Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 12ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΙΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Genesis in the LXX is part of the Old Greek Pentateuch, one of the earliest and most theologically significant translation achievements of the Second Temple period; the Genesis translator works with relative freedom, rendering the Hebrew into idiomatic Greek rather than pursuing the word-for-word literalism characteristic of kaige-revised books.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 12 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Genesis in the LXX is part of the Old Greek Pentateuch, one of the earliest and most theologically significant translation achievements of the Second Temple period; the Genesis translator works with relative freedom, rendering the Hebrew into idiomatic Greek rather than pursuing the word-for-word literalism characteristic of kaige-revised books. Chapter 12 opens the Abrahamic cycle and is among the most theologically consequential passages in the Hebrew scriptures, touching directly on the NT's argument in Galatians 3 and Hebrews 11. The chapter's opening command is rendered by an aorist imperative Ἔξελθε (12:1), translating the Hebrew לֶךְ-לְךָ ('go for yourself'); the LXX omits the reflexive nuance of לְךָ and produces a straightforward departure command — a simplification noted by Hebrews 11:8, which cites the obedience as exemplary precisely because Ἀβραὰμ ὑπήκουσεν ἐξελθεῖν εἰς τόπον ὃν ἤμελλεν λαμβάνειν, 'he obeyed to go out to a place he was about to receive.' The three-fold promise structure of 12:2–3 — I will make you a great nation (ποιήσω σε εἰς ἔθνος μέγα), I will bless you (εὐλογήσω σε), I will magnify your name (μεγαλυνῶ τὸ ὄνομά σου) — is matched by a three-fold blessing/curse disposition followed by the climactic universal blessing formula. The chapter's chief crux is 12:3b: καὶ ἐνευλογηθήσονται ἐν σοὶ πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς, 'and in you shall ALL THE TRIBES of the earth be blessed.' The Greek passive/reflexive ἐνευλογηθήσονται renders Hebrew וְנִבְרְכוּ, a niphal which admits either a passive sense ('be blessed') or a reflexive-reciprocal sense ('bless themselves'). Paul's citation in Galatians 3:8 and Peter's in Acts 3:25 both employ the passive reading as the definitive sense, anchoring the Gentile mission theologically in this verse; the LXX's choice of the passive future of ἐνευλογέω (rather than the middle εὐλογήσονται ἑαυτούς) effectively decided the exegetical debate. At 12:7 the LORD appears to Abram and promises τῷ σπέρματί σου δώσω τὴν γῆν ταύτην, 'to your SEED I will give this land'; the singular σπέρμα (= Hebrew זֶרַע) rather than a plural form is Paul's hook in Galatians 3:16 for a christological reading of the promise. The Egypt episode (12:10–20) introduces Sarai's beauty as a narrative danger and God's protection through ἐτασμοῖς μεγάλοις (12:17, 'great plagues' — the same root as the Exodus plagues, a deliberate verbal echo). The σύν-compounds in the closing verse highlight the orchestrated escort of expulsion: συμπροπέμψαι (12:20). The altar-building refrain ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον (12:7, 8) marks each divine encounter as a cult-founding moment, establishing the pattern of Abram's journey as a series of worship events.

1

Καὶ εἶπεν κύριος τῷ Αβραμ· Ἔξελθε ἐκ τῆς γῆς σου καὶ ἐκ τῆς συγγενείας σου καὶ ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ πατρός σου εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἣν ἄν σοι δείξω.

And the LORD said to Abram: 'Go out from your land and from your kindred and from your father's house to the land that I will show you.'

Narrative mainline — divine speech introductionΚαὶ εἶπεν
The opening καὶ εἶπεν launches the Abrahamic narrative cycle; the aorist εἶπεν is constative. The divine command is a threefold departure from concentric circles of belonging (land, kin, father's house), moving from widest to most intimate — the reverse of what the obedient wayfarer must leave behind. The aorist imperative Ἔξελθε renders Hebrew לֶךְ ('go'); the LXX omits the reflexive לְךָ ('go, for yourself'), producing a command rather than a self-directed journey; cited in Heb 11:8 as a model of faith-obedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential mainline)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aorist (single completed utterance)λέγω: the standard verb of divine address; the directness of κύριος speaking to Αβραμ with no prior introduction implies a prior relationship — LXX does not give 11:31–32 any anticipatory call.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the LXX's standard rendering of יהוה (the Tetragrammaton); also renders אֲדֹנָי; here translating יהוה. The use of κύριος throughout Genesis establishes the continuity of the God of creation with the God of the ancestral promises.
τῷto theDativearticle (dative with indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, dative indirect object (recipient of divine speech)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: the patriarch's pre-covenant name (אַבְרָם = 'exalted father'), not yet changed to Αβραὰμ ('father of many nations', Gen 17:5); the LXX uses both forms, maintaining the MT distinction.
Ἔξελθεgo outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb of divine command (imperative)→ constative aorist imperative (decisive, unrepeated departure commanded)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart'; renders Hebrew לֶךְ (root הלך), omitting the reflexive לְךָ of the MT ('go, for your own sake'); the LXX imperative is stark and unconditional, emphasising complete departure. Heb 11:8 cites the obedience of this command as the paradigm of faith.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: source of departure — repeated triply for rhetorical emphasis)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: source of departure — repeated triply for rhetorical emphasis).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of departure (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land, earth, country'; the first circle of departure — the homeland (Ur of the Chaldeans, cf. Gen 11:31; Acts 7:3 quotes this verse with ἐκ τῆς γῆς σου).
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γῆς)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (modifying γῆς).
καὶandadditive conjunction (enumerating the second circle of departure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: second departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: second departure).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συγγενείαςkindredGenitivegenitive of departure (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationσυγγένεια: 'kinship group, extended clan'; renders Hebrew מוֹלַדְתְּךָ ('your birthplace / kindred'); the second, more intimate circle — the clan network.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
καὶandadditive conjunction (enumerating the third circle of departure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: third departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: third departure).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of departure (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house, household'; here 'father's house' = the nuclear family. The three circles (γῆ / συγγένεια / οἶκος) move inward from territorial to genealogical to domestic, and the command to leave all three underscores the totality of the required break.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying οἴκου)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; cf. Acts 7:3 where Stephen cites this verse in his speech before the Sanhedrin, quoting closely the LXX wording and placing the call prior to Terah's death — a text-critical point.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of movement)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of movement).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal: the promised land)→ object specificationγῆ: the destination is left unnamed — 'the land that I will show you.' The deliberate withholding of the name heightens the faith-dimension of the command; Heb 11:8 notes Ἀβραὰμ ἐξῆλθεν μὴ ἐπιστάμενος ποῦ ἔρχεται, 'not knowing where he was going.'
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: γῆν; object of δείξω)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: γῆν; object of δείξω).
ἄνevermodal particle (indefinitizing the relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle rendering Hebrew אֲשֶׁר with an element of contingency or futurity; with ἣν it creates a prospective relative ('whichever land'), emphasising that the destination remains in divine determination.
σοιyouDativedative of advantage (indirect object of δείξω: 'show to you')→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (indirect object of δείξω: 'show to you').
δείξωI will showFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb of relative clause (divine promise)→ predictive future (divine commitment to reveal the destination)δείκνυμι: 'show, reveal, point out'; the future tense makes the destination entirely dependent on further divine disclosure — Abram must trust before he knows. The verb recurs in Rev 21:9–10 of the eschatological city shown to the seer.
2

καὶ ποιήσω σε εἰς ἔθνος μέγα καὶ εὐλογήσω σε καὶ μεγαλυνῶ τὸ ὄνομά σου, καὶ ἔσῃ εὐλογητός.

And I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you, and I will magnify your name, and you shall be blessed.

Divine promise — substantiation of the callκαὶ ποιήσω
The subordinate unit vv.2–3 gives the content of what obedience will produce: three first-person future verbs (ποιήσω, εὐλογήσω, μεγαλυνῶ) articulate the triple promise. Verse 2 closes with ἔσῃ εὐλογητός, a summary benediction. The promise structure is synthetic, each verb adding a new dimension: nationhood, blessing, fame.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandconnective (linking promise to command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσωI will makeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (first promise-verb)→ predictive future (divine commitment to create a nation)ποιέω: 'make, do, create'; here with εἰς + accusative predicate ('make you into'), a Hebraism of the Hebrew לְ + predicate construction (שִׂים לְ or נָתַן לְ). The first promise is national identity — the most improbable commitment to a childless wanderer.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object of ποιήσω→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of ποιήσω.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (predicate complement: Hebraism for נָתַן לְ)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (predicate complement: Hebraism for נָתַן לְ).
ἔθνοςnationAccusativeaccusative predicate complement (result of ποιήσω)→ object specificationἔθνος: 'nation, people, ethnic group'; the same word used for 'Gentiles' in the NT; the irony that Paul will develop in Galatians 3 is already present in the LXX — Abram is to become an ἔθνος, the category that will be 'blessed in him' (v.3).
μέγαgreatAccusativeaccusative attributive adjective (modifying ἔθνος)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great, large'; renders Hebrew גָּדוֹל; the greatness of the nation is the first specification of the promise.
καὶandconnective (second promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογήσωI will blessFut Act Indic 1 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb (second promise-verb)→ predictive future (divine blessing commitment)εὐλογέω: 'bless, speak well of'; the cognate of the noun εὐλογία and of ἐνευλογηθήσονται in v.3; the blessing-word-root runs throughout vv.2–3 like a refrain, binding the section together lexically.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object of εὐλογήσω→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of εὐλογήσω.
καὶandconnective (third promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεγαλυνῶI will magnifyFut Act Indic 1 Sg · μεγαλύνωmain verb (third promise-verb)→ predictive future (divine commitment to enhance Abram's renown)μεγαλύνω: 'make great, magnify, exalt'; renders Hebrew אֲגַדְּלָה; used of divine glorification in Luke 1:46 (Magnificat: Μεγαλύνει ἡ ψυχή μου τὸν κύριον). The magnification of Abram's name inverts the presumption of the Babel builders (Gen 11:4: 'let us make a name for ourselves').
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομάnameAccusativeaccusative direct object of μεγαλυνῶ→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name, reputation'; the magnification of the name is the third promise — renown, which in the ancient world was the closest thing to immortality. The Babel builders also sought a great name (Gen 11:4); God denies them and grants it to Abram instead.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ὄνομα)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (modifying ὄνομα).
καὶandconnective (summary benediction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσῃyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula: benediction summary)→ predictive future (state resulting from divine blessing)εἰμί: future εἶ / ἔσῃ; the copulative future introduces the resulting state: Abram's identity will be definitively 'blessed.' The summary ἔσῃ εὐλογητός caps the three-verb series.
εὐλογητόςblessedNominativepredicate nominative (result of divine blessing)→ participant prominenceεὐλογητός: verbal adjective from εὐλογέω, 'worthy of blessing / blessed'; used of God in the NT doxologies (Rom 9:5; 2 Cor 11:31; Eph 1:3). Abram receiving the title that belongs to God marks the scope of the identification between Abram and divine blessing.
3

καὶ εὐλογήσω τοὺς εὐλογοῦντάς σε καὶ τοὺς καταρωμένους σε καταράσομαι· καὶ ἐνευλογηθήσονται ἐν σοὶ πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς.

