Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 11ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΙΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter divides into two distinct movements: the Tower of Babel episode (11:1–9) and the Shem genealogy from Arphaxad to Abram (11:10–32).

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 11 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter divides into two distinct movements: the Tower of Babel episode (11:1–9) and the Shem genealogy from Arphaxad to Abram (11:10–32). The Babel narrative opens with a distinctive Hebraism: χεῖλος ἕν ('one lip') renders the Hebrew שָׂפָה אֶחָת, retaining the physiological idiom 'lip' for 'language' rather than using the natural Greek γλῶσσα ('tongue') or διάλεκτος ('dialect'). The city-building project (11:3–4) employs πλίνθους ('bricks') and ἄσφαλτος ('bitumen/asphalt') — matching the Mesopotamian building material exactly, an accurate cultural-historical detail. The divine plural of 11:7, δεῦτε καταβάντες συγχέωμεν ('come, let us go down and confound'), directly echoes the builders' own δεῦτε πλινθεύσωμεν of 11:3 — the LXX preserves this structural irony whereby God's council answers the human council with a counter-programme. The name Σύγχυσις for the city (11:9) is a significant divergence from the MT: where Hebrew has בָּבֶל (Babel), the LXX translates rather than transliterates, rendering the folk-etymology of the root בָּלַל ('confuse, mix') as Σύγχυσις ('Confusion'). In doing so the LXX loses the Babel/Babylon pun that Hebrew exploits elsewhere (cf. the place's relation to Babylon) but creates its own Greek etymology: the city is called Confusion because there God confused (συνέχεεν) the languages of all the earth. The Shem genealogy (11:10–26) follows the LXX's characteristic +100-year chronology: in each generation the LXX adds approximately 100 years to the age at which the father begets his son compared with the MT (e.g., Arphaxad: LXX 135, MT 35; Sala: LXX 130, MT 30; Eber: LXX 134, MT 34; etc.), reflecting a systematic chronological expansion found in the Alexandrian text tradition (paralleled in the Samaritan Pentateuch for some generations) that pushes the total elapsed time from the flood to Abraham substantially higher than the MT. Most significantly, the LXX inserts a second Kainan (Καιναν) between Arphaxad and Sala (11:12–13): Arphaxad begets Kainan at 135, Kainan lives 130 years and begets Sala, Kainan then lives a further 330 years — this figure, absent from the MT and from the proto-Samaritan tradition, is the Kainan that Luke 3:36 inherits directly from the LXX when tracing the genealogy of Jesus through Sala's father. The 'second Kainan' is a major text-critical crux: it is not secondary harmonization from Genesis 5 (where Kenan/Kainan is a pre-flood patriarch) but appears to be a genuine variant in the Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlage of the Greek translators or a very early scribal addition to the Greek tradition. The chapter closes with Terah's genealogy (11:26–32): his three sons Abram, Nahor, and Haran; Haran's death in Ur while his father Terah was still alive; the marriages; and the departure of Terah's household from Ur toward the land of Canaan. The LXX renders 'Ur of the Chaldees' as ἐκ τῆς χώρας τῶν Χαλδαίων — 'from the LAND of the Chaldeans' — omitting the city-name Ur entirely and rendering it as a regional designation, a notable softening of the MT's precise toponym. The family halts at Χαρραν (Haran) where Terah dies at the age of 205 years (LXX; MT also 205).

1

Καὶ ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἕν, καὶ φωνὴ μία πᾶσιν.

And all the earth was one lip, and there was one voice for all.

Scene-setting / initial stateΚαὶ ἦν
The verse establishes the primordial condition — linguistic and cultural unity — that the Babel episode will destroy. The Hebraism χεῖλος ἕν ('one lip') for 'one language' retains the physiological idiom of the Hebrew שָׂפָה אֶחָת rather than using the natural Greek γλῶσσα; φωνὴ μία ('one voice/speech') is a second parallel clause not closely paralleled in the MT, amplifying the unity. The imperfect ἦν underlines that this was a continuous prior state.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential / copulative)→ imperfect (continuous prior state)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect signals an ongoing condition prior to the Babel episode; renders the Hebrew וַיְהִי though here used more as a circumstantial 'there was' setting the stage.
πᾶσαallNominativeadjective (predicate quantifier modifying ἡ γῆ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; the universal scope — πᾶσα ἡ γῆ — asserts that prior to Babel the entire human race shared one language; emphatic in initial position.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆearthNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'earth / land'; here metonymic for all humanity inhabiting the earth; the same phrase πᾶσα ἡ γῆ recurs at 11:8, 9 with the reversed condition of scattering and confusion.
χεῖλοςlipNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: 'lip / edge / shore'; here = 'language / speech', a Hebraism directly rendering שָׂפָה ('lip' used metonymically for language). The LXX translator preserves the physiological image rather than substituting the natural Greek γλῶσσα ('tongue') or διάλεκτος ('dialect'), foregrounding the body-language connection. The word recurs in v.7 (σύγχεωμεν τὴν γλῶσσαν — note the switch to γλῶσσα in v.7 in some MSS; Rahlfs maintains χεῖλος consistency).
ἕνoneNominativepredicate numeral adjective (agreeing with χεῖλος, neuter)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; neuter ἕν agrees with neuter χεῖλος; the numeral carries theological weight — primordial unity before divine judgment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνὴvoice / speechNominativesubject (of implied ἦν)→ participant prominenceφωνή: 'voice / sound / speech'; parallel to χεῖλος; the LXX adds this clause (not in the MT's main wording) to doubly emphasize unity. φωνή covers both the physical quality of speech and its communicative content.
μίαoneNominativepredicate numeral adjective (agreeing with φωνή, feminine)→ measure or countεἷς: feminine μία; note the Semiticized idiom φωνὴ μία parallels χεῖλος ἕν structurally.
πᾶσινto allDativedative of possession / reference ('one voice for all')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: dative plural, all people; the dative extends the universal scope of the opening verse — the one voice/lip belonged to everyone.
2

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ κινῆσαι αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν εὗρον πεδίον ἐν γῇ Σενναάρ, καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐκεῖ.

And it came to pass when they moved from the east they found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they settled there.

Sequential narrative (temporal)καὶ ἐγένετο
The standard narrative formula καὶ ἐγένετο (rendering Hebrew וַיְהִי) introduces the migration that sets the scene for the building project. The eastward migration is theologically charged in Genesis: eastward movement tends to signify movement away from the divine presence (cf. 3:24; 4:16). The destination, γῇ Σενναάρ (Shinar), is the plain of Babylonia, a known geographic marker.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (framing formula)→ constative aorist (inaugurating the episode)γίνομαι: the formula καὶ ἐγένετο calques Hebrew וַיְהִי, the standard LXX narrative opener; see Ruth 1:1.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κινῆσαιto move / set outAor Act Inf · κινέωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when they moved')→ punctiliar (single migration event)κινέω: 'move / set in motion'; the aorist infinitive in ἐν τῷ κινῆσαι renders a Hebrew participial clause; the migration is depicted as a single deliberate movement of the entire population.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: point of origin)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: point of origin).
ἀνατολῶνthe eastGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (direction of departure)→ relational specificationἀνατολή: 'rising / east'; plural ἀνατολῶν idiomatic for 'the east / eastern regions.' In Genesis, eastward movement typically signals departure from the divine presence: Adam and Eve expelled east (3:24), Cain goes east (4:16), Lot moves east toward Sodom (13:11).
εὗρονthey foundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (narrative: apodosis of ἐγένετο clause)→ constative aorist (single discovery)εὑρίσκω: 'find / discover'; the discovery of the plain of Shinar is the precondition for the building project; the verb implies providential or fortunate finding.
πεδίονa plainAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπεδίον: 'plain / flat country'; renders Hebrew בִּקְעָה ('valley / plain'); the flat alluvial plain of Mesopotamia, ideal for the brick-built city the narrative describes.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; anarthrous, defining the region; Σενναάρ is the LXX name for Shinar/Babylonia, already associated with Nimrod's kingdom (Gen 10:10 LXX).
ΣενναάρShinarDativeproper name, indeclinable (qualifying γῇ)→ participant identificationΣενναάρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (qualifying γῇ).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῴκησανthey settledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (narrative: settlement)→ constative aorist (establishing of dwelling)κατοικέω: 'settle / dwell'; the compound κατ- ('down') adds permanence — they set up residence. The verb will recur in the LXX for illicit settlement away from God's intended place.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
3

καὶ εἶπεν ἄνθρωπος τῷ πλησίον Δεῦτε πλινθεύσωμεν πλίνθους καὶ ὀπτήσωμεν αὐτὰς πυρί. καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτοῖς ἡ πλίνθος εἰς λίθον, καὶ ἄσφαλτος ἦν αὐτοῖς ὁ πηλός.

And a man said to his neighbour, 'Come, let us make bricks and bake them with fire.' And the brick served them as stone, and bitumen was their mortar.

