Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Exodus, Chapter 17ΕΞΟΔΟΣ ΙΖ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Exodus 17 falls into two narrative panels joined by a place-name etiology: the strife at Rephidim and the water from the rock (vv. 1–7), and the battle with Amalek with its memorial (vv.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Exodus 17 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Exodus 17 falls into two narrative panels joined by a place-name etiology: the strife at Rephidim and the water from the rock (vv. 1–7), and the battle with Amalek with its memorial (vv. 8–16). At v. 1 the journey-formula κατὰ παρεμβολὰς αὐτῶν διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου ('according to their encampments by the word of the LORD') marks the staged, divinely-directed march; the Hellenistic aorist παρενεβάλοσαν (with the -οσαν third-plural ending characteristic of LXX Greek) renders the camping at Ραφιδιν. The people's ἐλοιδορεῖτο (v. 2) and ἐγόγγυζεν (v. 3) supply the chapter's lexical keynote: λοιδορ- ('revile / quarrel') and the testing verb πειράζω, which together generate the place-name. At v. 6 the LORD declares ὅδε ἐγὼ ἕστηκα … ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας ἐν Χωρηβ ('here I stand … on the rock in Horeb'): Moses strikes the πέτρα and water flows — the episode Paul reads typologically at 1 Cor 10:4 (ἡ πέτρα δὲ ἦν ὁ Χριστός). At v. 7 the LXX renders the two Hebrew place-names by meaning rather than transliteration — πειρασμὸς καὶ λοιδόρησις ('Testing and Reviling', for Massah and Meribah) — and records the people's doubt εἰ ἔστιν κύριος ἐν ἡμῖν ἢ οὔ; this is the episode recalled in Ps 94(95):8 LXX and quoted at Heb 3:8 (μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας … ὡς ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ). In the second panel the commander is named Ἰησοῦς (v. 9) — Joshua son of Nun, whose LXX name is graphically and phonetically identical to 'Jesus'; this is his first appearance in the canon. Moses' upheld hands (ἐπῆρεν … τὰς χεῖρας, v. 11), supported by Ααρων and Ωρ (v. 12) until the sun's setting (ἕως δυσμῶν ἡλίου), were read by the Fathers as a figure of the cross. The chapter closes with the command to write the memorial against Amalek εἰς βιβλίον (v. 14), the altar named κύριός μου καταφυγή ('The LORD is my refuge', v. 15), and the difficult declaration ἐν χειρὶ κρυφαίᾳ πολεμεῖ κύριος ἐπὶ Αμαληκ (v. 16) — 'with a hidden hand the LORD wages war against Amalek' — where the LXX diverges sharply from the obscure Hebrew כֵס יָהּ ('a hand upon the throne of Yah').

1

καὶ ἀπῆρεν πᾶσα συναγωγὴ υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου Σιν κατὰ παρεμβολὰς αὐτῶν διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου καὶ παρενεβάλοσαν ἐν Ραφιδιν· οὐκ ἦν δὲ ὕδωρ τῷ λαῷ πιεῖν.

And the whole congregation of the sons of Israel set out from the wilderness of Sin, according to their encampments, by the word of the LORD; and they camped at Rephidim. But there was no water for the people to drink.

New itinerary stage (main narrative)καὶ ἀπῆρεν
The chapter opens with the standard Exodus travel-formula (καὶ ἀπῆρεν … ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου), continuing the staged wilderness march. The qualification κατὰ παρεμβολὰς αὐτῶν διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου stresses that each move is divinely directed. The closing οὐκ ἦν δὲ ὕδωρ is a circumstantial δέ-clause that sets up the crisis driving vv. 2–7.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρενset out / departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαίρωmain verb (itinerary opening)→ constative aorist (single completed departure)ἀπαίρω: 'lift off / depart / break camp'; the standard LXX itinerary verb (rendering נָסַע, 'pull up tent-pegs'); the singular agrees with the collective subject συναγωγή; recurs at each stage of the wilderness march (cf. 16:1; Num 10:12).
πᾶσαwhole / allNominativeattributive adjective (modifying συναγωγή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πᾶσα συναγωγή ('the whole congregation') renders כָּל־עֲדַת, stressing that no part of Israel is left behind — the entire community moves and the entire community will thirst.
συναγωγὴcongregation / assemblyNominativesubject→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'gathering / congregation'; the standard LXX rendering of עֵדָה, the cultic-legal term for Israel as an organized community; distinct from ἐκκλησία (קָהָל); here it designates the marching nation as a corporate body.
υἱῶνof sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with συναγωγή)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ισραηλ ('sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the patronymic designation of the people as the descendants of the patriarch Jacob/Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive in sense (indeclinable proper noun, with υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here functions as genitive in the construct phrase 'sons of Israel.'
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (point of departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (point of departure).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwilderness / desertGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (point of departure)→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'desert / wilderness'; renders מִדְבָּר; the substantivized adjective denotes the uninhabited region; the wilderness of Sin (Σιν, not to be confused with Sinai) lay between Elim and Sinai (cf. 16:1).
ΣινSingenitive in sense (indeclinable place-name qualifying ἐρήμου)→ participant identificationΣιν: transliteration of Hebrew סִין; the name of the wilderness region, distinct from Σινα (Sinai); indeclinable in the LXX.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive: 'by their encampments')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here distributive ('encampment by encampment'); the phrase κατὰ παρεμβολὰς αὐτῶν renders לְמַסְעֵיהֶם, describing the orderly, stage-by-stage character of the march.
παρεμβολὰςencampments / stagesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive)→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'encampment / camp / army-formation'; renders מַחֲנֶה / מַסַּע; in military contexts also 'battle-array' — a nuance that anticipates the Amalek battle later in the chapter.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
διὰby / throughpreposition + genitive (means/agency)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'by means of / through'; διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου marks the divine word as the directive cause of each move — Israel's itinerary is not self-chosen but commanded.
ῥήματοςword / commandGenitivegenitive object of διά (means)→ relational specificationῥῆμα: 'word / utterance / matter'; renders דָּבָר / פֶּה ('mouth' = command); διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου ('by the word of the LORD') stresses that the march is divinely orchestrated (cf. Num 9:18, 'at the mouth of the LORD').
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with ῥήματος)→ relational specificationκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here the genitive identifies whose word governs the march — the journey is YHWH's directive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενεβάλοσανthey camped / encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (arrival at Rephidim)→ constative aorist (completed act of pitching camp)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / pitch camp'; renders חָנָה; the form παρενεβάλοσαν exhibits the Hellenistic third-plural ending -οσαν (for classical -ον), a hallmark of LXX Koine morphology (cf. ἤλθοσαν, εἴδοσαν).
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΡαφιδινRephidimdative in sense (indeclinable place-name, object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΡαφιδιν: transliteration of Hebrew רְפִידִים; indeclinable in the LXX; the camp-site, located just before Sinai, that gives its name to both the water-crisis and the Amalek battle (v. 8).
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of circumstantial clause (existential: 'there was no')→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state of want)εἰμί (impf.): 'be / exist'; the existential οὐκ ἦν … ὕδωρ ('there was no water') describes the standing condition of the camp; the imperfect frames the lack as the abiding circumstance that provokes the strife.
δὲbut / nowmild adversative (post-positive, circumstantial)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here mildly adversative, turning from the obedient march to the crisis that contradicts it — they have come exactly where the LORD directed, yet there is no water.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ἦν (existential)→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; the keyword of the first panel — its absence drives the strife (vv. 2–4) and its miraculous provision from the rock resolves it (v. 6).
τῷthe / for theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative of advantage (water 'for the people')→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; the standard LXX term for Israel as covenant community (rendering עַם); the dative of advantage marks the people as those for whom the lacking water is needed.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωepexegetic infinitive (purpose: 'water to drink')→ complementary aorist infinitive (the purpose of the water)πίνω: 'drink'; the aorist infinitive πιεῖν is epexegetic, specifying the use of the absent water; πίνω is the lexical anchor of the panel (cf. πίωμεν v. 2, πίεται v. 6).
2

καὶ ἐλοιδορεῖτο ὁ λαὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγοντες δὸς ἡμῖν ὕδωρ ἵνα πίωμεν· καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Μωυσῆς τί λοιδορεῖσθέ μοι καὶ τί πειράζετε κύριον;

And the people quarreled with Moses, saying, 'Give us water that we may drink!' And Moses said to them, 'Why do you quarrel with me, and why do you test the LORD?'