And I will bless those who bless you, and those who curse you I will curse; and in you shall all the tribes of the earth be blessed.

Promise continuation — universal scope of the blessingκαὶ εὐλογήσω
Verse 3a states the blessing/curse reciprocity: Abram's treatment by others determines their standing with God. The asymmetric plural/singular (οἱ εὐλογοῦντές σε [plural] vs. τὸν καταρώμενόν σε [singular] in Hebrew; LXX has plurals throughout) is significant in the MT but flattened in the LXX. The climax in v.3b is the chapter's chief crux: ἐνευλογηθήσονται ἐν σοὶ πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς, cited by Paul in Gal 3:8 as scripture's Gentile-mission anticipation and by Peter in Acts 3:25.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandconnective (continuing the promise series)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογήσωI will blessFut Act Indic 1 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb (promise: divine blessing extended to Abram's blessing-givers)→ predictive futureεὐλογέω: fifth occurrence of the blessing-root in two verses; the chiastic structure (bless/bless → curse/curse) underscores the logic of solidarity — to bless or curse Abram is to be blessed or cursed by God himself.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantival participle marker)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐλογοῦντάςwho blessPres Act Ptc Acc Pl Masc · εὐλογέωsubstantival participle (object of εὐλογήσω: 'those who bless you')→ progressive (ongoing attitude of blessing)εὐλογέω: substantival participle functioning as a collective noun; those who show honour/favour toward Abram fall within the divine blessing.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object of εὐλογοῦντας→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of εὐλογοῦντας.
καὶandconnective (antithetical pair: curse)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantival participle marker)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταρωμένουςwho cursePres Mid Ptc Acc Pl Masc · καταράομαιsubstantival participle (object of καταράσομαι: 'those who curse you')→ progressive (ongoing attitude of cursing)καταράομαι: 'curse, invoke harm upon'; deponent middle; renders Hebrew קָלַל (piel); contrast with εὐλογέω — the LXX uses two distinct Greek roots to translate two different Hebrew curse-roots (קָלַל / אָרַר), but the English 'curse' covers both.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object of καταρωμένους→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of καταρωμένους.
καταράσομαιI will curseFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · καταράομαιmain verb (divine curse on Abram's cursers — emphatic position)→ predictive future (divine retribution)καταράομαι: 'curse'; the fronting of τοὺς καταρωμένους σε before the verb gives the object emphatic position. The Hebrew distinction between קָלַל (light/esteem-reducing) for those who slight Abram and אָרַר (curse with full force) for God's response is flattened in the LXX, which uses the same root (καταράομαι) for both — a semantic compression.
καὶandconnective (climactic conclusion of the promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνευλογηθήσονταιshall be blessedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐνευλογέωmain verb (climactic universal promise — chapter crux)→ predictive future passive (divine act of blessing extended universally)ἐνευλογέω: 'bless in/through'; compound verb (ἐν + εὐλογέω) translating Hebrew נִבְרְכוּ (niphal of בָּרַךְ). The niphal is either passive ('they shall be blessed') or reflexive-reciprocal ('they shall bless themselves / wish themselves blessed'). The LXX's choice of the passive ἐνευλογηθήσονται rather than a middle/reflexive form decides the debate in favor of the passive, which is what Paul cites in Gal 3:8 (ἐνευλογηθήσονται ἐν σοί πάντα τὰ ἔθνη) and Peter in Acts 3:25 as the scriptural basis for the Gentile mission. This is the LXX's most theologically consequential lexical choice in Genesis 12.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (instrumental-incorporative: 'through/in connection with you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: the preposition ἐν σοί ('in you') renders Hebrew בְּךָ; it is ambiguous between instrumental ('through you') and incorporative ('in you, as part of your family'); Paul in Gal 3:8 reads it as pointing to Christ as the ultimate 'seed' in whom the blessing arrives.
σοὶyouDativedative object of ἐν (Abram as the medium of universal blessing)→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν (Abram as the medium of universal blessing).
πᾶσαιallNominativenominative subject adjective (universal scope)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all, every'; the universal scope (πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαί) is the LXX's rendering of Hebrew כֹּל מִשְׁפְּחֹת; Paul expands to πάντα τὰ ἔθνη in Gal 3:8, shifting from 'tribes' to 'nations' (Gentiles), reading the promise as directed to the full Gentile world.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλαὶtribesNominativenominative subject of ἐνευλογηθήσονται→ participant prominenceφυλή: 'tribe, clan, people-group'; renders Hebrew מִשְׁפָּחָה ('family/clan'); the LXX choice of φυλαί (tribal-ethnic unit) rather than ἔθνη (nations) preserves the clan-based structure of the original; Paul's Gal 3:8 citation shifts to ἔθνη, universalizing the reference to all Gentile peoples.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (genitive phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of reference (the earth as the domain of all tribes)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth, land'; here in its widest sense — the inhabited world. The promise that ALL tribes of the earth will be blessed in Abram functions as the Genesis 12 telos toward which the entire ancestral narrative moves.
4

ἐπορεύθη δὲ Αβραμ, καθάπερ ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ κύριος, καὶ ᾤχετο μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ Λωτ. Αβραμ δὲ ἦν ἐτῶν ἑβδομήκοντα πέντε ὅτε ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ Χαρραν.

And Abram went, just as the LORD had spoken to him, and Lot went with him. Now Abram was seventy-five years old when he went out from Harran.

Narrative mainline — obedient departureἐπορεύθη δέ
The δέ marks a narrative pivot to Abram's response. The immediate obedience is expressed by the adverb καθάπερ — he did exactly as commanded. Heb 11:8 echoes this verse (ὑπήκουσεν Ἀβραάμ). The age notice (75 years) contextualises the promise of a great nation given to a man already far beyond normal family-founding age. Lot's presence sets up the later separation narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (obedient departure)→ constative aorist (single completed journey of obedience)πορεύομαι: 'go, travel, depart'; deponent; renders Hebrew וַיֵּלֶךְ. The verb directly answers the command Ἔξελθε of v.1; Heb 11:8 cites the obedience: ὑπήκουσεν Ἀβραάμ καλούμενος ἐξελθεῖν.
δὲand / nownarrative particle (marking transition from divine speech to human action)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: postpositive connective-adversative; here it marks the transition from the divine command to Abram's response — the pivot from promise to obedience.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἐπορεύθη→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἐπορεύθη.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (conformity to divine command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'exactly as, just as'; a stronger form of ὡς/καθώς; underscores the completeness of the obedience — Abram did not modify the command.
ἐλάλησενhad spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of comparative clause (prior divine speech)→ constative aorist (past completed speech — the call of vv.1–3)λαλέω: 'speak'; here of divine address; the use of ἐλάλησεν rather than εἶπεν is a slight variation — λαλέω emphasises the act of speaking, εἶπεν the content.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object of ἐλάλησεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object of ἐλάλησεν.
κύριοςLORDNominativenominative subject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative subject of ἐλάλησεν.
καὶandconnective (adding Lot's departure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤχετοwentImperf Mid Indic 3 Sg · οἴχομαιmain verb (Lot's simultaneous movement)→ imperfect (ongoing or inchoative action: 'was going / set out')οἴχομαι: 'go away, depart'; a more literary or emphatic synonym of πορεύομαι; the imperfect here renders Hebrew וַיֵּלֶךְ (wayyiqtol); Lot's attachment to Abram will lead to both rescue (Gen 14; 18–19) and eventual separation.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά (Abram)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (Abram).
ΛωτLotindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ᾤχετο→ participant identificationΛωτ: transliteration of לוֹט, Abram's nephew (Gen 11:27); his presence with Abram creates a second character whose fate will intertwine with the patriarch's through chapters 13–19.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἦν (resumptive)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἦν (resumptive).
δὲnowparticle (introducing circumstantial detail — age note)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula: age circumstantial clause)→ imperfect (state at time of departure)εἰμί: descriptive imperfect marking Abram's age as a standing fact at the moment of departure.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (specifying age: 'of seventy-five years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; genitive of measure with a numeral is standard Greek for stating age.
ἑβδομήκονταseventynumeral (component of age)→ measure or countἑβδομήκοντα: meaning 'seventy'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πέντεfivenumeral (component of age: 75)→ measure or count75 years: an advanced age that heightens the faith-demand — a great nation cannot naturally spring from a 75-year-old man with a barren wife (11:30). Stephen in Acts 7:4 implies the call came after Terah's death (at 205), placing Abram at 75 at that point, consistent with the LXX.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction (introducing the departure moment)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενhe went outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb of temporal clause→ constative aorist (the departure event)ἐξέρχομαι: verbal echo of the imperative Ἔξελθε in v.1 — Abram 'went out' exactly as commanded; the narrator confirms the obedience by using the same root.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: point of departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: point of departure).
ΧαρρανHarranindeclinable proper noun, genitive object of ἐκ (place of departure)→ participant identificationΧαρραν: transliteration of חָרָן (Harran), the city in upper Mesopotamia where Terah's household settled after leaving Ur (Gen 11:31); Acts 7:2–4 develops the call narrative with reference to this location.
5

καὶ ἔλαβεν Αβραμ τὴν Σαραν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν Λωτ υἱὸν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτῶν ὅσα ἐκτήσαντο καὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἣν ἐκτήσαντο ἐν Χαρραν, καὶ ἐξήλθοσαν πορεύεσθαι εἰς γῆν Χανααν, καὶ ἦλθον εἰς γῆν Χανααν.