Sequential narrative (speech introducing the project)καὶ εἶπεν
The verse introduces the first of two δεῦτε ('come') exhortations — this one from the human builders, which will be structurally mirrored by God's δεῦτε in v.7. The cultural-technical note about bricks and bitumen (replacing the stone and mortar of the hill country) is geographically accurate for Mesopotamian construction; the LXX preserves the realism. The construction πλίνθους πλινθεύσωμεν is a figura etymologica (cognate object) calquing the Hebrew וּנִלְבְּנָה לְבֵנִים.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech act)λέγω: standard speech-introduction verb; the singular subject ἄνθρωπος is representative/collective — each person said to his neighbour.
ἄνθρωποςa man / each oneNominativesubject (distributive singular: 'each person to his neighbour')→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'human being / man'; the singular used distributively to express collective mutual speech, reflecting the Hebrew idiom אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ.
τῷthe / hisDativearticle (possessive sense with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighbourDativedative indirect object ('to his neighbour')→ sphere or referenceπλησίον: 'neighbour / fellow / the one near'; used with the article as a substantive; renders Hebrew רֵעַ; the reciprocal 'man to his neighbour' expresses the collective planning of the builders.
Δεῦτεcomehortatory particle (exhortation to collective action)→ discourse linkage or contrastδεῦτε: plural imperative-like particle of call/exhortation; 'come!' — introducing a collective decision. This is the first of two δεῦτε in the chapter (cf. v.7, God's counter-δεῦτε), creating a structural irony.
πλινθεύσωμενlet us make bricksAor Act Subj 1 Pl · πλινθεύωhortatory subjunctive (cohortative: 'let us …')→ ingressive aorist (let us begin the brick-making)πλινθεύω: 'make bricks'; from πλίνθος ('brick'); the cognate object πλίνθους πλινθεύσωμεν is a figura etymologica calquing the Hebrew לִבְנוֹת לְבֵנִים; this bold construction foregrounds the craft as the center of the project.
πλίνθουςbricksAccusativedirect object (cognate accusative with πλινθεύσωμεν)→ object specificationπλίνθος: 'brick (sun-dried or fired)'; the primary building material of Mesopotamia in the absence of stone; mud bricks fired to hardness. The Babel builder's use of bricks, culturally accurate, contrasts with the stone construction assumed in the hill country of Canaan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀπτήσωμενlet us bake / fireAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ὀπτάωhortatory subjunctive (coordinate with πλινθεύσωμεν)→ ingressive aorist (let us begin firing)ὀπτάω: 'roast / bake / fire'; used of cooking and of firing ceramics; firing bricks in kilns gave them superior hardness compared with sun-dried mudbricks.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativedirect object (referring to πλίνθους)→ participant referenceαὐτὰς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (referring to πλίνθους).
πυρίwith fireDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; dative of instrument; the explicit mention of firing distinguishes kiln-fired bricks (a technology) from mere sun-dried mudbrick.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transitional explanatory clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοserved / becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (predicative: 'served as')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: with εἰς + accusative = 'serve as, function as'; the construction ἐγένετο … εἰς λίθον = 'the brick was/served as stone for them' — an explanatory gloss for readers unfamiliar with Mesopotamian building practice.
αὐτοῖςto them / for themDativedative of interest / advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of interest / advantage.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλίνθοςbrickNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπλίνθος: see above; now referred to with the article — 'the brick' (the material just described).
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative use: 'as')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (predicative use: 'as').
λίθονstoneAccusativepredicate accusative (after εἰς in ἐγένετο εἰς construction)→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; the comparison underscores that fired brick replaces stone in a land without quarriable rock — a culturally accurate explanatory gloss.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄσφαλτοςbitumen / asphaltNominativesubject (second explanatory clause)→ participant prominenceἄσφαλτος: 'bitumen / natural asphalt'; the natural tar seeps of Mesopotamia (still present near Hit on the Euphrates) were used as mortar; renders Hebrew חֵמָר. The word is the root of English 'asphalt'.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ imperfect (customary/generic state)εἰμί: explanatory imperfect — bitumen functioned habitually as mortar for them.
αὐτοῖςto them / for themDativedative of interest→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of interest.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πηλόςmortar / clayNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceπηλός: 'clay / mud / mortar'; renders Hebrew טִיט ('mortar'); the LXX uses the common word for clay/mud to stand for the binding mortar, reinforcing the substitution pattern (brick for stone, bitumen for mortar).
4

καὶ εἶπαν Δεῦτε οἰκοδομήσωμεν ἑαυτοῖς πόλιν καὶ πύργον, οὗ ἡ κεφαλὴ ἔσται ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ποιήσωμεν ἑαυτοῖς ὄνομα πρὸ τοῦ διασπαρῆναι ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ προσώπου πάσης τῆς γῆς.

And they said, 'Come, let us build for ourselves a city and a tower whose top will be to heaven, and let us make for ourselves a name before we are scattered over the face of all the earth.'

Sequential narrative (speech: the builders' declaration)καὶ εἶπαν
The builders' declaration articulates the twofold program: build a city and tower reaching to heaven, and make a name. The phrase ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('to heaven') is hyberbolic/aspirational, characterising the ambition as overreach. The motive clause πρὸ τοῦ διασπαρῆναι ἡμᾶς ('before we are scattered') is ironic: their effort to prevent dispersion will be God's very instrument for bringing it about. The reflexive ἑαυτοῖς ('for ourselves') marks the project as self-serving — the antithesis of the name-making (blessing) God will give Abram in 12:2.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: the plural εἶπαν gathers the whole community in the declaration, in contrast to v.3's distributive singular εἶπεν ἄνθρωπος.
Δεῦτεcomehortatory particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδεῦτε: second occurrence of the builders' δεῦτε in the chapter (cf. v.3); the two human δεῦτε calls frame the builders' program and will be structurally answered by God's own δεῦτε in v.7.
οἰκοδομήσωμενlet us buildAor Act Subj 1 Pl · οἰκοδομέωhortatory subjunctive→ ingressive aorist (let us begin to build)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; from οἶκος ('house') + δομέω ('build'); the primary verb for construction; used for both ordinary building and the building of temples (cf. 1 Kgs 6 LXX). Here the project's ambition dwarfs ordinary construction.
ἑαυτοῖςfor ourselvesDativedative of advantage (reflexive)→ sphere or referenceἑαυτός: reflexive pronoun, dative plural; 'for ourselves' marks the self-referential, self-glorifying nature of the project — a theological indictment embedded in the grammar.
πόλινa cityAccusativedirect object (first element of double object)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city / town'; the city (πόλιν) and tower (πύργον) together form the double project; the city-building impulse in Genesis is associated with Cain (4:17) and Nimrod (10:10–12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πύργονa towerAccusativedirect object (second element)→ object specificationπύργος: 'tower / fortified tower'; renders Hebrew מִגְדָּל; in context likely a ziggurat-style staged tower; the word recurs in v.5 when God descends to see 'the tower which the sons of men built.'
οὗwhoseGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (attributive to πύργον)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, genitive of possession; 'whose head' = 'whose top'; οὗ ἡ κεφαλή is the relative clause modifying πύργον.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴhead / topNominativesubject of relative clause→ participant prominenceκεφαλή: 'head'; metaphorically 'top / summit'; renders Hebrew רֹאשׁ ('head/top'); κεφαλὴ ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ is the hyperbolic expression of divine-realm aspiration.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίpredicate verb of relative clause→ predictive futureεἰμί: future tense indicating the anticipated result of the building; the builders project a future state ('will reach to heaven').
ἕωςto / up topreposition (extent: 'as far as')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (extent: 'as far as').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheaven / skyGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (goal)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; here the divine realm; the phrase ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ expresses the hybris of reaching God's domain — a construction condemned by the narrative's outcome.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσωμενlet us makeAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ποιέωhortatory subjunctive (second goal of the building program)→ ingressive aoristποιέω: 'make / do'; ποιήσωμεν ἑαυτοῖς ὄνομα = 'make a name for ourselves'; contrasts with God's promise to make Abram's name great in 12:2 — the human self-naming is answered by divine name-giving.
ἑαυτοῖςfor ourselvesDativedative of advantage (reflexive)→ sphere or referenceἑαυτός: second occurrence of the reflexive dative; the selfward orientation is emphatic.
ὄνομαa nameAccusativedirect object→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name / reputation'; making oneself a name = securing immortal fame; the antithesis of the anonymity that dispersion would bring; ironic in that God's response gives the city the name 'Confusion.'
πρὸbeforepreposition + articular infinitive (temporal: 'before …')→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive (temporal: 'before …').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διασπαρῆναιto be scatteredAor Pass Inf · διασπείρωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'before we are scattered')→ constative aorist (the feared dispersion event)διασπείρω: 'scatter / disperse'; the compound of σπείρω ('sow') and διά ('through'); the very fate they sought to avoid becomes the divine instrument of judgment (vv.8–9); the Diaspora terminology of later Judaism derives from this root.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
ἐπὶover / acrosspreposition + genitive (extent over a surface)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (extent over a surface).
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (surface idiom: 'face of the earth')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἐπὶ προσώπου πάσης τῆς γῆς = 'over the face of all the earth'; a Hebrew idiom (עַל פְּנֵי כָל הָאָרֶץ) preserved in Greek as a Hebraism; echoes the Table of Nations formula (10:32 LXX).
πάσηςallGenitiveadjective (quantifying τῆς γῆς)→ relational specificationπάσης: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (quantifying τῆς γῆς).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (with πάσης)→ relational specificationγῆ: the universal scope deliberately echoes v.1's πᾶσα ἡ γῆ ('all the earth had one lip') — what was universal unity is feared as universal dispersion.
5

καὶ κατέβη κύριος ἰδεῖν τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὸν πύργον, ὃν ᾠκοδόμησαν οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.

And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which the sons of men had built.

