Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 7ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ Ζ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The LXX of Genesis belongs to a translation tradition that is moderately free in its renderings while remaining close to a Hebrew Vorlage broadly consonant with the MT; chapter 7 is largely in agreement with the MT, though several chronological divergences and lexical choices are of special interest.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 7 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The LXX of Genesis belongs to a translation tradition that is moderately free in its renderings while remaining close to a Hebrew Vorlage broadly consonant with the MT; chapter 7 is largely in agreement with the MT, though several chronological divergences and lexical choices are of special interest. The chapter opens with the divine command to Noah to enter the κιβωτός ('ark') with his whole household (7:1), the first use in the LXX of κιβωτός in its technical sense for the ark — a word the NT inherits directly (Matt 24:38; Luke 17:27; Heb 11:7; 1 Pet 3:20). The distributive doubling ἑπτὰ ἑπτά (7:2–3) — seven by seven of every clean animal and bird — is a calque of the Hebrew שִׁבְעָה שִׁבְעָה, a Hebraism whose distributive force Greek normally expresses through reduplication of the numeral; the LXX preserves the idiom without a Greek gloss. The key term for the flood event, κατακλυσμός (7:6, 10, 17), renders Hebrew מַבּוּל and is the word the NT and patristic tradition inherit; Matt 24:38–39, Luke 17:27, and 2 Pet 2:5 all use κατακλυσμός, and it becomes the standard Greek for Noah's flood. The chapter's most visually dramatic verse is 7:11, where the heavens and the depths burst open simultaneously: ἐρράγησαν πᾶσαι αἱ πηγαὶ τῆς ἀβύσσου, καὶ οἱ καταρράκται τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἠνεῴχθησαν ('all the fountains of the great deep burst open and the floodgates of heaven were opened'). The verb ἐρράγη is from ῥήγνυμι ('burst, rupture'), expressing violent cosmic rupture; καταρράκτης ('floodgate, cataract') renders Hebrew אֲרֻבֹּת and conveys both a physical sluice and cosmic collapse. A significant LXX–MT divergence occurs at the date formula in 7:11: the LXX reads ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι (the twenty-seventh day) of the second month, whereas the MT reads בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר (the seventeenth day). The LXX translator appears to have read כז (twenty-seven) where the MT has יז (seventeen), a graphically similar confusion in the Hebrew script; the discrepancy is noted in the critical tradition and affects the chronological harmonisation attempted by readers of both traditions. At 7:16 the divine sealing of the ark is expressed by the striking phrase ἔκλεισεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τὴν κιβωτὸν ἔξωθεν αὐτοῦ — 'the LORD God shut the ark from outside him (Noah)' — which LXX renders with the pronoun αὐτοῦ where MT simply says God shut it behind him; the pronoun underscores God's sovereign enclosure of Noah while Noah is within. The chapter's rhetorical climax is the fourfold rising of the waters in vv.17–20: ηὐξήθη (increased), ἐπεκράτει (prevailed), ὑψώθη (was raised, vv.18, 20), with the waters rising fifteen cubits above the mountains (v.20) — the verb ὑψόω giving the Hebrew נִשְׂאוּ a distinctly exaltation-register colouring in Greek. The chapter closes with the summary statement that the waters prevailed upon the earth one hundred and fifty days (v.24), using ὑψώθη again as a frame.

1

Καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Νωε· Εἴσελθε σὺ καὶ πᾶς ὁ οἶκός σου εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν, ὅτι σὲ εἶδον δίκαιον ἐναντίον μου ἐν τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ.

And the LORD God said to Noah: 'Enter, you and all your house, into the ark, for I have seen you righteous before me in this generation.'