Onset of conflict (consequence of the want in v. 1)καὶ ἐλοιδορεῖτο
The imperfect ἐλοιδορεῖτο presents the quarrel as sustained and rising. Moses' double question (τί … τί …) reframes the dispute: to quarrel with the mediator (λοιδορεῖσθέ μοι) is in fact to test the LORD (πειράζετε κύριον). The two verbs λοιδορέω and πειράζω will jointly furnish the etiology of v. 7 (πειρασμὸς καὶ λοιδόρησις).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλοιδορεῖτοwas quarreling / revilingImpf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · λοιδορέωmain verb (sustained conflict)→ iterative/durative imperfect (the quarrel mounts and persists)λοιδορέω: 'revile / abuse / quarrel'; renders רִיב ('contend / bring a legal dispute'); the middle here is reciprocal-deponent ('wrangle'); this verb generates the place-name λοιδόρησις (Meribah) in v. 7 — the LXX consistently translates the Hebrew name by its meaning.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the corporate Israel as quarreling party; the shift from συναγωγή (v. 1) to λαός marks the people now as the speaking, disputing agent.
πρὸςwith / againstpreposition + accusative (direction of the dispute)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here adversarial ('against / with' in dispute); λοιδορέω πρός renders רִיב עִם, the idiom for bringing a legal-style complaint against someone.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the one disputed against)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/third-declension hybrid in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, dat. Μωυσῇ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the object of adversarial πρός.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech; constructio ad sensum with collective λαός)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the masculine plural participle λέγοντες agrees ad sensum with the collective singular λαός ('the people, [being many], saying'); a common LXX speech-introducing idiom rendering לֵאמֹר.
δὸςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of direct speech (demand)→ ingressive aorist imperative (urgent demand: 'give now')δίδωμι: 'give'; the aorist imperative δός is a peremptory demand directed at Moses as if he, not the LORD, were the water's source — the misdirection Moses corrects in his reply.
ἡμῖνto usDativedative indirect object (recipients of the demand)→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (recipients of the demand).
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of δός→ object specificationὕδωρ: the demanded object; the people treat Moses as the dispenser, sharpening the irony of v. 6 where the LORD himself supplies it from the rock.
ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (introducing subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'so that'; introduces a purpose clause with the subjunctive πίωμεν, expressing the goal of the demand.
πίωμενwe may drinkAor Act Subj 1 Pl · πίνωverb of purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive of purpose (the intended act of drinking)πίνω: 'drink'; the aorist subjunctive in the ἵνα-clause states the purpose of the demand; the same verb anchors the panel from πιεῖν (v. 1) to πίεται (v. 6).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (turn to Moses' reply)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces Moses' rejoinder, redirecting the dispute from himself to the LORD.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the people addressed)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the people addressed).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative: 'why?')→ participant referenceτίς, τί: interrogative pronoun; the accusative neuter τί functions adverbially ('why / for what reason'), rendering מַה / לָמָּה; the doubled τί … τί … structures Moses' two-pronged rebuke.
λοιδορεῖσθέdo you quarrelPres Mid/Pass Indic 2 Pl · λοιδορέωmain verb of question (rebuke)→ progressive present (the ongoing quarreling)λοιδορέω: the same verb as ἐλοιδορεῖτο above; Moses throws the people's own action back at them as a question; the present tense marks the quarrel as still in progress.
μοιwith meDativedative complement of λοιδορεῖσθε (the one quarreled with)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'with me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of λοιδορεῖσθε (the one quarreled with).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the parallel question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative, second question)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'why'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative (adverbial accusative, second question).
πειράζετεdo you test / temptPres Act Indic 2 Pl · πειράζωmain verb of second question (theological reframing)→ progressive present (the ongoing testing)πειράζω: 'test / try / tempt'; renders נִסָּה; Moses reframes the quarrel with him as a testing of the LORD — the key verb generating the place-name πειρασμός (Massah) in v. 7, and the episode recalled at Ps 94(95):8–9 LXX and Heb 3:8–9.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of πειράζετε→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the accusative object identifies the true addressee of the people's complaint — to dispute with Moses is to put YHWH himself to the test.
3

ἐδίψησεν δὲ ἐκεῖ ὁ λαὸς ὕδατι καὶ ἐγόγγυζεν ἐκεῖ ὁ λαὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγοντες ἵνα τί τοῦτο ἀνεβίβασας ἡμᾶς ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἀποκτεῖναι ἡμᾶς καὶ τὰ τέκνα ἡμῶν καὶ τὰ κτήνη τῷ δίψει;

But the people thirsted there for water, and the people murmured there against Moses, saying, 'Why is this—you have brought us up out of Egypt to kill us and our children and the cattle with thirst?'

Intensification of the crisis (the want becomes physical thirst and accusation)ἐδίψησεν δὲ
The δέ-clause escalates from quarreling (v. 2) to murmuring (ἐγόγγυζεν) — the same γογγυσμός vocabulary as the manna crisis (16:7–9). The doubled ἐκεῖ … ἐκεῖ and the doubled ὁ λαός lend a heavy, repetitive cadence. The accusation distorts the Exodus into a death-plot (ἀνεβίβασας … ἀποκτεῖναι), inverting salvation into murder.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐδίψησενthirstedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διψάωmain verb (physical condition)→ ingressive aorist (the people became thirsty)διψάω: 'be thirsty / thirst'; renders צָמֵא; the cognate noun δίψα/δίψος closes the verse (τῷ δίψει), framing the people's complaint between the onset of thirst and the threat of death by thirst.
δὲbut / nownarrative continuative (post-positive, escalating)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locative)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the deictic adverb, doubled in this verse, fixes attention on the single place (Rephidim) that will be renamed in v. 7 — 'there' is the place of testing.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαὸς: meaning 'people'; it serves as subject.
ὕδατιfor waterDativedative of respect/cause (thirsted 'as to water')→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ (dat. ὕδατι): 'water'; the dative specifies that for which they thirst; the third-declension dative ὕδατι contrasts with the nominative ὕδωρ of v. 1.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγόγγυζενwas murmuring / grumblingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · γογγύζωmain verb (sustained complaint)→ durative imperfect (continuous murmuring)γογγύζω: 'murmur / grumble'; an onomatopoetic verb rendering לוּן (Niphal/Hiphil); the γογγυσμός motif characterizes the wilderness generation (cf. 16:2, 7–9; Num 14:2) and is taken up by Paul as a warning at 1 Cor 10:10.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locative, emphatic repetition)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (emphatic repetition)→ participant prominenceλαὸς: meaning 'people'; it serves as subject (emphatic repetition).
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (direction of complaint)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of complaint).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the one murmured against)→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός (the one murmured against).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech, ad sensum)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: speech-introducing participle agreeing ad sensum with collective λαός.
ἵναwhyinterrogative particle (with τί: 'why?')→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα τί: 'why / to what end?'; an idiomatic interrogative ('for what purpose?') rendering לָמָּה; here introduces the people's indignant question.
τίthis / whatAccusativeinterrogative (with ἵνα: 'why?')→ participant referenceτίς, τί: the second member of the idiom ἵνα τί ('why'); the construction frames the complaint as an accusatory demand for Moses' rationale.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (resumptive: 'this [thing], namely that …')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the neuter τοῦτο points to the whole grievance — being led out to die; it adds rhetorical force to the accusatory question.
ἀνεβίβασαςyou brought upAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀναβιβάζωmain verb of the accusation (charge against Moses)→ constative aorist (the completed act of leading out, charged against Moses)ἀναβιβάζω: 'bring up / lead up'; causative of ἀναβαίνω, rendering הֶעֱלָה (Hiphil of עָלָה); the 'going up' from Egypt is standard Exodus idiom; the people charge Moses (2 Sg) — not the LORD — with the deed, distorting deliverance into a death-march.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἀνεβίβασας→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνεβίβασας.
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (source of the exodus)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): standard LXX form of Hebrew מִצְרַיִם; the very place of bondage is now nostalgically implied as preferable to death in the wilderness.
ἀποκτεῖναιto killAor Act Inf · ἀποκτείνωinfinitive of (alleged) purpose (the charged motive of the exodus)→ aorist infinitive of purpose (the imputed murderous intent)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; the infinitive of purpose imputes to Moses a murderous intent — the deliverance is recast as a plot to kill the whole community by thirst; the same rhetorical inversion appears in the manna crisis (16:3).
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of ἀποκτεῖναι→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἀποκτεῖναι.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the victims)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenAccusativeaccusative object of ἀποκτεῖναι (second victim-class)→ object specificationτέκνον: 'child / offspring'; renders בָּנִים / טַף; the inclusion of the children heightens the pathos and the gravity of the charge — the whole future of the people is allegedly imperiled.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with τέκνα)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with τέκνα).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending to livestock)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηcattle / livestockAccusativeaccusative object of ἀποκτεῖναι (third victim-class)→ object specificationκτῆνος (pl. κτήνη): 'cattle / livestock'; renders מִקְנֶה / בְּהֵמָה; the merism 'us, our children, and the cattle' encompasses the whole economy of the household — total death is alleged.
τῷby theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίψειwith thirstDativedative of means/instrument (the agent of death: thirst)→ sphere or referenceδίψος / δίψα (dat. δίψει): 'thirst'; the instrumental dative names the means of the alleged killing; cognate with the verb ἐδίψησεν that opened the verse, framing the complaint between thirst and death by thirst.
4

ἐβόησεν δὲ Μωυσῆς πρὸς κύριον λέγων τί ποιήσω τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ; ἔτι μικρὸν καὶ καταλιθοβολήσουσίν με.

And Moses cried out to the LORD, saying, 'What shall I do with this people? Yet a little, and they will stone me.'