Sequential narrative (divine response: descent)καὶ κατέβη
God's descent (κατέβη) is deeply ironic: the tower whose top aspires ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (v.4) is so small that God must descend to see it. The anthropomorphic descent anticipates the divine plural deliberation of vv.6–7. The phrase οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ('sons of men') is a Hebraism (בְּנֵי הָאָדָם) emphasizing the human-creaturely status of the builders in contrast to the divine observer; cf. the similar phrase in Ps 13(14):2 LXX.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηcame down / descendedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (narrative: divine action)→ constative aorist (single descent event)καταβαίνω: 'go/come down'; the irony is structural — the tower built to reach heaven requires God to descend to even see it. The same verb recurs in v.7 when God descends again deliberately to confound the languages; together vv.5 and 7 frame the divine inspection and judgment.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: 'Lord'; the LXX's standard rendering of the divine name יהוה (the Tetragrammaton); here entering the narrative as the divine observer who will judge the builders' project.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist (purposive)ὁράω: 'see / observe / inspect'; the purpose infinitive ἰδεῖν frames God's descent as an act of judicial inspection — a divine court of inquiry before rendering judgment.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object (first element)→ object specificationπόλις: see v.4; the same double-object pair (πόλιν καὶ πύργον) of v.4 reappears here, linking the builders' plan to God's inspection — the specific objects of his scrutiny.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύργονtowerAccusativedirect object (second element)→ object specificationπύργος: see v.4; the tower now defined by what the sons of men built — its human origin named explicitly.
ὃνwhichAccusativeaccusative relative pronoun (referring to πύργον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the antecedent is πύργον (or the whole pair); relative clause attributing the construction to the sons of men.
ᾠκοδόμησανhad builtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (completed construction)οἰκοδομέω: cognate to the hortatory οἰκοδομήσωμεν of v.4; the builders' aspiration has been realized — they have built — setting up the divine response.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of relative clause→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων = 'the sons of men/humanity'; a Hebraism from Hebrew בְּנֵי הָאָדָם (literally 'sons of the Adam/mankind'), a collective designation for human beings; its use here pointedly contrasts the creaturely builders with the divine observer.
τῶνofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνmen / humanityGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱοί)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the Hebraism οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων recurs in Ps 13(14):2 LXX and throughout the Psalms as a collective for humanity; here it emphasizes the creaturely limitation of the builders — mere sons of men, yet aspiring to heaven.
6

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος Ἰδοὺ γένος ἓν καὶ χεῖλος ἓν πάντων, καὶ τοῦτο ἤρξαντο ποιῆσαι, καὶ νῦν οὐκ ἐκλείψει ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν πάντα ὅσα ἂν ἐπιχειρήσωσιν ποιεῖν.

And the Lord said, 'Behold, one race and one lip for all, and they have begun to do this; and now nothing will fail them of all that they attempt to do.'

Divine deliberation (speech: diagnosis before judgment)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
God's speech analyses the threat of human unity: γένος ἓν καὶ χεῖλος ἓν ('one race and one lip') — the initial condition of v.1 now seen as a theological problem. The ἰδού draws attention to what God has observed (linking to the inspection of v.5). The danger is that unified humanity can accomplish any project it undertakes — a statement of alarming human potential that necessitates the divine intervention of v.7.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: God's speech opens the divine deliberation scene; parallels the builders' speech in vv.3–4.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering יהוה; subject of divine deliberation.
Ἰδοὺbehold / lookpresentative particle (drawing attention to the diagnosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; the standard LXX rendering of Hebrew הִנֵּה; here introduces the divine assessment that follows from the inspection of v.5.
γένοςrace / peopleNominativesubject (of implicit ἐστί: 'there is one race')→ participant prominenceγένος: 'race / family / kind'; renders Hebrew עַם ('people'); God identifies shared kinship as a component of the dangerous unity.
ἓνoneNominativepredicate numeral adjective (with γένος)→ measure or countεἷς: neuter ἓν agreeing with neuter γένος; echoes the ἕν of χεῖλος ἕν in v.1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χεῖλοςlip / languageNominativesubject (parallel: 'one lip for all')→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: see v.1; the divine speech echoes the opening verse — God names the condition he has observed as the source of danger.
ἓνoneNominativepredicate numeral adjective (with χεῖλος)→ measure or countεἷς: third occurrence of ἕν / ἓν in the chapter (vv.1, 4, 6); the repetition builds a leitmotif of unity-under-threat.
πάντωνfor all / of allGenitivegenitive of possession / reference→ relational specificationπᾶς: genitive plural; 'one lip for / belonging to all'; the universal scope of v.1 (πᾶσα ἡ γῆ) is recalled by πάντων.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (moving to the consequent danger)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object (anticipatory: pointing to the city/tower project)→ participant referenceοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun; refers back to the building project of vv.3–4; 'they have begun to do THIS.'
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb (with infinitive ποιῆσαι)→ ingressive aorist (beginning of the project)ἄρχω (middle): 'begin'; the middle ἤρξαντο + infinitive = 'began to do'; the aorist is ingressive — what alarms God is that they have merely begun and yet their potential is already unlimited.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with ἤρξαντο)→ constative aorist (potential completed action)ποιέω: see v.4's ποιήσωμεν; the builders' own hortatory subjunctive is now echoed in the divine assessment — they have begun doing what they planned.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (marking the critical juncture)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; the word creates urgency — the window for intervention is open; cf. the similarly urgent νῦν in Gen 3:22.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐκλείψειwill fail / ceaseFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωmain verb of the consequence clause→ predictive futureἐκλείπω: 'fail / run out / cease'; οὐκ ἐκλείψει ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν = 'will not fail them'; the negated future states that nothing will be impossible for unified humanity — an alarming divine assessment echoing Gen 3:22's 'lest he take also from the tree of life.'
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό.
πάνταall thingsNominativesubject (of ἐκλείψει)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: neuter plural; 'all things … will not fail them' = 'nothing at all will be impossible for them'; the sweeping scope justifies divine intervention.
ὅσαwhatever / as many asAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing a relative clause of extent)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many/much as / whatever'; introduces the range of their potential projects.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (with subjunctive: indefinite/general)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle with subjunctive creates an indefinite relative clause — 'whatever they attempt'; the indefinite scope heightens the alarm.
ἐπιχειρήσωσινthey attempt / undertakeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐπιχειρέωverb of relative clause (with ἄν: indefinite)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (any venture they begin)ἐπιχειρέω: 'put one's hand to / attempt / undertake'; a compound of ἐπί + χείρ ('hand') + verbal suffix; literally 'put one's hand upon'; the word choice reinforces the manual/physical aspect of the building project.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐπιχειρήσωσιν)→ progressive/general (any doing)ποιέω: third occurrence of this root in vv.4–6; the repetition (ποιήσωμεν, ποιῆσαι, ποιεῖν) binds the divine diagnosis to the human program.
7

δεῦτε καὶ καταβάντες συγχέωμεν αὐτῶν ἐκεῖ τὴν γλῶσσαν, ἵνα μὴ ἀκούσωσιν ἕκαστος τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ πλησίον.

Come, and let us go down and confound their language there, so that they may not hear each one the voice of his neighbour.

Divine deliberation (hortatory: the counter-program)δεῦτε
God's δεῦτε ('come') directly mirrors and answers the builders' own δεῦτε of vv.3 and 4, creating the chapter's chiastic irony: the human council is countered by the divine council. The divine plural (συγχέωμεν, 'let us confound') raises the classic theological question of the identity of God's interlocutors — the LXX, like the MT, does not resolve this; the Jewish tradition reads the divine council / angels, the Christian tradition anticipates the Trinity. The goal stated in the ἵνα-clause — preventing mutual comprehension — directly reverses the unity of v.1.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
δεῦτεcomehortatory particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδεῦτε: third and climactic δεῦτε of the chapter (vv.3, 4, 7); the divine δεῦτε structurally answers and counters the two human δεῦτε calls, a narrative irony that reveals the builders' project was already under divine observation and counter-planning.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking δεῦτε to the participle)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταβάντεςgoing down / having gone downAor Act Part Nom Pl Masc · καταβαίνωparticiple (attendant circumstance: 'come, and going down, let us confound')→ constative aorist (prior action: descent then confounding)καταβαίνω: see v.5; the participle anticipates the second descent (cf. v.5's κατέβη for the first). The plural form καταβάντες agrees grammatically with the implied divine plural subject.
συγχέωμενlet us confound / mix upAor Act Subj 1 Pl · συγχέωhortatory subjunctive (divine cohortative)→ ingressive aorist (let us begin confounding)συγχέω: 'mix together / confound / confuse'; the verb whose noun (Σύγχυσις) will name the city in v.9; the pun between the divine action (συγχέωμεν) and the city-name (Σύγχυσις) is the LXX's own etymology, replacing the MT's Babel/bll folk-etymology. The verb is also cognate to the compound name Βαβυλών in its Greek rendering.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with τὴν γλῶσσαν)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with τὴν γλῶσσαν).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (at the building site)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: the same adverb used of the settlers' choice of location in v.2 (κατῴκησαν ἐκεῖ); now the place of their settlement becomes the place of divine judgment.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλῶσσανlanguage / tongueAccusativedirect object→ object specificationγλῶσσα: 'tongue / language'; here the object of the confounding; note the shift from χεῖλος ('lip') in vv.1 and 6 to γλῶσσα ('tongue') in v.7 — both words are used in Greek for 'language'; the LXX alternates them, while the MT consistently uses שָׂפָה throughout.
ἵναso that / in order thatsubordinating conjunction (purpose/result)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegation (with subjunctive in purpose clause)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀκούσωσινthey may hear / understandAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀκούωverb of purpose clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveἀκούω: 'hear / understand'; here 'understand' — the breakdown is not of hearing ability but of comprehension; mutual unintelligibility destroys the cooperative capacity identified in v.6.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject (distributive: 'each one his neighbour's voice')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; the distributive singular highlights that the breakdown is individual and universal simultaneously — each person can no longer understand his neighbour.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνvoice / speechAccusativedirect object (of ἀκούσωσιν)→ object specificationφωνή: echoes v.1's φωνὴ μία ('one voice for all'); the unity of one voice is reversed into the inability to hear each neighbour's voice; the inclusio is deliberate.
τοῦthe / hisGenitivearticle (possessive sense)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighbourGenitivegenitive of possession (with τὴν φωνήν)→ relational specificationπλησίον: see v.3; the man who said to his neighbour 'come, let us make bricks' can now no longer hear his neighbour's voice — the social fabric of cooperative speech is severed.
8

καὶ διέσπειρεν αὐτοὺς κύριος ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον πάσης τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἐπαύσαντο οἰκοδομοῦντες τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὸν πύργον.