Divine address / commissioningΚαὶ εἶπεν
The καί-parataxis opens the unit with the standard LXX narrative formula; the divine speaker is identified as κύριος ὁ θεὸς — Rahlfs' LXX has the double title here calquing Hebrew יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים. The command εἴσελθε is the narrative hinge of the entire flood account: the ark is named κιβωτός (first occurrence in direct address), and the motivation clause ὅτι σὲ εἶδον δίκαιον grounds the salvation-command in divine moral assessment.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech act)λέγω: standard LXX verb of divine speech; renders וַיֹּאמֶר; the aorist punctuates a new narrative moment.
κύριοςLordNominativesubject (divine name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יְהוָה; here combined with ὁ θεός to give the full title κύριος ὁ θεός.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject (appositive to κύριος)→ participant prominenceθεός: renders אֱלֹהִים; the double title κύριος ὁ θεός appears in LXX Genesis at key covenant-speech moments (cf. Gen 2:4ff).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (directional: address toward)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: address toward).
ΝωεNoahAccusativeobject of πρός (addressee)→ participant identificationΝωε: indeclinable Hebrew name נֹחַ transliterated; the patriarch of the flood narrative.
ΕἴσελθεenterAor Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (divine command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (command to begin entering)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go into'; the aorist imperative has ingressive force — the command initiates a new state. Renders Hebrew בֹּא (qal impv). The entry into the ark is the pivot of the entire flood narrative.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun with imperative)→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (emphatic pronoun with imperative).
καὶandadditive conjunction (expanding the subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeadjective attributive (modifying ὁ οἶκός σου)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all, every, whole'; the comprehensive inclusivity — 'all your household' — stresses that salvation extends to the entire family unit.
theNominativearticle (with οἶκός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόςhouseNominativesubject (coordinated with σύ)→ participant prominenceοἶκος: 'house, household'; renders Hebrew בֵּית; here in the sense of extended family/household, a common LXX idiom. The phrase 'you and all your house' is a standard salvation-unit formula (cf. Acts 16:31 — the NT echo is direct).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἶκός)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying οἶκός).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κιβωτόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal of movement)→ object specificationκιβωτός: 'ark, chest, coffer'; originally a chest or box (cf. the ark of the covenant, Ex 25:10ff); here becomes the technical term for Noah's vessel, rendering Hebrew תֵּבָה. The NT uses κιβωτός for both Noah's ark (Matt 24:38; Heb 11:7; 1 Pet 3:20) and the heavenly ark of the covenant (Rev 11:19) — a semantic link the church exploited typologically.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (motivation for the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here causal, introducing the divine rationale for Noah's election to salvation. The ground for the command is Noah's moral character, not ritual status.
σὲyouAccusativeobject of εἶδον (proleptic/fronted for emphasis)→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of εἶδον (proleptic/fronted for emphasis).
εἶδονI have seenAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of motivation clause→ constative aorist (summary of divine scrutiny)ὁράω: 'see, perceive'; divine seeing in the OT/LXX is not merely visual but evaluative — God 'sees' Noah as righteous, a judicial verdict. Renders Hebrew רָאִיתִי.
δίκαιονrighteousAccusativepredicate accusative (complement of εἶδον: object + complement construction)→ object specificationδίκαιος: 'righteous, just'; renders Hebrew צַדִּיק; the term is the LXX's primary covenant-ethics adjective. The predication 'I saw you righteous' echoes 6:9 (Νωε ἄνθρωπος δίκαιος) and grounds the rescue in judicial righteousness, not merely sentiment.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (sphere of evaluation: 'in my sight')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of'; a common LXX prepositional phrase rendering לְפָנַי; indicates the divine perspective as the only relevant moral standard.
μουmeGenitivegenitive with ἐναντίον (object of the preposition)→ spatial or relational framingμου: meaning 'me'; here it marks the relation signaled by genitive with ἐναντίον (object of the preposition).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative sphere).
τῇtheDativearticle (with γενεᾷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεᾷgenerationDativedative of sphere (locative: within this generation)→ sphere or referenceγενεά: 'generation, age'; renders Hebrew דּוֹר; the specification 'in this generation' contrasts Noah's righteousness with the universal corruption of his contemporaries (cf. 6:5, 11–12).
ταύτῃthisDativedative demonstrative adjective (attributive to γενεᾷ)→ participant reference or interestταύτῃ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative demonstrative adjective (attributive to γενεᾷ).
2

Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν καθαρῶν εἴσαγε πρός σε ἑπτὰ ἑπτά, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν μὴ καθαρῶν δύο δύο, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ.

And of the clean animals bring to yourself seven by seven, male and female, and of the animals that are not clean two by two, male and female.