And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot the son of his brother, and all their possessions which they had acquired, and every person whom they had acquired in Harran, and they set out to travel to the land of Canaan, and they came to the land of Canaan.

Narrative mainline — inventory of the departing householdκαὶ ἔλαβεν
The verse enumerates the full household departure: wife, nephew, property, and people (ψυχή = persons, a Hebraism of Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ). The repetition of γῆν Χανααν at the verse's end — they 'set out to travel to the land of Canaan, and they came to the land of Canaan' — mirrors the Hebrew wayyiqtol chain and frames the arrival as the successful completion of the obedient departure begun in v.4.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (inventory-taking for departure)→ constative aorist (single preparatory action)λαμβάνω: 'take, receive'; renders Hebrew וַיִּקַּח; the verb of gathering-for-journey appears repeatedly in the ancestral narratives at the start of a migration episode.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἔλαβεν→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἔλαβεν.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαρανSaraiAccusativeindeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of ἔλαβεν (first)→ participant identificationΣαρα: LXX form of שָׂרַי (Sarai), pre-covenant name; the article with an indeclinable proper noun (τὴν Σαραν) is characteristic LXX Greek; she is Abram's wife and the key figure in the Egypt episode.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative appositive (in apposition to Σαραν)→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman, wife'; the appositive marks the relationship formally.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γυναῖκα)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (modifying γυναῖκα).
καὶandconnective (listing Lot)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛωτLotindeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of ἔλαβεν (second)→ participant identificationΛωτ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of ἔλαβεν (second).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative appositive (defining Lot's relationship to Abram)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; Lot is described as 'son of his brother,' i.e., his nephew — the same idiom used in Gen 11:27; the word υἱός is used broadly in Semitic idiom for male descendants.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (Lot's father = Abram's brother Haran)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; Abram's brother Haran died in Ur before the family's departure (Gen 11:28), leaving Lot in Abram's care.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (of Abram)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Abram).
καὶandconnective (listing possessions)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeaccusative adjective (modifying ὑπάρχοντα)→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative adjective (modifying ὑπάρχοντα).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπάρχονταpossessionsPres Act Ptc Acc Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (direct object of ἔλαβεν: 'all the things they possessed')→ progressive (ongoing ownership at the time of departure)ὑπάρχω: 'exist, belong to'; τὰ ὑπάρχοντα as a substantive = 'possessions, belongings'; a common LXX and NT idiom (Luke 12:15; Acts 4:32).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (Abram and Lot's joint possessions)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (Abram and Lot's joint possessions).
ὅσαwhichAccusativerelative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: ὑπάρχοντα; specifying what they acquired)→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: ὑπάρχοντα; specifying what they acquired).
ἐκτήσαντοthey had acquiredAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · κτάομαιmain verb of relative clause (prior acquisition)→ constative aorist (completed accumulation)κτάομαι: 'acquire, gain, possess'; middle voice; the wealth accumulated in Harran (livestock, silver, gold: 12:16b–16c anticipated) will be listed in detail in the Egypt episode.
καὶandconnective (adding the persons of the household)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeaccusative adjective (modifying ψυχήν)→ object specificationπᾶσαν: meaning 'every'; it serves as accusative adjective (modifying ψυχήν).
ψυχὴνperson / soulAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἔλαβεν (persons acquired as household members)→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul, life, person'; a Hebraism — Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ used collectively for 'persons, people' (cf. Gen 46:27 LXX); the household slaves and dependants acquired are counted by ψυχή — the same usage appears in Rev 18:13.
ἣνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: ψυχήν — persons)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: ψυχήν — persons).
ἐκτήσαντοthey had acquiredAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · κτάομαιmain verb of relative clause (acquisition of household personnel)→ constative aoristκτάομαι: second occurrence; the verb applies both to property (ὅσα ἐκτήσαντο) and persons (ψυχήν ἣν ἐκτήσαντο), reflecting the ancient household economy where dependents were 'acquired.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: place of acquisition)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of acquisition).
ΧαρρανHarranindeclinable proper noun, dative object of ἐν (place)→ participant identificationΧαρραν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, dative object of ἐν (place).
καὶandconnective (narrative continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήλθοσανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the departure from Harran)→ constative aorist (single completed departure)ἐξέρχομαι: third use of this root in the chapter (Ἔξελθε v.1; ἐξῆλθεν v.4; ἐξήλθοσαν v.5); the verbal echo binds the obedience to the command with ringing clarity.
πορεύεσθαιto travelPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιinfinitive of purpose (goal of departure)→ progressive infinitive (the journey underway)πορεύομαι: complementary infinitive expressing the purpose of setting out.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of journey)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of journey).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς (destination).
ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location (land of Canaan)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliteration of כְּנַעַן; the land now named for the first time in the chapter — the unnamed destination of v.1 is now identified; the double occurrence at the end of this verse (πορεύεσθαι εἰς γῆν Χανααν … ἦλθον εἰς γῆν Χανααν) is an intentional repetition confirming arrival.
καὶandconnective (narrating the arrival)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival in Canaan)→ constative aorist (arrival as single completed event)ἔρχομαι: 'come, arrive'; the arrival verb completes the departure-journey-arrival triad; the repetition of γῆν Χανααν (goal → achieved) frames the obedience as fully executed.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal achieved)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal achieved).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς.
ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of location.
6

καὶ διώδευσεν Αβραμ τὴν γῆν εἰς τὸ μῆκος αὐτῆς ἕως τοῦ τόπου Συχεμ ἐπὶ τὴν δρῦν τὴν ὑψηλήν· οἱ δὲ Χαναναῖοι τότε κατῴκουν τὴν γῆν.

And Abram passed through the land to its length as far as the place of Shechem, to the high oak; and the Canaanites were then dwelling in the land.

Narrative mainline — transit through Canaanκαὶ διώδευσεν
The aorist διώδευσεν marks a single completed traversal; the phrase 'to its length' (εἰς τὸ μῆκος αὐτῆς) is a Hebraism rendering Hebrew לְאָרְכָּהּ, a territorial-survey idiom. The note about the Canaanites (δέ clause, level 1) is a proleptic aside alerting the reader that the promised land is already occupied — first tension in the divine promise.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διώδευσενpassed throughAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διοδεύωmain verb (traversal of the land)→ constative aorist (completed journey of reconnaissance)διοδεύω: 'pass through, traverse'; compound of διά + ὁδεύω; renders Hebrew וַיַּעֲבֹר; the passage through the land anticipates the promise of 12:7.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative direct object of διώδευσεν→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative direct object of διώδευσεν.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction of traversal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of traversal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of extent (Hebraism: 'to its length' = the full length)→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; εἰς τὸ μῆκος αὐτῆς is a Hebraism of לְאָרְכָּהּ ('along its length'), a stock idiom for territorial survey; the genitive αὐτῆς refers back to γῆν.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivepossessive genitive (of the land)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of the land).
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (terminus of the journey)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'as far as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (terminus of the journey).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (terminus of journey)→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place, location'; the phrase τόπου Συχεμ = 'the place of Shechem'; Shechem is a major cultic and political centre in later Israelite history (Deut 11:29–30; Josh 24; Judg 9).
ΣυχεμShechemindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location (qualifying τόπου)→ participant identificationΣυχεμ: transliteration of שְׁכֶם; a significant Canaanite city in the central hill country of Canaan; the location of the first theophany in the land (v.7); Stephen mentions it in Acts 7:16.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (locative: at the oak)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (locative: at the oak).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δρῦνoakAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the oak as cultic landmark)→ object specificationδρῦς: 'oak tree'; renders Hebrew אֵלוֹן ('terebinth/oak'); the oak of Moreh (אֵלוֹן מוֹרֶה) was a known sanctuary-landmark near Shechem (Deut 11:30); the LXX adds the adjective ὑψηλήν ('high/lofty'), not in the MT at this point.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλήνhigh / loftyAccusativeaccusative attributive adjective (modifying δρῦν)→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high, lofty'; the LXX addition 'the high oak' may reflect a variant Hebrew Vorlage or an interpretive expansion marking the oak as a prominent cultic tree.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲnowparticle (introducing circumstantial narrator aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΧαναναῖοιCanaanitesNominativenominative subject of κατῴκουν (narrator aside)→ participant prominenceΧαναναῖος: the gentilic adjective of Χανααν; the Canaanite inhabitants are noted here to mark the tension: the land God promises is already occupied. This aside frames the whole promised-land narrative.
τότεthentemporal adverb (at that time — narrator's perspective from later vantage point)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then, at that time'; the temporal adverb implies a later narrator looking back — the Canaanites were there THEN (but later, by implication, they would not be). This is a classic 'antiquarian' note in the pentateuchal source.
κατῴκουνwere dwellingImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb of narrator aside (Canaanite occupation at the time)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state at that time)κατοικέω: 'dwell, inhabit, settle'; the imperfect marks the Canaanite presence as an established, ongoing condition at the time of Abram's passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative direct object of κατῴκουν→ object specificationγῆ: the same land just promised — the promised land and the occupied land are one and the same, a tension the narrative will not resolve until Joshua.
7

καὶ ὤφθη κύριος τῷ Αβραμ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Τῷ σπέρματί σου δώσω τὴν γῆν ταύτην. καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριον κυρίῳ τῷ ὀφθέντι αὐτῷ.