And the Lord scattered them from there over the face of all the earth, and they ceased building the city and the tower.

Sequential narrative (divine judgment executed)καὶ διέσπειρεν
The verse executes the judgment announced in vv.6–7 in two parallel statements: the scattering (what the builders feared in v.4) and the cessation of building. διέσπειρεν picks up the builders' own fear-word (διασπαρῆναι, v.4) — what they dreaded comes upon them through divine act. The phrase ἐπὶ πρόσωπον πάσης τῆς γῆς ('over the face of all the earth') echoes v.4's πρὸ τοῦ διασπαρῆναι ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ προσώπου πάσης τῆς γῆς almost verbatim.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέσπειρενscatteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διασπείρωmain verb (divine action: judgment executed)→ constative aorist (single act of scattering)διασπείρω: 'scatter abroad'; compound of σπείρω ('sow') + διά ('through'); renders Hebrew פּוּץ ('scatter'); the root of the later noun διασπορά ('diaspora'). The builders feared διασπαρῆναι (v.4); the divine active verb διέσπειρεν ('he scattered them') makes the passive fear into a divine active judgment.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the agent of scattering is identified as the LORD, underscoring the theological interpretation of linguistic diversity as divine judgment.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (point of departure)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; ἐκεῖ ('there') was the builders' chosen place (v.2); ἐκεῖθεν ('from there') marks the ironic reversal — the place of aspiration becomes the point of dispersion.
ἐπὶover / acrosspreposition + accusative (extent over a surface)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent over a surface).
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of ἐπί (surface idiom)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἐπὶ πρόσωπον πάσης τῆς γῆς virtually quotes the builders' own fear-clause (v.4 πρὸ τοῦ διασπαρῆναι … ἐπὶ προσώπου πάσης τῆς γῆς); the narrative fulfills precisely what they feared.
πάσηςallGenitiveadjective (quantifying τῆς γῆς)→ relational specificationπάσης: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (quantifying τῆς γῆς).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (with πάσης)→ relational specificationγῆ: the universal scope (πᾶσα ἡ γῆ) creates a ring with v.1 (initial state of the earth) and v.9 (final state after the judgment).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπαύσαντοthey ceasedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παύωmain verb (narrative: cessation of building)→ constative aorist (abrupt ending of the project)παύω (middle): 'cease / stop'; the middle form (ἐπαύσαντο) emphasizes the subject's own cessation rather than being caused to stop; cf. Acts 2 where Pentecost reverses this cessation — the divided languages are temporarily bridged by the Spirit.
οἰκοδομοῦντεςbuildingPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · οἰκοδομέωparticipial complement (with παύω: 'ceased doing X')→ progressive (the ongoing activity that is halted)οἰκοδομέω: the verb used in v.4 (οἰκοδομήσωμεν) and v.5 (ᾠκοδόμησαν); its cessation here closes the building program; the present participle with παύω = 'cease from their building.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object (first element)→ object specificationπόλις: the city that is never completed; the abandoned building project will be named Σύγχυσις in v.9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύργονtowerAccusativedirect object (second element)→ object specificationπύργος: the tower that was to reach heaven; its unfinished state is the monument to human pride halted by divine judgment.
9

διὰ τοῦτο ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῆς Σύγχυσις, ὅτι ἐκεῖ συνέχεεν κύριος τὰ χείλη πάσης τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἐκεῖθεν διέσπειρεν αὐτοὺς κύριος ἐπὶ πρόσωπον πάσης τῆς γῆς.

Therefore its name was called Confusion, because there the Lord confused the lips of all the earth, and from there the Lord scattered them over the face of all the earth.

Etiological conclusion (naming explanation)διὰ τοῦτο
The etiological formula διὰ τοῦτο ἐκλήθη ('therefore it was called') closes the Babel episode by naming the city Σύγχυσις ('Confusion'). This is a major crux: the MT names the city Babel (בָּבֶל) and explains it via a folk-etymology of בָּלַל ('confuse/mix'), but the LXX translates rather than transliterates, losing the Babel/Babylon connection and creating its own Greek name. The double ἐκεῖ / ἐκεῖθεν ('there … from there') resumes vv.7–8 and closes the narrative ring: the place of ambition becomes the place of confusion and the point of departure for dispersion. Acts 2:1–11 (Pentecost) is widely read as the narrative reversal of this episode — the one voice restored across many languages.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
διὰbecause of / thereforepreposition (with accusative: causal/inferential)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (with accusative: causal/inferential).
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative object of διά (causal: 'on account of this')→ participant referenceοὗτος: retrospective demonstrative; 'because of this [i.e., the confounding and scattering just narrated]'; the phrase διὰ τοῦτο is the standard LXX etiological formula.
ἐκλήθηwas calledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (etiological naming)→ constative aorist (act of naming)καλέω: 'call / name'; passive ἐκλήθη = 'was called / named'; the naming formula closes the episode with an etiological explanation — the city's name explains why the world has many languages.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the builders wanted to make for themselves a name (v.4 ὄνομα ἑαυτοῖς); God gives the city a name — but the name is Confusion, the antithesis of glory.
αὐτῆςof it / itsGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to πόλιν of v.8)→ relational specificationαὐτός: feminine αὐτῆς agrees with πόλις (feminine); 'its name' = 'the name of the city.'
ΣύγχυσιςConfusionNominativepredicate nominative (name given to the city)→ participant identificationΣύγχυσις: 'confusion / mixture'; the LXX's Greek translation of the city's name, derived from συγχέω (v.7 συγχέωμεν); a major crux — the MT has בָּבֶל ('Babel', connected to Babylon), which the LXX entirely replaces with a Greek etymology. By translating rather than transliterating, the LXX: (a) loses the Babel/Babylon connection; (b) creates a purely Greek etymology (the city is 'Confusion' because God confused the tongues); (c) severs the OT link between Babel and Babylon that is exploited in Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Revelation. The noun Σύγχυσις is cognate to the verb συνέχεεν used in the same verse.
ὅτιbecausesubordinating conjunction (causal: explaining the name)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: see vv.2, 7; the place-name ring closes here.
συνέχεενconfused / poured togetherAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συγχέωmain verb (divine action: the confounding)→ constative aoristσυγχέω: 'mix / confuse / pour together'; cf. συγχέωμεν in v.7; the cognate connection between the divine action (συνέχεεν) and the city's name (Σύγχυσις) is the LXX's own constructed etymology, replacing the Hebrew Babel/bll pun.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: identified as the agent of confounding; the active verb with named subject underlines divine sovereignty over human history.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείληlips / languagesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationχεῖλος: see v.1; the plural τὰ χείλη ('the lips/languages') is the direct object of confounding — what was one lip (v.1) is now many confused lips; the Hebraism is sustained to the closing verse of the episode.
πάσηςallGenitiveadjective (quantifying τῆς γῆς)→ relational specificationπάσης: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (quantifying τῆς γῆς).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive object (the earth whose lips were confused)→ relational specificationγῆ: πάσης τῆς γῆς: the ring with v.1 (πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἕν) is now complete — all the earth had one lip; now the lips of all the earth are confused.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (point of departure)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: resumes v.8; the double ἐκεῖ / ἐκεῖθεν ('there / from there') summarizes both divine acts — confounding there and scattering from there.
διέσπειρενscatteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διασπείρωmain verb (resumptive: cf. v.8)→ constative aoristδιασπείρω: see v.8; the repetition of the scattering verb closes the episode with the same word used at v.8 — a summary recapitulation typical of Hebrew narrative style.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: second occurrence as subject in v.9; the double naming of the LORD as agent of both confounding and scattering frames the divine sovereignty symmetrically.
ἐπὶoverpreposition (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (extent).
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of ἐπί (surface idiom)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: see vv.4 and 8; the final recurrence of the 'face of all the earth' formula closes the Babel episode with a deliberate echo of the builders' own fear-clause (v.4).
πάσηςallGenitiveadjective→ relational specificationπάσης: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationγῆ: the final occurrence of πᾶσα ἡ γῆ seals the inclusio with v.1.
10

Καὶ αὗται αἱ γενέσεις Σημ· Σημ ἦν υἱὸς ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν ὅτε ἐγέννησεν τὸν Αρφαξαδ δευτέρου ἔτους μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμόν.

And these are the generations of Shem: Shem was a son of one hundred years when he begat Arphaxad, in the second year after the flood.