Elaboration (specifying the clean/unclean animal classification)Ἀπὸ δέ
The δέ marks a continuation-with-contrast from v.1's household command to the animal-boarding instructions. The distributive doubling ἑπτὰ ἑπτά is a Hebraism (שִׁבְעָה שִׁבְעָה) rendered as simple reduplication in Greek; no article or preposition bridges the two numerals, preserving the idiom's starkness. The clean/unclean distinction anticipates Levitical legislation and is unique in the LXX flood account to this section.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
Ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the animals')→ spatial or relational framingἈπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the animals').
δὲand / butpostpositive particle (continuation-contrast from v.1)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with κτηνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνanimals / livestockGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό, partitive source)→ relational specificationκτῆνος: 'livestock, beast, domestic animal'; renders Hebrew בְּהֵמָה; a general term covering all land animals used for labor, food, or sacrifice.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with καθαρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitivegenitive adjective (attributive to κτηνῶν: 'of the clean animals')→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'clean, pure'; renders Hebrew טָהוֹר; in this context the ritual-purity distinction that underlies Levitical sacrifice (clean animals are suitable for offering) — the distinction's appearance here before Sinai is a pre-legal anticipation of the later Torah categories.
εἴσαγεbring inPres Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (divine command, continuous aspect)→ progressive present imperative (ongoing process of bringing in)εἰσάγω: 'bring in, lead in'; the present imperative stresses the ongoing, processual nature of the loading operation rather than a single act.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (directional: bring toward yourself)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: bring toward yourself).
σεyourselfAccusativereflexive object of πρός (bring to yourself / take along)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as reflexive object of πρός (bring to yourself / take along).
ἑπτὰsevendistributive numeral (first member of reduplicated pair)→ measure or countἑπτά: the numeral 'seven'; when reduplicated (ἑπτὰ ἑπτά) it calques the Hebrew distributive שִׁבְעָה שִׁבְעָה, meaning 'seven apiece / seven by seven'. This Hebraism is not standard Greek usage — Greek normally would use ἀνὰ ἑπτά — making the LXX phrasing a conspicuous Hebraism that later scribes sometimes attempted to smooth.
ἑπτάsevendistributive numeral (second member of reduplicated pair — Hebraism for 'seven by seven')→ measure or countἑπτά: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἄρσενmaleAccusativeaccusative (in apposition to the seven-by-seven: specifying sex)→ object specificationἄρσεν: 'male'; renders Hebrew זָכָר; here neuter form of ἄρσην used as a noun-adjective, paired with θῆλυ.
καὶandadditive conjunction (pairing male and female)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θῆλυfemaleAccusativeaccusative (coordinated with ἄρσεν: pair specification)→ object specificationθῆλυ: 'female'; renders Hebrew נְקֵבָה; the male–female pairing ensures reproductive viability — preserving 'seed upon the earth' (v.3).
καὶandadversative/additive conjunction (introducing unclean animals in contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive, as above)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive, as above).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with κτηνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνanimalsGenitivegenitive (partitive object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'animals'; it serves as genitive (partitive object of ἀπό).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with μὴ καθαρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegation particle (with καθαρῶν)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitivegenitive adjective negated by μή (the unclean animals)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: negated — 'not clean'; the LXX phrases the unclean animals negatively (τῶν μὴ καθαρῶν) rather than using the positive term ἀκάθαρτος, which is also available; the negative phrasing softens the category.
δύοtwodistributive numeral (first of reduplicated pair)→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δύοtwodistributive numeral (second of reduplicated pair — 'two by two' Hebraism)→ measure or countδύο δύο: calques the Hebrew שְׁנַיִם שְׁנַיִם; contrasts with the clean animals' seven by seven, establishing the quantitative asymmetry that privileges the clean.
ἄρσενmaleAccusativeaccusative (sex specification, as in first clause)→ object specificationἄρσεν: meaning 'male'; it serves as accusative (sex specification, as in first clause).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θῆλυfemaleAccusativeaccusative (coordinated sex specification)→ object specificationθῆλυ: meaning 'female'; it serves as accusative (coordinated sex specification).
3

καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τῶν καθαρῶν ἑπτὰ ἑπτά, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ, καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν πετεινῶν τῶν μὴ καθαρῶν δύο δύο, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ, διαθρέψαι σπέρμα ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν.

And of the birds of heaven that are clean, seven by seven, male and female, and of all the birds that are not clean two by two, male and female, to preserve seed upon all the earth.

Continuation (extending the animal classification to birds)καὶ ἀπὸ
The verse parallels v.2 exactly in structure, applying the same clean/unclean distinction to birds (τὰ πετεινά). The purpose clause διαθρέψαι σπέρμα ('to preserve/nourish seed') provides the telos of the entire loading operation — preservation of life's categories through the cataclysm. The infinitive of purpose is a compact Greek rendering of the Hebrew purpose clause.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandadditive conjunction (continuing the list of animals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πετεινῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive (partitive object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationπετεινόν: 'bird, winged creature'; renders Hebrew עוֹף; the broader category includes all flying creatures of the sky.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οὐρανοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheaven / skyGenitivegenitive of origin/sphere (birds of the sky)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'sky, heaven'; renders Hebrew שָׁמַיִם; 'birds of the sky/heaven' is a standard creation-narrative phrase (Gen 1:26, 28).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with καθαρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitivegenitive adjective (attributive to πετεινῶν)→ relational specificationκαθαρῶν: meaning 'clean'; it serves as genitive adjective (attributive to πετεινῶν).
ἑπτὰsevendistributive numeral (first member)→ measure or countἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἑπτάsevendistributive numeral (second member — Hebraism: 'seven by seven')→ measure or countἑπτά: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἄρσενmaleAccusativeaccusative (sex specification)→ object specificationἄρσεν: meaning 'male'; it serves as accusative (sex specification).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θῆλυfemaleAccusativeaccusative (coordinated sex specification)→ object specificationθῆλυ: meaning 'female'; it serves as accusative (coordinated sex specification).
καὶandadditive conjunction (introducing unclean bird category)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive adjective (substantival: 'of all the birds…')→ relational specificationπᾶς: the addition of πάντων to the unclean bird category (absent in the clean category's formulation) may stress comprehensiveness — no unclean bird is left behind.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive (partitive object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationπετεινῶν: meaning 'birds'; it serves as genitive (partitive object of ἀπό).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitivegenitive adjective negated (= unclean birds)→ relational specificationκαθαρῶν: meaning 'clean'; it serves as genitive adjective negated (= unclean birds).
δύοtwodistributive numeral (first)→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δύοtwodistributive numeral (second — 'two by two')→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἄρσενmaleAccusativeaccusative (sex specification)→ object specificationἄρσεν: meaning 'male'; it serves as accusative (sex specification).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θῆλυfemaleAccusativeaccusative (sex specification)→ object specificationθῆλυ: meaning 'female'; it serves as accusative (sex specification).
διαθρέψαιto preserve / to nourish seedAor Act Inf · διατρέφωinfinitive of purpose (telic: the goal of the whole loading operation)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose clause)διατρέφω: 'to feed, nourish, sustain'; renders Hebrew לְהַחֲיוֹת ('to keep alive'); the purpose clause grounds the entire animal-loading in the goal of post-flood re-creation. The aorist infinitive of purpose is a condensed rendering of the Hebrew infinitive construct.
σπέρμαseedAccusativeobject of διαθρέψαι→ object specificationσπέρμα: 'seed, offspring, progeny'; renders Hebrew זֶרַע; used here in the comprehensive sense of all living seed to be preserved — both animal and implicit human seed — anticipating the covenant re-establishment of ch. 9.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (distributive scope: 'upon all the earth')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive scope: 'upon all the earth').
πᾶσανallAccusativeaccusative adjective (attributive to γῆν: 'all the earth')→ object specificationπᾶσαν: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative adjective (attributive to γῆν: 'all the earth').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of ἐπί (scope of seed-preservation)→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth, land'; the universal scope ('all the earth') makes explicit that the preservation is for the whole post-flood world, not merely one region.
4