Mediator's appeal (turning from the people to the LORD)ἐβόησεν δὲ Μωυσῆς
Moses turns from the people to the LORD with the lament-verb βοάω. The deliberative subjunctive τί ποιήσω voices the mediator's impasse, and the foreboding ἔτι μικρὸν καί ('yet a little, and …') with the intensive compound καταλιθοβολήσουσιν makes the threat of stoning concrete. The appeal sets up the divine instruction of vv. 5–6.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐβόησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (urgent appeal to God)→ constative aorist (single completed cry)βοάω: 'cry out / shout'; renders צָעַק / זָעַק, the verb of the oppressed crying to God (cf. 14:15; 22:23); Moses' cry models the proper response to crisis over against the people's murmuring (ἐγόγγυζεν, v. 3).
δὲand / sonarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of the cry)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of the cry).
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (addressee of the appeal)→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; Moses appeals directly to YHWH — the true source of water, as the people failed to recognize (v. 2).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the singular participle λέγων (in contrast to plural λέγοντες of vv. 2–3) marks Moses' individual speech; standard LXX speech-introduction rendering לֵאמֹר.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (object of ποιήσω)→ participant referenceτίς, τί: interrogative pronoun; here the direct object of the deliberative verb ('what am I to do?').
ποιήσωshall I doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of question (deliberative subjunctive)→ deliberative aorist subjunctive (the mediator's impasse: 'what am I to do?')ποιέω: 'do / make'; the deliberative subjunctive τί ποιήσω expresses genuine perplexity over the right course of action; the same verb recurs in v. 6 (ἐποίησεν … Μωυσῆς οὕτως), where Moses' obedient doing answers his own question.
τῷwith the / for theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative complement of ποιήσω ('do for/with this people')→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; the dative marks those concerning whom Moses must act; his pastoral problem is the disposition of the whole murmuring community.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative (attributive: 'this people')→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative τούτῳ carries a faint note of exasperation ('this people [of all peoples]'), a tone heard elsewhere in Moses' wilderness laments (cf. Num 11:11–14).
ἔτιyet / a little longertemporal adverb (with μικρόν: 'yet a little')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; the phrase ἔτι μικρόν ('yet a little [while]') renders עוֹד מְעַט, a foreboding idiom of imminence — the crisis is on the verge of turning violent.
μικρὸνa littleAccusativeadverbial accusative (extent of time: 'a little [while]')→ object specificationμικρός: 'small / little'; the adverbial neuter μικρόν measures the brief interval before the threatened violence; ἔτι μικρὸν καί is a paratactic conditional ('a little more, and …').
καὶandparatactic conjunction (apodosis of the implied condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the paratactic 'and' of an implied condition — 'a little [longer] and they will stone me' = 'if a little more passes, they will stone me'; a Hebraizing construction.
καταλιθοβολήσουσίνthey will stone (to death)Fut Act Indic 3 Pl · καταλιθοβολέωmain verb (apodosis: the imminent threat)→ predictive future (the feared violent outcome)καταλιθοβολέω: 'stone down / stone to death'; the double-compound (κατα- + λιθο- + βάλλω) intensifies simple λιθοβολέω, rendering סָקַל; the perfective κατα- envisions completed lethal stoning — Moses fears the lynching that a maddened mob might inflict on its leader (cf. Num 14:10).
μεmeAccusativedirect object of καταλιθοβολήσουσιν→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καταλιθοβολήσουσιν.
5

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν προπορεύου τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου λαβὲ δὲ μετὰ σεαυτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ τὴν ῥάβδον ἐν ᾗ ἐπάταξας τὸν ποταμόν λαβὲ ἐν τῇ χειρί σου καὶ πορεύσῃ.

And the LORD said to Moses, 'Go on ahead of this people, and take with you some of the elders of the people; and the staff with which you struck the river, take in your hand, and go.'

Divine response and instruction (answering Moses' appeal of v. 4)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
The LORD answers the mediator's cry with a chain of imperatives (προπορεύου … λαβέ … λαβέ … πορεύσῃ). The staff is identified as the one ἐν ᾗ ἐπάταξας τὸν ποταμόν ('with which you struck the river'), recalling the first Nile-plague (7:17–20): the same instrument that turned water to blood will now bring water from rock. The elders serve as official witnesses.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces YHWH's instructive reply to Moses' appeal — the standard LXX divine-speech formula.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech in answer to Moses' cry.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (addressee)→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός (addressee).
προπορεύουgo on aheadPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · προπορεύομαιmain verb (first divine imperative)→ durative present imperative (the leader's ongoing forward movement)προπορεύομαι: 'go before / go on ahead'; the compound προ- marks precedence; the present imperative envisages Moses leading the people forward; renders עָבַר לִפְנֵי ('pass over before').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive complement of προπορεύου ('ahead of the people')→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; the genitive marks those whom Moses is to precede; προπορεύομαι takes the genitive of the body led.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative (attributive: 'this people')→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; echoes Moses' own τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ of v. 4 — the LORD takes up the very people Moses despaired of.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (second divine imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (a single decisive taking)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the aorist imperative λαβέ commands a single decisive act; repeated below (λαβέ … ἐν τῇ χειρί σου) for the staff, framing the elders and the staff as the two things Moses must take.
δὲandnarrative continuative (post-positive, linking imperatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σεαυτοῦyourselfGenitivereflexive pronoun (object of μετά: 'with yourself')→ relational specificationσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'yourself'; μετὰ σεαυτοῦ ('with you') stresses that the elders are to accompany Moses personally as witnesses.
ἀπὸfrom / some ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + gen.: here partitive ('some of the elders'), a common LXX use of ἀπό rendering the Hebrew partitive מִן.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationπρεσβύτερος: 'elder / older man'; renders זְקֵנִים; the elders of Israel function as official representatives and legal witnesses (cf. 3:16; 18:12; 24:1); their presence makes the miracle a publicly attested act.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of relationship ('elders of the people')→ relational specificationλαοῦ: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive of relationship ('elders of the people').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the staff to what is taken)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάβδονstaff / rodAccusativedirect object (the staff to be taken)→ object specificationῥάβδος: 'staff / rod'; renders מַטֶּה; the same staff used in the plague-signs and at the sea (4:2–4; 7:9–20; 14:16); here identified by its earlier Nile-striking function and to be reused for the rock.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental, with relative pronoun)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental, with relative pronoun).
whichDativerelative pronoun (instrumental dative: 'with which')→ participant reference or interestὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the dative ᾗ with ἐν is instrumental ('with which you struck'), introducing the identifying clause that links this staff to the Nile-plague.
ἐπάταξαςyou struckAor Act Indic 2 Sg · πατάσσωverb of relative clause (identifying the staff)→ constative aorist (the past Nile-striking)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders הִכָּה (Hiphil of נָכָה); the verb of the Nile-plague (7:17, 20) — the same striking-act will now be applied to the rock (πατάξεις τὴν πέτραν, v. 6), binding the two water-signs together.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμόνriverAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξας (the Nile)→ object specificationποταμός: 'river'; in Exodus regularly the Nile (rendering יְאֹר); the recollection of the striking of the Nile (which turned water to blood) heightens the contrast: the staff that once made water undrinkable will now bring forth drinkable water.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (resumptive imperative for the staff)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive taking of the staff)λαμβάνω: the imperative λαβέ is repeated (cf. above) to resume and emphasize the command regarding the staff after the identifying relative clause.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of place (the staff held 'in your hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; the keyword of the chapter's second panel (the upheld hands of vv. 11–12; the 'hidden hand' of v. 16); here the staff is to be held in Moses' hand as the instrument of the miracle.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύσῃyou shall goFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (imperatival future: 'and go')→ imperatival future (command expressed by the future indicative)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; the future πορεύσῃ functions as a command (imperatival future, a Hebraizing use rendering the Hebrew imperfect/imperative), closing the sequence of instructions with the act of setting out toward the rock.
6

ὅδε ἐγὼ ἕστηκα πρὸ τοῦ σὲ ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας ἐν Χωρηβ· καὶ πατάξεις τὴν πέτραν, καὶ ἐξελεύσεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὕδωρ, καὶ πίεται ὁ λαός μου. ἐποίησεν δὲ Μωυσῆς οὕτως ἐναντίον τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ.

'Behold, I will stand there before you upon the rock in Horeb; and you shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, and my people will drink.' And Moses did so before the sons of Israel.

