Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Exodus, Chapter 2ΕΞΟΔΟΣ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

This chapter narrates the birth, exposure, rescue, and early career of Μωυσῆς (Moses), whose name the LXX explains by a Greek folk-etymology (2:10). Several lexical and translational features call for specific notice.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Exodus 2 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. This chapter narrates the birth, exposure, rescue, and early career of Μωυσῆς (Moses), whose name the LXX explains by a Greek folk-etymology (2:10). Several lexical and translational features call for specific notice. (1) θῖβις (2:3, 5, 6): the LXX uses this rare Egyptian loanword (θῖβις / θείβη, transliterating Hebrew תֵּבָה tēbāh) for the papyrus basket/ark of the infant Moses, rather than κιβωτός (the standard word for Noah's ark or the covenant-box); the deliberate choice of the Egyptian loanword signals the translator's awareness of the Egyptian setting and implicitly forges a double resonance with the Noah tēbāh (Gen 6–8 LXX: κιβωτός there, but the same Hebrew word) — an intertextual irony the annotation flags. (2) ἀστεῖος (2:2): the infant is described as 'beautiful/fair'; this precise word recurs in Acts 7:20 (ἀστεῖος τῷ θεῷ, 'beautiful to God') and Heb 11:23 (ἀστεῖον τὸ παιδίον, 'the child was beautiful') — its prominence in the NT Mosaic midrash tradition makes it one of the chapter's most important lexical links, flagged in full below. (3) Μωυσῆς (2:10): Pharaoh's daughter names the child and the LXX provides its own Greek explanation — ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος αὐτὸν ἀνειλόμην ('from the water I drew him up/adopted him'); ἀναιρέω can mean both 'to take up' and 'to adopt,' a nuance exploited in NT Mosaic texts. The Hebrew מֹשֶׁה is from the root מָשָׁה ('to draw out'), so both texts work the same etymological idea, though through different linguistic media. (4) The flight narrative (2:11–15) is the background for Acts 7:23–29 and Heb 11:24–27; key echoes are flagged verse by verse. (5) Σεπφωρα (2:21, LXX: Σεπφωρα, Hebrew צִפֹּרָה Zipporah, 'bird') and Ιοθωρ / Ραγουηλ (2:18; Rahlfs reads Ραγουηλ, the Midianite priest, elsewhere Ιοθωρ; the chapter uses Ραγουηλ) — both are indeclinable transliterations. (6) Γηρσαμ (2:22): Moses names his son Gershom; the LXX preserves the sojourner-etymology — πάροικός εἰμι ἐν γῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ ('I am a sojourner in a foreign land') — a phrase that enters the New Testament sojourner-theology. (7) ἐμνήσθη … τῆς διαθήκης (2:24): the covenant-remembrance formula, where ἐμιμνήσκομαι + genitive renders זָכַר ('remember'); the covenantal chain (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) is cited explicitly. (8) ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς (2:25): the LXX closes the chapter with a passive ('and he was made known to them') where the MT has וַיֵּדַע אֱלֹהִים ('and God knew'); the LXX passive is likely a theological softening of the anthropomorphism, but may also reflect a variant Vorlage or a different parsing of the Hebrew niphal; the divergence is flagged below. The chapter belongs to the 'Old Greek' Exodus translation, which is on the whole more paraphrastic than the kaige sections of the LXX; Rahlfs–Hanhart's main wording is followed throughout.

1

Ἦν δέ τις ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Λευί, ὃς ἔλαβεν μίαν τῶν θυγατέρων Λευί.

Now there was a certain man from the tribe of Levi, who took one of the daughters of Levi.

Scene-setting / new episodeδέ
δέ marks a transition to a new narrative unit; the anarthrous τις ('a certain man') introduces a new character anonymously — his name Ἀμράμ is not given here, a narrative device matching Ruth 1:1 (ἀνὴρ … ἀπό). The indefiniteness underlines the ordinariness of the man from whose union the deliverer will come.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
Ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential main verb (scene-opening)→ progressive imperfect (background state)εἰμί: existential 'there was'; the imperfect sets a background circumstance rather than an event, a common scene-introduction.
δέnownarrative particle (transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςa certain manNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun, anarthrous — new character)→ participant referenceτις: indefinite pronoun used to introduce an unnamed or unnamed-yet character; the anonymity is deliberate — the focus will be on the child, not the father.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: origin within a tribe)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: origin within a tribe).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of source / tribal affiliation→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe / clan'; renders שֵׁבֶט; in the LXX φυλή is the standard term for the twelve tribes of Israel; Levi's priestly identity is here the significant marker.
ΛευίLeviindeclinable proper noun, genitive of apposition (specifying the tribe)→ participant identificationΛευί: transliteration of לֵוִי; the tribe of Levi; the doubling of the Levite identity (he is of Levi, she is a daughter of Levi, v.1) underscores the priestly lineage from which Moses comes.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of relative clause)→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of relative clause).
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb of relative clause (marriage action)→ constative aorist (single completed act: taking a wife)λαμβάνω: 'take'; in the context of marriage, λαμβάνω renders לָקַח, the standard Hebrew idiom for 'take a wife' (cf. Gen 4:19; 6:2; 12:19 LXX); a legal-marital action, not a casual taking.
μίανoneAccusativedirect object (numeral used as indefinite article: 'a daughter of Levi')→ measure or countμία: 'one'; used as indefinite article before the partitive genitive; the Greek idiom renders the Hebrew construct אַחַת מִבְּנוֹת לֵוִי.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρωνdaughtersGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the phrase 'daughters of Levi' echoes the tribal formulation of 1:1 — the marriage is entirely within the Levite tribe, a fact important for Aaron and Moses' priestly credentials.
ΛευίLeviindeclinable proper noun, genitive (specifying whose daughters)→ participant identificationΛευί: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive (specifying whose daughters).
2

καὶ ἐν γαστρὶ ἔλαβεν καὶ ἔτεκεν ἄρσεν· ἰδόντες δὲ αὐτὸ ἀστεῖον ἐσκέπασαν αὐτὸ μῆνας τρεῖς.

And she conceived and bore a male child; and when they saw that it was beautiful they hid it for three months.

Sequential narrativeκαί
Three rapid aorists (ἔλαβεν, ἔτεκεν, ἐσκέπασαν) drive the action; the participle ἰδόντες marks the perception that triggers concealment. The pivotal word is ἀστεῖος — the exact word picked up by Acts 7:20 and Heb 11:23, making this verse the root of the NT Mosaic beauty-tradition.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition (idiom: ἐν γαστρί = 'in the womb')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (idiom: ἐν γαστρί = 'in the womb').
γαστρὶwombDativedative in fixed idiom (ἐν γαστρὶ λαμβάνω = conceive)→ sphere or referenceγαστήρ: 'belly / womb'; the phrase ἐν γαστρὶ λαμβάνω is the standard LXX idiom for 'conceive', rendering הָרָה; cf. Gen 16:4; 21:2.
ἔλαβενconceivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (idiomatic: conceived)→ constative aorist (single event: conception)λαμβάνω: in the idiom ἐν γαστρὶ λαμβάνω, 'conceive'; a Hebraism calquing הָרָה; see Gen 16:4 LXX.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth)→ constative aorist (single completed event: birth)τίκτω: 'give birth / bear'; standard birth-narrative verb in the LXX (cf. Gen 4:1, 2; 16:15).
ἄρσενa male childAccusativedirect object (accusative: what was born)→ object specificationἄρσεν: neuter of ἄρσην, 'male'; used as a substantive, 'a male (child)'; the gender is significant — a male Hebrew child subject to Pharaoh's infanticide decree (1:16, 22).
ἰδόντεςhaving seenAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωtemporal/causal participle (subject: the parents; trigger for concealment)→ constative aorist participle (completed perception that motivates action)ὁράω: 'see / perceive'; the participle is causal-temporal — 'upon seeing that he was beautiful, they hid him.'
δὲnownarrative particle (transitional / mild contrast with parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸit / himAccusativeaccusative direct object (anticipatory: object of both ἰδόντες and ἐσκέπασαν)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object (anticipatory: object of both ἰδόντες and ἐσκέπασαν).
ἀστεῖονbeautiful / fairAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement: seen as beautiful)→ object specificationἀστεῖος: 'fine / beautiful / well-born'; lit. 'of the city (ἄστυ)', hence 'elegant, refined, fair'; a word of unusually high register. NT echoes are prominent and deliberate: Acts 7:20 quotes the child as ἀστεῖος τῷ θεῷ ('beautiful/fair to God,' a superlative Hebraism — 'divinely beautiful'), and Heb 11:23 notes the parents hid Moses because they saw ἀστεῖον τὸ παιδίον. This is the lexical anchor of the NT typological tradition; the word is rare in Greek prose and its choice here is conspicuous.
ἐσκέπασανthey hidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σκεπάζωmain verb (action: concealment)→ constative aorist (single sustained act of hiding for the duration)σκεπάζω: 'cover / conceal / shelter'; renders וַתִּצְפְּנֵהוּ (from צָפַן, 'hide'); Heb 11:23 uses the same root concept (the parents 'hid' the child — ἐκρύβη τρίμηνον).
μῆναςmonthsAccusativeaccusative of duration of time→ object specificationμήν: 'month'; accusative of extent of time; three months is the span before concealment became impossible.
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying μῆνας)→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
3

ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐκ ἠδύναντο αὐτὸ ἔτι κρύπτειν, ἔλαβεν αὐτῷ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ θῖβιν καὶ κατέχρισεν αὐτὴν ἀσφαλτοπίσσῃ καὶ ἐνέβαλεν τὸ παιδίον εἰς αὐτὴν καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὴν εἰς τὸ ἕλος παρὰ τὸν ποταμόν.

But when they could no longer hide it, his mother took for him a θῖβις and caulked it with bitumen-pitch and put the child into it and laid it among the reeds by the river.

Temporal-causal clause (transition from concealment to action)ἐπεὶ δέ
ἐπεί marks the moment of impossibility that drives the mother's strategy; the fourfold καί-chain (ἔλαβεν … κατέχρισεν … ἐνέβαλεν … ἔθηκεν) renders the rapid sequence of the Hebrew wayyiqtol narrative. The key word is θῖβις — the Egyptian loanword that the LXX chooses for this basket.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐπεὶwhen / sincetemporal-causal conjunction (introducing the condition that forces action)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεί: 'when / since / because'; here temporal with causal overtone — the inability to hide is the cause of the mother's action.
δὲbut / nownarrative particle (transitional, mild adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠδύναντοwere ableImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb of temporal clause (modal: inability)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing inability)δύναμαι: 'be able / can'; the imperfect indicates a developing situation — the concealment became progressively untenable.
αὐτὸit / himAccusativedirect object of κρύπτειν→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κρύπτειν.
ἔτιlonger / any moretemporal adverb (with negation: 'no longer')→ clausal contributionἔτι: meaning 'longer'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κρύπτεινto hidePres Act Inf · κρύπτωcomplementary infinitive (object of ἠδύναντο)→ progressive infinitive (ongoing hiding action)κρύπτω: 'hide / conceal'; synonymous with σκεπάζω in v.2; the shift of verb may simply reflect the translator's lexical variation.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (narrative action: first step of mother's plan)→ constative aorist (single completed action)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the mother is now the subject and agent — a shift from the plural of v.2 to singular, focusing the reader on the mother's initiative.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage (for the child's benefit)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'for him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (for the child's benefit).
theNominativearticle (subject)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήτηρmotherNominativesubject (delayed for narrative effect)→ participant prominenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; the mother's identity is known to the reader but not yet named here; the naming as his actual mother will come with dramatic irony in v.8.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (possessive)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (possessive).
θῖβινa basket-ark / θῖβιςAccusativedirect object (the vessel made for the child)→ object specificationθῖβις (also spelled θείβη): an Egyptian loanword transliterating Hebrew תֵּבָה (tēbāh); the term is rare in Greek — it appears in the LXX precisely because the translator recognized the Egyptian provenance of the word. Crucially, the same Hebrew תֵּבָה is used for Noah's ark in Gen 6–8, but the LXX renders Noah's ark as κιβωτός — so the LXX diverges from the NT, where the Moses and Noah narratives both use the same-root imagery. The choice of the Egyptian loanword here is deliberate and marks the Egyptian setting; Hebraists would catch the Noah resonance (both תֵּבָה) while Greek readers would simply hear the loanword.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action: second step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέχρισενcaulked / smearedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταχρίωmain verb (narrative: sealing the basket)→ constative aorist (single completed action)καταχρίω: 'smear over / anoint with / caulk'; a compound of κατά + χρίω ('anoint'); renders וַתַּחְמְרָהּ (from חָמַר, 'daub with bitumen'); the thoroughness of caulking (κατά-) suggests waterproofing.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (the θῖβις, feminine)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the θῖβις, feminine).
ἀσφαλτοπίσσῃwith bitumen-pitchDativedative of instrument (material used for caulking)→ sphere or referenceἀσφαλτόπισσα: a compound noun, 'bitumen-pitch' (ἄσφαλτος + πίσσα); renders Hebrew חֵמָר וָזָפֶת ('bitumen and pitch'); the LXX telescopes the two substances into one compound word, a translator's condensation. Bitumen/asphalt was used in Egypt for waterproofing; cf. Gen 11:3 where ἄσφαλτος renders חֵמָר in the tower of Babel.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: third step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέβαλενput / placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμβάλλωmain verb (placing the child in the basket)→ constative aoristἐμβάλλω: 'throw in / put into'; renders וַתָּשֶׂם ('she placed'); the compound ἐν-βάλλω is slightly more forceful than the Hebrew but means simply 'deposit into.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίονchildAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπαιδίον: diminutive of παῖς, 'child / little child'; the diminutive is appropriate to infancy; this word is used consistently through vv.3–8.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional: into the basket)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: into the basket).
αὐτὴνitAccusativeobject of preposition (the θῖβις)→ spatial or relational framingαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; here it marks the relation signaled by object of preposition (the θῖβις).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: fourth step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενlaid / placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (final placement of the basket)→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place / set / lay'; renders וַתָּשֶׂם; the mother places the sealed basket at the river's edge — a deliberate, careful act, not abandonment.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (the θῖβις with the child)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the θῖβις with the child).
εἰςamong / intopreposition + accusative (location among the reeds)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location among the reeds).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕλοςreeds / marshesAccusativeobject of preposition (location: the reed-marsh)→ spatial or relational framingἕλος: 'marsh / swampy ground / reeds'; renders Hebrew סוּף (sûp̄), 'reeds / rushes'; the same word marks the 'Reed Sea' (יַם סוּף, LXX: ἐρυθρὰ θάλασσα, 'Red Sea') — a foreshadowing connection; Moses placed among the reeds will later lead Israel through them.
παρὰby / besidepreposition + accusative (spatial: along the bank)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (spatial: along the bank).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμόνriverAccusativeobject of preposition (the Nile, referred to as ὁ ποταμός throughout the chapter)→ spatial or relational framingποταμός: 'river'; the Nile is never named in Exodus but referred to as 'the river' (ὁ ποταμός), a convention found throughout chs. 1–14; the definite article assumes the river's identity is obvious.
4