ἔτι γὰρ ἡμερῶν ἑπτὰ ἐγὼ ἐπάγω ὑετὸν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τεσσαράκοντα νύκτας, καὶ ἐξαλείψω πᾶν τὸ ἀνάστημα ὃ ἐποίησα ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς.

For yet seven days I will bring rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights, and I will blot out every living thing that I made from the face of the earth.

Grounding (divine rationale: imminent judgment)ἔτι γάρ
The γάρ introduces the causal-explanatory elaboration of the command: why Noah must enter now. The temporal notice 'yet seven days' (ἑπτὰ ἡμέρων) creates narrative urgency. The first-person ἐγὼ ἐπάγω (emphatic 'I myself will bring') marks the flood as direct divine action, not natural disaster. The forty-day/night formula will become emblematic (cf. Moses at Sinai, Elijah, Jesus in the wilderness).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἔτιyet / stilltemporal adverb (limiting the remaining time)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still, yet, remaining'; creates urgency — the window is closing. Renders Hebrew עוֹד.
γὰρforpostpositive causal particle (grounding the command of vv.1–3)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of time within which ('within seven days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the genitive of time within which specifies the interval before the flood begins. The seven-day period has covenantal resonance (sabbatical structure).
ἑπτὰsevennumeral modifying ἡμερῶν→ measure or countἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun — God as direct agent of the flood)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (emphatic pronoun — God as direct agent of the flood).
ἐπάγωbring uponPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπάγωmain verb (futuristic present: imminent divine action)→ futuristic present (certainty of impending action)ἐπάγω: 'bring upon, bring against'; renders Hebrew מַמְטִיר; 'I bring rain upon' frames the flood as deliberate divine judgment rather than natural event. The futuristic present expresses the certainty of the imminent action.
ὑετὸνrainAccusativeobject of ἐπάγω→ object specificationὑετός: 'rain, rainfall'; renders Hebrew גֶּשֶׁם; the rain from heaven is one channel of the flood (the other being the burst fountains of the deep, v.11).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (directional: upon the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: upon the earth).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of ἐπί (recipient of rain)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'earth'; it serves as object of ἐπί (recipient of rain).
τεσσαράκονταfortyaccusative of time how long (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; the forty-day period becomes one of the Bible's archetypal durations of trial/testing — Moses (Ex 24:18; 34:28), Elijah (1 Kgs 19:8), Jesus (Matt 4:2).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative of duration.
καὶandadditive conjunction (pairing day and night)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεσσαράκονταfortyaccusative of duration (with νύκτας)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'forty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
νύκταςnightsAccusativeaccusative of duration (coordinated with ἡμέρας)→ object specificationνύξ: 'night'; the merism 'forty days and forty nights' expresses an unbroken duration — the rain falls continuously, day and night, without respite.
καὶandsequential conjunction (introducing the result clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαλείψωI will blot outFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαλείφωmain verb (future: announced divine judgment)→ predictive future (certain future action)ἐξαλείφω: 'blot out, wipe away, obliterate'; renders Hebrew אֶמְחֶה (from מָחָה, 'wipe/blot out'); a strong word for utter annihilation — used of wiping out a name, a people, or a stain. The image of creation being 'unmade' by divine erasure is vivid.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeaccusative adjective (attributive to ἀνάστημα: 'every living thing')→ object specificationπᾶν: meaning 'every'; it serves as accusative adjective (attributive to ἀνάστημα: 'every living thing').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἀνάστημα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνάστημαliving thing / creature standing uprightAccusativeobject of ἐξαλείψω→ object specificationἀνάστημα: 'stature, upright form, living creature'; renders Hebrew הַיְקוּם ('all that exists / all living substance'); a somewhat unusual LXX choice — the word emphasises the physical standing existence of creatures. Some scholars suggest the LXX translator read a variant or chose a word capturing 'all that has risen up / come into existence.'
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (antecedent: ἀνάστημα)→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (antecedent: ἀνάστημα).
ἐποίησαI madeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (describing divine creation)→ constative aorist (summarising the whole creation act)ποιέω: 'make, create'; the relative clause 'which I made' recalls Gen 1's repeated 'God made' and makes the flood a deliberate reversal of creation — the Creator blots out what he made. The emotional weight is significant.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from off the face')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from off the face').
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό, idiom: 'from the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς renders Hebrew מֵעַל פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה ('from the face/surface of the ground'); a standard idiom for total removal from existence.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (object of the idiomatic preposition phrase)→ spatial or relational framingγῆς: meaning 'earth'; here it marks the relation signaled by genitive (object of the idiomatic preposition phrase).
5