And the LORD appeared to Abram and said to him: 'To your seed I will give this land.' And he built there an altar to the LORD who had appeared to him.

Narrative mainline — first Canaanite theophanyκαὶ ὤφθη
The divine passive ὤφθη ('was seen / appeared') is the standard LXX theophany formula, rendering the Hebrew וַיֵּרָא יְהוָה. The land promise here takes a new form — it is now directed to τῷ σπέρματί σου (singular), the crux cited by Paul in Gal 3:16. Abram's altar-building is the chapter's first ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον refrain, marking the encounter with permanent cultic significance.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤφθηappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (divine theophany — passive of divine appearance)→ constative aorist (single visionary encounter)ὁράω: passive ὤφθη = 'was seen / appeared'; the standard theophany formula in the LXX (Gen 17:1; 18:1; 26:2; Exod 3:2); renders the niphal נִרְאָה of רָאָה. The passive framing preserves divine initiative — God makes himself visible to Abram, not vice versa.
κύριοςLORDNominativenominative subject of ὤφθη (the divine person who appears)→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative subject of ὤφθη (the divine person who appears).
τῷto theDativearticle (dative recipient of theophany)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, dative indirect object of ὤφθη (recipient of divine vision)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, dative indirect object of ὤφθη (recipient of divine vision).
καὶandconnective (moving to divine speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech act)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object of εἶπεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object of εἶπεν.
ΤῷTo theDativearticle (dative: fronted for emphasis — 'TO your seed')→ noun-phrase markingΤῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματίseedDativedative indirect object of δώσω (fronted for emphasis: the seed is the beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceσπέρμα: 'seed, offspring, descendants'; renders Hebrew זֶרַע; the singular σπέρμα (not σπέρματα plural) is the foundation of Paul's argument in Gal 3:16: 'He does not say "and to seeds," as of many, but as of one: "and to your seed," who is Christ.' The singular was already in the LXX and the Hebrew; Paul's reading makes a grammatical observation with christological force.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (of Abram: modifying σπέρματι)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Abram: modifying σπέρματι).
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of divine promise (land grant)→ predictive future (divine commitment to grant the land)δίδωμι: 'give, grant'; the land-gift formula — τῷ σπέρματί σου δώσω τὴν γῆν ταύτην — recurs throughout the patriarchal narrative (Gen 13:15; 15:18; 17:8; 26:3; 28:13) and into the conquest narratives.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative direct object of δώσω (the promised land)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative direct object of δώσω (the promised land).
ταύτηνthisAccusativeaccusative demonstrative adjective (pointing to the land just traversed: Canaan)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative points to the very land Abram has just walked through — the Canaanite-occupied land of v.6 is the land being promised to his seed.
καὶandconnective (moving to Abram's cultic response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (altar-building response to theophany)→ constative aorist (single completed cultic act)οἰκοδομέω: 'build, construct'; the altar-building refrain ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον recurs at 12:8 and throughout the patriarchal narrative, marking each divine encounter with a permanent cultic monument.
ἐκεῖtherelocative adverb (at Shechem, the site of the theophany)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative direct object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders Hebrew מִזְבֵּחַ; the formal worship-response to divine encounter — the patriarch's first cultic act in the promised land. The altar at Shechem anticipates the later sanctuaries.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of dedication (the altar is built for/to the LORD)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: dative of beneficiary/dedication; the altar is dedicated to the LORD — YHWH who appeared.
τῷthe oneDativearticle (with articular participle: identifying the LORD as the one who appeared)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθέντιwho appearedAor Pass Ptc Dat Sg Masc · ὁράωattributive participle (modifying κυρίῳ: identifying which LORD — the one who appeared)→ constative aorist passive (the specific appearance just narrated)ὁράω: the aorist passive participle ὀφθέντι creates a verbal inclusio with ὤφθη at the verse's opening — the altar is dedicated to 'the LORD who appeared' — tying the cultic response directly to the theophanic event.
αὐτῷto himDativedative object of ὀφθέντι (Abram is the recipient of the appearance)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ὀφθέντι (Abram is the recipient of the appearance).
8

καὶ ἀπέκει ἐκεῖθεν εἰς τὸ ὄρος κατ᾿ ἀνατολὰς Βαιθηλ καὶ ἔστησεν ἐκεῖ τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ, Βαιθηλ κατὰ θάλασσαν καὶ Αγγαι κατ᾿ ἀνατολάς. καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριον τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἐπεκαλέσατο ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι κυρίου.

And he moved from there to the hill country east of Bethel, and he pitched his tent there with Bethel to the west and Ai to the east. And he built there an altar to the LORD and called upon the name of the LORD.

Narrative continuation — second camping site and altarκαὶ ἀπέκει
The second stage of the journey (after Shechem) is marked by the two spatial coordinates — Bethel to the west, Ai to the east. The altar-building refrain repeats: ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον. Now the cultic act is extended to ἐπεκαλέσατο ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι κυρίου, 'called upon the name of the LORD' — a worship formula common in the Psalms and echoed in Rom 10:13 (Joel 2:32 LXX). The double altar establishes Canaan as Abram's worship-territory.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέκειhe moved onAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκεῖ (= ἀπάρω / ἀπέρχομαι)main verb (continuing journey from Shechem)→ constative aorist (departure from previous location)ἀπέκει: unusual form; Rahlfs prints this as the aorist of ἀπάρω or a cognate; renders Hebrew וַיַּעְתֵּק ('he moved on / pulled up stakes'); the LXX sometimes uses rare vocabulary to render the travel-idiom verbs of the Hebrew.
ἐκεῖθενfrom therelocative adverb (from Shechem)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: meaning 'from there'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of movement)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of movement).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςhill country / mountainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain, hill country'; renders Hebrew הָהָר ('the mountain/hill'); the central hill country between Bethel and Ai.
κατ᾿towardpreposition + accusative (directional: east of Bethel)→ spatial or relational framingκατ᾿: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: east of Bethel).
ἀνατολὰςeastAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (cardinal direction)→ object specificationἀνατολή: 'rising, east'; plural ἀνατολαί = 'the east'; renders Hebrew מִקֶּדֶם ('from the east' or 'eastward').
ΒαιθηλBethelindeclinable proper noun, genitive of reference (east of Bethel)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: transliteration of בֵּית-אֵל ('house of God'); a major Israelite sanctuary site; Jacob will later name it Bethel after his ladder-dream (Gen 28:19).
καὶandconnective (tent-pitching)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενhe pitchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (pitching tent)→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'set up, pitch'; here of pitching a tent (σκηνή); renders Hebrew וַיֵּט ('he stretched out / pitched').
ἐκεῖtherelocative adverb→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἔστησεν→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent'; renders Hebrew אָהֳלוֹ; Abram's tent-dwelling marks him as a nomadic pilgrim rather than a settled inhabitant — Heb 11:9 draws on this motif: 'dwelling in tents.' The same word is used for the Tabernacle (σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
ΒαιθηλBethelindeclinable proper noun, nominative (locating the tent: Bethel to the west)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative (locating the tent: Bethel to the west).
κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (directional: westward)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: westward).
θάλασσανsea / westAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the Mediterranean Sea = west)→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; κατὰ θάλασσαν = 'westward' (toward the Mediterranean), a Hebrew directional idiom (יָם = 'sea / west').
καὶandconnective (locating Ai)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑγγαιAiindeclinable proper noun, nominative (locating: Ai to the east)→ participant identificationΑγγαι: LXX form of הָעַי (Ai, 'the ruin'); a Canaanite city east of Bethel, later defeated by Joshua (Josh 7–8); its appearance here places Abram's altar at a historically significant site.
κατ᾿towardpreposition + accusative (directional: eastward)→ spatial or relational framingκατ᾿: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: eastward).
ἀνατολάςeastAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (cardinal direction)→ object specificationἀνατολάς: meaning 'east'; it serves as accusative object of κατά (cardinal direction).
καὶandconnective (second altar-building)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (second altar refrain)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: the altar-building refrain repeats from v.7; ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον becomes the signature cultic act of Abram's Canaanite sojourn.
ἐκεῖtherelocative adverb (at the Bethel-Ai site)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative direct object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as accusative direct object of ᾠκοδόμησεν.
τῷto theDativearticle (dative of dedication)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication (altar dedicated to the LORD)→ sphere or referenceκυρίῳ: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as dative of dedication (altar dedicated to the LORD).
καὶandconnective (further worship act: calling on the Name)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκαλέσατοcalled uponAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικαλέωmain verb (invocation: calling on the divine name)→ constative aorist (act of worship)ἐπικαλέω: 'call upon, invoke'; middle voice; renders Hebrew וַיִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה ('he called on the name of YHWH'); the phrase 'calling on the name of the LORD' is the OT formula for communal or personal worship (Gen 4:26; 21:33; 26:25); cited in Joel 2:32 = Acts 2:21 and Rom 10:13.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + dative (object of invocation: calling upon the name)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (object of invocation: calling upon the name).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματιnameDativedative object of ἐπί (the divine name as the focus of invocation)→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; the 'name of the LORD' in Hebrew thought is not merely a label but the presence and character of YHWH himself; to call on the Name is to appeal to who God is.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivepossessive genitive (the Name belongs to / is identified with the LORD)→ relational specificationκυρίου: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as possessive genitive (the Name belongs to / is identified with the LORD).
9

καὶ ἀπῆρεν Αβραμ καὶ πορευθεὶς ἐστρατοπέδευσεν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ.

And Abram set out and journeying encamped in the wilderness.