καὶ κατεσκόπευεν ἡ ἀδελφὴ αὐτοῦ μακρόθεν μαθεῖν τί τὸ ἀποβησόμενον αὐτῷ.

And his sister watched from a distance to learn what would happen to him.

Background detail (simultaneous with the placement)καί
The imperfect κατεσκόπευεν sets a continuous background action simultaneous with the mother's departure — she watches while events unfold. The purpose infinitive μαθεῖν signals the sister's role as the narrative's agent of providence in vv.7–8.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεσκόπευενwas watching / keeping watchImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατασκοπεύωmain verb (background continuous action)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing surveillance: 'kept watch')κατασκοπεύω: 'spy out / watch carefully / reconnoitre'; a compound of κατά + σκοπεύω ('look out for'); renders Hebrew וַתֵּתַצַּב (from יָצַב, 'stand / station oneself'); the Greek word implies covert, strategic watching — not mere looking.
theNominativearticle (subject)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφὴsisterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἀδελφή: 'sister'; unnamed here; later identified as Μαριάμ (Miriam, 15:20); the narrative's reticence about names is deliberate — only the child's name matters at this stage.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (the child's sister)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (the child's sister).
μακρόθενfrom a distance / afar offadverb of place (vantage point of watching)→ clausal contributionμακρόθεν: 'from afar'; a compound adverb (μακρο- + -θεν directional suffix); the distance is strategic — close enough to see, far enough not to attract attention.
μαθεῖνto learn / find outAor Act Inf · μανθάνωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist infinitive (purpose: to learn the outcome)μανθάνω: 'learn / come to know / find out'; the purpose of the watch is intelligence-gathering — she needs to know what will happen so she can act.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (indirect question: subject of ἀποβησόμενον)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (indirect question: subject of ἀποβησόμενον).
τὸtheNominativearticle (nominalized participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποβησόμενονthe thing that will happen / the outcomeFut Mid Ptc Nom Sg Neut · ἀποβαίνωsubstantival participle (subject of indirect question: 'what will befall him')→ future participle (prospective: what is going to happen)ἀποβαίνω: 'turn out / result / happen to'; the future participle with articular nominalization is an elegant Greek idiom for 'what would become of him'; the verb can have both positive and negative senses — 'to disembark' or 'to result'; here clearly 'what fate would befall.'
αὐτῷto himDativedative of disadvantage / reference (the child)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage / reference (the child).
5

κατέβη δὲ ἡ θυγάτηρ Φαραω λούσασθαι ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν, καὶ αἱ ἅβραι αὐτῆς παρεπορεύοντο παρὰ τὸν ποταμόν· καὶ ἰδοῦσα τὴν θῖβιν ἐν τῷ ἕλει ἀπέστειλεν τὴν ἅβραν καὶ ἀνείλατο αὐτήν.

And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe at the river, and her maidens were walking along the river; and seeing the θῖβις among the reeds she sent her maidservant and took it up.

New scene / arrival of divine providence's instrumentδέ
δέ marks the arrival of the decisive new character — Pharaoh's daughter — whose descent to bathe is providentially timed. The shift from imperfect παρεπορεύοντο (background: the maidens walking) to aorist ἀπέστειλεν / ἀνείλατο (foreground: the princess's actions) is the standard narrative technique. ἀνείλατο here anticipates the name-etymology at v.10.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
κατέβηcame downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (narrative: arrival at the river)→ constative aorist (single completed action)καταβαίνω: 'go down / descend'; renders וַתֵּרֶד; going 'down' to a river is a natural idiom — the river is typically lower in terrain.
δὲnow / andnarrative particle (transitional: new scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (subject)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; Pharaoh's daughter is the instrument of Moses' rescue and adoption; she is unnamed in the Hebrew text; later rabbinic tradition names her Bithiah (1 Chr 4:18).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive (whose daughter: Pharaoh's daughter)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliteration of פַּרְעֹה (par'ōh), the Egyptian title for the king; throughout Exodus the LXX uses this transliteration without the article in some instances and with it in others; indeclinable.
λούσασθαιto batheAor Mid Inf · λούωinfinitive of purpose (why she came down)→ constative aorist infinitive (purpose: single act of bathing)λούω: 'wash / bathe'; the bathing at the Nile is a common Egyptian ritual practice; renders לִרְחֹץ.
ἐπὶat / bypreposition + accusative (locative: at the river)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (locative: at the river).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμόνriverAccusativeobject of preposition (the Nile)→ spatial or relational framingποταμός: 'river' (= the Nile, as throughout the chapter).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (subject of subordinate clause)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅβραιmaidens / attendantsNominativesubject of background clause→ participant prominenceἅβρα: 'maidservant / attendant / lady's maid'; a word of Semitic origin (cf. Hebrew נַעֲרָה, 'young woman / maidservant'); used in LXX for royal female attendants; cf. Jdt 10:5; Esth 2:9.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship (possessive: the princess's maidens)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (possessive: the princess's maidens).
παρεπορεύοντοwere walking alongImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραπορεύομαιmain verb of background clause (continuous action: walking alongside)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing background action)παραπορεύομαι: 'go along / walk beside'; the imperfect marks the attendants' movement as background — they are a setting for the princess's action, not agents.
παρὰalongpreposition + accusative (spatial: along the river)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'along'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (spatial: along the river).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμόνriverAccusativeobject of preposition→ spatial or relational framingποταμόν: meaning 'river'; here it marks the relation signaled by object of preposition.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (foreground resumes)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοῦσαhaving seen / upon seeingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ὁράωtemporal/causal participle (subject: the princess; triggers her sending)→ constative aorist participle (completed perception)ὁράω: 'see'; the participle marks the moment of perception that sets the rescue in motion; divine providence works through an unbeliever's eyes.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θῖβινthe basket-ark / θῖβιςAccusativedirect object of ἰδοῦσα→ object specificationθῖβις: second occurrence; the Egyptian loanword is used consistently; see v.3 lexical note.
ἐνin / amongpreposition + dative (location: among the reeds)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: among the reeds).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕλειreeds / marshDativedative of location (among the reeds)→ sphere or referenceἕλος: 'marsh / reeds'; same word as v.3 (ἕλος); the basket is exactly where the mother placed it.
ἀπέστειλενshe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (foregrounded action: the princess acts)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders וַתִּשְׁלַח; here the princess sends a maid — a chain of command that keeps the princess's hands free until the formal adoption.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅβρανmaidservantAccusativedirect object (whom she sent)→ object specificationἅβρα: 'maidservant'; same word as above; the individual maid sent to retrieve the basket.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνείλατοtook it up / lifted it outAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb (the retrieval — princess as subject via her maid)→ constative aoristἀναιρέω: 'take up / lift out / adopt'; the middle voice ἀνείλατο is crucial — it means not merely 'to fetch' but can carry the connotation of 'adopt' (ἀναίρεσις as adoption), anticipating the etymological play on Moses' name in v.10 (ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος αὐτὸν ἀνειλόμην). The verb thus foreshadows the formal adoption.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (the θῖβις)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the θῖβις).
6

ἀνοίξασα δὲ ὁρᾷ παιδίον κλαῖον ἐν τῇ θίβει· καὶ ἐφείσατο αὐτοῦ ἡ θυγάτηρ Φαραω καὶ εἶπεν· ἀπὸ τῶν παιδίων τῶν Ἑβραίων τοῦτο.

And opening it she sees a child weeping in the θῖβις; and Pharaoh's daughter had compassion on it and said, 'This is one of the children of the Hebrews.'

Recognition sceneδέ
The historical present ὁρᾷ is vivid — a rare switch from aorists that dramatises the moment of recognition. ἐφείσατο ('had compassion') is the theological hinge: the daughter of Israel's oppressor becomes the instrument of the deliverer's preservation. Her identification of 'a Hebrew child' is knowing — she does not ask whose child; she knows, and chooses mercy.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἀνοίξασαopening / having openedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἀνοίγωtemporal participle (the action before seeing: opening the basket)→ constative aorist participleἀνοίγω: 'open'; the opening of the θῖβις is the hinge of the rescue — the moment the child is revealed to Pharaoh's daughter.
δὲand / nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁρᾷshe seesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (historical present: vivid recognition)→ historical present (vividness: dramatising the moment of seeing)ὁράω: 'see'; the historical present ὁρᾷ in a context dominated by aorists is a marked choice — it foregrounds the instant of seeing as the narrative's climax of section A.
παιδίονa childAccusativedirect object (what she sees)→ object specificationπαιδίον: 'child / infant'; consistent word for the baby throughout; no article — seen for the first time by the princess.
κλαῖονweeping / cryingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Neut · κλαίωadjectival participle (circumstantial description of the child: seen weeping)→ progressive participle (ongoing: the child is in the act of crying)κλαίω: 'weep / cry'; the child's crying is the detail that triggers the princess's pity — the auditory element joins the visual.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: inside the basket)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: inside the basket).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θίβειbasket-ark / θῖβιςDativedative of location (inside the θῖβις)→ sphere or referenceθῖβις: third occurrence; dative singular; see v.3 lexical note.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: the response to seeing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφείσατοhad compassion / sparedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · φείδομαιmain verb (emotional/moral response: mercy)→ constative aorist (compassion as a decisive act)φείδομαι: 'spare / have compassion / refrain from harming'; renders וַתַּחְמֹל ('she had compassion'); the verb in Greek typically means 'spare from destruction'; it is the foundational act of mercy in the narrative — the oppressor's daughter spares the one who will undo the oppressor.
αὐτοῦon it / himGenitivegenitive of object (φείδομαι governs genitive: 'spared him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'on it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of object (φείδομαι governs genitive: 'spared him').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject (delayed for emphasis after the verb)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter (of Pharaoh)'; the delayed subject after the verb is a Hebraism — verb-subject order calquing the Hebrew wayyiqtol clause.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive (Pharaoh's daughter)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive (Pharaoh's daughter).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing direct speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say / speak'; the standard speech-introduction verb.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive identification: 'one of the children of the Hebrews')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive identification: 'one of the children of the Hebrews').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίωνchildrenGenitivepartitive genitive (one of the Hebrew children)→ relational specificationπαιδίον: 'child / infant'; the princess identifies the child by ethnic group — 'one of the children of the Hebrews'; she knows the context (Pharaoh's decree) and acts against it.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (genitive with ethnic noun)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἙβραίωνHebrewsGenitivegenitive of ethnic identification→ relational specificationἙβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; the ethnic term used in Exodus for Israel in the Egyptian context; renders עִבְרִי; the princess's identification is certain — she does not guess.
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject (demonstrative: 'this [child] is one of the Hebrew children')→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (demonstrative: 'this [child] is one of the Hebrew children').
7

καὶ εἶπεν ἡ ἀδελφὴ αὐτοῦ τῇ θυγατρὶ Φαραω· θέλεις καλέσω σοι γυναῖκα τροφεύουσαν ἐκ τῶν Ἑβραίων, καὶ θηλάσει σοι τὸ παιδίον;

And his sister said to Pharaoh's daughter, 'Do you want me to call for you a nursing woman from the Hebrews, and she will nurse the child for you?'