Toledoth formula (genealogical opening)Καὶ αὗται αἱ γενέσεις
The toledoth formula αὗται αἱ γενέσεις Σημ ('these are the generations of Shem') opens the second half of the chapter, parallel to similar formulas throughout Genesis. The genealogy anchors the narrative in the post-flood world: Shem's age (100 at fathering Arphaxad) and the anchor 'second year after the flood' give precise chronological coordinates. The LXX genealogy will systematically add ~100 years to each generation's fathering-age compared with the MT.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (transitional, moving to new section)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὗταιtheseNominativesubject (demonstrative in toledoth formula)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: feminine plural αὗται, referring forward to the genealogical list; the toledoth formula אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדֹת is rendered αὗται αἱ γενέσεις throughout the LXX Pentateuch.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενέσειςgenerations / descendantsNominativepredicate nominative (with αὗται and ἦν implied)→ participant prominenceγένεσις: 'origin / generation / lineage'; the plural γενέσεις = 'the generations / genealogy'; it also gives the book of Genesis its LXX title (ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ from the first word of the book 1:1 ἐν ἀρχῇ; the title is derived from the recurring toledoth formula).
ΣημShemGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession with αἱ γενέσεις)→ participant identificationΣημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession with αἱ γενέσεις).
ΣημShemNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject of the genealogical entry)→ participant identificationΣημ: the LXX transliteration of Hebrew שֵׁם; one of Noah's three sons (Gen 9–10); the Semitic peoples derive their name from him; ancestor of Eber and the Shemite line that runs to Abram.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ imperfect (state at the time of fathering)εἰμί: the genealogical formula uses ἦν … ὅτε ἐγέννησεν ('was … when he begat') to state the father's age at fathering.
υἱὸςa sonNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the idiom ἦν υἱὸς ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν ('was a son of a hundred years') renders the Hebrew בֶּן מֵאַת שָׁנָה ('son of a hundred years') — a Hebraism for age using the construction 'son of X years.'
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral (part of age expression)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'one hundred'; the LXX agrees with the MT that Shem was 100 when he begat Arphaxad; from Arphaxad onward the LXX adds ~100 years to each generation (see v.12).
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱὸς: 'son of a hundred years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; the genitive of measure in the age formula is a Hebraism.
ὅτεwhensubordinating conjunction (temporal)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωverb of temporal clause (the fathering event)→ constative aorist (single birth event)γεννάω: 'beget / father'; the standard genealogical verb throughout Genesis 5 and 11 LXX; each occurrence marks a generation in the line.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑρφαξαδArphaxadAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (direct object: son begotten)→ participant identificationΑρφαξαδ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew אַרְפַּכְשַׁד (Arphaxad); the son of Shem who will himself beget (in the LXX) the second Kainan (v.12–13).
δευτέρουsecondGenitiveadjective (genitive of time: 'in the second year')→ relational specificationδεύτερος: 'second'; genitive of time with ἔτους; the phrase δευτέρου ἔτους μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμόν — 'in the second year after the flood' — is a precise chronological anchor fixing the genealogy relative to the flood narrative.
ἔτουςyearGenitivegenitive of time→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal: 'after')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal: 'after').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακλυσμόνfloodAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationκατακλυσμός: 'flood / deluge'; from κατακλύζω ('flood / inundate'); the standard LXX term for Noah's flood (cf. Gen 7–9 LXX); root of English 'cataclysm.' The anchor post quem ensures the genealogy is read as continuous with the flood narrative.
11

καὶ ἔζησεν Σημ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Αρφαξαδ ἔτη πεντακόσια καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Shem lived after he begat Arphaxad five hundred years, and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical continuation: remaining-years formula)καὶ ἔζησεν
The standard remaining-years formula (καὶ ἔζησεν X μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι … ἔτη Y καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας) follows each first-fathering entry; the καὶ ἀπέθανεν ('and he died') closing formula appears in the LXX here for Shem, though not consistently in every generation of ch. 11 (contrast the regular deaths in Gen 5). The LXX's 500 remaining years for Shem (same as MT) gives him a total lifespan of 600 years.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aorist (span of remaining life)ζάω: 'live'; the aorist covers the entire remaining life-span after the named fathering; the formula ἔζησεν … ἔτη Y is the standard LXX genealogical pattern for remaining years.
ΣημShemNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΣημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive (temporal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'after his begetting')→ constative aoristγεννάω: the articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι is the standard post-fathering temporal clause in the genealogical formula.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑρφαξαδArphaxadAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΑρφαξαδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration.
πεντακόσιαfive hundredAccusativenumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ object specificationπεντακόσιοι: '500'; LXX = MT for Shem's remaining years; total lifespan 600.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: the production of additional unnamed sons and daughters is a standard element of the genealogical formula, indicating each patriarch fathered many children beyond the one named in the line.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object (coordinate with υἱοὺς)→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the pair υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες marks the fullness of the patriarch's offspring.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice — closing the entry)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the death notice appears for Shem in the LXX (parallel to Gen 5 pattern); some later entries in ch. 11 LXX omit the death notice.
12

Καὶ ἔζησεν Αρφαξαδ ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα πέντε ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Καιναν.

And Arphaxad lived one hundred and thirty-five years and he begat Kainan.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Arphaxad begets Kainan — the second Kainan crux)Καὶ ἔζησεν Αρφαξαδ
MAJOR CRUX: The LXX inserts a second Kainan (Καιναν) here as the son of Arphaxad, absent from the MT which has Shelah as Arphaxad's direct son (MT Gen 11:12: 'Arphaxad lived 35 years and begat Shelah'). The LXX's age at fathering (135 years) is also different from the MT (35 years), reflecting the systematic +100-year pattern. This second Kainan is the figure Luke inherits in his genealogy of Jesus (Luke 3:36: 'the son of Kainan, the son of Arphaxad') — one of the clearest cases of Luke reading the LXX rather than the MT.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω: in the LXX genealogical formula, the age-at-first-fathering entry uses ἔζησεν X ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν rather than the separate ἦν υἱὸς X ἐτῶν ὅτε construction of v.10.
ΑρφαξαδArphaxadNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΑρφαξαδ: son of Shem (v.10); the LXX makes him the father of the second Kainan (not of Shelah directly as in the MT); age at fathering: LXX 135, MT 35 — the +100-year pattern begins here.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral (part of age expression)→ measure or countἑκατόν: first component of 135; LXX has 135, MT has 35 — the LXX adds 100 years. This is the most significant instance of the +100-year pattern because it also introduces the second Kainan.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (part of age expression)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πέντεfivenumeral (completing 135)→ measure or countπέντε: meaning 'five'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering)→ constative aoristγεννάω: the critical word — the LXX's Arphaxad begets Kainan, not Shelah; this single entry creates the second Kainan and makes the LXX genealogy one generation longer than the MT between the flood and Abram.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΚαινανKainanAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten — the second Kainan)→ participant identificationΚαιναν: LXX transliteration of Hebrew קֵינָן; CRUX: this is the second Kainan — the first appears in Gen 5:9–14 LXX as a pre-flood patriarch in the Sethite line. This second Kainan (post-flood, son of Arphaxad) is absent from the MT entirely and absent from the Samaritan Pentateuch. Luke 3:36 lists 'Kainan son of Arphaxad' in Jesus' genealogy, demonstrating that Luke used the LXX tradition. The origin of the second Kainan is debated: it may reflect a variant Hebrew/Aramaic Vorlage, an early scribal addition to bring the post-flood genealogy into conformity with Gen 5, or a correction by the LXX translators. It is a genuine text-critical crux that affects both the chronology and the NT genealogy.
13

καὶ ἔζησεν Καιναν ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλα· καὶ ἔζησεν Καιναν μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Σαλα ἔτη τριακόσια τριάκοντα καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Kainan lived one hundred and thirty years and he begat Sala; and Kainan lived after he begat Sala three hundred and thirty years and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical entry: the second Kainan's full entry)καὶ ἔζησεν Καιναν
The full genealogical entry for the second Kainan gives both his age at fathering Sala (130 years) and his remaining years (330), totaling 460. The verse combines the first-fathering formula and the remaining-years formula into a single verse, as the LXX sometimes does. This Kainan is absent from every MT witness and from the Samaritan Pentateuch, making his full genealogical entry (with ages and death notice) one of the most striking LXX-only passages in the Pentateuch. His son Σαλα (Shelah, MT שֶׁלַח) is the next ancestor in the line to Eber and Peleg.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω: first occurrence in this verse: the age-at-fathering half of the formula.
ΚαινανKainanNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject — the second Kainan)→ participant identificationΚαιναν: see v.12 note; the second Kainan, son of Arphaxad, appears here as father of Sala; his full entry is the LXX's unique contribution to the genealogy.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (completing 130)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of Sala)→ constative aoristγεννάω: Kainan begets Σαλα (Shelah), continuing the line toward Eber and eventually Abram.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλαSala / ShelahAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΣαλα: LXX rendering of Hebrew שֶׁלַח (Shelah); in the MT, Shelah is the direct son of Arphaxad; in the LXX he is the son of the second Kainan, son of Arphaxad. Luke 3:35 lists 'the son of Sala' continuing the genealogy from Kainan.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (moving to remaining-years formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aoristζάω: second occurrence in this verse.
ΚαινανKainanNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject, resumed)→ participant identificationΚαιναν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject, resumed).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive (temporal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'after his begetting Sala')→ constative aoristγεννάω: standard remaining-years formula.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλαSalaAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΣαλα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
τριακόσιαthree hundredAccusativenumeral→ object specificationτριακόσια: meaning 'three hundred'; it serves as numeral.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (completing 330)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: death notice closes the second Kainan's entry.
14

Καὶ ἔζησεν Σαλα ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Εβερ.