Narrative transition — journey southward toward the Negevκαὶ ἀπῆρεν
A brief transitional verse linking the Bethel-Ai site to the Egypt episode; the LXX renders the Negev (Hebrew נֶגֶב, 'the south / the dry region') with ἡ ἔρημος ('the wilderness/desert'), capturing the aridity but losing the directional sense of the Hebrew. The participial construction πορευθεὶς ἐστρατοπέδευσεν is characteristic LXX narrative style.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρενset outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure from Bethel-Ai)→ constative aorist (departure event)ἀπαίρω: 'lift up and go, set out, depart'; renders Hebrew וַיִּסַּע ('he pulled up stakes / set out'); a travel-narrative verb.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject.
καὶandconnective (adding the manner of travel)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορευθεὶςjourneyingAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πορεύομαιattendant circumstance participle (manner of the encampment)→ constative aorist (the journey as a completed whole)πορεύομαι: aorist passive participle, functioning as an attendant-circumstance participle — 'having journeyed, he encamped'; the construction is a Hebraism of the paired wayyiqtol verbs.
ἐστρατοπέδευσενencampedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · στρατοπεδεύωmain verb (encampment in the wilderness/Negev)→ constative aoristστρατοπεδεύω: 'encamp, pitch camp'; a military-style verb applied to Abram's semi-nomadic movement; renders Hebrew וַיִּסַּע וַיֵּלֶךְ ('he set out and went') + the note about the Negev; the LXX compresses the Hebrew into a single encampment verb.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwilderness / desertDativedative of place (locative: the Negev rendered as wilderness)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness, desert, uninhabited region'; renders Hebrew הַנֶּגֶב ('the Negev / the south'); the LXX does not use a transliteration but captures the physical character of the region. The Negev is the arid highland south of Hebron that serves as the transition zone between Canaan and Egypt.
10

Καὶ ἐγένετο λιμὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ κατέβη Αβραμ εἰς Αἴγυπτον παροικῆσαι ἐκεῖ, ὅτι ἐνίσχυσεν ὁ λιμὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And there came a famine upon the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to sojourn there, because the famine was severe upon the land.

New episode — the Egypt descentΚαὶ ἐγένετο
The formula καὶ ἐγένετο opens the new episode (parallel to Ruth 1:1 LXX); the famine (λιμός) drives the descent to Egypt exactly as it drove Naomi's family to Moab in Ruth 1:1. The Egypt episode typologically anticipates the Exodus: the same λιμός-driven descent, the same land of Egypt, the same plagues (ἐτασμοί, v.17). The verb κατέβη ('went down') is standard for descending to the lower elevation of the Nile delta.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ΚαὶAndnarrative conjunction (episode opening)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'And'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοthere cameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential: new narrative event)→ ingressive aorist (onset of famine)γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο is the standard LXX episode-opening formula, calquing Hebrew וַיְהִי; the famine (λιμός) as the trigger for a patriarch's descent to Egypt is a recurring narrative template (cf. Gen 26:1; 41–42).
λιμὸςfamineNominativesubject of ἐγένετο (the famine as the new narrative agent)→ participant prominenceλιμός: 'famine'; same word as Ruth 1:1; the Canaan-Egypt axis driven by famine is one of the recurring structural patterns of Genesis.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (locative: affecting the land)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (locative: affecting the land).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the land = Canaan)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive object of ἐπί (the land = Canaan).
καὶandconnective (narrative result of the famine)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (Abram's descent to Egypt)→ constative aorist (completed journey of descent)καταβαίνω: 'go down, descend'; renders Hebrew וַיֵּרֶד; the verb is geographical (Canaan is higher than Egypt) but also carries theological weight — 'descent' to Egypt is regularly a movement away from the promised land toward ambiguity.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of κατέβη→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of κατέβη.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination of descent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination of descent).
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptAccusativeindeclinable proper noun, accusative object of εἰς (destination)→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτος: transliteration of מִצְרַיִם; the land of Pharaoh and later of the Exodus; Abram's descent foreshadows Israel's descent (Gen 46:3–4) and the subsequent deliverance.
παροικῆσαιto sojournAor Act Inf · παροικέωinfinitive of purpose (reason for the descent: temporary sojourn)→ constative aorist infinitive (intended single period of residence)παροικέω: 'sojourn, reside as a foreigner'; Abram intends a temporary stay (παροικεῖν), not permanent settlement — the same verb used of the Moab sojourn in Ruth 1:1. The temporary nature of the sojourn is theologically important: Egypt is not the promised land.
ἐκεῖtherelocative adverb (in Egypt)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (explaining the reason for the descent)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνίσχυσενwas severe / grew strongAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐνισχύωmain verb of causal clause (severity of famine)→ constative aorist (the famine's reached its full force)ἐνισχύω: 'grow strong, be severe'; renders Hebrew כָּבֵד ('was heavy, severe'); the same word used of the Exodus plagues being 'heavy' (Exod 5:9; 7:14); the famine's severity explains the necessity of the Egypt descent.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λιμὸςfamineNominativenominative subject of ἐνίσχυσεν (resumes the episode-opening noun)→ participant prominenceλιμὸς: meaning 'famine'; it serves as nominative subject of ἐνίσχυσεν (resumes the episode-opening noun).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (locative: the land affected)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (locative: the land affected).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (Canaan, resuming v.10a)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive object of ἐπί (Canaan, resuming v.10a).
11

ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα ἤγγισεν Αβραμ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς Αἴγυπτον, εἶπεν Αβραμ Σαρα τῇ γυναικὶ αὐτοῦ· Γινώσκω ἐγὼ ὅτι γυνὴ εὐπρόσωπος εἶ.

And it came to pass when Abram drew near to enter into Egypt, Abram said to Sarai his wife: 'I know that you are a beautiful woman.'

Narrative — anticipatory speech introducing the deceptionἐγένετο δέ
The ἐγένετο δέ formula with ἡνίκα + aorist ('when … he drew near') is a Hebraizing temporal construction. Abram's self-initiated disclosure of Sarai's beauty is morally ambiguous — it opens a deception that will put the promise at risk. The verse establishes the dramatic premise: the danger is Sarai's beauty, not enemy aggression.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula: ἐγένετο + ἡνίκα)→ constative aorist (episodic opener)γίνομαι: ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα = 'and it came to pass when'; a Hebraizing temporal construction blending LXX narrative idiom with a classical Greek temporal conjunction.
δὲand / nowparticle (narrative transition within the episode)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡνίκαwhentemporal conjunction (introducing the approaching-Egypt moment)→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: 'when (at the time that)'; a temporal conjunction used in LXX narrative; Hebraizing equivalent of the Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר.
ἤγγισενdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωmain verb of temporal clause (approach to Egypt)→ constative aorist (the moment of approach)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near, approach'; the proximity to the Egyptian border precipitates the deception plan.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἤγγισεν→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἤγγισεν.
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιinfinitive of purpose/object (complementary to ἤγγισεν: 'drew near to enter')→ constative aorist infinitiveεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go into'; complementary infinitive with ἐγγίζω.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptAccusativeindeclinable proper noun, accusative object of εἰς→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, accusative object of εἰς.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech act — Abram addresses Sarai)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of εἶπεν→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of εἶπεν.
ΣαραSaraiindeclinable proper noun, dative indirect object of εἶπεν (addressee)→ participant identificationΣαρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, dative indirect object of εἶπεν (addressee).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὶwifeDativedative appositive (in apposition to Σαρα: 'Sarai his wife')→ sphere or referenceγυναικὶ: meaning 'wife'; it serves as dative appositive (in apposition to Σαρα: 'Sarai his wife').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (of Abram)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Abram).
ΓινώσκωI knowPres Act Indic 1 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb of direct speech (statement of knowledge)→ gnomic / stative present (standing knowledge)γινώσκω: 'know, perceive, recognise'; the present tense in direct speech marks this as Abram's ongoing awareness rather than a new discovery; the fronting of ἐγώ is emphatic.
ἐγὼINominativenominative subject (emphatic: 'I myself know')→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative subject (emphatic: 'I myself know').
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing content of knowledge — object clause of γινώσκω)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνὴwomanNominativepredicate nominative (in the ὅτι clause: Sarai is a beautiful woman)→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'woman'; it serves as predicate nominative (in the ὅτι clause: Sarai is a beautiful woman).
εὐπρόσωποςbeautiful / fair of faceNominativepredicate adjective (describing Sarai's appearance)→ participant prominenceεὐπρόσωπος: 'beautiful, good-looking, fair of face'; compound of εὖ ('well') + πρόσωπον ('face'); renders Hebrew יְפַת-מַרְאֶה ('beautiful of appearance'); the beauty is the narrative problem — it will attract Pharaoh's attention.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula verb (predicate of ὅτι clause)→ stative present (Sarai's standing beauty)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the predicate-adjective construction; though present in form, it carries the past sense of Saul's former lowliness.
12

ἔσται οὖν ὡς ἂν ἴδωσίν σε οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι, ἐροῦσιν ὅτι γυνὴ αὐτοῦ αὕτη, καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσίν με, σὲ δὲ περιποιήσονται.

Therefore it shall come about that when the Egyptians see you, they will say, 'This is his wife,' and they will kill me but keep you alive.