Initiative speech (the sister intervenes)καί
The sister steps forward at exactly the right moment — the narrative implies she had been watching for the opportunity (v.4). Her question is carefully phrased: she offers a nurse without revealing her knowledge of who the child is. θέλεις + subjunctive (καλέσω) is a vivid Greek idiom for a polite request or offer.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφὴsisterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἀδελφή: 'sister'; still unnamed; she seizes the providential moment for which she had stationed herself (v.4).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
τῇto theDativearticle (dative indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὶdaughterDativeindirect object (addressee: Pharaoh's daughter)→ sphere or referenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; here in the dative — the addressee.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive (Pharaoh's daughter)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive (Pharaoh's daughter).
θέλειςdo you want / shall IPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb of offer (introduces deliberative subjunctive)→ progressive present (offer in the moment)θέλω: 'wish / want'; in the construction θέλεις + deliberative subjunctive (καλέσω), the idiom is a polite first-person offer: 'Do you want me to …?' — an elegant Hellenistic idiom for a courteous offer or request.
καλέσωcall / summonAor Act Subj 1 Sg · καλέωdeliberative subjunctive (object of θέλεις: 'shall I call?')→ constative aorist subjunctive (single act: calling the nurse)καλέω: 'call / summon'; the sister offers to summon a nurse — her plan is to bring back the child's actual mother without exposing the connection.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage (for the princess's benefit)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (for the princess's benefit).
γυναῖκαa womanAccusativedirect object of καλέσω→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; here simply 'woman' in the sense of 'female person'; the specific word for 'nurse' follows as a participle.
τροφεύουσανnursing / who nursesPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Fem · τροφεύωadjectival participle (restrictive: a woman who nurses = a nursing woman)→ progressive participle (characterization: one who is currently nursing / a wet-nurse)τροφεύω: 'nurse / suckle / nourish'; from τροφή ('nourishment'); renders the Hebrew מֵינֶקֶת ('nursing woman / wet-nurse'); the participle identifies the woman's function specifically.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: from among the Hebrews)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: from among the Hebrews).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἙβραίωνHebrewsGenitivepartitive genitive (from among the Hebrew people)→ relational specificationἙβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; the sister specifies a Hebrew nurse — practical (the child is Hebrew and may not adapt to an Egyptian wet-nurse), and strategically effective (her mother will be chosen).
καὶandconnective (linking the offer to the result: 'so that she will nurse')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θηλάσειshe will nurseFut Act Indic 3 Sg · θηλάζωmain verb of the second clause (future: result of calling the nurse)→ predictive future (what the nurse will do)θηλάζω: 'suckle / nurse / breastfeed'; renders וְהֵינִיקָה; the future indicates the expected outcome if the offer is accepted.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage (nursing on the princess's behalf / at her commission)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (nursing on the princess's behalf / at her commission).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίονchildAccusativedirect object of θηλάσει→ object specificationπαιδίον: 'child'; the child Moses will be nursed by his own mother at royal wages — an irony the narrative does not over-explain.
8

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ θυγάτηρ Φαραω· πορεύου. ἐλθοῦσα δὲ ἡ νεᾶνις ἐκάλεσεν τὴν μητέρα τοῦ παιδίου.

And Pharaoh's daughter said to her, 'Go.' And the girl went and called the child's mother.

Command and fulfillmentδέ
The narrative is compressed: a single-word command (πορεύου) is immediately fulfilled (ἐκάλεσεν). The irony is complete — the child's own mother is summoned as a stranger. The narrative calls the sister νεᾶνις ('young girl') for the first time, adding a character detail.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲand / nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object (addressee: the sister)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (addressee: the sister).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as subject.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive.
πορεύουgo!Pres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative (command: the princess sends the sister)→ present imperative (immediate command: go now)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; the single-word command summarises the princess's assent to the offer; she grants permission without interrogating the offer.
ἐλθοῦσαgoing / having goneAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἔρχομαιtemporal participle (the sister's movement: before calling)→ constative aorist participle (completed action: she went)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the participle describes the sister's movement in fulfilling the command.
δὲandnarrative particle (transitional: the command is executed)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεᾶνιςyoung girlNominativesubject (the sister, now described as a young girl)→ participant prominenceνεᾶνις: 'young girl / maiden'; a word for a young woman or adolescent girl; used here as a narrative synonym for ἀδελφή, adding a detail of age and character — she is a young girl who acted with the composure of an adult.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / summonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (fulfillment of the offer: calling the nurse)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; the same verb as καλέσω in v.7 — the sister does exactly what she offered to do.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherAccusativedirect object (the one summoned: the child's own mother)→ object specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; the narrative has not yet identified her as such to Pharaoh's daughter — only the reader knows. This is the chapter's supreme irony: the mother is hired to nurse her own child at royal wages.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίουchildGenitivegenitive of relationship (the child's mother)→ relational specificationπαιδίου: meaning 'child'; it serves as genitive of relationship (the child's mother).
9

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἡ θυγάτηρ Φαραω· διατήρησόν μοι τὸ παιδίον τοῦτο καὶ θήλασόν μοι αὐτό, ἐγὼ δὲ δώσω σοι τὸν μισθόν. ἔλαβεν δὲ ἡ γυνὴ τὸ παιδίον καὶ ἐθήλαζεν αὐτό.

And Pharaoh's daughter said to her, 'Keep this child for me and nurse it for me, and I will give you your wages.' So the woman took the child and nursed it.

Commissioning and fulfillmentδέ
The princess formally commissions the mother to be the nurse — an unwitting act of divine providence. The irony reaches its peak: the mother is paid (μισθόν) to care for her own child. The imperfect ἐθήλαζεν marks the nursing as a continuing activity, in contrast to the aorists of the commissioning.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech: to her)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech: to her).
αὐτὴνherAccusativeobject of preposition (the mother, addressed as an anonymous nurse)→ spatial or relational framingαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; here it marks the relation signaled by object of preposition (the mother, addressed as an anonymous nurse).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as subject.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive.
διατήρησόνkeep / preserveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · διατηρέωimperative (command: preserve the child)→ constative aorist imperative (decisive command: take charge of this child)διατηρέω: 'keep / preserve / maintain'; a compound of διά + τηρέω ('guard/keep'); renders שִׁמְרִי ('keep/guard'); the princess's command to 'keep' the child has a double force — guard him and maintain him.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage (on my behalf: the princess commissions the nursing)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (on my behalf: the princess commissions the nursing).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίονchildAccusativedirect object of διατήρησόν→ object specificationπαιδίον: meaning 'child'; it serves as direct object of διατήρησόν.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying παιδίον: 'this particular child')→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective (modifying παιδίον: 'this particular child').
καὶandconnective (linking two commands)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θήλασόνnurse / suckleAor Act Impv 2 Sg · θηλάζωimperative (second command: nurse the child)→ constative aorist imperativeθηλάζω: 'nurse / suckle'; the same verb as θηλάσει in v.7; now a command that fulfils the sister's offer exactly.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
αὐτόit / himAccusativedirect object of θήλασόν→ participant referenceαὐτό: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θήλασόν.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (the princess commits herself personally)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic personal pronoun; the emphatic ἐγώ stresses the princess's personal commitment to pay — a formal commissioning.
δὲand / butnarrative particle (contrastive: 'for my part I will pay')→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (promise: I will pay your wages)→ predictive future (commitment to pay)δίδωμι: 'give'; the future is a promise — the princess guarantees payment; the mother is thus paid by royal funds to nurture the deliverer.
σοιyouDativeindirect object (the nurse / mother, recipient of the wage)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (the nurse / mother, recipient of the wage).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθόνwages / payAccusativedirect object (the wage promised)→ object specificationμισθός: 'wages / pay / reward'; renders שָׂכָר; the word will recur in Ruth 2:12 (μισθός, 'reward') in a very different theological context; here it is the ironic compensation of the mother for nursing her own child under royal commission.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (the mother accepts the child: fulfillment)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the mother takes back her own child — the irony is complete and the narrative drives forward without pausing to note it.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject (the mother, referred to as 'the woman' — identity concealed from the princess)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'; the narrator calls her 'the woman' (γυνή) not 'the mother' — preserving the dramatic irony; to the princess she is simply the hired nurse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίονchildAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπαιδίον: meaning 'child'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθήλαζενnursed / was nursingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θηλάζωmain verb (continuous nursing over a period)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing activity: nursing over the weaning period)θηλάζω: 'nurse / suckle'; the imperfect marks the nursing as an ongoing, durative activity — not a single act but the whole period of nursing, until v.10.
αὐτόit / himAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτό: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
10

ἁδρυνθέντος δὲ τοῦ παιδίου εἰσήγαγεν αὐτὸ πρὸς τὴν θυγατέρα Φαραω, καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτῇ εἰς υἱόν· ἐπωνόμασεν δὲ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Μωυσῆν λέγουσα· ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος αὐτὸν ἀνειλόμην.

When the child had grown, she brought it in to Pharaoh's daughter, and it became to her a son; and she named him Moses, saying, 'From the water I drew him up.'

Resolution and naming: climax of the rescue unitδέ
The genitive absolute ἁδρυνθέντος τοῦ παιδίου marks the transition from the nursing period. The naming formula (ἐπωνόμασεν … λέγουσα) and the etymology are the chapter's first major crux: the LXX gives a Greek folk-etymology of Μωυσῆς from ἀναιρέω (ἀνείλατο in v.5, ἀνειλόμην here), meaning 'draw up / adopt from water.'
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἁδρυνθέντοςhaving grown / when grownAor Pass Ptc Gen Sg Neut · ἁδρύνωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'when the child had grown')→ constative aorist participle (completed process: the child has reached a stage of growth)ἁδρύνω: 'grow up / become mature / be weaned'; from ἁδρός ('full-grown, thick'); renders וַיִּגְדַּל ('he grew up'); in this context weaning is the specific growth meant — the end of nursing is the point of transition.
δὲand / nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (genitive absolute: subject of the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίουchildGenitivegenitive absolute subject→ relational specificationπαιδίου: meaning 'child'; it serves as genitive absolute subject.
εἰσήγαγενbrought in / presentedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (the mother presents the weaned child to the princess)→ constative aorist (single completed act: formal presentation)εἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead in / introduce'; a compound of εἰς + ἄγω; the formal presentation of the child to the princess marks the completion of the nursing arrangement and the transition to adoption.
αὐτὸit / himAccusativedirect object (the child)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the child).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: to Pharaoh's daughter)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to Pharaoh's daughter).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativeobject of preposition (Pharaoh's daughter, the adoptive mother)→ spatial or relational framingθυγατέρα: meaning 'daughter'; here it marks the relation signaled by object of preposition (Pharaoh's daughter, the adoptive mother).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (adoption formula: 'became to her a son')→ constative aorist (the adoption is a legal/relational transformation)γίνομαι: 'become'; the construction ἐγένετο αὐτῇ εἰς υἱόν ('became to her as a son') is a Hebraism calquing וַיְהִי-לָהּ לְבֵן; the εἰς + accusative predicate is a standard LXX Hebraism for 'became' (cf. Gen 2:7; Ruth 4:17).
αὐτῇto herDativedative of reference / possession (to her / for her: she acquires a son)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of reference / possession (to her / for her: she acquires a son).
εἰςas / intopreposition (Hebraism: εἰς + accusative as predicate complement = 'as a son')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: used as the equivalent of the Hebrew לְ ('as / became a son'); a Hebraism pervading the LXX (cf. Ruth 4:17: ἐγεννήθη υἱός).
υἱόνa sonAccusativepredicate complement (after εἰς: she adopted him as her son)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the legal adoption is complete; Heb 11:24 picks up this adoptive relationship: Moses 'refused to be called the son of Pharaoh's daughter' (υἱὸς θυγατρὸς Φαραώ).
ἐπωνόμασενnamed / calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπονομάζωmain verb (naming formula: she named him)→ constative aorist (the naming is a definitive act)ἐπονομάζω: 'name / call by name / give a name to'; a compound of ἐπί + ὀνομάζω; renders וַתִּקְרָא ('she called'); the naming of Moses by Pharaoh's daughter is both ironic and providential.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object (the name she gave)→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the naming formula τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ = 'his name'; naming in the ancient world carried both identity and meaning.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his name)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (his name).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativedirect object / predicate of naming (accusative: she named him Moses)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: Greek form of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה (Mōšeh); the name is declinable in Greek (Μωυσῆς, -έως), which distinguishes it from the indeclinable proper nouns of the chapter; the Greek etymology the princess gives (ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος ἀνείλατο) connects to ἀναιρέω ('draw up / adopt'), while the Hebrew connects to מָשָׁה ('draw out') — both converging on the water-rescue narrative.
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · λέγωcircumstantial participle introducing direct speech (explaining the name)→ progressive participle (contemporaneous: as she named him, she said)λέγω: 'say'; the participle introduces the etymology explanation.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: the origin of the rescue)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: the origin of the rescue).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive after ἐκ (source: from the water)→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the Nile water from which Moses was drawn; the water that was meant to destroy Israel's sons (1:22) becomes the element from which the deliverer is rescued — inversion of judgment.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀνειλόμην→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνειλόμην.
ἀνειλόμηνI drew up / I took up / I adoptedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb of the naming explanation (the princess's explanation of the name)→ constative aorist (the single act of drawing out from the water as the basis of the name)ἀναιρέω: 'take up / lift out / adopt'; middle ἀνειλόμην = 'I drew up for myself / I adopted'; this verb was used in v.5 (ἀνείλατο) for the physical retrieval of the basket, and now reappears in the name-etymology in first person — linking the act to the name. The Greek folk-etymology understands Moses as 'drawn-up one' from ἀνα-αιρέω, while the Hebrew מֹשֶׁה relates to מָשָׁה ('draw out'); the two languages work the same rescue-from-water concept through different lexical routes.
11

ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ταῖς πολλαῖς ἐκείναις μέγας γενόμενος Μωυσῆς ἐξῆλθεν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ· περιβλεψάμενος δὲ τῇ ὅρασει αὐτῶν εἶδεν ἄνθρωπον Αἰγύπτιον τύπτοντά τινα Ἑβραῖον τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἀδελφῶν τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ.

Now it came to pass in those many days, Moses having grown up went out to his brothers the sons of Israel; and looking around at their situation he saw an Egyptian man striking a certain Hebrew, one of his own brothers the sons of Israel.

Temporal transition to adulthood (new episode)ἐγένετο δέ
ἐγένετο δέ calques the Hebrew וַיְהִי, marking a new narrative unit (section B). The double identification of the Hebrews as both 'brothers' and 'sons of Israel' signals Moses' identification with his people of origin rather than his adoptive Egyptian status — the choice Heb 11:24–25 will interpret as a decision of faith. The circling look (περιβλεψάμενος) before striking echoes Acts 7:24 ('he avenged the one being wronged').
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative frame formula: opening a new episode)→ constative aorist (inaugurating the new scene)γίνομαι: 'come to pass / happen'; ἐγένετο δέ is a near-equivalent of καὶ ἐγένετο — both calque וַיְהִי; the narrative frame device marks a significant time-jump.
δὲnownarrative particle (transitional: new episode)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: in those days)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: in those days).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (temporal: 'in those days')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the phrase 'in those many days' signals the passage of a long period — the adult Moses has matured in the Egyptian court.
ταῖςthoseDativearticle (attributive with demonstrative ἐκείναις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολλαῖςmanyDativeattributive adjective (the many days: a long time)→ sphere or referenceπολύς: 'many / much'; 'many days' = a long period; Acts 7:23 says Moses was 'forty years old' when he went to his brothers.
ἐκείναιςthoseDativedemonstrative adjective (referring back to the time of the previous narrative)→ sphere or referenceἐκείναις: meaning 'those'; it serves as demonstrative adjective (referring back to the time of the previous narrative).
μέγαςgreat / grown upNominativepredicate adjective with genitive absolute participle (describing Moses' state when he went out)→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great / large / grown'; here in the sense of 'having grown to maturity'; the same idea as ἁδρυνθέντος in v.10 but applied to adulthood; Acts 7:23 makes explicit that Moses was 40 years old.
γενόμενοςhaving becomeAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · γίνομαιparticiple in agreement with Μωυσῆς (temporal/circumstantial: having grown up)→ constative aorist participle (completed process: he has grown to maturity)γίνομαι: 'become'; γενόμενος + μέγας = 'having become great / grown up'; Heb 11:24 uses μέγας γενόμενος Μωυσῆς identically — a quotation of this exact LXX phrase.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: nom. sg. of the declinable form; Moses is now the narrative's active subject in his own right.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the decisive action: going out to his people)→ constative aorist (single completed action with major narrative weight)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come out'; Moses goes out from the palace to the Hebrew labour camps — a crossing of worlds that is the thematic heart of this section. Acts 7:23: 'it entered his heart to visit his brothers.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: to his brothers)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to his brothers).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativeobject of πρός (the Hebrews, called 'brothers' — a term of ethnic-covenantal solidarity)→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; Moses identifies the Hebrews as his brothers — he chooses his people of birth over his adoptive identity; this is the choice Heb 11:24–25 attributes to faith.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (his own brothers: identification)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (his own brothers: identification).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (appositive)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeappositive to ἀδελφούς (further identification: sons of Israel = Israel's sons)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the phrase 'sons of Israel' (υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ) is the standard LXX term for the Israelite people as the covenant community.
ἸσραήλIsraelindeclinable proper noun, genitive (whose sons: Israel's sons)→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in Greek; the covenant name of the patriarch Jacob, extended to the people.
περιβλεψάμενοςlooking aroundAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · περιβλέπωtemporal/circumstantial participle (Moses looks around before acting: wary)→ constative aorist participle (completed look: a decisive, cautious survey)περιβλέπω: 'look around / look about'; the compound περί + βλέπω means to look in all directions; Moses checks to see if anyone is watching before he strikes the Egyptian — a detail that humanizes him and explains the concealment attempt of v.12.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇin theDativearticle (dative of respect: 'in respect of their appearance / sight')→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρασειsight / appearanceDativedative of respect (πρβλεπ- + dative: 'looking in regard to their sight / situation')→ sphere or referenceὅρασις: 'sight / appearance / vision'; renders Hebrew בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר ('in all that'); the phrase is somewhat awkward and may reflect a Hebraism; it suggests Moses surveying the scene — looking at the situation as a whole.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession / reference (referring to the Hebrews)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession / reference (referring to the Hebrews).
εἶδενhe sawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (what Moses saw: the Egyptian striking)→ constative aorist (the single act of seeing that triggers his action)ὁράω: 'see'; Acts 7:24: 'seeing one of them being wronged.'
ἄνθρωπονa manAccusativedirect object (what Moses saw: a man)→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; used here generically before the ethnic identifier Αἰγύπτιον follows.
ΑἰγύπτιονEgyptianAccusativeaccusative adjective in apposition / predicate (an Egyptian man)→ object specificationΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; renders מִצְרִי; the nationality of the aggressor is the narrative's point — it is oppressor against oppressed.
τύπτοντάstriking / beatingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · τύπτωadjectival participle (describing the Egyptian: caught in the act of striking)→ progressive participle (ongoing: the striking is in progress when Moses sees it)τύπτω: 'strike / beat / hit'; the present participle indicates the action is in progress — Moses sees the beating happening; Acts 7:24 uses ἀδικούμενον ('being wronged').
τιναa certainAccusativeindefinite pronoun (the Hebrew victim, specific but unnamed)→ participant referenceτις: indefinite; the victim is a specific individual within the group — 'a certain Hebrew.'
ἙβραῖονHebrewAccusativeaccusative in apposition to τινα (a certain Hebrew man)→ object specificationἙβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; the ethnic identity of the victim, completing the scene.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (genitive of group)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive genitive (Moses' own brothers: personal identification)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'his own'; emphasises Moses' personal sense of solidarity — these are his own kinsmen.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivegenitive of group (the Hebrew as one of Moses' own brothers)→ relational specificationἀδελφῶν: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive of group (the Hebrew as one of Moses' own brothers).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive in apposition (sons of Israel: further identification of his brothers)→ relational specificationυἱῶν: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive in apposition (sons of Israel: further identification of his brothers).
ἸσραήλIsraelindeclinable proper noun, genitive→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive.
12

περιβλεψάμενος δὲ ὧδε καὶ ὧδε οὐχ ὁρᾷ οὐδένα, καὶ πατάξας τὸν Αἰγύπτιον ἔκρυψεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἄμμῳ.

And looking about this way and that he sees no one, and striking the Egyptian he hid him in the sand.

Sequential action (Moses acts decisively)δέ
The historical present ὁρᾷ again (as in v.6) dramatises the moment — Moses' quick scan. The aorist πατάξας then ἔκρυψεν narrate the act and its concealment. Acts 7:24 interprets this as Moses 'defending' (ἠμύνατο) the oppressed man, framing it positively; the LXX is more morally neutral.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
περιβλεψάμενοςlooking aroundAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · περιβλέπωtemporal participle (Moses' cautious survey before acting)→ constative aorist participleπεριβλέπω: see v.11; repeated here for the second cautious look — Moses is deliberate, not impulsive.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὧδεthis way / hereadverb of place (one direction of his look)→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here / this way / in this direction'; the repeated ὧδε καὶ ὧδε = 'this way and that' renders הֲכֹה וָהֲכֹה.
καὶandconnective (linking the two directions of the look)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὧδεthat way / thereadverb of place (the other direction: 'this way and that')→ clausal contributionὧδε: meaning 'that way'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὐχno / notnegation (before vowel: οὐχ instead of οὐ)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'no'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὁρᾷhe seesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (historical present: dramatising the moment of decision)→ historical present (vividness: the tense draws the reader into Moses' perspective)ὁράω: 'see'; the historical present (cf. v.6) is a narrative technique for heightening immediacy at pivotal moments; Moses sees no witness.
οὐδέναno one / anyoneAccusativedirect object (negative: no one seen)→ object specificationοὐδείς: 'no one'; the combination οὐχ … οὐδένα is emphatic double negation — he sees absolutely no one.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: then he struck)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατάξαςhaving struckAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πατάσσωtemporal participle (the strike precedes the hiding: 'striking him, he hid him')→ constative aorist participle (the completed blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / slay'; a word used for deadly violence (cf. 1 Sam 17:49; 2 Sam 1:15 LXX); the act renders וַיַּכֵּהוּ ('he struck him down'); Acts 7:24: ἐποίησεν ἐκδίκησιν ('he executed vengeance').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιονEgyptianAccusativedirect object of πατάξας (the Egyptian whom he struck)→ object specificationΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the narrative does not condemn or justify Moses' action — it records it without evaluative comment.
ἔκρυψενhe hidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρύπτωmain verb (the concealment of the body)→ constative aoristκρύπτω: 'hide / conceal'; the same root as κρύπτειν in v.3 (the mother hid the child) — a verbal echo: concealment runs through the chapter as a theme.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (the Egyptian corpse)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the Egyptian corpse).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in the sand)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: in the sand).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμμῳsandDativedative of place (locative: in the sand)→ sphere or referenceἄμμος: 'sand'; renders בַּחוֹל ('in the sand'); in Egypt, sand is the natural medium for concealment near the Nile; sand burials were known in Egyptian practice.
13

ἐξελθὼν δὲ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ δευτέρᾳ ὁρᾷ δύο ἄνδρας Ἑβραίους διαπληκτιζομένους· καὶ λέγει τῷ ἀδικοῦντι· διὰ τί σὺ τύπτεις τὸν πλησίον;

And going out on the second day he sees two Hebrew men fighting; and he says to the one who was doing wrong, 'Why do you strike your neighbor?'