And Sala lived one hundred and thirty years and he begat Eber.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Sala begets Eber)Καὶ ἔζησεν Σαλα
Sala (Shelah) begets Eber at age 130 (LXX; MT has 30 — the +100-year pattern continues). Eber is the eponymous ancestor of the 'Hebrews' (Ἑβραῖοι / Ibrim), making this genealogical link theologically significant: the line through which the Hebrew identity is traced runs precisely through Shem → Arphaxad → (second Kainan) → Sala → Eber.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω: genealogical formula.
ΣαλαSalaNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΣαλα: see v.13; son of the second Kainan in LXX; father of Eber.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (completing 130)→ measure or countLXX 130, MT 30 — the +100-year pattern.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of Eber)→ constative aoristγεννάω: Sala begets Eber, the eponymous ancestor of the Hebrews.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕβερEberAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΕβερ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew עֵבֶר (ʿEber); the eponymous ancestor of the Ἑβραῖοι / Ibrim ('Hebrews'); the name may derive from the root עָבַר ('cross over'), possibly referencing the crossing of the Euphrates. In Gen 10:21 LXX Shem is called 'the father of all the sons of Eber' (τοῦ Εβερ), foregrounding this line.
15

καὶ ἔζησεν Σαλα μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Εβερ ἔτη τριακόσια τριάκοντα καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Sala lived after he begat Eber three hundred and thirty years and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical continuation: Sala's remaining years)καὶ ἔζησεν Σαλα
Sala's remaining years: 330 (LXX; MT has 403). The LXX pattern for remaining years in this genealogy does not follow a uniform +100 rule — the adjustments vary by patriarch. The total lifespan implied by the LXX is 130 + 330 = 460 years for Sala.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aoristζάω: remaining-years formula.
ΣαλαSalaNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΣαλα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive (temporal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristγεννάω: meaning 'to beget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (temporal).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕβερEberAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΕβερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
τριακόσιαthree hundredAccusativenumeral→ object specificationτριακόσια: meaning 'three hundred'; it serves as numeral.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (completing 330)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: death notice closes Sala's entry.
16

Καὶ ἔζησεν Εβερ ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα τέσσαρα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Φαλεκ.

And Eber lived one hundred and thirty-four years and he begat Peleg.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Eber begets Peleg)Καὶ ἔζησεν Εβερ
Eber begets Peleg (LXX Φαλεκ) at age 134 (LXX; MT 34 — the +100 pattern). Peleg is named in Gen 10:25 LXX because 'in his days the earth was divided' (ὅτι ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ διεμερίσθη ἡ γῆ), a note often linked to the Babel dispersion or to an earlier division of peoples. The name Φαλεκ renders Hebrew פֶּלֶג ('division').
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω: genealogical formula.
ΕβερEberNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΕβερ: eponymous ancestor of the Hebrews; the generations Sala→Eber→Peleg mark the transition from the broader Semitic world to the narrower ancestral line of Abram.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral→ measure or countτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τέσσαραfournumeral (completing 134)→ measure or countLXX 134, MT 34.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of Peleg)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαλεκPelegAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΦαλεκ: LXX rendering of Hebrew פֶּלֶג (Peleg, 'division / channel'); named in Gen 10:25 because 'in his days the earth was divided' — the name encodes the tradition of a division of peoples in his era; ancestor of Ragau/Reu.
17

καὶ ἔζησεν Εβερ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Φαλεκ ἔτη τριακόσια ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Eber lived after he begat Peleg three hundred and seventy years and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical continuation: Eber's remaining years)καὶ ἔζησεν Εβερ
Eber's remaining years: 370 (LXX; MT 430). Total LXX lifespan: 134 + 370 = 504 years. Note that in the MT Eber lives 464 years total (34 + 430), making him the longest-lived post-flood patriarch in the Shem line; in the LXX his total is similarly notable at 504.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΕβερEberNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΕβερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive (temporal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristγεννάω: meaning 'to beget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (temporal).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαλεκPelegAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΦαλεκ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
τριακόσιαthree hundredAccusativenumeral→ object specificationτριακόσια: meaning 'three hundred'; it serves as numeral.
ἑβδομήκονταseventynumeral (completing 370)→ measure or countἑβδομήκοντα: meaning 'seventy'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7.
18

Καὶ ἔζησεν Φαλεκ ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ραγαυ.

And Peleg lived one hundred and thirty years and he begat Ragau.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Peleg begets Ragau)Καὶ ἔζησεν Φαλεκ
Peleg begets Ragau (Reu) at age 130 (LXX; MT 30 — the +100 pattern). The genealogy continues its steady march toward Abram through Ragau, Serug, Nahor, and Terah.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΦαλεκPelegNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΦαλεκ: son of Eber; in his days the earth was divided (Gen 10:25 LXX); father of Ragau.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (completing 130)→ measure or countLXX 130, MT 30.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of Ragau)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαγαυRagau / ReuAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΡαγαυ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew רְעוּ (Reu); son of Peleg, ancestor of Serug, Nahor, Terah, and Abram; Luke 3:35 includes Ragau in the genealogy of Jesus.
19

καὶ ἔζησεν Φαλεκ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Ραγαυ ἔτη διακόσια ἐννέα καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Peleg lived after he begat Ragau two hundred and nine years and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical continuation: Peleg's remaining years)καὶ ἔζησεν Φαλεκ
Peleg's remaining years: 209 (LXX; MT 209 — one of the points where LXX and MT agree in the remaining years). Total lifespan: 130 + 209 = 339 years (LXX), 30 + 209 = 239 (MT).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΦαλεκPelegNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΦαλεκ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristγεννάω: meaning 'to beget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (temporal).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαγαυRagauAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΡαγαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
διακόσιαtwo hundredAccusativenumeral→ object specificationδιακόσια: meaning 'two hundred'; it serves as numeral.
ἐννέαninenumeral (completing 209)→ measure or countἐννέα: meaning 'nine'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7.
20

Καὶ ἔζησεν Ραγαυ ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα δύο ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σερουχ.

And Ragau lived one hundred and thirty-two years and he begat Serug.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Ragau begets Serug)Καὶ ἔζησεν Ραγαυ
Ragau begets Serug at age 132 (LXX; MT 32 — the +100 pattern). The genealogy is in its penultimate phases before Terah and Abram; each generation brings the line closer to the patriarchal call.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΡαγαυRagauNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΡαγαυ: son of Peleg; the genealogy moves three more generations (Serug → Nahor → Terah → Abram) before reaching the first patriarch.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral→ measure or countτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δύοtwonumeral (completing 132)→ measure or countLXX 132, MT 32.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of Serug)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣερουχSerugAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΣερουχ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew שְׂרוּג (Serug); son of Ragau, grandfather of Nahor, great-grandfather of Terah, and great-great-grandfather of Abram; Luke 3:35 includes Serug in the genealogy of Jesus.
21

καὶ ἔζησεν Ραγαυ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Σερουχ ἔτη διακόσια ἑπτά· καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Ragau lived after he begat Serug two hundred and seven years; and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical continuation: Ragau's remaining years)καὶ ἔζησεν Ραγαυ
Ragau's remaining years: 207 (LXX; MT 207 — these agree). Total lifespan: 132 + 207 = 339 years (LXX), 32 + 207 = 239 (MT). The death notice continues the standard formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΡαγαυRagauNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΡαγαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristγεννάω: meaning 'to beget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (temporal).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣερουχSerugAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΣερουχ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
διακόσιαtwo hundredAccusativenumeral→ object specificationδιακόσια: meaning 'two hundred'; it serves as numeral.
ἑπτάsevennumeral (completing 207)→ measure or countἑπτά: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7.
22

Καὶ ἔζησεν Σερουχ ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ναχωρ.

And Serug lived one hundred and thirty years and he begat Nahor.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Serug begets Nahor)Καὶ ἔζησεν Σερουχ
Serug begets Nahor at age 130 (LXX; MT 30 — the +100 pattern). Nahor is the grandfather of Abram and the first of the three generations immediately before the patriarchal call.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΣερουχSerugNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΣερουχ: son of Ragau; the genealogy is approaching Terah and Abram.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (completing 130)→ measure or countLXX 130, MT 30.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of Nahor)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝαχωρNahorAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew נָחוֹר (Nahor); son of Serug and father of Terah; the name is shared by Terah's son (Abram's brother) in v.24 — there are two men named Nahor in the genealogy (grandfather and grandson).
23

καὶ ἔζησεν Σερουχ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Ναχωρ ἔτη διακόσια· καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Serug lived after he begat Nahor two hundred years; and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical continuation: Serug's remaining years)καὶ ἔζησεν Σερουχ
Serug's remaining years: 200 (LXX; MT 200 — these agree). Total lifespan: 130 + 200 = 330 years (LXX), 30 + 200 = 230 (MT).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΣερουχSerugNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΣερουχ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristγεννάω: meaning 'to beget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (temporal).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝαχωρNahorAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
διακόσιαtwo hundredAccusativenumeral (200 remaining years)→ object specificationδιακόσια: meaning 'two hundred'; it serves as numeral (200 remaining years).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7.
24

Καὶ ἔζησεν Ναχωρ ἑβδομήκοντα ἐννέα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Θαρα.

And Nahor lived seventy-nine years and he begat Terah.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Nahor begets Terah)Καὶ ἔζησεν Ναχωρ
Nahor (Terah's father, not Abram's brother) begets Terah at age 79 (LXX; MT 29). The LXX adds 50 years here rather than the usual 100, one of the variations in the LXX's systematic pattern. This is the penultimate generation before Abram.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΝαχωρNahorNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject — the elder Nahor, son of Serug)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: Serug's son, Terah's father; distinct from the younger Nahor (Abram's brother) of v.26; the same name in two consecutive generations can cause confusion, especially since v.26 introduces Terah's son Nahor without distinguishing him from his grandfather.
ἑβδομήκονταseventynumeral→ measure or countἑβδομήκοντα: meaning 'seventy'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐννέαninenumeral (completing 79)→ measure or countLXX 79, MT 29 — the LXX adds 50 here, not 100.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of Terah)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘαραTerahAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΘαρα: LXX transliteration of Hebrew תֶּרַח (Terah); the immediate father of Abram, Nahor (the younger), and Haran; his toledoth is introduced in v.27 and his death in Haran closes the chapter (v.32). Luke 3:34 includes Terah in the genealogy of Jesus.
25

καὶ ἔζησεν Ναχωρ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Θαρα ἔτη ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι ἐννέα· καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας καὶ ἀπέθανεν.