Reasoning — Abram's threat-assessmentἔσται οὖν
The inferential οὖν ('therefore') marks Abram's logical deduction from Sarai's beauty. The prospective conditional (ὡς ἂν ἴδωσίν) is followed by two predictive futures: ἐροῦσιν (they will say) and ἀποκτενοῦσίν (they will kill me). The asymmetry σὲ δὲ περιποιήσονται ('they will preserve/protect you') underscores Abram's self-interested reasoning.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predictive copula introducing the feared scenario)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): copula.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (Abram's logical deduction from beauty)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: 'therefore, consequently'; postpositive inferential particle; Abram draws a logical inference from Sarai's beauty.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (introducing the conditional moment of Egyptian sight)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive: prospective/indefinite temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδωσίνthey seeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of temporal clause (prospective: 'whenever they see you')→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite future condition)ὁράω: aorist subjunctive with ἂν — a prospective temporal clause ('whenever / as soon as they see you'); the feared moment of visual assessment.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἴδωσίν (Sarai as the seen object)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of ἴδωσίν (Sarai as the seen object).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιοιEgyptiansNominativenominative subject of ἴδωσίν and ἐροῦσιν and ἀποκτενοῦσίν→ participant prominenceΑἰγύπτιος: the gentilic adjective; Abram's fear is not paranoid — taking a stranger's beautiful wife by killing the husband was a real danger in the ancient world.
ἐροῦσινthey will sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (predicted Egyptian speech)→ predictive futureλέγω (fut. ἐροῦσιν): 'they will say'; the impersonal 'they will say' introduces the proverb that arose from this episode, a standard aetiological formula.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing quoted speech — recitative ὅτι)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνὴwifeNominativepredicate nominative (in the quoted speech: 'his wife')→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'wife'; it serves as predicate nominative (in the quoted speech: 'his wife').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (of Abram)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Abram).
αὕτηthisNominativenominative subject of the predicate clause (demonstrative: Sarai)→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative subject of the predicate clause (demonstrative: Sarai).
καὶandconnective (moving to the feared consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκτενοῦσίνthey will killFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (predicted lethal action against Abram)→ predictive future (feared result)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death'; Abram's fear is existential — identifying Sarai as his wife is a death sentence for him. The verb will not materialize because God intervenes.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἀποκτενοῦσίν→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of ἀποκτενοῦσίν.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative direct object of περιποιήσονται (emphatic contrast with με)→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of περιποιήσονται (emphatic contrast with με).
δὲbutadversative particle (contrasting Sarai's fate with Abram's)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιποιήσονταιthey will keep alive / preserveFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · περιποιέωmain verb (Sarai's preservation — the contrasting fate)→ predictive futureπεριποιέω: 'preserve, save alive, keep for oneself'; middle voice; the word has a double edge — to 'keep' Sarai alive means to take her as a possession; renders Hebrew חִיּוּ אֶת ('they will keep … alive').
13

εἰπὸν οὖν ὅτι ἀδελφή μού εἰσιν, ὅπως ἂν εὖ μοι γένηται διὰ σέ, καὶ ζήσεται ἡ ψυχή μου ἕνεκεν σοῦ.

Say therefore that you are my sister, so that it may go well with me for your sake, and that my life may be spared on your account.

Command — Abram's deception instructionεἰπὸν οὖν
The aorist imperative εἰπόν ('say') followed by inferential οὖν enacts Abram's plan. The purpose clauses (ὅπως ἂν + εὖ μοι γένηται; ἵνα … ζήσεται) state Abram's self-serving motivation: his own prosperity and survival. The half-truth that Sarai is 'his sister' (she was his half-sister, Gen 20:12) complicates the moral picture.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἰπὸνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb of command (the deception instruction)→ constative aorist imperative (the specific single act of saying)λέγω: aorist imperative εἰπόν — Abram commands Sarai to make a specific false (or half-true) claim; the command is ethically problematic, as it uses Sarai as a shield.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (from the danger assessed in v.12)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing the content of the instruction — recitative)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφήsisterNominativepredicate nominative (the lie / half-truth Sarai is to claim)→ participant prominenceἀδελφή: 'sister'; Sarai is Abram's half-sister (same father, different mother, Gen 20:12), so the claim is a half-truth weaponized as a deception; the moral complexity is not resolved in this chapter.
μούmyGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ἀδελφή: 'my sister')→ relational specificationμού: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (modifying ἀδελφή: 'my sister').
εἰσινI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμί (but LXX plural form εἰσιν used idiomatically)copula (predicate: Sarai is to claim sisterhood)→ stative presentεἰμί: the form εἰσιν here is unusual — the LXX may use the plural in a collective sense or reflect textual fluidity; the claim ἀδελφή μού εἰσιν = 'I am his sister.'
ὅπωςso thatpurpose conjunction (introducing Abram's self-interested purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive: prospective purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὖwelladverb (manner: 'it may go well')→ clausal contributionεὖ: 'well, prosperously'; ἐὖ μοι γένηται = 'may it go well with me'; Abram's motivation is explicitly his own benefit — a self-serving deception.
μοιwith meDativedative of advantage ('it may go well for me')→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'with me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage ('it may go well for me').
γένηταιit may come to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive with ὅπως ἂν)→ aorist subjunctive (prospective/purpose)γίνομαι: 'become / prove to be'; γένηται εἰς υἱὸν δυνάμεως ('become / prove a worthy man') uses the Hebraizing εἰς + predicate (לְ); 'if he shows himself loyal and capable.'
διὰon account ofpreposition + accusative (causal: because of you)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'on account of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (causal: because of you).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of διά (Sarai as the cause of Abram's benefit)→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of διά (Sarai as the cause of Abram's benefit).
καὶandconnective (second purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσεταιwill liveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of second purpose clause (Abram's life will be preserved)→ predictive future (Abram's survival goal)ζάω: 'live'; Abram's second motivation — survival; ἡ ψυχή μου ζήσεται = 'my soul/life will live'; the word ψυχή ('soul, life') here means the living self — a Hebraism of נַפְשִׁי.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήsoul / lifeNominativenominative subject of ζήσεται (Abram's life as what is at stake)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul, life, living being'; Hebraism of נֶפֶשׁ used for the living self; 'my life will be spared.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive (of Abram: modifying ψυχή)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Abram: modifying ψυχή).
ἕνεκενon account ofpreposition + genitive (causal: because of you, Sarai)→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: 'on account of, because of'; causal preposition taking the genitive; frames Sarai as both the cause of Abram's danger and the instrument of his survival.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of ἕνεκεν→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἕνεκεν.
14

ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα εἰσῆλθεν Αβραμ εἰς Αἴγυπτον, ἰδόντες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι τὴν γυναῖκα ὅτι καλὴ ἦν σφόδρα.

And it came to pass when Abram entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw the woman that she was very beautiful.

Narrative mainline — entry into Egypt; the Egyptian reactionἐγένετο δέ
The ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα + aorist construction frames the entry and the Egyptian response as simultaneous. The participial ἰδόντες + ὅτι καλὴ ἦν σφόδρα is the narrative confirmation that Abram's fear was justified — the Egyptians immediately assess Sarai's beauty. The narrative now moves at speed toward the crisis.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο, narrative time-marker.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡνίκαwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of temporal clause (the moment of Egypt-entry)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; the entry into Egypt triggers the feared scenario.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of εἰσῆλθεν→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of εἰσῆλθεν.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptAccusativeindeclinable proper noun, accusative object of εἰς→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, accusative object of εἰς.
ἰδόντεςhaving seenAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωattendant circumstance participle (the Egyptian observation)→ constative aorist (the act of seeing)ὁράω: the feared seeing of v.12 (ἴδωσίν σε) now arrives; the aorist participle of visual assessment.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιοιEgyptiansNominativenominative subject of ἰδόντες→ participant prominenceΑἰγύπτιοι: meaning 'Egyptians'; it serves as nominative subject of ἰδόντες.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἰδόντες→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman'; the narrator uses γυναῖκα ('the woman'), not 'Sarai his wife' — the narrative adopts an Egyptian-observer perspective.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing content of perception — indirect discourse)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλὴbeautifulNominativepredicate adjective (in indirect discourse: Sarai's beauty)→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'beautiful, good, fair'; renders Hebrew יָפָה ('beautiful'); the beauty feared in v.11 is now confirmed.
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (descriptive imperfect: standing beauty)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was / continued to be'; the imperfect marks David's renewed, ongoing presence at court.
σφόδραvery / exceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying καλή: 'exceedingly beautiful')→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very much, exceedingly'; renders Hebrew מְאֹד; a standard LXX intensifier; the superlative degree of beauty is emphasized, explaining the court's reaction.
15

καὶ εἶδον αὐτὴν οἱ ἄρχοντες Φαραω καὶ ἐπῄνεσαν αὐτὴν πρὸς Φαραω, καὶ εἰσήγαγον αὐτὴν εἰς τὸν οἶκον Φαραω.

And the princes of Pharaoh saw her and praised her before Pharaoh, and they brought her into the house of Pharaoh.

Narrative mainline — Sarai delivered to Pharaoh's courtκαὶ εἶδον
The three aorists (εἶδον, ἐπῄνεσαν, εἰσήγαγον) mark rapid sequential action — seeing, reporting, acting. Φαραω appears three times in the verse, underlining his authority and the scale of the danger. Sarai's entry into Pharaoh's house is the crisis-peak of the Egypt episode; the promise hangs suspended.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (courtiers' visual assessment of Sarai)→ constative aoristὁράω: third occurrence of the seeing-root in three verses (ἴδωσίν 12; ἰδόντες 14; εἶδον 15) — the danger of being seen intensifies to its climax.
αὐτὴνherAccusativeaccusative direct object of εἶδον (Sarai)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of εἶδον (Sarai).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςprinces / officialsNominativenominative subject of εἶδον, ἐπῄνεσαν, εἰσήγαγον→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler, prince, official'; renders Hebrew שָׂרֵי ('princes / courtiers'); the courtiers are the social mechanism by which Sarai moves from the foreign crowd to Pharaoh's household.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (Pharaoh's princes)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliteration of פַּרְעֹה; the title/name of the Egyptian king; used here three times — 'princes of Pharaoh … before Pharaoh … house of Pharaoh' — emphasising royal power.
καὶandconnective (second action: praise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπῄνεσανpraisedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπαινέωmain verb (the courtiers' recommendation to Pharaoh)→ constative aoristἐπαινέω: 'praise, commend'; renders Hebrew וַיְהַלְלוּ ('they praised her'); the commendation to Pharaoh is the fatal step — once praised before the king, Sarai's acquisition is virtually certain.
αὐτὴνherAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐπῄνεσαν→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of ἐπῄνεσαν.
πρὸςbefore / topreposition + accusative (before Pharaoh — the audience)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (before Pharaoh — the audience).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, accusative object of πρός (second occurrence)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, accusative object of πρός (second occurrence).
καὶandconnective (third and climactic action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήγαγονthey brought inAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσάγωmain verb (Sarai's entry into Pharaoh's household — the crisis peak)→ constative aorist (single completed action)εἰσάγω: 'bring in, lead in, introduce'; renders Hebrew וַתֻּקַּח ('she was taken'); the LXX uses an active verb with the courtiers as subject rather than a passive with Sarai as subject — slightly different framing but same result: Sarai enters Pharaoh's house.
αὐτὴνherAccusativeaccusative direct object of εἰσήγαγον→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of εἰσήγαγον.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (Pharaoh's household/palace)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house, household, palace'; Pharaoh's οἶκος is both his physical palace and his household in the ancient social sense. Sarai's entry makes her a member of the royal household.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (third occurrence: Pharaoh's house)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (third occurrence: Pharaoh's house).
16

καὶ τῷ Αβραμ εὖ ἐχρήσαντο δι᾿ αὐτήν· καὶ ἐγένοντο αὐτῷ πρόβατα καὶ μόσχοι καὶ ὄνοι καὶ παῖδες καὶ παιδίσκαι καὶ ἡμίονοι καὶ κάμηλοι.