Divine self-positioning and promise (continuation of the instruction)ὅδε ἐγὼ ἕστηκα
The presentative ὅδε ('behold, here') with the emphatic ἐγώ and the perfect ἕστηκα ('I stand / have taken my stand') stages YHWH's presence ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας ('upon the rock'). Paul reads this rock typologically at 1 Cor 10:4 (ἡ πέτρα δὲ ἦν ὁ Χριστός). The verse closes with the narrator's obedience-formula ἐποίησεν … Μωυσῆς οὕτως, answering Moses' τί ποιήσω of v. 4.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ὅδεbehold / hereNominativepresentative demonstrative (deictic: 'see, here')→ participant prominenceὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: 'this (here)'; used presentatively ('behold / here am I'), rendering הִנֵּה / הִנְנִי; the deictic ὅδε ἐγώ dramatically locates YHWH at the rock before Moses arrives.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic first-person pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic personal pronoun stresses that YHWH himself — not the staff, not Moses — is the true source of the water; he personally takes his stand upon the rock.
ἕστηκαI stand / have taken my standPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (divine self-positioning)→ perfect with present force (a settled standing: 'I am standing')ἵστημι (perf. ἕστηκα): 'stand / have taken a stand'; the intransitive perfect carries present force ('I stand'); the same form recurs of Moses on the hilltop (v. 9, ἐγὼ ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τῆς κορυφῆς), linking YHWH's stand on the rock to Moses' stand over the battle.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (in the articular-infinitive construction 'before you [come]')→ spatial or relational framingπρό + gen.: 'before'; here in the temporal/local construction πρὸ τοῦ σὲ ἐκεῖ ('before you [arrive] there'), an elliptical articular phrase — YHWH stands ready at the rock in advance of Moses.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (governing the elliptical articular construction with σέ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the genitive article τοῦ governs the accusative subject σέ in an elliptical articular-infinitive idiom ('before your [being] there').
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the elliptical articular construction ('before you [are] there')→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σέ): the accusative functions as the subject of the implied infinitive in πρὸ τοῦ σὲ ἐκεῖ; the sense is 'before you arrive there' — YHWH precedes Moses to the rock.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locative)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; points to the rock at Horeb as the appointed place of the miracle.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position: 'upon the rock')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'upon the rock').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέτραςrockGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the rock YHWH stands upon)→ relational specificationπέτρα: 'rock / crag'; renders צוּר; the rock on which YHWH stands and which Moses strikes is the object of Paul's typology at 1 Cor 10:4 (ἡ πέτρα δὲ ἦν ὁ Χριστός — 'and the rock was Christ'); the patristic and NT reading sees the smitten rock yielding life-giving water as a figure of Christ.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΧωρηβHorebdative in sense (indeclinable place-name, object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΧωρηβ: transliteration of Hebrew חֹרֵב; indeclinable in the LXX; Horeb is the 'mountain of God' (3:1), here named as the location of the water-rock, connecting the episode to Sinai.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατάξειςyou shall strikeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (imperatival future: command to strike)→ imperatival future (the commanded blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; the same verb as the Nile-striking of v. 5; the future πατάξεις functions as a command — the single decisive blow that releases the water; the Numbers 20 parallel later turns this striking into a point of contention (Num 20:11).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέτρανrockAccusativedirect object of πατάξεις→ object specificationπέτρα: 'rock'; here the accusative object of the striking; the smitten rock that yields water is the focus of the 1 Cor 10:4 typology.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεύσεταιwill come outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (promised result of the striking)→ predictive future (the assured miracle)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come forth'; renders יָצָא; the future predicts the miraculous emergence of water from the rock — the divine guarantee answering the people's demand of v. 2.
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (the rock as source)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the feminine genitive αὐτῆς refers back to ἡ πέτρα; the water issues 'out of it' — the rock itself is the spring, the image Paul develops at 1 Cor 10:4.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ἐξελεύσεται→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the keyword of the panel now supplied by divine miracle; cf. Ps 77(78):16, 20; 104(105):41 for the poetic celebration of water from the rock.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίεταιwill drinkFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίνωmain verb (final result: the people drink)→ predictive future (the resolution of the crisis)πίνω (fut. mid. πίεται): 'drink'; closes the panel's drinking-chain (πιεῖν v. 1, πίωμεν v. 2); the singular agrees with the collective ὁ λαός; the people's thirst is answered not by Moses but by the LORD.
the / myNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject of πίεται→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; with the possessive μου ('my people') the LORD claims the very community that murmured against him — a tender note of covenant ownership amid the strife.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my people')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): the possessive 'my people' (ὁ λαός μου) marks the covenant bond — despite the testing, YHWH owns Israel as his own.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (narrator's obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (Moses' completed obedience)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the obedience-formula ἐποίησεν … οὕτως ('did so') answers Moses' deliberative τί ποιήσω (v. 4); the LXX uses this formula to register exact compliance with divine command (cf. 7:6; 12:28).
δὲand / sonarrative continuative (post-positive, transition to fulfillment)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner (with ἐποίησεν: 'did so')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; the adverb ties Moses' action precisely to the divine instruction — he did exactly as commanded; renders כֵּן.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (in the presence of: witnesses)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לְעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); the miracle is performed publicly before the sons of Israel — the elders (v. 5) and the people witness it.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל; the public witnessing makes the miracle the answer to the people's doubt (εἰ ἔστιν κύριος ἐν ἡμῖν, v. 7).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive in sense (indeclinable proper noun, with υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; here genitive in the construct 'sons of Israel.'
7

καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου ἐκείνου Πειρασμὸς καὶ Λοιδόρησις διὰ τὴν λοιδορίαν τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ διὰ τὸ πειράζειν κύριον λέγοντας εἰ ἔστιν κύριος ἐν ἡμῖν ἢ οὔ.

And he named the name of that place Testing and Reviling (Massah and Meribah), because of the reviling of the sons of Israel and because they tested the LORD, saying, 'Is the LORD among us or not?'

Place-name etiology (closing the first panel)καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν
The naming-formula closes the panel. The LXX renders the two Hebrew names by meaning — Πειρασμός (Massah, 'testing') and Λοιδόρησις (Meribah, 'strife') — rather than transliterating, exposing the theological content of the episode. The double διά-clause (διὰ τὴν λοιδορίαν … διὰ τὸ πειράζειν) supplies the dual etymology. The people's words εἰ ἔστιν κύριος ἐν ἡμῖν ἢ οὔ epitomize the sin recalled at Ps 94(95):8–9 LXX and quoted at Heb 3:8–9.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπωνόμασενnamed / calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπονομάζωmain verb (naming-formula)→ constative aorist (the act of naming)ἐπονομάζω: 'name / give a name to'; the standard LXX etiological verb (rendering קָרָא שֵׁם); the construction ἐπωνόμασεν τὸ ὄνομα is a cognate-style Hebraism ('named the name'); subject is Moses (or the people indefinitely), naming the place after the events.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐπωνόμασεν (cognate object: 'named the name')→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the cognate object τὸ ὄνομα ('the name') with ἐπονομάζω is a Hebraizing construction rendering וַיִּקְרָא שֵׁם; the naming fixes the theological memory of the episode in the toponym.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the name of the place')→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place / location'; renders מָקוֹם; the place named is Rephidim (v. 1), here given its double interpretive name.
ἐκείνουthatGenitivedemonstrative (attributive: 'that place')→ relational specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the demonstrative distances the place as the well-known scene of Israel's testing.
ΠειρασμὸςTesting (Massah)Nominativepredicate nominative (the name given)→ participant prominenceπειρασμός: 'testing / trial / temptation'; the LXX renders the Hebrew place-name מַסָּה (Massah) by its meaning ('testing') rather than transliterating; cognate with the verb πειράζω (vv. 2, 7) — the name memorializes the people's testing of YHWH.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two name-elements)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛοιδόρησιςReviling (Meribah)Nominativepredicate nominative (second name-element)→ participant prominenceλοιδόρησις: 'reviling / quarreling / abuse'; the LXX renders מְרִיבָה (Meribah) by its meaning ('strife') rather than transliterating; cognate with the verb λοιδορέω (v. 2) and the noun λοιδορίαν below — the name memorializes the people's quarrel; cf. the second Meribah at Num 20:13.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause: first etiology)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of'; the first of two causal phrases supplying the etymology of the double name.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιδορίανreviling / strifeAccusativeaccusative object of διά (cause of the name Λοιδόρησις)→ object specificationλοιδορία: 'reviling / abuse / strife'; cognate with Λοιδόρησις and λοιδορέω; the causal noun explains the first name-element — the place is called 'Reviling' because of the reviling of Israel.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivesubjective genitive (the sons of Israel who reviled)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the subjective genitive identifies the people as the agents of the reviling.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive in sense (indeclinable, with υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; genitive in the construct 'sons of Israel.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second cause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause: second etiology, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: introduces the second causal phrase, here with an articular infinitive (διὰ τὸ πειράζειν, 'because of the testing').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive πειράζειν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the neuter article τό substantivizes the infinitive πειράζειν into a verbal noun governed by διά ('because of the testing').
πειράζεινto test / the testingPres Act Inf · πειράζωarticular infinitive (object of διά: cause of the name Πειρασμός)→ present infinitive (the ongoing act of testing, substantivized)πειράζω: 'test / try / tempt'; the articular infinitive διὰ τὸ πειράζειν ('because of the testing') explains the first name-element Πειρασμός; cognate with the place-name and with πειράζετε (v. 2).
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of πειράζειν→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the object of the people's testing — the very act that names the place and that Heb 3:8–9 holds up as the warning of the wilderness generation.
λέγονταςsayingPres Act Ptcp Acc Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (accusative, agreeing with the implied subject of πειράζειν)→ participial qualificationλέγω: the accusative plural participle λέγοντας agrees with the implied accusative subject of the infinitive πειράζειν (the people); it introduces the quoted words that constitute the testing.
εἰwhether / isinterrogative particle (introducing a direct question of doubt)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: here introducing a direct disjunctive question ('Is …? or not?'); renders the Hebrew interrogative הֲ; the very framing of the question is the essence of the testing.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the direct question (existential: 'is the LORD present?')→ stative present (the contested fact of YHWH's presence)εἰμί: 'be / be present'; the accented ἔστιν here denotes presence/existence ('is [present]'); the people's doubt is whether YHWH is in their midst at all — the deepest form of unbelief.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the subject of the doubting question; the irony is acute — they question YHWH's presence at the very moment and place he provides water from the rock.
ἐνamong / inpreposition + dative (location: 'among us')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'among us').
ἡμῖνusDativedative object of ἐν ('among us')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): the phrase ἐν ἡμῖν ('among us / in our midst') concerns YHWH's covenant presence; the doubt is whether the God who delivered them from Egypt remains with them.
ordisjunctive conjunction (introducing the negative alternative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the disjunctive completes the doubting question 'or not'.
οὔnotnegative particle (elliptical negative alternative: 'or not')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the accented οὔ ends the disjunctive question ('or not'), starkly voicing the possibility of YHWH's absence — the climactic expression of the wilderness unbelief that Scripture repeatedly recalls (Deut 6:16; Ps 94[95]:8–9; Heb 3:8–9).
8

ἦλθεν δὲ Αμαληκ καὶ ἐπολέμει Ισραηλ ἐν Ραφιδιν.