And Nahor lived after he begat Terah one hundred and twenty-nine years; and he begat sons and daughters and he died.

Sequential (genealogical continuation: elder Nahor's remaining years)καὶ ἔζησεν Ναχωρ
The elder Nahor's remaining years: 129 (LXX; MT 119). Total lifespan: 79 + 129 = 208 years (LXX), 29 + 119 = 148 (MT).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (remaining-years formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΝαχωρNahorNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject — the elder Nahor)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject — the elder Nahor).
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννῆσαιto begetAor Act Inf · γεννάωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristγεννάω: meaning 'to beget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (temporal).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘαραTerahAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι)→ participant identificationΘαρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (object of γεννῆσαι).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
ἑκατὸνone hundrednumeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral→ measure or countεἴκοσι: meaning 'twenty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐννέαninenumeral (completing 129)→ measure or countἐννέα: meaning 'nine'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (other offspring)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice — end of elder Nahor's entry)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7.
26

Καὶ ἔζησεν Θαρα ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Αβραμ καὶ τὸν Ναχωρ καὶ τὸν Αρραν.

And Terah lived seventy years and he begat Abram and Nahor and Haran.

Sequential (genealogical entry: Terah begets three sons)Καὶ ἔζησεν Θαρα
Terah begets three named sons at age 70 (LXX = MT): Abram (the narrative focus), Nahor (ancestor of Rebekah), and Haran (who dies before his father, v.28). The triple fathering in a single entry is unique in the Shem genealogy, marking Terah as the patriarch of the founding family.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (age-at-fathering formula)→ constative aoristζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
ΘαραTerahNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΘαρα: LXX transliteration of Hebrew תֶּרַח; the last link in the Shem genealogical chain before the full toledoth of v.27; his death closes the chapter (v.32).
ἑβδομήκονταseventynumeral (70 years)→ measure or countLXX = MT for Terah's age at fathering.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγέννησενhe begatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (fathering of three sons)→ constative aoristγεννάω: three sons in one fathering entry — the only triple in this genealogy.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβραμAbramAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (first son: narrative focus)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: LXX form of Hebrew אַבְרָם ('exalted father'); name changed to Αβρααμ ('father of a multitude') in Gen 17:5 LXX; the entire Shem genealogy has been moving toward this name.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝαχωρNahorAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (second son)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: Abram's brother; takes Milcah as wife (v.29); ancestor of Rebekah (Gen 22:20–24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑρρανHaranAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (third son)→ participant identificationΑρραν: personal name (not to be confused with the city Χαρραν); father of Lot; dies before Terah (v.28).
27

Αὗται δὲ αἱ γενέσεις Θαρα· Θαρα ἐγέννησεν τὸν Αβραμ καὶ τὸν Ναχωρ καὶ τὸν Αρραν, καὶ Αρραν ἐγέννησεν τὸν Λωτ.

And these are the generations of Terah: Terah begat Abram and Nahor and Haran, and Haran begat Lot.

Toledoth formula (new section: Terah's descendants)Αὗται δὲ αἱ γενέσεις
The second toledoth formula of the chapter (cf. v.10 for Shem) opens the Terah genealogy and the final movement of Genesis 11, which extends through the entire Abraham cycle (11:27–25:11). The verse also adds the key datum that Haran begat Lot — anticipating Lot's role in the Sodom narrative and his companionship with Abram.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ΑὗταιtheseNominativesubject (demonstrative in toledoth formula)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: see v.10; the toledoth formula opens a new major section.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: transitional, marking the shift from the Shem genealogical list to the Terah family toledoth.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενέσειςgenerationsNominativepredicate nominative (in toledoth formula)→ participant prominenceγένεσις: see v.10; the second toledoth in the chapter.
ΘαραTerahGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession)→ participant identificationΘαρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession).
ΘαραTerahNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject of genealogical entry)→ participant identificationΘαρα: named again as the active subject; the repetition matches the toledoth pattern of Gen 5 and 10.
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβραμAbramAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (first son)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (first son).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝαχωρNahorAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (second son)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (second son).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑρρανHaranAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (third son)→ participant identificationΑρραν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (third son).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑρρανHaranNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject: Haran begets Lot)→ participant identificationΑρραν: immediately given his own offspring — Lot — because Lot's role in the Abraham story requires early introduction.
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (Haran fathers Lot)→ constative aoristγεννάω: see v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛωτLotAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (son begotten)→ participant identificationΛωτ: son of Haran, nephew of Abram; travels with Abram (Gen 12:4–5), separates at Bethel (Gen 13), is rescued from Sodom (Gen 14; 19), and becomes ancestor of Moab and Ammon (Gen 19:36–38).
28

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αρραν ἐνώπιον Θαρα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ γῇ ᾗ ἐγεννήθη, ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Χαλδαίων.

And Haran died before Terah his father in the land in which he was born, in the land of the Chaldeans.

Sequential narrative (parenthetical: Haran's premature death)καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αρραν
Haran's death before his father is a narrative anomaly — sons normally outlived fathers in the genealogical pattern. The death occurs in the land of the Chaldeans (ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Χαλδαίων) — the LXX's rendering of 'Ur of the Chaldees' using the regional χώρα rather than the city-name Ur. CRUX: see text_note.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (Haran's premature death)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: ἐνώπιον Θαρα ('in the presence of Terah') = 'during Terah's lifetime'; a father outliving his son is the tragedy marked here.
ΑρρανHaranNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΑρραν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (subject).
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (temporal/circumstantial: in the lifetime of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders Hebrew עַל פְּנֵי; here = 'during the lifetime of his father Terah.'
ΘαραTerahGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive object of ἐνώπιον)→ participant identificationΘαρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive object of ἐνώπιον).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ = 'his father'; the relational note intensifies the pathos.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the land of his birth = the land of the Chaldeans.
in whichDativedative relative pronoun (referring to γῇ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun.
ἐγεννήθηhe was bornAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristγεννάω: passive; Haran died in the land of his birth — he never left.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (epexegetical: identifying the land)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (epexegetical: identifying the land).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώρᾳland / regionDativedative of place (epexegetical)→ sphere or referenceχώρα: CRUX — the LXX renders 'Ur of the Chaldeans' (MT אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים) as ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Χαλδαίων ('in the land of the Chaldeans'), omitting the city-name Ur and replacing it with a regional designation. This same phrase recurs in v.31, where the family departs from it.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationΧαλδαῖος: see text_note; the Chaldeans were associated with southern Mesopotamia / Babylonia.
29

καὶ ἔλαβεν Αβραμ καὶ Ναχωρ ἑαυτοῖς γυναῖκας· ὄνομα τῇ γυναικὶ Αβραμ Σαρα, καὶ ὄνομα τῇ γυναικὶ Ναχωρ Μελχα, θυγάτηρ Αρραν πατρὸς Μελχα καὶ πατρὸς Ιεσχα.

And Abram and Nahor took wives for themselves; the name of Abram's wife was Sarai, and the name of Nahor's wife was Milcah, the daughter of Haran the father of Milcah and the father of Iscah.

Sequential narrative (marriages of Abram and Nahor)καὶ ἔλαβεν
Abram takes Sarai (Σαρα) and Nahor takes Milcah (Μελχα), daughter of the deceased Haran — an intra-family marriage. Iscah (Ιεσχα), another daughter of Haran, is mentioned but plays no further narrative role; rabbinic tradition sometimes identified her with Sarai, but the text does not support this.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (marriage idiom)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: ἔλαβεν γυναῖκας = standard LXX idiom for marriage; renders Hebrew לָקַח אִשָּׁה.
ΑβραμAbramNominativeproper name, indeclinable (first subject)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (first subject).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαχωρNahorNominativeproper name, indeclinable (second subject)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (second subject).
ἑαυτοῖςfor themselvesDativedative of advantage (reflexive)→ sphere or referenceἑαυτός: the reflexive dative marks the taking as for their own household.
γυναῖκαςwivesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; plural covering both marriages.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (naming formula: 'the name … was')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: the double ὄνομα … ὄνομα names both wives.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὶwifeDativedative of possession (with ὄνομα)→ sphere or referenceγυνή: ὄνομα τῇ γυναικί = 'the name belonging to the wife.'
ΑβραμAbramGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession).
ΣαραSaraiNominativeproper name, indeclinable (predicate: the name)→ participant identificationΣαρα: Hebrew שָׂרַי ('my princess'); renamed Σαρρα ('Sarah') in Gen 17:15 LXX; her barrenness is stated in v.30.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (second naming formula)→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as subject (second naming formula).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὶwifeDativedative of possession→ sphere or referenceγυναικὶ: meaning 'wife'; it serves as dative of possession.
ΝαχωρNahorGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession).
ΜελχαMilcahNominativeproper name, indeclinable (the name)→ participant identificationΜελχα: Hebrew מִלְכָּה; daughter of Haran, wife of Nahor; ancestor of Rebekah (Gen 22:20–23).
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativepredicate appositive (Milcah's parentage)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; Milcah is Haran's daughter — an intra-family marriage.
ΑρρανHaranGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of parentage)→ participant identificationΑρραν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive of parentage).
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive appositive (first: 'father of Milcah')→ relational specificationπατήρ: the double πατρός emphasizes Haran's paternity of both Milcah and Iscah.
ΜελχαMilcahGenitiveproper name, indeclinable→ participant identificationΜελχα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive appositive (second: 'father of Iscah')→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive appositive (second: 'father of Iscah').
ΙεσχαIscahGenitiveproper name, indeclinable→ participant identificationΙεσχα: Hebrew יִסְכָּה; mentioned only here; no further narrative role.
30

καὶ ἦν Σαρα στεῖρα καὶ οὐκ ἐτεκνοποίει.

