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκραταιόω + ἐπι: meaning 'should overpower'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἷςoneM NSM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήσονταιwill standVF FMI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'will stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατέναντιagainstD · κατέναντιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκατέναντι: meaning 'against'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπαρτίονcordN2 NSN · σπαρτίονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσπαρτίον: meaning 'cord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔντριτονthreefoldA1B NSN · ἔντριτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔντριτος: meaning 'threefold'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταχέωςquicklyD · ταχέωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastταχέως: meaning 'quickly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπορραγήσεταιwill be brokenVD FPI3S · ῥήσσω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureῥήσσω + ἀπο: meaning 'will be broken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
ἀγαθὸς παῖς πένης καὶ σοφὸς ὑπὲρ βασιλέα πρεσβύτερον καὶ ἄφρονα ὃς οὐκ ἔγνω τοῦ προσέχειν ἔτι
Better is a poor and wise youth than an old and foolish king who no longer knows how to pay attention.
The scene shifts from household and work to rule, where teachability outweighs age and status.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἀγαθὸςbetterA1 NSM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παῖςyouthN3D NSM · παῖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαῖς: meaning 'youth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πένηςpoorN3T NSM · πένηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπένης: meaning 'poor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφὸςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὲρthanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πρεσβύτερονolderN2 ASM · πρεσβύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'older'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφροναfoolishA3N ASM · ἄφρωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknewVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσέχεινto pay attentionV1 PAN · ἔχω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἔχω + προς: meaning 'to pay attention'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
14
ὅτι ἐξ οἴκου τῶν δεσμίων ἐξελεύσεται τοῦ βασιλεῦσαι ὅτι καί γε ἐν βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ ἐγεννήθη πένης
For he will come out from a house of prisoners to reign, though indeed in his kingdom he was born poor.
Qoheleth explains the reversal: the lowly youth rises from confinement to rule, while poverty marks his beginning rather than his end.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεσμίωνprisonersA1A GPN · δέσμιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδέσμιος: meaning 'prisoners'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξελεύσεταιhe will come outVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'he will come out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσαιto reignVA AAN · βασιλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβασιλεύω: meaning 'to reign'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βασιλείᾳkingdomN1A DSF · βασιλείαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγεννήθηhe was bornVCI API3S · γεννάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγεννάω: meaning 'he was born'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πένηςpoorN3T NSM · πένηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπένης: meaning 'poor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
15
εἶδον σὺν πάντας τοὺς ζῶντας τοὺς περιπατοῦντας ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον μετὰ τοῦ νεανίσκου τοῦ δευτέρου ὃς στήσεται ἀντ' αὐτοῦ
I saw all the living, those walking under the sun, with the second youth who will stand in his place.
Popular attention swings toward the successor, and the crowd gathers around the next claimant to power.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάνταςallA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶνταςlivingV3 · παπαπμ ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ ζάω: meaning 'living'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιπατοῦνταςwalkingV2 · παπαπμ πατέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ πατέω + περι: meaning 'walking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιονsunN2 ASM · ἥλιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεανίσκουyouthN2 GSM · νεανίσκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεανίσκος: meaning 'youth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρουsecondA1A GSM · δεύτεροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στήσεταιwill standVF FMI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'will stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀντ'instead ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀντ': meaning 'instead of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
16
οὐκ ἔστιν περασμὸς τῷ παντὶ λαῷ τοῖς πᾶσιν ὅσοι ἐγένοντο ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν καί γε οἱ ἔσχατοι οὐκ εὐφρανθήσονται ἐν αὐτῷ ὅτι καί γε τοῦτο ματαιότης καὶ προαίρεσις πνεύματος
There is no end to all the people, to all who were before them; yet those who come later will not rejoice in him, because this too is vanity and a chasing of wind.
Even political momentum and mass acclaim dissolve; later generations will not keep delighting in the once-celebrated ruler.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
περασμὸςendN2 NSM · περασμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπερασμός: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅσοιas many asA1 NPM · ὅσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅσος: meaning 'as many as'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'of them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔσχατοιlast onesA1 NPM · ἔσχατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔσχατος: meaning 'last ones'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφρανθήσονταιwill rejoiceVC FPI3P · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὐφραίνω: meaning 'will rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ματαιότηςvanityN3T NSF · ματαιότηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προαίρεσιςchasingN3I NSF · προαίρεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροαίρεσις: meaning 'chasing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πνεύματοςof windN3M GSN · πνεῦμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'of wind'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
17
φύλαξον πόδα σου ἐν ᾧ ἐὰν πορεύῃ εἰς οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἐγγὺς τοῦ ἀκούειν ὑπὲρ δόμα τῶν ἀφρόνων θυσία σου ὅτι οὔκ εἰσιν εἰδότες τοῦ ποιῆσαι κακόν
Guard your foot whenever you go to the house of God, and be near to listen rather than to offer the sacrifice of fools; for they do not know how to do evil.
The chapter closes by turning from political and social observations to reverent worship, where listening is wiser than careless religious performance.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
φύλαξονguardVA AAD2S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόδαfootN3D ASM · πούςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ᾧwhichRR DSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐὰνwheneverC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύῃyou goV1 PAS3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπορεύομαι: meaning 'you go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγγὺςnearD · ἐγγύςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐγγὺς: meaning 'near'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκούεινto listenV1 PAN · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀκούω: meaning 'to listen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρrather thanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'rather than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δόμαgiftN3M ASN · δόμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδόμα: meaning 'gift'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφρόνωνfoolsA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'fools'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θυσίαsacrificeN1A NSF · θυσίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινthey areV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'they are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰδότεςknowingVX · χαπνπμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνπμ ὁράω: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιto doVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'to do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακόνevilA1 ASN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.