And Amalek came and made war on Israel at Rephidim.

New episode (the second panel: the Amalek battle)ἦλθεν δὲ Αμαληκ
The δέ-clause opens the chapter's second panel with terse abruptness: the aorist ἦλθεν reports Amalek's arrival, the imperfect ἐπολέμει the onset of sustained hostilities. The same locale (ἐν Ραφιδιν, cf. v. 1) binds the two panels. Amalek's unprovoked attack on the thirsty, weary people is remembered as a paradigm of hostility (Deut 25:17–19; 1 Sam 15).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival of the enemy)→ constative aorist (Amalek's coming)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the aorist ἦλθεν reports the abrupt arrival of the enemy; renders בּוֹא; the terse opening contrasts with the extended water-narrative.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive, new episode)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑμαληκAmaleknominative in sense (indeclinable proper noun, subject)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲמָלֵק; indeclinable in the LXX; used both for the eponymous people and collectively for the nation; Amalek, a desert-dwelling people descended from Esau (Gen 36:12), becomes the archetypal enemy of Israel (Deut 25:17–19; 1 Sam 15:2–3).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπολέμειmade war / was fightingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωmain verb (onset of sustained hostilities)→ inceptive/durative imperfect (began and kept up the fighting)πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; renders לָחַם (Niphal); the imperfect frames the war as ongoing, setting up the protracted day-long battle of vv. 11–13; the same verb recurs of YHWH in v. 16 (πολεμεῖ κύριος ἐπὶ Αμαληκ).
ΙσραηλIsraeldative/accusative in sense (indeclinable; object of ἐπολέμει: 'fought against Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; here the object of πολεμέω ('made war on Israel'); the people are named as a corporate whole, the target of Amalek's aggression.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΡαφιδινRephidimdative in sense (indeclinable place-name, object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΡαφιδιν: indeclinable transliteration of רְפִידִים; the same site as the water-crisis (v. 1), binding the two panels of the chapter to a single location.
9

εἶπεν δὲ Μωυσῆς τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἐπίλεξον σεαυτῷ ἄνδρας δυνατοὺς καὶ ἐξελθὼν παράταξαι τῷ Αμαληκ αὔριον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τῆς κορυφῆς τοῦ βουνοῦ, καὶ ἡ ῥάβδος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρί μου.

And Moses said to Joshua, 'Choose out for yourself mighty men, and go out and set yourself in array against Amalek tomorrow; and behold, I will stand on the top of the hill, and the staff of God will be in my hand.'

Commissioning of Joshua (delegating the battle)εἶπεν δὲ Μωυσῆς τῷ Ἰησοῦ
Moses delegates the field-command to Ἰησοῦς (Joshua) — his first appearance in the canon. Moses takes the elevated post (ἐγὼ ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τῆς κορυφῆς, echoing YHWH's stand on the rock in v. 6) with the staff of God. The strategy divides the labor: Joshua wields the sword below, Moses wields the staff above; the chapter will reveal that the upheld staff/hands, not the sword alone, decide the battle.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces Moses' commissioning of Joshua.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
τῷto the / toDativearticle (with the name Ἰησοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἸησοῦJoshuaDativedative indirect object (the one addressed)→ sphere or referenceἸησοῦς (dat. Ἰησοῦ): the LXX name of Joshua son of Nun — graphically and phonetically identical to the NT 'Jesus' (Ἰησοῦς), since both render Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ / יֵשׁוּעַ ('YHWH saves'); this is Joshua's first appearance in the canon, here as Moses' military lieutenant; the shared name underlies the typological reading of Joshua as a figure of Christ (cf. Heb 4:8, where Ἰησοῦς denotes Joshua).
ἐπίλεξονchoose out / selectAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιλέγωmain verb of direct speech (command to Joshua)→ ingressive aorist imperative (a single decisive selection)ἐπιλέγω: 'choose / pick out / select'; the compound ἐπι- marks deliberate selection; renders בָּחַר; Joshua is to handpick capable warriors for the engagement.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage ('choose for yourself')→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ (dat. σεαυτῷ): reflexive pronoun; the dative of advantage marks the men as chosen for Joshua's own command.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἐπίλεξον→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man (male)'; renders אֲנָשִׁים / גְּבָרִים; the warriors selected for the battle.
δυνατοὺςmighty / ableAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνδρας)→ object specificationδυνατός: 'powerful / mighty / able'; renders גִּבּוֹר / חַיִל; ἄνδρας δυνατούς ('mighty men') is standard LXX for valiant warriors (cf. גִּבּוֹרֵי חַיִל).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελθὼνgoing out / having gone outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance: 'go out and …')→ constative aorist participle (the fact of birth)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / march out'; the aorist participle ἐξελθών is coordinate-circumstantial with the following imperative ('go out and draw up') — a common LXX idiom rendering a Hebrew waw + verb sequence; here the military 'going out' to battle.
παράταξαιset yourself in array / draw up for battleAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · παρατάσσωmain verb of direct speech (battle-command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (form the battle-line)παρατάσσω (mid. παρατάσσομαι): 'draw up in battle-array / engage'; renders עָרַךְ (מִלְחָמָה); the middle imperative παράταξαι commands Joshua to form ranks against Amalek; cognate with παρεμβολή ('battle-array', v. 1).
τῷtheDativearticle (with Αμαληκ, dative of hostile engagement)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμαληκAmalekdative in sense (indeclinable; object of παράταξαι: 'against Amalek')→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: indeclinable transliteration of עֲמָלֵק; here with the dative article τῷ marking the hostile party engaged (παρατάσσομαι takes the dative of the one fought).
αὔριονtomorrowadverb of time (the appointed day of battle)→ clausal contributionαὔριον: 'tomorrow / next day'; renders מָחָר; sets the battle for the following day, allowing Moses time to take his position.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection (drawing attention)→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; frozen aorist imperative of εἶδον used as a presentative particle; renders הִנֵּה; here it spotlights Moses' planned position over the battle.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic first-person pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun contrasts Moses' role (standing above with the staff) with Joshua's (fighting below); ἐγὼ ἕστηκα verbally echoes YHWH's ὅδε ἐγὼ ἕστηκα at the rock (v. 6).
ἕστηκαI will stand / take my standPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (Moses' planned position)→ perfect with present/future force (a fixed, settled stand)ἵστημι (perf. ἕστηκα): 'stand / have taken a stand'; the intransitive perfect with present force here projects into the coming battle ('I will be standing'); the verbal echo of v. 6 links Moses' stand over the battle to YHWH's stand on the rock — in both, victory and water flow from the LORD's position.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κορυφῆςtop / summitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (position: 'on the top')→ relational specificationκορυφή: 'top / summit / crown of the head'; renders רֹאשׁ (of a hill); the elevated vantage from which Moses oversees the battle and raises the staff.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνοῦhillGenitivegenitive of relationship ('top of the hill')→ relational specificationβουνός: 'hill / mound'; renders גִּבְעָה; a word of probably Cyrenaic origin adopted into Koine; the hilltop is the elevated stage for the upheld-hands sign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the staff-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάβδοςstaff / rodNominativesubject (of an implied 'will be in my hand')→ participant prominenceῥάβδος: 'staff / rod'; the same staff of the plagues, the sea, and the rock (vv. 5–6); here called ἡ ῥάβδος τοῦ θεοῦ ('the staff of God'), the title given it at 4:20 — its presence in Moses' raised hand signals divine agency in the battle.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of possession/source ('the staff of God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; ἡ ῥάβδος τοῦ θεοῦ ('the staff of God', cf. 4:20) marks the rod as the instrument of divine power, not mere human weaponry — the battle is God's.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of place ('in my hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; the keyword of the second panel; the staff held in the hand prepares for the upheld-hands sign of vv. 11–12 and the 'hidden hand' of v. 16.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
10

καὶ ἐποίησεν Ἰησοῦς καθάπερ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Μωυσῆς, καὶ ἐξελθὼν παρετάξατο τῷ Αμαληκ· καὶ Μωυσῆς καὶ Ααρων καὶ Ωρ ἀνέβησαν ἐπὶ τὴν κορυφὴν τοῦ βουνοῦ.

And Joshua did just as Moses told him, and going out he set himself in array against Amalek; and Moses and Aaron and Hur went up to the top of the hill.