Second encounter: the next day (continuation, contrast with v.11–12)δέ
Historical presents ὁρᾷ and λέγει continue the vivid narration. The verbal echo of τύπτεις (cf. τύπτοντά in v.11) links the two episodes: yesterday Moses saw an Egyptian striking a Hebrew; today he rebukes a Hebrew striking a Hebrew. The ethical question 'why do you strike your neighbor?' (διὰ τί σὺ τύπτεις τὸν πλησίον;) sets Moses as would-be judge of his own people.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐξελθὼνgoing out / having gone outAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιtemporal participle (Moses goes out again, as in v.11)→ constative aorist participle (completed action: he went out again)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the same verb as ἐξῆλθεν in v.11; Moses returns to the Hebrew community the following day.
δὲand / nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (on the second day)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the definite article + ordinal marks the very next day; the juxtaposition of the two days (the Egyptian killing, then the Hebrew quarrel) is deliberate.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρᾳsecondDativeordinal numeral adjective (the second day)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; the second day echoes the 'second time' motif that Acts 7:26 makes explicit: 'the following day he appeared.'
ὁρᾷhe seesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (historical present: vivid narration)→ historical presentὁράω: 'see'; the historical present appears for the third time in climactic narrative moments.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (two men: contrast with the single Egyptian-Hebrew conflict of v.11)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; two Hebrews quarrelling — the problem of Hebrew-on-Hebrew violence, contrasting with the Egyptian-on-Hebrew violence of the day before.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ὁρᾷ (what he sees: two men)→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; adult males in conflict.
ἙβραίουςHebrewAccusativeaccusative adjective in apposition (Hebrew men)→ object specificationἙβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; the ethnic marker is crucial — these are Moses' own people; the conflict is internal.
διαπληκτιζομένουςfighting / quarrelingPres Mid Ptc Acc Pl Masc · διαπληκτίζομαιadjectival participle (describing the two men: caught fighting)→ progressive participle (ongoing: the fight is in progress)διαπληκτίζομαι: 'fight / quarrel / strike each other'; a compound verb with dia- (mutual action); rare; renders נִצִּים ('fighting each other'); Acts 7:26: μαχομένους ('fighting').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech (historical present: vivid intervention)→ historical presentλέγω: 'say'; the continuation of historical presents maintains vividness.
τῷto theDativearticle (dative of indirect object with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικοῦντιone doing wrong / wrongdoerPres Act Ptc Dat Sg Masc · ἀδικέωsubstantival participle (the aggressor: indirect object of λέγει)→ progressive participle (in the act of wronging: the wrongdoing is current)ἀδικέω: 'do wrong / act unjustly / injure'; a key ethical term; the description of the aggressor as ὁ ἀδικῶν ('the one doing wrong') places Moses in the role of moral arbiter — a role his compatriot will challenge in v.14.
διὰwhypreposition in interrogative idiom (διὰ τί = 'why?')→ spatial or relational framingδιά: 'through / because of'; in the interrogative formula διὰ τί ('why?'), it renders לָמָּה; a Hebraism calqued into Greek.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (in fixed phrase: 'why?')→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (in fixed phrase: 'why?').
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (the accusation is personal and direct)→ participant referenceσύ: 'you'; the emphatic pronoun makes the rebuke direct and pointed — Moses singles out the aggressor.
τύπτειςstrike / beatPres Act Indic 2 Sg · τύπτωmain verb of the question (the rebuke: why are you striking?)→ progressive present (the striking is happening now: caught in the act)τύπτω: 'strike / beat'; the same verb as τύπτοντά in v.11 — verbal echo linking the Egyptian's violence against the Hebrew and now the Hebrew's violence against a Hebrew; the question frames Moses' role as judge and mediator.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighbor / fellowAccusativedirect object (the man being struck: 'your neighbor')→ object specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor / fellow'; an adverb used as a noun; renders רֵעֶךָ ('your companion / neighbor'); the word carries covenantal weight — the tenth commandment uses it (οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις … τοῦ πλησίον, Exod 20:17). Moses appeals to a standard of mutual obligation.
14

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· τίς σε κατέστησεν ἄρχοντα καὶ δικαστὴν ἐφ᾿ ἡμῶν; μὴ ἀνελεῖν με σὺ θέλεις ὃν τρόπον ἀνεῖλες χθὲς τὸν Αἰγύπτιον; ἐφοβήθη δὲ Μωυσῆς καὶ εἶπεν· εἰ οὕτως ἐμφανές ἐστιν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο.

But he said, 'Who appointed you ruler and judge over us? Do you want to kill me the way you killed the Egyptian yesterday?' And Moses was afraid and said, 'Has this matter become so public?'

Reversal / confrontation (the wrongdoer exposes Moses)δέ
The Hebrew's response is a double challenge: Moses has no legitimate authority over them (τίς σε κατέστησεν ἄρχοντα καὶ δικαστήν;), and his own act of yesterday is known. Acts 7:27–28 quotes this almost verbatim, reading it as the rejection that prefigures Israel's rejection of Moses (and of Christ). Moses' fear (ἐφοβήθη) is the moral and narrative pivot: the deed is exposed.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
he / the manNominativearticle used as demonstrative pronoun (subject: the man who is in the wrong responds)→ noun-phrase markingὁ δέ: a standard Hellenistic-Greek narrative pronoun construction for a change of speaker ('and he said'); common in the LXX and NT.
δὲand / butnarrative particle (change of speaker / mild adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of rhetorical question: 'who made you?')→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; the rhetorical question denies Moses any legitimate authority — it is a challenge, not a real question.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object of κατέστησεν (whom the appointing concerns)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of κατέστησεν (whom the appointing concerns).
κατέστησενappointed / set upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb of the rhetorical question (the act of appointment denied)→ constative aorist (the challenged appointment)καθίστημι: 'appoint / set / establish'; renders שָׂם ('set / appoint'); Acts 7:27 quotes this almost verbatim: τίς σε κατέστησεν ἄρχοντα καὶ δικαστήν.
ἄρχονταruler / leaderAccusativepredicate accusative (what Moses is denied to be: a ruler)→ object specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / leader / official'; renders שַׂר ('prince / official'); Acts 7:27, 35 — 'the one they rejected saying, who appointed you ruler and redeemer? — this one God sent as ruler and redeemer.'
καὶandconnective (linking the two denied roles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαστὴνjudgeAccusativepredicate accusative (the second denied role: judge)→ object specificationδικαστής: 'judge'; renders שֹׁפֵט; paired with ἄρχων the phrase encapsulates the two functions Moses was (proto-)exercising — leadership and legal adjudication; Acts 7:35 will insist God did in fact appoint him both.
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + genitive (authority over: 'over us')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over / upon'; indicates the scope of the denied authority.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive of reference (those over whom the authority is claimed)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of reference (those over whom the authority is claimed).
μὴnot / surely notnegative particle (in a μή question expecting a negative answer — or here, a threatening challenge)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: in a question, μή normally expects 'no'; but here it is more of a rhetorical threat: 'You're not planning to kill me, are you?' — the implied answer is 'you wouldn't dare.'
ἀνελεῖνto killAor Act Inf · ἀναιρέωcomplementary infinitive (object of θέλεις: 'do you want to kill me?')→ constative aorist infinitive (the threatened act: killing)ἀναιρέω: 'kill / do away with / take up'; here in its violent sense 'kill'; the same verb used in vv.5 and 10 for Moses' rescue (ἀνείλατο, ἀνειλόμην) — the verbally ironic range of ἀναιρέω (rescue vs. killing) is exploited in the chapter.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἀνελεῖν→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνελεῖν.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (the accusation is personally directed)→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic subject pronoun (the accusation is personally directed).
θέλειςdo you want / are you planningPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb (the challenging question: 'do you want to kill me?')→ progressive present (the intention right now)θέλω: 'wish / want / intend'; the man reads Moses' rebuke as a potential threat — he turns the moral confrontation back on Moses.
ὃνthe way that / asAccusativerelative pronoun (comparative: 'in the way that you killed')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; in ὃν τρόπον ('in the same way that'), a fixed Greek comparative idiom.
τρόπονway / mannerAccusativeaccusative of manner (fixed phrase ὃν τρόπον: 'in the same way')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'way / manner'; ὃν τρόπον = 'just as / in the manner that.'
ἀνεῖλεςyou killedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb of comparative clause (Moses' act of the previous day)→ constative aorist (the completed kill: yesterday's act)ἀναιρέω: 'kill'; second person singular — 'you killed'; the deed Moses thought hidden is now openly stated.
χθὲςyesterdayadverb of time ('yesterday': the previous day's incident)→ clausal contributionχθές: 'yesterday'; the murder is now public knowledge — Moses' concealment has failed.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιονEgyptianAccusativedirect object of ἀνεῖλες (the Egyptian Moses killed)→ object specificationΑἰγύπτιον: meaning 'Egyptian'; it serves as direct object of ἀνεῖλες (the Egyptian Moses killed).
ἐφοβήθηwas afraid / fearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (Moses' emotional response: fear)→ constative aorist (the fear as a decisive response)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; passive in form, middle in sense (deponent); renders וַיִּירָא; Heb 11:27 controversially states Moses left Egypt 'not fearing the king's anger' — a tension with the LXX, where fear is explicit.
δὲand / nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
εἰif / surelyconditional particle (here in an exclamatory/alarmed sense: 'so then it is known!')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: normally 'if'; in this context with the indicative, it is an alarmed realization ('if this is so...' or 'so then!'); renders the Hebrew הַנּוֹדַע הַדָּבָר ('the matter is known!').
οὕτωςso / in this wayadverb of manner (the degree to which it is known: 'so public')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐμφανέςmanifest / public / obviousNominativepredicate adjective (the matter is public)→ participant prominenceἐμφανής: 'manifest / evident / public'; from ἐν + φαίνω ('appear in / be visible'); renders נוֹדַע ('it is known'); the word emphasises that the act has become publicly known — it has 'appeared.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (linking ῥῆμα to ἐμφανές)→ gnomic present (a state of affairs that currently holds)εἰμί: copula.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαmatter / word / thingNominativesubject (the matter that is public)→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / matter / thing'; renders דָּבָר ('word / matter'); τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο = 'this matter / this thing'; the event/killing is referred to by the vague but pointed 'this matter.'
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (specifying the matter: this affair)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective (specifying the matter: this affair).
15

ἤκουσεν δὲ Φαραω τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο καὶ ἐζήτει ἀνελεῖν Μωυσῆν· ἀνεχώρησεν δὲ Μωυσῆς ἀπὸ προσώπου Φαραω καὶ ᾤκησεν ἐν γῇ Μαδιαμ· ἐλθὼν δὲ εἰς γῆν Μαδιαμ ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ φρέατος.

Pharaoh heard this matter and sought to kill Moses; but Moses withdrew from the presence of Pharaoh and dwelt in the land of Midian; and having come into the land of Midian he sat down by the well.

Consequence and flight (the flight to Midian)δέ
Three rapid clauses drive the consequence: Pharaoh's knowledge, his intent to kill, Moses' flight. ἀνεχώρησεν ἀπὸ προσώπου Φαραω ('withdrew from the face of Pharaoh') is a Hebrew idiom: מִפְּנֵי פַרְעֹה ('from before Pharaoh'). Heb 11:27 will read this flight as an act of faith ('not fearing the anger of the king'), in contrast to the LXX's ἐφοβήθη in v.14. The well (φρέαρ) at the close sets up the scene that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (Pharaoh receives the news)→ constative aorist (the completed act of hearing: the report reaches Pharaoh)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen to'; renders וַיִּשְׁמַע; the chain of knowledge — the matter becomes known → Pharaoh hears — is the narrative mechanism of the crisis.
δὲand / nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, nominative (subject: Pharaoh heard)→ participant identificationΦαραω: the title of Egypt's king; the oppressor's personal intervention makes the danger urgent.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαmatter / thingAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν (the matter that was heard)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'matter / word'; same as in v.14: τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο picks up Moses' own alarmed realization.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήτειsought / was seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (Pharaoh's ongoing intent to kill Moses)→ conative imperfect (attempted but not achieved: sought to kill but Moses fled)ζητέω: 'seek / look for / try to'; the imperfect is conative — Pharaoh was trying to kill Moses but did not succeed; the tense implies Moses escaped before the attempt could be completed.
ἀνελεῖνto killAor Act Inf · ἀναιρέωcomplementary infinitive (object of ἐζήτει: 'sought to kill')→ constative aorist infinitiveἀναιρέω: 'kill'; now in Pharaoh's mouth/mind; the same verb used for Moses' rescue from water (vv.5, 10) and for the Hebrew's accusation in v.14 — the verb weaves through the chapter.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativedirect object of ἀνελεῖν→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: accusative singular; Moses is now the object of Pharaoh's lethal intention.
ἀνεχώρησενwithdrew / departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναχωρέωmain verb (Moses' flight: withdrawal from danger)→ constative aorist (the single decisive act of withdrawal)ἀναχωρέω: 'withdraw / retreat / go away'; renders וַיִּבְרַח ('he fled'); the LXX softens the word slightly — ἀναχωρέω is a dignified withdrawal rather than a panicked ברח; Acts 7:29 uses ἔφυγεν ('fled') — more direct.
δὲbut / andnarrative particle (mild adversative: but Moses withdrew)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: 'from before').
προσώπουpresence / faceGenitivegenitive after ἀπό (Hebraism: 'from the face of' = 'from the presence of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ προσώπου + genitive is a Hebrew idiom calquing מִפְּנֵי ('from the face of / from before'); common LXX idiom (Gen 4:16; Jonah 1:3).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive (from whose presence Moses withdrew)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive (from whose presence Moses withdrew).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤκησενdwelt / settledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκέωmain verb (Moses settles in Midian)→ constative aorist (the beginning of a period of dwelling)οἰκέω: 'dwell / inhabit / live in'; renders וַיֵּשֶׁב ('he settled / lived'); Moses begins a new chapter of life in the wilderness.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in the land of Midian)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: in the land of Midian).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ΜαδιαμMidianindeclinable proper noun, genitive (the land of Midian)→ participant identificationΜαδιαμ: transliteration of מִדְיָן (Midian); the territory to the east/southeast of Sinai associated with the Midianites; Moses' second exile after his first sojourn in Egypt; Acts 7:29: 'he became a sojourner in the land of Midian.'
ἐλθὼνhaving come / comingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιtemporal participle (on arriving in Midian, he sat down by the well)→ constative aorist participle (arrival completed)ἔρχομαι: 'come / arrive'; the arrival at the well is the narrative setup for the encounter with the seven daughters.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the land of Midian)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: into the land of Midian).
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of preposition→ spatial or relational framingγῆν: meaning 'land'; here it marks the relation signaled by object of preposition.
ΜαδιαμMidianindeclinable proper noun, genitive→ participant identificationΜαδιαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive.
ἐκάθισενsat downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (Moses sits by the well: the scene is set)→ constative aorist (the single act of sitting down)καθίζω: 'sit down / settle'; renders וַיֵּשֶׁב (again); Moses' rest at the well mirrors patriarchal well-meetings (Gen 24:11; 29:2) — the pattern of 'man meets woman at well, marriage follows' is a biblical type-scene.
ἐπὶby / atpreposition + genitive (location: by the well)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: by the well).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive after ἐπί (location: at/by the well)→ relational specificationφρέαρ: 'well / cistern / pit'; renders הַבְּאֵר ('the well'); the well is the locus of the type-scene patriarchal meeting; cf. Gen 24:11 (Abraham's servant at the well, Rebekah); 29:2 (Jacob at the well, Rachel).
16