And they dealt well with Abram on account of her; and there were to him sheep and calves and donkeys and male servants and female servants and mules and camels.

Narrative — Abram's enrichment as consequence of the deceptionκαὶ τῷ Αβραμ
The irony of the Egypt episode reaches its sharpest point: Abram is enriched precisely through Sarai's danger. The καταlogos-style list of livestock and people enumerates the wealth that flows from Pharaoh to Abram — while Sarai remains in Pharaoh's house. The list is a Hebraizing catalogue of ancestral wealth, the inventory of a man of substance.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle (dative of advantage — Abram benefits)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, dative of advantage (Abram is the beneficiary)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, dative of advantage (Abram is the beneficiary).
εὖwelladverb of manner (they treated Abram well)→ clausal contributionεὖ: 'well, generously'; εὖ χράομαι = 'treat well, deal generously with'; the same root as εὖ μοι γένηται in v.13 — Abram's prayer for good treatment is fulfilled, though at Sarai's expense.
ἐχρήσαντοthey dealt / treatedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · χράομαιmain verb (Pharaoh's court treats Abram with gifts)→ constative aorist (the gift-giving as a whole)χράομαι: 'use, deal with, treat'; middle voice; renders Hebrew וַיֵּיטֶב ('it went well / he treated well'); the generous treatment is the immediate consequence of Sarai's entry into the household.
δι᾿on account ofpreposition + accusative (causal: because of her)→ spatial or relational framingδι᾿: meaning 'on account of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (causal: because of her).
αὐτήνherAccusativeaccusative object of διά (Sarai as the cause of Abram's enrichment)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of διά (Sarai as the cause of Abram's enrichment).
καὶandconnective (moving to the inventory)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοthere were / becameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (acquisition: the wealth was created for Abram)→ constative aorist (the acquisition as a whole)γίνομαι: existential use — 'there came to be for him'; renders Hebrew וַיְהִי-לוֹ; the construction ἐγένοντο αὐτῷ = 'he came to have / there came to him.'
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession (Abram receives the wealth)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (Abram receives the wealth).
πρόβαταsheepNominativenominative subject of ἐγένοντο (first item in the wealth catalogue)→ participant prominenceπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders Hebrew צֹאן ('flock').
καὶandconnective (catalogue enumeration)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόσχοιcalves / cattleNominativenominative subject (catalogue item: cattle)→ participant prominenceμόσχος: 'calf, young bull'; renders Hebrew בָּקָר ('cattle'); the same word used for the golden calf (Exod 32).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνοιdonkeysNominativenominative subject (catalogue item)→ participant prominenceὄνος: 'donkey, ass'; renders Hebrew חֲמֹרִים.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παῖδεςmale servantsNominativenominative subject (catalogue item: male household servants)→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'child, servant'; here = 'male servants'; renders Hebrew עֲבָדִים ('male slaves/servants').
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παιδίσκαιfemale servantsNominativenominative subject (catalogue item: female household servants)→ participant prominenceπαιδίσκη: 'girl, female slave/servant'; renders Hebrew שְׁפָחֹות ('maidservants').
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμίονοιmulesNominativenominative subject (catalogue item)→ participant prominenceἡμίονος: 'mule'; renders Hebrew אֲתֹנֹת ('female donkeys') in some traditions; mules were prestigious pack animals.
καὶandconnective (final item)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάμηλοιcamelsNominativenominative subject (final catalogue item — the most prestigious animal)→ participant prominenceκάμηλος: 'camel'; renders Hebrew גְּמַלִּים; camels are the most valuable and prestigious item in the list; the seven-item catalogue exhibits the full scope of ancestral wealth.
17

καὶ ἤτασεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν Φαραω ἐτασμοῖς μεγάλοις καὶ πονηροῖς καὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ περὶ Σαρας τῆς γυναικὸς Αβραμ.

And God afflicted Pharaoh with great and severe plagues, and also his house, on account of Sarai the wife of Abram.

Divine intervention — the plagues as protection of Saraiκαὶ ἤτασεν
The divine intervention is sudden and decisive; ὁ θεός (not κύριος here) is the agent. The word ἐτασμοί ('plagues, afflictions') is the key Exodus echo: the same root (ἐτάζω) and cognate noun reappear in the Exodus plague narrative. The prepositional phrase περὶ Σαρας identifies the cause. The verse is the chapter's theological hinge: God protects the promise-bearer even without Abram's cooperation.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (divine action following human crisis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤτασενafflicted / struck with plaguesAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐτάζωmain verb (divine plague-action against Pharaoh)→ constative aorist (the plague-event as a whole)ἐτάζω: 'afflict, plague, examine/test by affliction'; the cognate noun ἐτασμός in the next word; renders Hebrew וַיְנַגַּע ('he struck, afflicted with a plague'). The verb/noun pair ἤτασεν … ἐτασμοῖς is a figura etymologica emphasising the severity. The root connects to the Exodus plague vocabulary — this Egypt episode is a narrative type of the Exodus.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject of ἤτασεν (the divine agent of the plagues)→ participant prominenceθεός: the LXX here uses ὁ θεός rather than κύριος; Hebrew has יְהוָה; this may reflect the LXX translator's stylistic variation or a textual tradition.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohAccusativeindeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of ἤτασεν→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of ἤτασεν.
ἐτασμοῖςplagues / afflictionsDativedative of means (the instrument of divine punishment)→ sphere or referenceἐτασμός: 'plague, affliction'; cognate noun of ἤτασεν — figura etymologica ('afflicted with afflictions'); this noun and verb pair renders Hebrew נְגָעִים גְּדֹלִים ('great plagues'). The word ἐτασμός is almost exclusively a LXX term, not classical; its Exodus associations (Exod 11:1; 12:13 LXX) make this verse a deliberate verbal foreshadowing of the Exodus plagues.
μεγάλοιςgreatDativedative attributive adjective (modifying ἐτασμοῖς: scale of the plagues)→ sphere or referenceμέγας: 'great, large'; the same word used of the 'great nation' in v.2 — a verbal irony: the same greatness characterises both the promise and the judgment.
καὶandconnective (second adjective: severity)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πονηροῖςsevere / evilDativedative attributive adjective (modifying ἐτασμοῖς: nature of the plagues)→ sphere or referenceπονηρός: 'evil, grievous, severe, painful'; renders Hebrew רָעִים ('evil / severe'); the plagues are both great in scale and severe in character.
καὶandconnective (extending the plague to Pharaoh's house)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἤτασεν (the whole household afflicted)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house, household'; Pharaoh's entire court is struck, not merely Pharaoh himself — the plagues are collective divine action against the whole system that took Sarai.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (of Pharaoh)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Pharaoh).
περὶon account of / concerningpreposition + genitive (causal: the reason for the plagues)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'on account of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (causal: the reason for the plagues).
ΣαραςSaraiGenitiveindeclinable proper noun, genitive object of περί (Sarai as the cause of divine action)→ participant identificationΣαρας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive object of περί (Sarai as the cause of divine action).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive appositive (in apposition to Σαρας, identifying her as Abram's wife)→ relational specificationγυνή: the narrator's identification of Sarai as Abram's wife is deliberate — she is not his sister, whatever the Egyptians were told; the divine action is grounded in the true relationship.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relationship (Sarai is Abram's wife)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relationship (Sarai is Abram's wife).
18

καλέσας δὲ Φαραω τὸν Αβραμ εἶπεν· Τί τοῦτο ἐποίησάς μοι; ὅτι οὐκ ἀπήγγειλάς μοι ὅτι γυνή σού ἐστιν;

And Pharaoh called Abram and said: 'What is this you have done to me? Why did you not tell me that she is your wife?'