καὶ ἐποίησεν Νωε πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ κύριος ὁ θεός.

And Noah did all things as the LORD God commanded him.

Compliance report (closing the command-obedience unit)καὶ ἐποίησεν
The obedience formula 'Noah did all things as the LORD God commanded him' is a standard Pentateuchal compliance notice (cf. Ex 7:6; 39:32; 40:16). It closes the command unit of vv.1–4 with formal completeness. The brevity is intentional — no commentary on Noah's inner state, only the bare fact of total obedience (πάντα ὅσα, 'everything whatsoever'). The subject Νωε is placed after the verb, resuming paratactic flow.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: obedience follows command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (compliance verb)→ constative aorist (complete act of obedience)ποιέω: 'do, perform, make'; in the compliance formula renders Hebrew וַיַּעַשׂ; the same verb used of God's creative acts (v.4) is now used of Noah's obedient acts, making the obedience a creative-order-restoring action.
ΝωεNoahNominativesubject (proper name, post-verbal for paratactic flow)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (proper name, post-verbal for paratactic flow).
πάνταall thingsAccusativeaccusative object (proleptic antecedent of ὅσα: 'all things, whatever…')→ object specificationπᾶς: the comprehensive πάντα ὅσα ('all things, as many as') signals total, ungrudging compliance — the standard Pentateuchal obedience formula leaves no room for partial compliance.
ὅσαas many as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as, as great as'; correlative pronoun picking up πάντα — 'all things, whatever he commanded.'
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλωverb of relative clause (divine command)→ constative aorist (completed divine charge)ἐντέλλω: 'command, charge, give orders'; the middle form ἐνετείλατο is the standard LXX verb for divine commanding; renders Hebrew צִוָּה. The correlation of command (ἐνετείλατο) and obedience (ἐποίησεν) using the same aorist aspect creates a tight obedience-compliance ring.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο (the one commanded)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο (the one commanded).
κύριοςLordNominativesubject of relative clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as subject of relative clause.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativesubject (appositive to κύριος)→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as subject (appositive to κύριος).
6

Νωε δὲ ἦν ἐτῶν ἑξακοσίων, καὶ ὁ κατακλυσμὸς τοῦ ὕδατος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

Now Noah was six hundred years old, and the flood of water came upon the earth.

Temporal frame / narrative pivotΝωε δέ
The δέ marks a narrative shift from command (vv.1–5) to fulfilment. Noah's age — ἐτῶν ἑξακοσίων — is a genitive of age characteristic of the Priestly genealogical style. The word κατακλυσμός appears here for the first time in Genesis 7, naming the flood event with the Greek term the NT will inherit wholesale (Matt 24:38–39; 2 Pet 2:5; Luke 17:27).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ΝωεNoahNominativesubject (fronted for topic shift)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (fronted for topic shift).
δὲnow / andpostpositive particle (narrative transition from command to event)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (stative: age note)→ progressive imperfect (continuous state at the time)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν frames Noah's age as the background state at the moment the flood began.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of age (with ἑξακοσίων: 'of six hundred years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; the genitive of age construction (ἐτῶν + numeral) is the standard Priestly genealogical formula in LXX Genesis.
ἑξακοσίωνsix hundredGenitivegenitive numeral (age: 'six hundred years')→ relational specificationἑξακόσιοι: the six-hundredth year anchors the flood in the Priestly chronological system; its fulfilment at 8:13 ('first year, first month, first day') traces the flood from 600th to 601st year of Noah's life.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with κατακλυσμός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακλυσμὸςfloodNominativesubject (flood as new protagonist of the narrative)→ participant prominenceκατακλυσμός: 'flood, deluge, inundation'; from κατακλύζω ('flood over, overwhelm'); renders Hebrew מַבּוּל; this is the word the NT inherits: Matt 24:38–39 (κατακλυσμοῦ), Luke 17:27, 2 Pet 2:5. The word carries the sense of a catastrophic, all-covering inundation — not merely heavy rain — and became the technical term for Noah's flood in both Greek-Jewish and Christian tradition.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὕδατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive of content / specification (flood of water)→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the genitive specifies the material of the κατακλυσμός; perhaps also an echo of the primordial waters of Gen 1:2 (ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος) — the flood undoes creation.
ἐγένετοcame to pass / cameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (event inception)→ ingressive aorist (onset of the flood)γίνομαι: the ἐγένετο formula marks the flood's arrival as a narrative event of cosmic significance; the same formula used for creation events in Gen 1 ('and it was so') here marks the great uncreation.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (upon the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (upon the earth).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί: upon the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (object of ἐπί: upon the earth).
7