Execution of the command (obedience-formula + ascent)καὶ ἐποίησεν Ἰησοῦς
The obedience-formula ἐποίησεν … καθάπερ εἶπεν registers Joshua's exact compliance (cf. v. 6 of Moses). The verse then splits the scene: Joshua engages below (παρετάξατο), while a triad — Moses, Aaron, and Hur — ascends the hill. The introduction of Ααρων and Ωρ prepares for their supporting role in v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (Joshua's completed compliance)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the obedience-formula ἐποίησεν … καθάπερ εἶπεν ('did just as he said') echoes v. 6 (of Moses); Joshua's first recorded act in Scripture is exact obedience to Moses' word.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἸησοῦς: the LXX name of Joshua son of Nun, identical to the NT 'Jesus'; the nominative form here (cf. dative Ἰησοῦ v. 9, dative Ἰησοῖ v. 14) shows that the name declines as a contracted second-declension noun in the LXX.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing manner clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; an intensified καθώς; introduces the comparison expressing precise correspondence between command and execution.
εἶπενsaid / toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of comparative clause (the prior command)→ constative aorist (the completed command of v. 9)λέγω: refers back to Moses' command of v. 9; the comparison stresses verbatim obedience.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (Joshua, to whom Moses spoke)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Joshua, to whom Moses spoke).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject of εἶπεν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελθὼνgoing out / having gone outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance: 'went out and …')→ constative aorist participle (the fact of birth)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / march out'; the aorist participle (as in v. 9) describes Joshua's marching out to battle, fulfilling the commanded ἐξελθών of the command.
παρετάξατοset himself in array / engagedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρατάσσωmain verb (Joshua forms the battle-line)→ constative aorist (the completed deployment)παρατάσσω (mid. παρετάξατο): 'draw up in battle-array / engage'; the middle indicative reports Joshua's fulfillment of the commanded παράταξαι (v. 9) — he forms the ranks and engages Amalek.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Αμαληκ, dative of engagement)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμαληκAmalekdative in sense (indeclinable; object of παρετάξατο: 'against Amalek')→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: indeclinable; with the dative article τῷ marking the hostile party engaged.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (shift to the hilltop scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject (first of the ascending triad)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject (first of the ascending triad).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronnominative in sense (indeclinable proper noun, coordinate subject)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; Moses' brother and priestly partner, here one of the two who will support Moses' hands (v. 12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΩρHurnominative in sense (indeclinable proper noun, coordinate subject)→ participant identificationΩρ: transliteration of Hebrew חוּר (Hur); indeclinable in the LXX; according to later tradition (Josephus, Ant. 3.2.4) the husband of Miriam; with Aaron he supports Moses' hands (v. 12); appears again as a leader left in charge with Aaron at 24:14.
ἀνέβησανwent up / ascendedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the triad's ascent)→ constative aorist (completed ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; the three ascend the hill to the post Moses described in v. 9, taking up the position over the battle.
ἐπὶto / uponpreposition + accusative (goal of motion: 'up to')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion: 'up to').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κορυφὴνtop / summitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (goal of the ascent)→ object specificationκορυφή: 'top / summit'; here the accusative of goal (with ἐπί of motion), fulfilling Moses' stated intention to stand ἐπὶ τῆς κορυφῆς (v. 9).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνοῦhillGenitivegenitive of relationship ('top of the hill')→ relational specificationβουνός: 'hill / mound'; the same hill named in v. 9, now the stage of the upheld-hands sign.
11

καὶ ἐγίνετο ὅταν ἐπῆρεν Μωυσῆς τὰς χεῖρας κατίσχυεν Ισραηλ· ὅταν δὲ καθῆκεν τὰς χεῖρας κατίσχυεν Αμαληκ.

And it came to pass that whenever Moses lifted up his hands Israel prevailed, but whenever he lowered his hands Amalek prevailed.

Iterative correlation (the rhythm of the battle)καὶ ἐγίνετο
The Hebraizing καὶ ἐγίνετο ('and it came to pass', rendering וַיְהִי) introduces a correlated iterative pattern: ὅταν + aorist (whenever he raised/lowered) with the imperfect κατίσχυεν marking the corresponding ongoing dominance. The verse states the mysterious mechanism — the battle turns on Moses' uplifted hands, read by the Fathers as a figure of prayer and of the cross (cf. Justin, Dial. 90; Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 3.18).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγίνετοit came to pass / kept happeningImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal: 'it came to pass')→ iterative imperfect (the recurring pattern)γίνομαι (impf. ἐγίνετο): 'become / happen'; the impersonal καὶ ἐγίνετο renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי; the imperfect (rather than aorist ἐγένετο) here signals the repeated, oscillating character of what follows.
ὅτανwhenevertemporal conjunction (iterative: 'whenever')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'whenever'; here with the indicative ἐπῆρεν (rather than the classical subjunctive) to express repeated past action — a Koine/LXX construction; the iterative ὅταν … ὅταν δέ structures the verse's oscillation.
ἐπῆρενlifted up / raisedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαίρωverb of iterative temporal clause (Moses raises his hands)→ iterative aorist (each act of raising)ἐπαίρω: 'lift up / raise'; the compound ἐπ- marks upward motion; renders נָשָׂא / הֵרִים (the hand); the raising of the hands — whether of prayer, of the staff, or of blessing — is the decisive gesture; patristic exegesis (Barn. 12; Justin, Dial. 90–91) read the cruciform posture as a prefiguration of the cross.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐπῆρεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject of ἐπῆρεν.
τὰςthe / hisAccusativearticle (possessive in sense: 'his hands')→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπῆρεν→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the panel's keyword; the upheld hands (with the staff of God, v. 9) are the visible link between heaven and the battle; their raising and lowering controls the outcome.
κατίσχυενprevailed / was prevailingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατισχύωmain verb of the apodosis (Israel's dominance)→ iterative/durative imperfect (Israel kept prevailing)κατισχύω: 'prevail / be strong / overpower'; the intensive compound κατα- ('gain the upper hand'); renders גָּבַר; the imperfect marks the sustained dominance that lasted as long as the hands were up.
ΙσραηλIsraelnominative in sense (indeclinable, subject of κατίσχυεν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; subject of the first apodosis — Israel prevails while the hands are raised.
ὅτανwhenevertemporal conjunction (iterative, second member)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: again iterative with the indicative καθῆκεν; the second ὅταν, marked by δέ, states the reverse case.
δὲbutadversative (post-positive, contrasting the two cases)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; here adversative, marking the antithesis between raised and lowered hands.
καθῆκενlowered / let downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίημιverb of iterative temporal clause (Moses lowers his hands)→ iterative aorist (each act of lowering)καθίημι: 'let down / lower'; the compound κατα- marks downward motion; the antonym of ἐπαίρω; the dropping of the hands (from weariness, v. 12) immediately reverses the battle's tide — divine help is tied to the sustained posture.
τὰςthe / hisAccusativearticle (possessive in sense)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of καθῆκεν→ object specificationχεῖρας: meaning 'hands'; it serves as direct object of καθῆκεν.
κατίσχυενprevailed / was prevailingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατισχύωmain verb of the second apodosis (Amalek's dominance)→ iterative/durative imperfect (Amalek kept prevailing)κατισχύω: the same verb as above, now with Amalek as subject — the exact parallelism underscores that the battle's outcome tracks Moses' hands, not the relative strength of the armies.
ΑμαληκAmaleknominative in sense (indeclinable, subject of κατίσχυεν)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: indeclinable; subject of the second apodosis — Amalek prevails while the hands are lowered.
12

αἱ δὲ χεῖρες Μωυσῆ βαρεῖαι· καὶ λαβόντες λίθον ὑπέθηκαν ὑπ᾿ αὐτόν, καὶ ἐκάθητο ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ, καὶ Ααρων καὶ Ωρ ἐστήριζον τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ, ἐντεῦθεν εἷς καὶ ἐντεῦθεν εἷς· καὶ ἐγένοντο αἱ χεῖρες Μωυσῆ ἐστηριγμέναι ἕως δυσμῶν ἡλίου.

But the hands of Moses were heavy; and taking a stone they put it under him, and he sat upon it, and Aaron and Hur supported his hands, one on this side and one on that side; and the hands of Moses were held steady until the setting of the sun.