Confrontation — Pharaoh's reproach of Abramκαλέσας δέ
The aorist participle καλέσας + εἶπεν is a standard LXX speech-introduction construction. The double rhetorical question (τί τοῦτο ἐποίησάς μοι; / ὅτι οὐκ ἀπήγγειλάς μοι;) constitutes a formal reproach — Pharaoh is the morally offended party, not Abram. The irony is complete: the pagan king demonstrates more integrity than the patriarch.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καλέσαςhaving calledAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καλέωattendant circumstance participle (before speech: Pharaoh summoned Abram)→ constative aorist (single act of summoning)καλέω: 'call, summon'; renders Hebrew וַיִּקְרָא; the aorist participle anticipates the speech — Pharaoh summons and then speaks.
δὲand / nowparticle (narrative transition to the confrontation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of καλέσας and εἶπεν→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of καλέσας and εἶπεν.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of καλέσας→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of καλέσας.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech act: Pharaoh's reproach)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΤίWhatAccusativeaccusative interrogative (object of ἐποίησάς: direct question of reproach)→ participant referenceΤί: meaning 'What'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative interrogative (object of ἐποίησάς: direct question of reproach).
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative demonstrative (referent: Abram's deception)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the demonstrative τοῦτο refers to the whole deception — the 'this' that Abram did.
ἐποίησάςyou didAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of question (Pharaoh's accusation)→ constative aorist (the specific completed act of deception)ποιέω: 'do, make'; τί τοῦτο ἐποίησάς μοι is the standard biblical formula of moral reproach — cf. Gen 3:13; 4:10; 20:9 (Isaac to Abimelek). The formula marks Abram as the agent of wrong.
μοιto meDativedative of disadvantage (Pharaoh as the wronged party)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage (Pharaoh as the wronged party).
ὅτιwhy / becausecausal/interrogative conjunction (second question: 'why did you not tell me?')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here introducing the second reproach-question with a causal/interrogative sense ('why?'); renders Hebrew לָמָּה ('why').
οὐκnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλάςyou reported / toldAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb of second question (Pharaoh's accusation of withholding information)→ constative aorist (the failure to disclose)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce, tell'; renders Hebrew הִגַּדְתָּ ('you told'); Pharaoh's complaint is that he was not informed — had he known, he would not have taken her.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object of ἀπήγγειλάς→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object of ἀπήγγειλάς.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing content of the disclosure Abram should have made)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνήwifeNominativepredicate nominative (the truth Abram concealed: she is your wife)→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as predicate nominative (the truth Abram concealed: she is your wife).
σούyourGenitivepossessive genitive (of Abram: modifying γυνή)→ relational specificationσού: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Abram: modifying γυνή).
ἐστινshe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (present tense: standing fact of marriage)→ stative presentεἰμί: copula.
19

ἵνα τί εἶπας ὅτι ἀδελφή μού ἐστιν; καὶ ἔλαβον αὐτὴν ἐμαυτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα. καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ ἡ γυνή σου ἐναντίον σου, λαβὼν ἀπότρεχε.

'Why did you say that she is my sister? And I took her to myself as a wife. Now then, behold, your wife is before you — take her and depart.'

Pharaoh's reproach continued — expulsion commandἵνα τί
The ἵνα τί formula ('why / for what purpose?') is a Hebraism of לָמָּה. Pharaoh's reproach culminates in the command λαβὼν ἀπότρεχε — an aorist participle + aorist imperative construction meaning 'take and flee.' The ἰδοὺ ('behold') introduces the decisive gesture: Sarai is returned. The irony is that the pagan king acts with greater righteousness than the patriarch, restoring the wife he should never have taken.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἵναforinterrogative conjunction (with τί: 'why? / for what purpose?')→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: normally final ('in order that'); with τί the phrase ἵνα τί = 'why? / to what end?'; a Hebraism of לָמָּה.
τίwhyAccusativeaccusative interrogative (completing the ἵνα τί question)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'why'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative interrogative (completing the ἵνα τί question).
εἶπαςdid you sayAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb of question (the lie Abram told)→ constative aorist (the specific speech act)λέγω (2 sg. εἶπας): 'did you say?'; the question imputes to David a decree he never made, compelling its disavowal.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of the lie — recitative)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφήsisterNominativepredicate nominative (the false claim: 'she is my sister')→ participant prominenceἀδελφή: meaning 'sister'; it serves as predicate nominative (the false claim: 'she is my sister').
μούmyGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationμού: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.
ἐστινshe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (the false claim Abram made)→ stative presentεἰμί: copula.
καὶandconnective (the consequence of the lie)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονI tookAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Pharaoh's admission that he took Sarai)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; Pharaoh's admission — the lie enabled a marriage that was, in Pharaoh's eyes, legitimate; the verb mirrors the narrative's use of λαμβάνω for the Patriarchs taking wives.
αὐτὴνherAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἔλαβον→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of ἔλαβον.
ἐμαυτῷto myselfDativedative of advantage/reflexive (Pharaoh took her for himself)→ sphere or referenceἐμαυτοῦ: first person reflexive pronoun; the dative ἐμαυτῷ emphasises personal acquisition.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicate: 'as a wife')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (predicate: 'as a wife').
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative predicate complement (purpose of the taking: to be his wife)→ object specificationγυνή: Pharaoh confirms that he took Sarai as his wife — the marriage (or concubinage) was formally accomplished from his perspective, making the situation a genuine marital crisis. The LXX does not clarify whether the marriage was consummated; the ambiguity is present in both the Hebrew and Greek.
καὶandconnective (transitioning to Pharaoh's resolution)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (marking the decisive resolution moment)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; the moment of resolution — Pharaoh acts to correct the situation.
ἰδοὺbeholdparticle (presentative: directing attention to Sarai)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: 'behold, look'; presentative particle rendering Hebrew הִנֵּה; often marks a visually significant moment or a decisive turn in events.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwifeNominativenominative subject (Sarai, now identified as Abram's wife — restored)→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as nominative subject (Sarai, now identified as Abram's wife — restored).
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (Pharaoh now addresses Abram as the true husband)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (Pharaoh now addresses Abram as the true husband).
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofpreposition + genitive (locative: Sarai stands before Abram — she is presented)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of'; renders Hebrew לְפָנֶיךָ ('before you'); the presentation of Sarai 'before you' is a formal gesture of return.
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον.
λαβὼνtakeAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωattendant circumstance participle (first action of the paired command: 'take her and go')→ constative aorist participleλαμβάνω: the same verb Pharaoh just used for his own taking (ἔλαβον) — now he commands Abram to take Sarai back. The repetition is deliberate.
ἀπότρεχεdepart / run awayPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποτρέχωmain verb of command (Pharaoh's expulsion order: go!)→ present imperative (urgent continuous action: 'be going!')ἀποτρέχω: 'run off, depart quickly'; a vivid verb suggesting urgency or disdain; renders Hebrew וָלֵךְ ('and go'); the present imperative (rather than aorist) gives the command a continuous, emphatic sense — 'get going and keep going!'
20

καὶ ἐνετείλατο Φαραω ἀνδράσιν περὶ Αβραμ συμπροπέμψαι αὐτὸν καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἦν αὐτῷ καὶ Λωτ.

And Pharaoh gave orders to his men concerning Abram to escort him and his wife and all that was his, and Lot.

Narrative resolution — Abram's escorted expulsion from Egyptκαὶ ἐνετείλατο
The chapter closes with Pharaoh's formal command (ἐνετείλατο) to his men to escort Abram out with everything he had. The σύν-compound συμπροπέμψαι ('to escort together, to convoy') is the key word — it is not a mere expulsion but a formal, honourable military escort, ensuring safe departure. Lot's mention at the end of the verse (καὶ Λωτ) is a small narrative detail preparing for chapter 13. The verse completes the Egypt episode: Abram arrives fearing death, God protects him through the plagues, Pharaoh restores Sarai and sends Abram out enriched and escorted.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (final action of the chapter)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοgave orders / commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (Pharaoh's formal command to his men)→ constative aorist (single completed command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command, give orders, charge'; middle voice; renders Hebrew וַיְצַו ('he commanded'); a formal military/administrative term — Pharaoh issues a command that will be executed by his subordinates.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, nominative subject of ἐνετείλατο.
ἀνδράσινto menDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο (the men commanded: Pharaoh's guards/servants)→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: 'man, husband, adult male'; here 'his men' = Pharaoh's officers/soldiers; renders Hebrew אֲנָשִׁים ('men'); the command to specific men implies a military escort party.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference: the command is about Abram)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference: the command is about Abram).
ΑβραμAbramindeclinable proper noun, genitive object of περί (subject of the command)→ participant identificationΑβραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive object of περί (subject of the command).
συμπροπέμψαιto escort / to convoyAor Act Inf · συμπροπέμπωinfinitive of purpose/content (the charge to the men: to escort Abram)→ constative aorist infinitive (a single completed escorting action)συμπροπέμπω: 'escort together, convoy, conduct safely'; a double compound (σύν + πρό + πέμπω); renders Hebrew וַיְשַׁלְּחוּ ('they sent him away'); the LXX chooses a richer word than the Hebrew, implying an honour-guard escort rather than a simple expulsion. The σύν-compound (escorting together/in company) suggests a protective convoy. The verb is rare; this is one of its significant LXX occurrences.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative direct object of συμπροπέμψαι (Abram is escorted)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object of συμπροπέμψαι (Abram is escorted).
καὶandconnective (listing those escorted with Abram)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative direct object of συμπροπέμψαι (Sarai is escorted with Abram)→ object specificationγυνή: 'wife'; the narrator uses τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ('his wife') — Sarai is restored to her proper relationship as Abram's wife, not Pharaoh's.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (of Abram: his wife — restoration confirmed)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (of Abram: his wife — restoration confirmed).
καὶandconnective (listing the possessions)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeaccusative adjective (modifying ὅσα: all that was his)→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative adjective (modifying ὅσα: all that was his).
ὅσαthat / whichAccusativerelative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: all Abram's possessions)→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun, accusative (antecedent: all Abram's possessions).
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (copula: possessions belonging to Abram)→ descriptive imperfect (standing possession)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was / continued to be'; the imperfect marks David's renewed, ongoing presence at court.
αὐτῷhisDativedative of possession (everything belonging to Abram departs with him)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (everything belonging to Abram departs with him).
καὶandconnective (adding Lot — preparing chapter 13)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛωτLotindeclinable proper noun, accusative direct object of συμπροπέμψαι (Lot is also escorted)→ participant identificationΛωτ: the final word of the chapter — Lot's separate mention (not 'and his nephew Lot' but simply 'and Lot') signals his growing independence as a narrative character, setting up the separation of chapter 13.