τῷ δὲ ἱερεῖ Μαδιαμ ἦσαν ἑπτὰ θυγατέρες ποιμαίνουσαι τὰ πρόβατα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶν· παραγενόμεναι δὲ ἤντλουν καὶ ἐπλήρουν τὰς ληνοὺς ὥστε ποτίσαι τὰ πρόβατα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶν.

Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters shepherding their father's flock; and coming, they drew water and filled the troughs to water their father's flock.

New character introduction (the priest's daughters at the well)δέ
A new character unit opens with the dative-of-possession construction (τῷ ἱερεῖ … ἦσαν θυγατέρες — 'the priest had daughters'), a Hebraism. The seven daughters (recall the seven wells of Gen 26:15–22?) are the next instruments of providence. The well type-scene is now fully in play.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
τῷto the / for theDativearticle (dative of possession: 'the priest had')→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲnownarrative particle (new character introduction)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative of possession (the priest has daughters: Hebraism)→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest of Midian is Ραγουηλ/Ιοθωρ; the mention of his priestly office before his name is significant — the daughters' father is a cultic leader of Midian.
ΜαδιαμMidianindeclinable proper noun, genitive (the priest of Midian: whose priest he is)→ participant identificationΜαδιαμ: the priest is a Midianite; Midianites were not Israelites but were associated with the Abrahamic line through Keturah (Gen 25:1–4).
ἦσανwere / there wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίexistential/possessive verb (the priest had — dative of possession)→ progressive imperfect (background state: he had daughters)εἰμί: existential 'there were / he had'; the dative + ἦσαν construction calques the Hebrew lamed-yod ('to him there were') — a standard Hebraism for possession.
ἑπτὰsevenNominativenumeral (the number of daughters)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; seven daughters is narratively significant — seven is the number of completeness; the daughters collectively will be the instrument of Moses' integration into Midian.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersNominativesubject of the existential clause (what the priest had: seven daughters)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; seven of them — a large and complete family.
ποιμαίνουσαιshepherding / tending the flockPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Fem · ποιμαίνωadjectival participle (describing the daughters: they are shepherdesses)→ progressive participle (ongoing occupation: they regularly shepherd)ποιμαίνω: 'shepherd / tend / pasture'; renders רֹעוֹת ('shepherding'); daughters of a Midianite priest serving as shepherdesses is not unusual in the ancient Near East; Moses himself will become a shepherd after marrying Zipporah.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheep / flockAccusativedirect object of ποιμαίνουσαι (the flock they tend)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / flock'; renders צֹאן ('sheep / flock'); the daughters' task is tending the priestly family's flock.
τοῦtheirGenitivearticle (genitive of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfather'sGenitivegenitive of possession (the flock is their father's)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; the repetition of 'their father's flock' (here and at the close of the verse) frames the daughters' entire activity as service to their family.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose father)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (whose father).
παραγενόμεναιhaving arrived / comingAor Mid Ptc Nom Pl Fem · παραγίνομαιtemporal participle (on arriving at the well: before the drawing and filling)→ constative aorist participle (completed arrival)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come / be present'; renders וַתָּבֹאנָה ('they came'); the daughters arrive at the well to water the flock.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤντλουνdrew waterImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀντλέωmain verb (the regular, iterative drawing of water)→ progressive imperfect (iterative or habitual: they regularly drew water at this well)ἀντλέω: 'draw water / bale'; renders וַתִּדְלֶינָה ('they drew water'); a word specifically for drawing water from a well (cf. John 2:9 LXX and NT use).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλήρουνwere fillingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πληρόωmain verb (filling the troughs: the process is ongoing)→ progressive imperfect (iterative: filling repeatedly)πληρόω: 'fill / fill up'; renders וַתְּמַלֶּאנָה; the imperfect marks a laborious, ongoing process that the shepherds will interrupt (v.17).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ληνοὺςtroughs / watering-basinsAccusativedirect object of ἐπλήρουν (what they filled with water)→ object specificationληνός: 'trough / wine-vat / basin'; renders רְהָטִים ('troughs / channels'); typically a winepress or large container; here used for watering troughs at the well.
ὥστεso as to / in order toconjunction of result/purpose (introducing the purpose infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / in order that'; introduces the purpose for filling the troughs: to water the flock.
ποτίσαιto water / give drink toAor Act Inf · ποτίζωinfinitive of purpose (after ὥστε: the purpose of filling the troughs)→ constative aorist infinitive (the purpose: to give the flock water)ποτίζω: 'give drink / water'; renders לְהַשְׁקוֹת ('to water/give drink to'); a causative idiom — they water the sheep.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheep / flockAccusativedirect object of ποτίσαι (the flock to be watered)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; repeated from above — the daughters' entire effort is for their father's sheep.
τοῦtheirGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfather'sGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father's'; it serves as genitive of possession.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
17

παραγενόμενοι δὲ οἱ ποιμένες ἐξέβαλον αὐτάς· ἀναστὰς δὲ Μωυσῆς ἐρρύσατο αὐτὰς καὶ ἤντλησεν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐπότισεν τὰ πρόβατα αὐτῶν.

And the shepherds came and drove them away; but Moses rose up and delivered them and drew water for them and watered their flock.

Conflict and rescue (Moses as deliverer of the weak — second time)δέ
The narrative echo is deliberate: yesterday Moses defended a Hebrew against an Egyptian; today he defends seven women against aggressive shepherds. ἐρρύσατο ('delivered / rescued') is a theologically loaded word — the verb ῥύομαι is used for God's deliverance of Israel; here Moses embodies the rescue he will later execute at God's command. Acts 7:25 implies Moses thought his brothers would recognize him as the one God was sending to rescue them.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
παραγενόμενοιhaving arrived / arrivingAor Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · παραγίνομαιtemporal participle (the shepherds arrive at the scene)→ constative aorist participleπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come'; the same verb used for the daughters in v.16; the structural parallel (daughters arrive, shepherds arrive) sets up the conflict.
δὲand / butnarrative particle (mild adversative: the shepherds interrupt)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (subject)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιμένεςshepherdsNominativesubject (male shepherds, as contrasted with the female shepherdesses)→ participant prominenceποιμήν: 'shepherd'; male shepherds who apparently had priority at the well — they drove the women away to water their own flocks first.
ἐξέβαλονdrove out / drove awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (the injustice that provokes Moses' intervention)→ constative aorist (the completed act of driving away)ἐκβάλλω: 'drive out / cast out / expel'; renders וַיְגָרְשׁוּם ('they drove them away'); a word of force and exclusion; used for the expulsion from Eden (Gen 3:24 LXX: ἐξέβαλεν) and for exorcisms in the NT.
αὐτάςthemAccusativedirect object (the daughters who were driven away)→ participant referenceαὐτάς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the daughters who were driven away).
ἀναστὰςrising up / standing upAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιtemporal participle (Moses rises from his seated position to intervene)→ constative aorist participle (decisive rising: from seated watcher to active defender)ἀνίστημι: 'rise / stand up'; Moses had been sitting at the well (v.15: ἐκάθισεν); he rises to intervene — a movement from passivity to action.
δὲbut / andnarrative particle (adversative: but Moses rose)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
ἐρρύσατοdelivered / rescuedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ῥύομαιmain verb (Moses' act of rescue: he delivers the women)→ constative aorist (the completed rescue)ῥύομαι: 'deliver / rescue / save'; a significant theological verb — God 'delivers' (ῥύεται) Israel from Egypt (Exod 3:8; 6:6; 14:30 LXX); Moses here plays a proto-divine role as deliverer of the weak; the middle voice suggests personal involvement.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativedirect object (the daughters rescued)→ participant referenceαὐτὰς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the daughters rescued).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤντλησενdrew waterAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀντλέωmain verb (Moses does the labour the daughters were doing)→ constative aoristἀντλέω: 'draw water'; same verb as in v.16; Moses completes the task the shepherds interrupted — he draws the water himself.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage (for the daughters / the flock: on their behalf)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (for the daughters / the flock: on their behalf).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπότισενwatered / gave drink toAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποτίζωmain verb (final step: Moses waters the flock himself)→ constative aoristποτίζω: 'water / give to drink'; same verb as ποτίσαι in v.16; Moses completes the whole task the daughters had set out to do — rescue, water, and tend the flock.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheep / flockAccusativedirect object of ἐπότισεν→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as direct object of ἐπότισεν.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the daughters' / father's flock)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the daughters' / father's flock).
18

παραγένοντο δὲ πρὸς Ραγουηλ τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν· ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐταῖς· διὰ τί ἐταχύνατε τοῦ παραγενέσθαι σήμερον;

And they came to Raguel their father; and he said to them, 'Why have you come so early today?'

Return scene: the father asksδέ
The daughters return unusually early — a detail that will provoke Raguel's question and the daughters' account of the Egyptian stranger. The name Ραγουηλ (Rauel / Reuel) appears here for the first time; elsewhere in Exodus he is Ιοθωρ (Jethro) — a textual variant that the annotation flags.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
παραγένοντοcame / arrivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (the daughters return to their father)→ constative aorist (the completed return)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come'; the daughters return home, as they do every day, but earlier than usual.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: to their father)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to their father).
ΡαγουηλRaguel / Reuelindeclinable proper noun, accusative (the father: named for the first time)→ participant identificationΡαγουηλ: transliteration of רְעוּאֵל (Reuel, 'friend of God'); the priest of Midian; in Exod 3:1 and 4:18 the same figure is called Ιοθωρ (Jethro/Yitro); Rahlfs' Rahlfs–Hanhart text uses Ραγουηλ here; the textual tradition has variant names for this figure, likely reflecting different source traditions in the Pentateuch.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeobject of πρός (in apposition to Ραγουηλ: 'Raguel their father')→ object specificationπατήρ: 'father'; his role as father is here as important as his priestly identity.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship (their father)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (their father).
heNominativearticle used as demonstrative pronoun (subject: the father speaks)→ noun-phrase markingὁ δέ: change-of-speaker pronoun: 'and he said.'
δὲandnarrative particle (change of speaker)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐταῖςto themDativeindirect object (the daughters addressed)→ sphere or referenceαὐταῖς: meaning 'to them'; it serves as indirect object (the daughters addressed).
διὰwhypreposition in interrogative idiom (διὰ τί = 'why?')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'why'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition in interrogative idiom (διὰ τί = 'why?').
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (in fixed phrase: 'why?')→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (in fixed phrase: 'why?').
ἐταχύνατεyou hurried / came quicklyAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ταχύνωmain verb of the question (why did you return so early?)→ constative aorist (the single occasion of early return)ταχύνω: 'hasten / make quick / be quick'; renders מִהַרְתֶּן ('you made haste'); the unusual early arrival is the pivot of the scene — it provokes the father's question which prompts the daughters' report.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (genitive of purpose / result with ταχύνω)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραγενέσθαιto arrive / to comeAor Mid Inf · παραγίνομαιarticular infinitive (genitive of result / specification: 'why did you make haste to arrive')→ constative aorist infinitiveπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive'; the articular infinitive τοῦ παραγενέσθαι specifies what the hasting consists in: hastening-to-arrive.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time (emphasising the unusual occasion: today, compared with usual)→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the specific-day marker emphasises the contrast with the usual later return time.
19

αἱ δὲ εἶπαν· ἄνθρωπος Αἰγύπτιος ἐρρύσατο ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῶν ποιμένων, καὶ ἤντλησεν ἡμῖν καὶ ἐπότισεν τὰ πρόβατα ἡμῶν.