Crisis and remedy (the failing hands supported)αἱ δὲ χεῖρες Μωυσῆ βαρεῖαι
The verbless clause αἱ δὲ χεῖρες … βαρεῖαι ('but Moses' hands [were] heavy') states the crisis tersely. The remedy unfolds in a chain of coordinated verbs: a stone is set, Moses is seated, and Aaron and Hur hold his hands ἐντεῦθεν … ἐντεῦθεν ('on either side'). The perfect participle ἐστηριγμέναι ('held firm / steadied') with ἐγένοντο forms a periphrastic resultant state lasting ἕως δυσμῶν ἡλίου ('until sunset') — the all-day endurance that secures the victory.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / nowadversative (post-positive, the complication)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; here marks the complication — the hands that decide the battle begin to fail.
χεῖρεςhandsNominativesubject (of the verbless predication 'were heavy')→ participant prominenceχείρ (pl. χεῖρες): 'hands'; the panel's keyword; their heaviness threatens the very mechanism on which the battle depends.
Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive of possession ('Moses' hands')→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς (gen. Μωυσῆ): the indeclinable-looking genitive Μωυσῆ (without final -ς) is the regular Rahlfs LXX genitive of the name; here possessive ('the hands of Moses').
βαρεῖαιheavyNominativepredicate adjective (verbless clause: 'the hands [were] heavy')→ participant prominenceβαρύς, -εῖα, -ύ: 'heavy / weighty'; renders כָּבֵד; the feminine plural βαρεῖαι agrees with χεῖρες; the verbless predication (a Hebraizing nominal clause) reports the onset of fatigue with vivid economy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβόντεςtaking / having takenAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance: 'taking a stone, they …')→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the aorist participle (subject the unnamed helpers, soon specified as Aaron and Hur) describes the taking of the stone preliminary to seating Moses.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of λαβόντες→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the improvised seat that allows Moses to rest while keeping his hands raised.
ὑπέθηκανthey put under / placed beneathAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑποτίθημιmain verb (placing the stone)→ constative aorist (the completed placing)ὑποτίθημι: 'place under / set beneath'; the compound ὑπο- ('under') matches the following ὑπ᾿ αὐτόν; renders שִׂים תַּחַת; they set the stone under Moses as a seat.
ὑπ᾿underpreposition + accusative (position: 'under him', elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under'; the elided form ὑπ᾿ before the rough/smooth vowel; marks the position of the stone beneath Moses.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπ᾿ (Moses)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑπ᾿ (Moses).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθητοhe sat / was sittingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb (Moses seated)→ durative imperfect (he remained seated)κάθημαι: 'sit / be seated'; the imperfect marks Moses' continuing seated posture on the stone — he rests his body while his arms are upheld by others.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (position: 'upon it', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon'; the elided ἐπ᾿; marks Moses' position on the stone.
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπ᾿ (the stone)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπ᾿ (the stone).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronnominative in sense (indeclinable, coordinate subject)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable transliteration of אַהֲרֹן; with Hur, the supporter of Moses' hands.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΩρHurnominative in sense (indeclinable, coordinate subject)→ participant identificationΩρ: indeclinable transliteration of חוּר; with Aaron, supports the other hand.
ἐστήριζονsupported / held upImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · στηρίζωmain verb (the sustained supporting)→ durative imperfect (they kept supporting)στηρίζω: 'support / make firm / hold up'; renders תָּמַךְ; the imperfect marks the continuous holding throughout the day; cognate with the perfect participle ἐστηριγμέναι below, framing the action and its result.
τὰςthe / hisAccusativearticle (possessive in sense)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐστήριζον→ object specificationχείρ: 'hands'; the object of the support — the brothers literally bear up the arms that bear up Israel.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Moses')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Moses').
ἐντεῦθενon this sideadverb of place (one of the paired 'on either side')→ clausal contributionἐντεῦθεν: 'from here / on this side'; repeated ἐντεῦθεν … ἐντεῦθεν renders מִזֶּה … וּמִזֶּה ('on this side … and on that side'), the standard idiom for flanking positions.
εἷςoneNominativesubject in apposition (one supporter on this side)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the distributive 'one … one' specifies that each brother stands on one side of Moses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐντεῦθενon that sideadverb of place (paired with the first ἐντεῦθεν)→ clausal contributionἐντεῦθεν: meaning 'on that side'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἷςoneNominativesubject in apposition (the other supporter)→ measure or countεἷς: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resultant clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοbecame / wereAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιauxiliary verb (periphrastic with ἐστηριγμέναι)→ constative aorist (the resultant settled state)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; here forms a periphrastic construction with the perfect participle ἐστηριγμέναι ('became/were steadied'), expressing the achieved and sustained firmness of the hands.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖρεςhandsNominativesubject of ἐγένοντο→ participant prominenceχεῖρες: meaning 'hands'; it serves as subject of ἐγένοντο.
Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive of possession ('the hands of Moses')→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς (gen. Μωυσῆ): the regular LXX genitive; the inclusio with αἱ … χεῖρες Μωυσῆ at the verse's opening frames the whole remedy.
ἐστηριγμέναιheld steady / made firmPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Fem · στηρίζωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἐγένοντο: 'were steadied')→ participial qualificationστηρίζω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'support / make firm'; the perfect passive participle denotes the resultant settled state ('held firm / steadied'); with ἐγένοντο it forms a periphrastic perfect emphasizing the durative firmness; cognate with ἐστήριζον above.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit: 'until')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; here temporal, marking the endpoint of the sustained firmness — the hands held until sunset.
δυσμῶνsetting / going-downGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (temporal: 'until the setting')→ relational specificationδυσμή (pl. δυσμαί): 'setting (of the sun) / west'; renders בּוֹא (הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ); the plural δυσμῶν ἡλίου ('the sun's setting') marks the end of the day-long battle — the hands were held the entire daylight.
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the setting of the sun')→ relational specificationἥλιος: 'sun'; renders שֶׁמֶשׁ; δυσμῶν ἡλίου ('sunset') closes the temporal frame — the victory required endurance through the whole day.
13

καὶ ἐτρέψατο Ἰησοῦς τὸν Αμαληκ καὶ πάντα τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρας.

And Joshua routed Amalek and all his people with the edge of the sword.

Resolution of the battle (Joshua's victory)καὶ ἐτρέψατο Ἰησοῦς
The aorist ἐτρέψατο ('put to flight / routed') reports the decisive outcome, accomplished by Joshua below while the hands were held above. The phrase ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρας ('with slaughter of the sword') renders the Hebrew לְפִי־חֶרֶב ('by the edge/mouth of the sword'); the victory is real and military, yet the narrative has made clear it depended on the upheld hands.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτρέψατοrouted / put to flightAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τρέπωmain verb (the decisive defeat of Amalek)→ constative aorist (the completed rout)τρέπω (mid. ἐτρέψατο): 'turn / put to flight / rout'; the middle τρέπομαι/ἐτρεψάμην is the standard military idiom 'put to rout'; renders חָלַשׁ ('weaken / overthrow'); Joshua's rout completes the day's battle.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἸησοῦς: the LXX name of Joshua — identical to 'Jesus'; the one who 'saves' Israel in battle here, his name (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, 'YHWH saves') matching his deed; the typological resonance with Christ's victory is drawn out by later Christian readers.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αμαληκ, accusative object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμαληκAmalekaccusative in sense (indeclinable; direct object of ἐτρέψατο)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: indeclinable; with the accusative article τόν marking the direct object — the routed enemy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πάντα τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ('all his people') marks the completeness of the rout — not merely Amalek but his whole fighting force.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeople / hostAccusativedirect object of ἐτρέψατο (coordinate with Αμαληκ)→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; here Amalek's people/army (rendering עַם); the same term used for Israel is applied to the enemy host.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Amalek's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Amalek's).
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by slaughter of the sword')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here instrumental ('by means of'), a Hebraizing use rendering בְּ; introduces the means of the rout.
φόνῳslaughter / killingDativedative of means (instrumental: 'with slaughter')→ sphere or referenceφόνος: 'murder / slaughter / killing'; ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρας ('with slaughter of the sword') renders the Hebrew idiom לְפִי־חֶרֶב ('by the mouth/edge of the sword'); the LXX paraphrases the 'mouth of the sword' as 'slaughter of the sword.'
μαχαίραςof the swordGenitivegenitive of means/instrument (with φόνῳ: 'slaughter of the sword')→ relational specificationμάχαιρα (gen. μαχαίρας): 'sword / large knife'; renders חֶרֶב; the genitive specifies the instrument of the slaughter; the phrase is a stock LXX rendering of the Hebrew 'edge of the sword.'
14

εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν κατάγραψον τοῦτο εἰς μνημόσυνον ἐν βιβλίῳ καὶ δὸς εἰς τὰ ὦτα Ἰησοῖ ὅτι ἀλοιφῇ ἐξαλείψω τὸ μνημόσυνον Αμαληκ ἐκ τῆς ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν.

And the LORD said to Moses, 'Write this down for a memorial in a book, and give it into the ears of Joshua, that with utter blotting I will wipe out the memorial of Amalek from under heaven.'