εἰσῆλθεν δὲ Νωε καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν κιβωτὸν διὰ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ.

And Noah entered, and his sons and his wife and the wives of his sons with him, into the ark, because of the water of the flood.

Narrative action (fulfilment of the command of v.1)εἰσῆλθεν δέ
The compliance with the command of v.1 is narrated in the same vocabulary: εἰσῆλθεν (cf. Εἴσελθε, v.1), τὴν κιβωτόν. The household enumeration — Noah, his sons, his wife, his sons' wives — expands the compact 'you and all your house' of v.1. The causal phrase διὰ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ gives the motive: the flood water is the immediate cause of entry.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (narrative action: entering the ark)→ constative aorist (completed act of entry)εἰσέρχομαι: the aorist εἰσῆλθεν fulfils the imperative Εἴσελθε of v.1 — command and compliance mirror each other lexically.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (narrative continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝωεNoahNominativesubject (head of the household list)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (head of the household list).
καὶandadditive conjunction (listing household members)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (coordinated with Νωε)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth are collectively referenced.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱοί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying υἱοί).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with γυνή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwifeNominativesubject (coordinated: Noah's wife)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman, wife'; Noah's wife is unnamed in the LXX (as in MT); patristic tradition assigned her various names.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his wife)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (his wife).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with γυναῖκες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwivesNominativesubject (coordinated: the sons' wives)→ participant prominenceγυναῖκες: meaning 'wives'; it serves as subject (coordinated: the sons' wives).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of possession (sons' wives)→ relational specificationυἱῶν: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive of possession (sons' wives).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (his sons).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: 'with, together with'; the phrase μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('with him') sums up the whole household as entering together with Noah.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (with Noah)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (with Noah).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationκιβωτὸν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as object of εἰς (destination).
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal: on account of the flood water)→ spatial or relational framingδιά: here with accusative, causal sense ('on account of').
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeobject of διά (the immediate cause of entry)→ object specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as object of διά (the immediate cause of entry).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κατακλυσμοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακλυσμοῦfloodGenitivegenitive of apposition / definition (the flood water = the κατακλυσμός)→ relational specificationκατακλυσμοῦ: meaning 'flood'; it serves as genitive of apposition / definition (the flood water = the κατακλυσμός).
8

καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πετεινῶν τῶν καθαρῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πετεινῶν τῶν μὴ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν καθαρῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν μὴ καθαρῶν

And of the birds that are clean and of the birds that are not clean and of the animals that are clean and of the animals that are not clean,

Elaboration (re-enumeration of the animal categories in compliance narrative)καὶ ἀπὸ
Verse 8 is a syntactically suspended list — a long series of ἀπό + genitive phrases — that is completed only in v.9. The sentence spans both verses, with v.8 providing the categorical list and v.9 providing the predicate (εἰσῆλθεν). This suspended syntax is a mark of the Priestly source's exhaustive, taxonomic style.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive, first in a fourfold list)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive, first in a fourfold list).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationπετεινῶν: meaning 'birds'; it serves as genitive (object of ἀπό).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with καθαρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitiveattributive genitive adjective→ relational specificationκαθαρῶν: meaning 'clean'; it serves as attributive genitive adjective.
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (second category)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (second category).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationπετεινῶν: meaning 'birds'; it serves as genitive (object of ἀπό).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with negated καθαρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitivenegated adjective (unclean birds)→ relational specificationκαθαρῶν: meaning 'clean'; it serves as negated adjective (unclean birds).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (third category)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (third category).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνanimalsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'animals'; it serves as genitive (object of ἀπό).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitiveattributive adjective→ relational specificationκαθαρῶν: meaning 'clean'; it serves as attributive adjective.
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (fourth category)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (fourth category).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνanimalsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'animals'; it serves as genitive (object of ἀπό).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitivenegated adjective (unclean animals — sentence suspended, completed in v.9)→ relational specificationκαθαρῶν: meaning 'clean'; it serves as negated adjective (unclean animals — sentence suspended, completed in v.9).
9

δύο δύο εἰσῆλθον πρὸς Νωε εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ, καθὰ ἐνετείλατο κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῷ Νωε.