And they said, 'An Egyptian man delivered us from the shepherds, and drew water for us and watered our flock.'

The daughters' report (Moses described from the outside)δέ
The daughters describe Moses as an 'Egyptian man' — they identify him by appearance (he dresses and looks Egyptian after his upbringing at court), not by ancestry. The same verb ἐρρύσατο ('delivered') is used as in v.17 — the daughters confirm Moses' role as their rescuer/deliverer. Three verbs describe his three acts of service: delivered, drew, watered.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
αἱtheyNominativearticle used as demonstrative pronoun (the daughters as subject: change of speaker)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ δέ: the feminine article as pronoun for the daughters; the standard LXX change-of-speaker construction.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb of speech (the daughters report)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Koine form): introduces the third invitation.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of the daughters' report (Moses introduced as a stranger)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; as in v.11, the generic 'a man' before the ethnic identifier.
ΑἰγύπτιοςEgyptianNominativepredicate nominative / appositive (an Egyptian man)→ participant prominenceΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the daughters identify Moses as Egyptian — his appearance (clothing, language, manner) reflects his Egyptian court upbringing; the irony is complete: the Hebrew Moses is read as Egyptian by both sides.
ἐρρύσατοdelivered / rescuedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ῥύομαιmain verb (the daughters confirm Moses' rescue action)→ constative aoristῥύομαι: 'deliver / rescue'; same verb as v.17; the daughters use the same verb — their account confirms the narrative's own description.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object (the daughters whom Moses rescued)→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the daughters whom Moses rescued).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source of the danger: from the shepherds)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of the danger: from the shepherds).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιμένωνshepherdsGenitivegenitive after ἀπό (those from whom they were rescued)→ relational specificationποιμήν: 'shepherd'; the same shepherds of v.17.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤντλησενdrew waterAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀντλέωmain verb (the second act of Moses: drawing water)→ constative aoristἀντλέω: 'draw water'; same verb throughout; Moses repeated the daughters' own labour.
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of advantage (for the daughters)→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'for us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (for the daughters).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπότισενwateredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποτίζωmain verb (third act: Moses watered the flock)→ constative aoristποτίζω: 'water / give to drink'; same verb as in vv.16 and 17; the daughters' account mirrors the narrator's account exactly — a sign of narrative reliability.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταflockAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'flock'; it serves as direct object.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (our flock)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (our flock).
20

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν ταῖς θυγατράσιν αὐτοῦ· καὶ ποῦ ἐστιν; καὶ ἵνα τί τοῦτο καταλελοίπατε τὸν ἄνθρωπον; καλέσατε αὐτόν, ὅπως φάγῃ ἄρτον.

And he said to his daughters, 'And where is he? And why ever did you leave the man? Call him, so that he may eat bread.'

Hospitality invitation (Raguel summons the stranger)δέ
Raguel's response is a double question (where? and why?) followed by a hospitable command. The 'eating of bread' (φάγῃ ἄρτον) is the standard hospitality formula (Gen 18:5; 19:3; 31:54 LXX); accepting food is the first step of integration into the household. This is the type-scene's next stage: after the well meeting, the stranger is welcomed to the father's table.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
heNominativearticle used as demonstrative pronoun (subject: Raguel speaks)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ταῖςto theDativearticle (dative indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατράσινdaughtersDativeindirect object (the daughters he addresses)→ sphere or referenceθυγάτηρ: dative plural θυγατράσιν — the irregular Attic/Koine dative form.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶand / soconjunctive adverb (introducing a follow-up question with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb of place→ clausal contributionποῦ: 'where?'; Raguel's first question is the natural response — where is this man now?
ἐστινis hePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: where is the man?)→ progressive present (where is he right now?)εἰμί: copula.
καὶand / soconnective (introducing the second question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναwhy / for what reasonparticle in interrogative idiom (ἵνα τί = 'why?' — LXX Hebraism for לָמָּה)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα τί: a Hebraism for 'why?' calquing לָמָּה / לְמָה; literally 'to what end? / for what?'; common LXX idiom.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (in fixed phrase ἵνα τί = 'why?')→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (in fixed phrase ἵνα τί = 'why?').
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative adverbial (in this way / thus: 'why did you do this?')→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative adverbial (in this way / thus: 'why did you do this?').
καταλελοίπατεhave you left behindPf Act Indic 2 Pl · καταλείπωmain verb (perfect: the leaving is a present reproach based on a past act)→ intensive perfect (the leaving behind stands as a reproachable current state)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / abandon'; the perfect tense emphasises the result: the man is currently left behind — a state Raguel wants corrected; renders וַתַּעַזְבֶן ('you left / abandoned').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativedirect object (the man left behind: Moses, still at the well)→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the same word the daughters used (v.19); Moses is referred to generically until hospitality establishes relationship.
καλέσατεcall / summonAor Act Impv 2 Pl · καλέωimperative (command: summon Moses to the household)→ constative aorist imperative (decisive command: go and call him)καλέω: 'call / summon / invite'; the hospitality command that begins Moses' integration into the Midianite household; cf. the same word for the summons of the nurse in v.8.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object (Moses: the one to be called)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Moses: the one to be called).
ὅπωςso thatconjunction of purpose (introducing the purpose clause: so that he may eat)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: 'so that / in order that'; a purpose conjunction; used here with the subjunctive φάγῃ.
φάγῃhe may eatAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐσθίωsubjunctive of purpose (the goal of calling: that he eat)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the proposed meal)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the aorist subjunctive is standard in purpose clauses with ὅπως.
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of φάγῃ (bread / a meal)→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / food'; 'eat bread' (φαγεῖν ἄρτον) is the standard biblical hospitality formula — it means to share a meal; cf. Gen 31:54; 43:25 LXX; the offer of bread is the offer of household membership.
21

κατῳκίσθη δὲ Μωυσῆς παρὰ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ· καὶ ἔδωκεν Σεπφωραν τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ Μωυσῇ γυναῖκα.

And Moses was settled with the man; and he gave Sepphora his daughter to Moses as wife.

Settlement and marriage (Moses integrated into Midian)δέ
The narrative moves with compression characteristic of Hebrew storytelling: Moses settles, then the marriage happens. The passive κατῳκίσθη ('was settled') implies Raguel's active role in hosting Moses. The giving of Σεπφωρα marks the formal integration of the Hebrew refugee into the Midianite priestly household.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
κατῳκίσθηwas settled / took up residenceAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατοικίζωmain verb (Moses is settled in the household — a hospitable placing)→ constative aorist passive (the settlement as a completed action)κατοικίζω: 'settle / establish in a dwelling'; passive: 'was settled / placed to dwell'; renders וַיּוֹאֶל מֹשֶׁה ('Moses agreed / was content') — the LXX translates the Hebrew idiom 'was content to dwell' into a Greek passive of settling.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject (nominative with passive verb)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject (nominative with passive verb).
παρὰwith / besidepreposition + dative (location: in the household of the man)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dative: 'beside / with / at the house of'; standard Greek idiom for living in someone's household.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativeobject of παρά (Raguel's household)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; refers to Raguel; even in the marriage verse, Raguel is called 'the man' rather than by name — narrative economy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: then the marriage)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the marriage gift: Raguel gives his daughter to Moses)→ constative aorist (the single completed act of marriage-giving)δίδωμι: 'give'; the standard LXX formula for the father giving a daughter in marriage (cf. Gen 29:28; Judg 1:12 LXX); renders וַיִּתֵּן.
ΣεπφωρανSepphora / ZipporahAccusativeindeclinable proper noun, accusative (the daughter given to Moses)→ participant identificationΣεπφωρα: transliteration of צִפֹּרָה (Ṣippōrāh, 'bird/sparrow'); the name of Moses' wife; she will appear at 4:25 in the circumcision incident; in LXX she is Σεπφωρα — indeclinable.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativedirect object (in apposition to Σεπφωραν: his daughter)→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the apposition makes clear that Σεπφωρα is Raguel's own daughter, not one of several possible options.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Raguel's daughter)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Raguel's daughter).
Μωυσῇto MosesDativeindirect object (the recipient of the marriage gift: Moses)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς: dative singular; Moses receives Zipporah as wife.
γυναῖκαas wifeAccusativepredicate accusative (in what capacity Sepphora is given: as wife)→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; as a predicate accusative after δίδωμι, it indicates the status of the gift — she is given as wife, not as a servant; the same formula as in v.1 (ἔλαβεν … γυναῖκα).
22

ἐν γαστρὶ δὲ λαβοῦσα ἡ γυνὴ ἔτεκεν υἱόν· ἐπωνόμασεν δὲ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Γηρσαμ λέγων· ὅτι πάροικός εἰμι ἐν γῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ.

And his wife conceived and bore a son; and he named him Gersam, saying, 'Because I am a sojourner in a foreign land.'

Birth and naming: the sojourner-etymologyδέ
The naming formula mirrors v.10 (Moses named by Pharaoh's daughter); now Moses names his own son. The sojourner-etymology πάροικός εἰμι ἐν γῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ ('I am a sojourner in a foreign land') is a key phrase for the NT theology of Christian exile (1 Pet 2:11; Heb 11:13); Moses' words about Midian anticipate the whole people's sojourn in Egypt.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐνinpreposition (idiom: ἐν γαστρί = 'in womb')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (idiom: ἐν γαστρί = 'in womb').
γαστρὶwombDativedative in fixed idiom→ sphere or referenceγαστήρ: 'womb'; same idiom as v.2.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβοῦσαhaving conceivedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · λαμβάνωtemporal participle (Sepphora conceived, then bore)→ constative aorist participle (completed conception)λαμβάνω: in the idiom ἐν γαστρὶ λαμβάνω = 'conceive'; same idiom as v.2.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwife / womanNominativesubject (Sepphora, now identified as 'his wife')→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'wife / woman'; Sepphora is now referred to as 'his wife' — the marriage of v.21 is fully established.
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth)→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'give birth'; same verb as v.2; birth-narrative echo.
υἱόνa sonAccusativedirect object (a son is born)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the first son of Moses.
ἐπωνόμασενnamedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπονομάζωmain verb (Moses names his son, as in v.10 where the same verb was used for Moses' own naming)→ constative aoristἐπονομάζω: 'give a name to'; same verb as in v.10; Moses now names his son as he himself was named.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object (the name given)→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as direct object (the name given).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his name = the name of the son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (his name = the name of the son).
ΓηρσαμGersam / GershomAccusativeindeclinable proper noun, accusative (the name given to the son)→ participant identificationΓηρσαμ: transliteration of גֵּרְשֹׁם (Gēršōm); the name is an untranslated transliteration; the Hebrew folk-etymology is גֵּר שָׁם ('a sojourner there') — reflected in the LXX's explanation that follows. The son's name encodes Moses' own existential situation.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle introducing direct speech (the name-explanation)→ progressive participle (contemporaneous: as he named him, he said)λέγω: 'say'; introduces the etymological explanation, as in v.10.
ὅτιbecause / forcausal conjunction (explaining the name: because I am a sojourner)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the reason for the name — Moses explains the name by his own condition.
πάροικόςsojourner / resident alienNominativepredicate nominative (I am a sojourner)→ participant prominenceπάροικος: 'sojourner / resident alien / one who dwells alongside'; from παρά + οἶκος ('beside the house'); renders גֵּר ('sojourner / stranger'); the same word used in Ruth 1:1 (παροικεῖν, v.1 note); a person who lives in a land not their own, without full legal rights. Acts 7:29 quotes Moses as γεννήσας υἱούς ('having fathered sons') in Midian; the NT theology of Christian life as sojourning picks up this language (1 Pet 2:11: πάροικοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι; Heb 11:13: ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοί εἰσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς).
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (linking pronoun to predicate: 'I am a sojourner')→ gnomic present (a continuing condition: Moses is currently a sojourner)εἰμί: 'be'; the first-person present marks Moses' ongoing condition — the name is a confession of his current existential status.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: in a foreign land)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: in a foreign land).
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the land of Midian is 'foreign' from Moses' perspective — whether that means Egypt (his adopted home) or Canaan (his ancestral home) is left open; either way, Moses is displaced.
ἀλλοτρίᾳforeign / alienDativedative adjective (modifying γῇ: 'a foreign land')→ sphere or referenceἀλλότριος: 'belonging to another / foreign / alien'; from ἄλλος ('other'); renders נָכְרִיָּה ('foreign / strange'); the whole phrase πάροικός εἰμι ἐν γῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ is Moses' self-definition as an alien — it will characterise the life of Israel in Egypt (Exod 6:4 LXX: γῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ) and the life of faith in the NT.
23

μετὰ δὲ τὰς ἡμέρας τὰς πολλὰς ἐκείνας ἐτελεύτησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου, καὶ κατεστέναξαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων καὶ ἀνεβόησαν· καὶ ἀνέβη ἡ βοὴ αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων.