Divine pronouncement (the memorial and the doom of Amalek)εἶπεν δὲ κύριος
The LORD commands a written memorial (κατάγραψον … ἐν βιβλίῳ) and an oral transmission to Joshua (δὸς εἰς τὰ ὦτα), establishing both textual and oral testimony. The cognate-dative ἀλοιφῇ ἐξαλείψω ('with blotting I will blot out') is a Hebraism rendering the emphatic infinitive absolute מָחֹה אֶמְחֶה — an absolute decree of Amalek's erasure ἐκ τῆς ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν ('from that which is under heaven').
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces YHWH's pronouncement following the victory.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the decree against Amalek.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (addressee)→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός (addressee).
κατάγραψονwrite down / recordAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταγράφωmain verb of direct speech (command to write)→ ingressive aorist imperative (a single act of inscription)καταγράφω: 'write down / record / register'; the compound κατα- ('down') marks formal inscription; renders כָּתַב; the command to commit the event to writing makes Exod 17 one of the earliest explicit references to written record within the Torah narrative.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of κατάγραψον (the event to be recorded)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the neuter τοῦτο points to the whole Amalek episode as the content to be inscribed.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for a memorial')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here of purpose/result ('for / as a memorial'), a common LXX use rendering Hebrew לְ.
μνημόσυνονmemorial / remembranceAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς: 'for a memorial')→ object specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / remembrance'; renders זִכָּרוֹן / זֵכֶר; note the irony of repetition: the event is written as a μνημόσυνον precisely so that the μνημόσυνον of Amalek may be wiped out (same word, below) — memory is preserved on one side and erased on the other.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: 'in a book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'in a book').
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the medium of the record)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the written scroll preserves the memorial; the phrase ἐν βιβλίῳ ('in a book') signals an authoritative, permanent record.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the oral command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὸςgive / put / deliverAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of direct speech (command to recite)→ ingressive aorist imperative (a single decisive delivery)δίδωμι: 'give / put'; the idiom δὸς εἰς τὰ ὦτα ('give into the ears') renders שִׂים בְּאָזְנֵי ('place in the ears of'), i.e. recite aloud so it is heard and remembered — the oral counterpart to the written record.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the ears')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the ears').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'into the ears')→ object specificationοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; the idiom δίδωμι / λαλέω εἰς τὰ ὦτα renders the Hebraism הִדַּבֵּר בְּאָזְנֵי, denoting solemn oral communication intended to be remembered (cf. Exod 11:2).
Ἰησοῖof Joshua / to JoshuaDativedative of relationship (whose ears: 'into the ears of Joshua')→ sphere or referenceἸησοῦς (dat. Ἰησοῖ): the LXX name of Joshua; this dative form Ἰησοῖ is an irregular/archaic variant of the expected Ἰησοῦ (cf. v. 9) — a noted morphological peculiarity of this verse; the recitation 'into the ears of Joshua' charges Israel's future leader with remembering and executing the doom of Amalek (cf. Deut 25:19; 1 Sam 15).
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing the content of the memorial/decree)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that / because'; here introduces the content of what is to be remembered — the divine decree of Amalek's erasure.
ἀλοιφῇwith blotting / wipingDativecognate dative (Hebraism: rendering the emphatic infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceἀλοιφή: 'a wiping / smearing / blotting out'; the cognate dative ἀλοιφῇ ἐξαλείψω ('with blotting I will blot out') is the LXX's rendering of the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute מָחֹה אֶמְחֶה, expressing the certainty and totality of the erasure (cf. ἐκβαλεῖ ὑμᾶς ἐκβολῇ, 11:1, for the same device).
ἐξαλείψωI will wipe out / blot outFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαλείφωmain verb (the divine decree)→ predictive future (the certain divine act of erasure)ἐξαλείφω: 'wipe out / blot out / obliterate'; renders מָחָה; the compound ἐξ- intensifies ('utterly erase'); the same verb used of blotting out names from the book of life (Ps 68[69]:29; cf. Exod 32:32–33); the memorial of Amalek will be totally expunged.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemorial / remembranceAccusativedirect object of ἐξαλείψω→ object specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / remembrance'; the pointed repetition of the word from earlier in the verse: Israel writes a memorial precisely in order that the memorial of Amalek be erased — remembrance secures the forgetting of the enemy (cf. Deut 25:19, 'blot out the remembrance of Amalek').
Αμαληκof Amalekgenitive in sense (indeclinable; 'memorial of Amalek')→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: indeclinable; here functioning as genitive ('the memorial of Amalek') — the object of the divine erasure.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from').
τῆςthat which is / the [land]Genitivesubstantivizing article (with the prepositional phrase: 'that which is under heaven')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: the feminine genitive article τῆς substantivizes the following prepositional phrase ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν ('the [region/earth] under heaven'); the implied noun is γῆς ('land') or χώρας — 'from all that lies under heaven', i.e. from the whole earth.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under heaven', within the substantivized phrase)→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under'; the phrase ἡ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν ('that [which is] under heaven') is an idiom for the whole inhabited earth; renders מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανόνheaven / skyAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό (within the substantivized phrase)→ object specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν ('under heaven') universalizes the erasure — Amalek's memory will vanish from the entire earth.
15

καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Μωυσῆς θυσιαστήριον κυρίῳ καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Κύριός μου καταφυγή.

And Moses built an altar to the LORD, and named it 'The LORD is my refuge.'

Cultic response (Moses builds and names the altar)καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Μωυσῆς
Moses responds to the victory with an altar (θυσιαστήριον) and a name. The naming-formula ἐπωνόμασεν τὸ ὄνομα (cf. v. 7) gives the altar the confession Κύριός μου καταφυγή ('The LORD is my refuge'). The LXX's καταφυγή renders the Hebrew נִסִּי ('my banner', from נֵס), reading the consonants toward 'refuge / flight-place' rather than 'standard' — a distinctive interpretive choice.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (Moses' cultic act)→ constative aorist (the completed building)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; renders בָּנָה; the building of an altar marks a moment of covenantal commemoration (cf. Gen 12:7; 35:7; Exod 24:4) — the victory is acknowledged as the LORD's.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar / place of sacrifice'; a distinctively biblical-Greek formation (from θυσιάζω) coined by the LXX to render מִזְבֵּחַ, reserved for legitimate (usually Israelite/divine) altars, in contrast to βωμός (used for pagan altars).
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage/dedication ('an altar to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative of dedication marks the altar as built for YHWH — the true victor of the battle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπωνόμασενnamed / calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπονομάζωmain verb (naming-formula)→ constative aorist (the act of naming)ἐπονομάζω: 'name / give a name to'; the same naming-verb as v. 7; the construction ἐπωνόμασεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ('named its name') is a Hebraism — here the altar receives a confessional name.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐπωνόμασεν (cognate object)→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the cognate object with ἐπονομάζω (cf. v. 7); the name itself is a creedal statement attached to the altar.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's name)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the altar's name).
Κύριόςthe LORDNominativesubject of the nominal name-clause ('The LORD [is] my refuge')→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the altar-name is a verbless confession Κύριός μου καταφυγή ('The LORD is my refuge'); the Hebrew is יהוה נִסִּי ('the LORD is my banner').
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my refuge')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): the possessive 'my' personalizes the confession — the LORD is refuge for Moses and, representatively, for Israel.
καταφυγήrefuge / place of flightNominativepredicate nominative (the altar-name: '[is] my refuge')→ participant prominenceκαταφυγή: 'refuge / place of flight / asylum'; the LXX renders the Hebrew נֵס/נִסִּי ('banner / standard', from נָסַס) as καταφυγή ('refuge'), apparently associating the consonants with נוּס ('to flee') — a notable interpretive divergence from the MT 'the LORD is my banner'; the same noun is frequent in the Psalms for God as refuge (Ps 9:10; 17[18]:3; 58[59]:17 LXX).
16

ὅτι ἐν χειρὶ κρυφαίᾳ πολεμεῖ κύριος ἐπὶ Αμαληκ ἀπὸ γενεῶν εἰς γενεάς.

for with a hidden hand the LORD wages war against Amalek from generation to generation.

Causal explanation of the altar-name (closing the chapter)ὅτι ἐν χειρὶ κρυφαίᾳ
The ὅτι-clause grounds the altar-name in a declaration of perpetual divine warfare against Amalek. The phrase ἐν χειρὶ κρυφαίᾳ ('with a hidden hand') is a notorious textual crux: the LXX diverges sharply from the obscure Hebrew כִּי־יָד עַל־כֵּס יָהּ ('a hand upon the throne of Yah'), apparently reading כֵּס as related to כָּסָה ('cover / hide'). The 'hidden hand' image closes the panel — the same hand seen upheld in vv. 11–12 now works invisibly across all generations, the present-tense πολεμεῖ marking ongoing, perpetual war.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the altar-name)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; here grounds the name given the altar (v. 15) in the declaration of perpetual divine war; renders כִּי.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental/manner: 'with a hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here instrumental ('with / by'), rendering Hebrew בְּ; introduces the famously obscure phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means (instrumental: 'with a hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; the chapter's keyword returns a final time — from the staff in the hand (v. 9), to the upheld hands (vv. 11–12), to this 'hidden hand' of YHWH; the LXX reads the obscure Hebrew יָד עַל־כֵּס ('a hand upon the throne/seat') as 'with a hidden hand.'
κρυφαίᾳhidden / secretDativeattributive adjective (modifying χειρί: 'hidden hand')→ sphere or referenceκρυφαῖος: 'hidden / secret / concealed'; the rendering reflects the LXX's reading of the Hebrew crux כֵּס (perhaps associated with כָּסָה, 'to cover/hide') rather than 'throne'; the 'hidden hand' image suggests that the LORD wages war against Amalek invisibly and perpetually, beyond the single visible victory at Rephidim — a major divergence from the MT's כֵּס יָהּ ('the throne of Yah').
πολεμεῖwages war / fightsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωmain verb (the perpetual divine warfare)→ gnomic/durative present (ongoing, perpetual war)πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; the same verb as Amalek's attack in v. 8 (ἐπολέμει), now with YHWH as subject — the LORD himself takes up the war Amalek began; the present tense marks it as continual ('keeps making war'), spanning all generations.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of πολεμεῖ→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the perpetual warrior against Amalek — the human battle of vv. 8–13 is revealed as the visible front of a hidden, ongoing divine war.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here hostile ('against'); πολεμέω ἐπί ('wage war against') marks Amalek as the perpetual object of divine enmity.
ΑμαληκAmalekaccusative in sense (indeclinable; object of ἐπί: 'against Amalek')→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: indeclinable; the perpetual enemy of YHWH and his people, against whom the LORD wars from age to age (cf. Deut 25:19; 1 Sam 15; Esth 3:1, where Haman the Agagite descends from Amalek).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal starting point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + gen.: 'from'; with εἰς below forms the temporal merism ἀπὸ γενεῶν εἰς γενεάς ('from generations to generations').
γενεῶνgenerationsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (temporal: 'from generations')→ relational specificationγενεά: 'generation / age'; renders דּוֹר; the phrase ἀπὸ γενεῶν εἰς γενεάς ('from generation to generation') is a standard LXX idiom for perpetuity (rendering מִדֹּר דֹּר / לְדֹר וָדֹר).
εἰςto / untopreposition + accusative (temporal endpoint)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'to / unto'; completes the temporal merism marking unending duration.
γενεάςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal: 'to generations')→ object specificationγενεά (acc. pl. γενεάς): 'generation'; the closing word of the chapter universalizes the divine war against Amalek across all time — the conflict is not over with Rephidim but perpetual.