Two by two they entered to Noah into the ark, male and female, just as the LORD God had commanded Noah.

Compliance completion (completes the suspended sentence of v.8)δύο δύο εἰσῆλθον
Verse 9 supplies the predicate for the long participial list of v.8. The distributive δύο δύο is placed emphatically at the start, resuming the motif of orderly pairing. The compliance formula καθὰ ἐνετείλατο κύριος ὁ θεός closes the boarding narration, mirroring the compliance notice of v.5 and creating a bracket around the animal-loading unit.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
δύοtwodistributive numeral (first of pair — fronted for emphasis)→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δύοtwodistributive numeral (second — 'two by two')→ measure or countδύο δύο: the distributive Hebraism is the same as in v.2; here completing the suspended sentence of v.8 with orderly, pair-by-pair entry.
εἰσῆλθονthey enteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (completing the suspended syntax of v.8)→ constative aorist (completed act of entry)εἰσέρχομαι: third plural — the animals (from v.8's fourfold list) are the implicit subject. Their orderly entry is the fulfilment of the divine command.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (directional: toward Noah)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: toward Noah).
ΝωεNoahAccusativeobject of πρός (the animals go to Noah)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (the animals go to Noah).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination of entry)→ object specificationκιβωτόν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as object of εἰς (destination of entry).
ἄρσενmaleAccusativeaccusative (sex specification in apposition)→ object specificationἄρσεν: meaning 'male'; it serves as accusative (sex specification in apposition).
καὶandadditive conjunction (pairing male and female)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θῆλυfemaleAccusativeaccusative (coordinated sex specification)→ object specificationθῆλυ: meaning 'female'; it serves as accusative (coordinated sex specification).
καθὰjust ascomparative particle (compliance formula: 'just as he commanded')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as, according as'; introduces the compliance formula; renders Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; the καθά + ἐνετείλατο formula is the standard Pentateuchal obedience marker.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλωverb of compliance clause→ constative aorist (completed divine charge)ἐντέλλω: 'command, charge'; the middle voice with dative (αὐτοῖς) = 'charged them'; this is the recurrent verb of divine commissioning (cf. v.2).
κύριοςLordNominativesubject of compliance clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as subject of compliance clause.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject (appositive to κύριος)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as subject (appositive to κύριος).
τῷtoDativearticle (with Νωε as dative indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝωεNoahDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο (the one commanded)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο (the one commanded).
10

ἐγένετο δὲ μετὰ τὰς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And it came to pass after the seven days that the water of the flood came upon the earth.

Temporal fulfilment (the seven-day countdown of v.4 is completed)ἐγένετο δέ
The formula ἐγένετο … καί introduces the fulfilment of the seven-day countdown announced in v.4. The double ἐγένετο (framing formula + event announcement) mirrors the double ἐγένετο of Ruth 1:1 and other LXX narrative openings, here marking a cosmic threshold: after seven days, the flood arrives. The phrase τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ recaps v.6's language.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal framing formula)→ constative aorist (inaugurating a new narrative event)γίνομαι: the formula ἐγένετο δὲ μετά introduces a fulfilled-time event; renders Hebrew וַיְהִי + temporal phrase.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (temporal narrative continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal: after the seven days)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: with accusative, 'after'; the seven-day waiting period of v.4 is now expired.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of time (object of μετά)→ object specificationἡμέρα: the seven days recall the seven of creation; the flood begins on the 'eighth day' — a suggestive number in later theological reading.
καὶandcontinuation conjunction (completing the double-ἐγένετο formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὕδωρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of second ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject of second ἐγένετο.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κατακλυσμοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακλυσμοῦfloodGenitivegenitive of apposition (the flood water)→ relational specificationκατακλυσμοῦ: meaning 'flood'; it serves as genitive of apposition (the flood water).
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (event: the flood comes upon the earth)→ ingressive aorist (onset of the flood waters)γίνομαι: the second ἐγένετο is the event itself; the double use marks the fulfilment of an earlier notice (cf. v.6), a LXX narrative structuring device.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (upon the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (upon the earth).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (object of ἐπί).
11

ἐν τῷ ἑξακοσιοστῷ ἔτει ἐν τῇ ζωῇ τοῦ Νωε, τοῦ δευτέρου μηνός, ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι τοῦ μηνός, τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἐρράγησαν πᾶσαι αἱ πηγαὶ τῆς ἀβύσσου καὶ οἱ καταρράκται τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἠνεῴχθησαν.