After those many days the king of Egypt died, and the sons of Israel groaned from the labor and cried out; and their cry went up to God from the labor.

Temporal transition to the theological pivot (section D)δέ
The narrative moves from Moses' private domestic life to the macro-narrative of Israel's bondage. μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας τὰς πολλὰς ἐκείνας echoes v.11 (ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ταῖς πολλαῖς ἐκείναις) — framing the Midian sojourn as a long period. The groaning (κατεστέναξαν) and crying out (ἀνεβόησαν) are the trigger for divine action; the cry going up to God is the first mention of God in the chapter since the framing of vv.1–10.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal: after those days)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; temporal use.
δὲand / nownarrative particle (transitional: new major section)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of μετά (after the days: temporal)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the phrase 'those many days' (τὰς ἡμέρας τὰς πολλὰς ἐκείνας) echoes the formula of v.11, marking the full extent of Moses' Midianite sojourn.
τὰςthoseAccusativearticle (attributive with demonstrative ἐκείνας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολλὰςmanyAccusativeattributive adjective (the many days)→ object specificationπολλὰς: meaning 'many'; it serves as attributive adjective (the many days).
ἐκείναςthoseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (referring to the long Midianite period)→ object specificationἐκείνας: meaning 'those'; it serves as demonstrative adjective (referring to the long Midianite period).
ἐτελεύτησενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τελευτάωmain verb (the king of Egypt died: new political situation)→ constative aorist (the completed death of Pharaoh)τελευτάω: 'die / come to an end'; renders וַיָּמָת ('he died'); the death of the king who sought Moses' life (v.15) is a narrative milestone — but in Exodus, the oppression continues regardless.
theNominativearticle (subject)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (the king of Egypt: Pharaoh's death)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the king who sought Moses' death (v.15) is gone; but the bondage continues — a new Pharaoh has presumably taken over.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of possession / identification (the king of Egypt)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; the oppressing nation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: then the groaning)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεστέναξανgroaned / lamentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταστενάζωmain verb (the people's cry under oppression)→ constative aorist (the groaning as the decisive moment that God hears)καταστενάζω: 'groan deeply / moan'; a compound of κατά + στενάζω ('groan'); the κατά intensifies — they groaned under the crushing weight; renders וַיֵּאָנְחוּ ('they groaned'); in LXX and NT, groaning (στεναγμός) is the language of creation's and humanity's longing for deliverance (Rom 8:22–26).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (sons of Israel = the Israelite people)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; 'sons of Israel' — the covenant community.
ἸσραὴλIsraelindeclinable proper noun, genitive→ participant identificationἸσραὴλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive.
ἀπὸfrom / because ofpreposition + genitive (causal: groaning because of / under the labor)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + genitive: here causal — 'groaning from [the weight of] the labor'; renders מִן-הַעֲבֹדָה ('from the labor/slavery').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργωνlabor / worksGenitivegenitive after ἀπό (the hard labor that causes the groaning)→ relational specificationἔργον: 'work / labor / deed'; renders עֲבֹדָה ('labor / service'); the plural τῶν ἔργων = 'the labors' (the harsh Egyptian forced labor of ch.1).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: and they cried out)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεβόησανcried out / shoutedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβοάωmain verb (the cry of Israel going up to God)→ constative aorist (the single decisive cry that reaches God)ἀναβοάω: 'cry out / shout aloud'; a compound of ἀνά ('up') + βοάω ('cry out'); the upward direction in the compound anticipates 'their cry went up' in the next clause.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent up / ascendedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the cry ascends to God: spatial metaphor for prayer reaching heaven)→ constative aorist (the cry's upward movement to God as completed)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; the metaphor of a cry 'going up' to God (ἀνέβη πρὸς τὸν θεόν) is a standard OT prayer-image (cf. Gen 4:10; Exod 3:7, 9; Jonah 1:2 LXX).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοὴcry / shoutNominativesubject (the cry that ascends to God)→ participant prominenceβοή: 'cry / shout / clamor'; renders שַׁוְעָתָם ('their cry for help'); the noun picks up the verb ἀνεβόησαν — their crying produces a βοή that ascends.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (their cry)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (their cry).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: toward God)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: toward God).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodAccusativeobject of πρός (the destination of the cry: God)→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; the first mention of God as recipient in the chapter; ὁ θεός without further qualification refers to Israel's God, who will now respond in vv.24–25.
ἀπὸfrom / because ofpreposition + genitive (causal/source: the cry arose from the labor)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (causal/source: the cry arose from the labor).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργωνlabor / worksGenitivegenitive after ἀπό (the labor that prompted the cry: repetition for emphasis)→ relational specificationἔργον: 'labor'; the repetition of ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων (also at the beginning of the verse) forms an inclusio around the verse, emphasising the hard labor as the single cause of the cry.
24

καὶ εἰσήκουσεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν στεναγμὸν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐμνήσθη ὁ θεὸς τῆς διαθήκης αὐτοῦ τῆς πρὸς Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ιακωβ.

And God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob.

Divine response: hearing and covenant-remembrance (the theological center)καί
Two divine actions: εἰσήκουσεν ('heard') and ἐμνήσθη ('remembered'). The covenant-remembrance verb ἐμνήσθη + genitive is the chapter's theological pivot — it is the moment that drives the entire Exodus narrative. The triple covenant-chain (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) is the promise-fulfillment link connecting ch.2 to the patriarchal narratives. The LXX repeats ὁ θεός twice for emphasis, calquing the Hebrew וַיִּשְׁמַע אֱלֹהִים וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential divine response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήκουσενheard / listenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσακούωmain verb (God's first response: he heard the groaning)→ constative aorist (the definitive act of divine hearing)εἰσακούω: 'hear / listen to / heed'; a compound of εἰς + ἀκούω ('hear into / take into account'); renders וַיִּשְׁמַע; the εἰς-compound adds the nuance of 'listening attentively' — God did not merely perceive but took the groaning to heart.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the explicit naming of God as subject twice in the verse (ὁ θεός … ὁ θεός) is a Hebraism — both Hebrew clauses begin with אֱלֹהִים, and the LXX calques this doubling.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στεναγμὸνgroaningAccusativedirect object of εἰσήκουσεν (what God heard: the groaning)→ object specificationστεναγμός: 'groan / groaning / moan'; from στενάζω ('groan'); renders אֶת-נַאֲקָתָם ('their groaning'); this word becomes important in the NT: Acts 7:34 quotes 'I have seen the affliction of my people and heard their groaning' (στεναγμόν); Rom 8:26 speaks of the Spirit interceding with 'groanings too deep for words' (στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the people's groaning)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the people's groaning).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second divine action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμνήσθηrememberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μιμνήσκωmain verb (the covenant-remembrance: the decisive theological act of the chapter)→ constative aorist (the definitive act of remembering — God's covenant-memory is activated)μιμνήσκω: 'remember / call to mind'; passive ἐμνήσθη = 'was reminded / remembered'; renders וַיִּזְכֹּר (from זָכַר, 'remember'); in covenantal contexts, divine remembering is not mere recollection but active commitment to fulfil promises — it inaugurates redemptive action. Gen 8:1 (God 'remembered' Noah) is the closest earlier parallel.
theNominativearticle (second explicit naming of God)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject (God remembered: second explicit naming)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the second explicit naming emphasises the subject of the covenant-memory.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (genitive: the covenant remembered)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive after ἐμνήσθη (the object of divine remembrance: the covenant)→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament / disposition'; the standard LXX word for בְּרִית ('covenant'); renders the Abrahamic covenant of promise (Gen 15; 17); the covenant-remembrance formula (ἐμνήσθη τῆς διαθήκης) is the theological engine of the Exodus: God acts to deliver Israel because of the promise made to the patriarchs.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (God's own covenant: he is its maker and keeper)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (God's own covenant: he is its maker and keeper).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (genitive specifying which covenant: the one with the patriarchs)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (relational: the covenant made toward / with the patriarchs)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'with / toward'; the covenant relationship is one toward the patriarchs — God's commitment runs in that direction.
ΑβρααμAbrahamindeclinable proper noun (first covenant-partner)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliteration of אַבְרָהָם; the covenant with Abraham is the foundational promise (Gen 12:1–3; 15; 17); the triple chain of patriarchs is the covenant-anchor for the Exodus.
καὶandconnective (enumerating the patriarchal covenant-partners)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσαακIsaacindeclinable proper noun (second covenant-partner)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: transliteration of יִצְחָק; the covenant confirmed to Isaac (Gen 26:3–5).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobindeclinable proper noun (third covenant-partner)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliteration of יַעֲקֹב; the covenant confirmed to Jacob (Gen 28:13–15; 35:11–12); the triple covenant-chain appears regularly as a theological formula (Exod 3:6, 15, 16; 4:5; Matt 22:32; Acts 3:13).
25

καὶ ἐπεῖδεν ὁ θεὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ, καὶ ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς.

And God looked upon the sons of Israel, and was made known to them.

Closing divine act: God's attention and self-disclosure (chapter close)καί
The chapter closes with two divine verbs: ἐπεῖδεν ('looked upon') and ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς ('was made known to them'). The passive ἐγνώσθη is the chapter's most striking textual crux: the MT has וַיֵּדַע אֱלֹהִים ('and God knew') — an active verb whose object is uncertain; the LXX renders it as a passive ('he was made known to them'), shifting the direction of the knowing from God's internal cognition to divine self-disclosure toward Israel. This is either a theological interpretation (emphasising revelation rather than omniscience) or a reflection of a variant Vorlage reading the niphal נוֹדַע. The verse thus opens onto the theophany of ch.3: the burning bush is the content of ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (final action sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεῖδενlooked upon / regardedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐφοράωmain verb (God's attentive seeing of Israel)→ constative aorist (the completed act of divine regard)ἐφοράω: 'look upon / regard / take notice of'; a compound of ἐπί + ὁράω; the compound ἐπι- adds directional attention — God 'looks toward' Israel; renders וַיַּרְא ('he saw'); God's 'seeing' in Exodus is always the prelude to action (cf. 3:7 'I have seen the affliction of my people').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; third explicit naming of God in vv.23–25 — the repetition underlines the divine subject of the closing acts.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἐπεῖδεν (those whom God sees: the sons of Israel)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; 'sons of Israel' — the covenant people God turns his attention toward.
ἸσραήλIsraelindeclinable proper noun, genitive→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: the covenant community; the final verse returns to the macro-subject of the Exodus: Israel's bondage and God's coming response.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (final clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγνώσθηwas made known / he was knownAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γιγνώσκωmain verb (the closing divine act: self-disclosure to Israel)→ constative aorist passive (the completed act of being made known)γιγνώσκω: 'know'; passive ἐγνώσθη = 'was made known / was acknowledged / became known'; renders וַיֵּדַע אֱלֹהִים in the MT — but the MT has the ACTIVE 'God knew' (he acknowledged / knew their condition), while the LXX's PASSIVE means 'he was made known to them' (he disclosed himself). The divergence is theologically significant: (a) the LXX may reflect a different Vorlage reading a niphal (נוֹדַע, 'was made known'); (b) it may be a deliberate theological choice to speak of revelation rather than divine omniscience; (c) it functions proleptically — God 'was made known' to Israel, which is realised in the burning-bush theophany of ch.3 where God discloses the divine name (3:14). ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς is therefore the chapter's final word of hope and the hinge to the Exodus proper.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object (those to whom God was made known: Israel)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: dative plural 'to them'; Israel is the recipient of the divine self-disclosure that will unfold from ch.3 onward.