And Sarai was barren and had no child.

Circumstantial / parenthetical (narrative pivot: theological problem)καὶ ἦν
The barrenness of Sarai is the theological pivot of the Abraham cycle — the divine promise of descendants (Gen 12:2; 15:5; 17:16) is issued to a man whose wife is explicitly barren. The double statement (στεῖρα … οὐκ ἐτεκνοποίει) is emphatic; the imperfects frame this as a continuous defining state. στεῖρα is echoed in Isa 54:1 (quoted in Gal 4:27), and Paul's allegory of the barren/free woman exploits this very verse's background.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ imperfect (continuous state)εἰμί: the imperfect stresses the ongoing nature of Sarai's barrenness — a defining condition.
ΣαραSaraiNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΣαρα: her barrenness is the theological problem the Abraham cycle addresses; cf. Rebekah (Gen 25:21) and Rachel (Gen 29:31), also barren and divinely opened.
στεῖραbarrenNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceστεῖρα: 'barren'; renders Hebrew עֲקָרָה; Isa 54:1 LXX εὐφράνθητι στεῖρα ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα is quoted in Gal 4:27 — a Pauline intertextual deployment of this very condition.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (emphatic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐτεκνοποίειwas bearing childrenImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · τεκνοποιέωmain verb (negative imperfect: emphatic restatement)→ progressive imperfect negatedτεκνοποιέω: 'bear children'; from τέκνον + ποιέω; the LXX adds this second clause beyond the MT to underscore the barrenness doubly.
31

καὶ ἔλαβεν Θαρα τὸν Αβραμ υἱὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν Λωτ υἱὸν Αρραν, υἱὸν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν Σαρα τὴν νύμφην αὐτοῦ, γυναῖκα Αβραμ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐξήγαγεν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς χώρας τῶν Χαλδαίων πορευθῆναι εἰς γῆν Χανααν· καὶ ἦλθεν ἕως Χαρραν καὶ κατῴκησεν ἐκεῖ.

And Terah took Abram his son and Lot the son of Haran his grandson, and Sarai his daughter-in-law the wife of Abram his son, and he led them out from the land of the Chaldeans to go to the land of Canaan; and he came as far as Haran and settled there.

Sequential narrative (the departure and halt at Haran)καὶ ἔλαβεν Θαρα
Terah initiates the journey toward Canaan — completed only by Abram in Gen 12:5 after Terah's death. CRUX: ἐκ τῆς χώρας τῶν Χαλδαίων — the LXX renders 'Ur of the Chaldees' as 'the land of the Chaldeans' (see text_note). The verb ἐξήγαγεν ('led out') is exodus vocabulary (cf. Exod 3:10; 12:51 LXX), framing the departure as a proto-exodus. They halt at Χαρραν (the city) — the unfinished journey creates the narrative gap that Gen 12:1 fills.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Terah takes his family for the journey)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / bring'; cf. v.29's marriage use; here = 'took with him' for the migration.
ΘαραTerahNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΘαρα: the initiator of the journey toward Canaan; his role as leader here is superseded by Abram in Gen 12.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβραμAbramAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (first object)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (first object).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative appositive (Abram = Terah's son)→ object specificationυἱὸν: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative appositive (Abram = Terah's son).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛωτLotAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (second object)→ participant identificationΛωτ: son of Haran, Terah's grandson; his journey with the family sets up his partnership with Abram in Gen 12–14.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative appositive (Lot = son of Haran)→ object specificationυἱὸν: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative appositive (Lot = son of Haran).
ΑρρανHaranGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of parentage)→ participant identificationΑρραν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive of parentage).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative appositive (Haran = Terah's son; thus Lot = grandson)→ object specificationυἱὸν: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative appositive (Haran = Terah's son; thus Lot = grandson).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive of relationship.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Terah's son = Haran)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Terah's son = Haran).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαραSaraiAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (third object)→ participant identificationΣαρα: the barren wife accompanies the journey — faith in the face of impossibility.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύμφηνdaughter-in-lawAccusativeaccusative appositive (Sarai = Terah's daughter-in-law)→ object specificationνύμφη: 'daughter-in-law'; identifies Sarai's place in Terah's family.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative appositive (Sarai = Abram's wife)→ object specificationγυνή: 'wife'; double appositive (daughter-in-law and wife) ties Sarai to both Terah's household and Abram.
ΑβραμAbramGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship (Abram = Terah's son)→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive of relationship (Abram = Terah's son).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήγαγενhe led outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb (the departure)→ constative aoristἐξάγω: 'lead out'; the standard LXX exodus verb (Exod 3:10; 12:51 LXX); its use here frames Terah's departure as a proto-exodus from the land of origin toward a promised destination.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώραςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationχώρα: CRUX — LXX renders 'Ur of the Chaldees' as 'the land of the Chaldeans'; see text_note and v.28.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationΧαλδαῖος: see v.28 and text_note.
πορευθῆναιto go / travelAor Pass Inf · πορεύομαιinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist (purposive)πορεύομαι: the purpose clause states the intended destination — Canaan; the family fails to reach it in Terah's lifetime.
εἰςinto / topreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: γῆν Χανααν = 'the land of Canaan'; the promised land, reached by Abram only in Gen 12:5.
ΧαναανCanaanAccusativeproper name, indeclinable (qualifying γῆν)→ participant identificationΧανααν: the promised land; its mention as destination here prepares for Gen 12:5.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενhe came / they cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at Haran)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: ἕως Χαρραν ('as far as Haran') marks the limit of Terah's progress — he reached Haran but went no further.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: marks the farthest point reached.
ΧαρρανHaran (city)Genitiveproper name, indeclinable (city; object of ἕως)→ participant identificationΧαρραν: the city in upper Mesopotamia (modern Harran, Turkey); distinct from the person Αρραν; an important caravan city; the family settles here until Terah's death and Abram's call.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῴκησενsettled / dweltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (settlement at Haran)→ constative aoristκατοικέω: see v.2; the echo of v.2's κατῴκησαν ἐκεῖ (settlement in Shinar) is subtle — both are incomplete/interrupted settlements before a larger divine purpose unfolds.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; echoes v.2 (ἐκεῖ of the Shinar settlement) — both are temporary stopping points.
32

καὶ ἐγένοντο αἱ ἡμέραι Θαρα ἐν Χαρραν διακόσια πέντε ἔτη· καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαρα ἐν Χαρραν.

And the days of Terah in Haran were two hundred and five years; and Terah died in Haran.

Sequential narrative (Terah's death — closing the chapter)καὶ ἐγένοντο αἱ ἡμέραι
The chapter's final verse uses the standard LXX death-summing formula (αἱ ἡμέραι ἐγένοντο … ἀπέθανεν) to close Terah's entry at 205 years (LXX = MT). The double ἐν Χαρραν ('in Haran … in Haran') underscores that he died at the intermediate stopping point, not at the intended destination of Canaan. The verse anchors the assignment: Terah's days in Haran, and Terah died in Haran — confirmed as v.32.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοwere / amounted toAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (summative: 'the days added up to …')→ constative aorist (sum of a lifespan)γίνομαι: αἱ ἡμέραι ἐγένοντο = standard LXX death-sum formula; cf. Gen 5:5, 8 etc.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: αἱ ἡμέραι = 'the days of his life'; the formula counts the total lifespan.
ΘαραTerahGenitiveproper name, indeclinable (genitive of possession with αἱ ἡμέραι)→ participant identificationΘαρα: the chapter's final protagonist; his death closes the genealogical bridge between the flood and the patriarchs.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΧαρρανHaranDativeproper name, indeclinable (location of the days and death)→ participant identificationΧαρραν: first occurrence in v.32 — marks where Terah's days were spent (at least their final portion).
διακόσιαtwo hundredNominativenumeral→ participant prominenceδιακόσια: meaning 'two hundred'; it serves as numeral.
πέντεfivenumeral (completing 205)→ measure or countLXX = MT: Terah lived 205 years total.
ἔτηyearsNominativepredicate nominative (the total lifespan)→ participant prominenceἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as predicate nominative (the total lifespan).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (final: the death notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice: chapter's final verb)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: the same verb used in the genealogical death notices of vv.11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25; here closing the entire chapter. The death of Terah in Haran signals the end of the transitional genealogy and the transition to the Abraham narrative of Genesis 12.
ΘαραTerahNominativeproper name, indeclinable (subject)→ participant identificationΘαρα: the final naming of Terah in the chapter.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: place of death)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of death).
ΧαρρανHaranDativeproper name, indeclinable (place of death — the chapter's final word)→ participant identificationΧαρραν: second occurrence in v.32; the double ἐν Χαρραν ('in Haran … in Haran') frames Terah's entire end in the city of the unfinished journey. He died where he stopped, not where he intended to go — a defining epitaph for the transitional patriarch.