In the six-hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month — on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst open and the floodgates of heaven were opened.

Temporal specification (precise date of the cosmic rupture)ἐν τῷ … ἔτει
The verse opens with the Priestly date formula: year 600, second month, twenty-seventh day. The LXX reads ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι (twenty-seventh) where the MT has בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר (seventeenth) — a significant divergence explained by graphical confusion of כז (27) and יז (17) in the Hebrew Vorlage. The verse then delivers the flood's dual origin: ἐρράγησαν … αἱ πηγαί ('the fountains burst open') and οἱ καταρράκται ἠνεῴχθησαν ('the floodgates were opened') — cosmic rupture from below and above simultaneously.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal locative: in the year)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal locative: in the year).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἑξακοσιοστῷ ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑξακοσιοστῷsix-hundredthDativedative ordinal numeral→ sphere or referenceἑξακοσιοστός: 'six-hundredth'; Priestly chronological precision anchors the flood in Noah's biographical timeline.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἔτει: meaning 'year'; it serves as dative of time when.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (in Noah's life)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (in Noah's life).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῇlifeDativedative of sphere (in the life of Noah)→ sphere or referenceζωή: 'life'; the phrase 'in the life of Noah' is the Priestly dating formula.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Νωε)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝωεNoahGenitivegenitive of possession (Noah's life)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (Noah's life).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δευτέρου μηνός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρουsecondGenitivegenitive ordinal (second month)→ relational specificationδεύτερος: 'second'; the second month is roughly April–May in the later Israelite calendar.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of time (in the second month)→ relational specificationμηνός: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive of time (in the second month).
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativedative ordinal (first component of compound date: 'twenty-seventh')→ sphere or referenceἑβδόμη: 'seventh'; part of ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι, 'twenty-seventh.' LXX reads 27th; MT reads 17th. Critical divergence: graphical confusion of כז (27) and יז (17) in the Vorlage — a known LXX–MT discrepancy affecting flood chronology.
καὶandadditive conjunction (combining ordinal components)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰκάδιtwentiethDativedative ordinal (second component: 20, giving 'twenty-seventh' with ἑβδόμῃ)→ sphere or referenceεἰκάς: 'the twentieth day'; combined with ἑβδόμῃ καί = 'the twenty-seventh day.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μηνός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive (of the month)→ relational specificationμηνός: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive (of the month).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time when (on that day — anaphoric summary of the full date)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time when (on that day — anaphoric summary of the full date).
ταύτῃthisDativedative demonstrative (anaphoric)→ participant reference or interestταύτῃ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative demonstrative (anaphoric).
ἐρράγησανburst openAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ῥήγνυμιmain verb (cosmic rupture from below)→ ingressive aorist (sudden violent rupture)ῥήγνυμι: 'burst, rupture'; aorist passive ἐρράγησαν renders Hebrew נִבְקְעוּ ('were split open'). The imagery is of the earth's crust violently tearing to release subterranean waters — cosmic rather than merely meteorological.
πᾶσαιallNominativenominative adjective (with πηγαί)→ participant prominenceπᾶσαι: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative adjective (with πηγαί).
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πηγαὶfountains / springsNominativesubject of ἐρράγησαν→ participant prominenceπηγή: 'spring, fountain'; renders Hebrew מַעְיְנֹת; πηγαὶ τῆς ἀβύσσου = the subterranean cosmic ocean of ancient cosmology (cf. Gen 1:2; Prov 8:28).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀβύσσουdeep / abyssGenitivegenitive of source (the fountains of the deep)→ relational specificationἄβυσσος: 'deep, abyss'; renders Hebrew תְּהוֹם (Gen 1:2 'the deep'); the flood reverses creation's separation of waters. The word becomes significant in apocalyptic (Rev 9:1–2; 20:1–3).
καὶandadditive conjunction (second cosmic event)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with καταρράκται)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταρράκταιfloodgates / cataractsNominativesubject of ἠνεῴχθησαν→ participant prominenceκαταρράκτης: 'floodgate, cataract'; renders Hebrew אֲרֻבֹּת ('windows/sluices'); the firmament's sluices open to release the waters above it (cf. Gen 1:6–7). The dual eruption from below and above visualises a total reversal of the second day of creation.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive of belonging (floodgates of heaven)→ relational specificationοὐρανοῦ: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as genitive of belonging (floodgates of heaven).
ἠνεῴχθησανwere openedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀνοίγωmain verb (second cosmic event: floodgates opened)→ ingressive aorist passive (gates thrown open at once)ἀνοίγω: 'open'; passive renders Hebrew נִפְתְּחוּ; the divine passive implies God as opener. Contrasts with ἔκλεισεν ('shut') of v.16.
12

καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ ὑετὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τεσσαράκοντα νύκτας.

And the rain fell upon the earth forty days and forty nights.

Event fulfilment (the forty-day rain of v.4 begins)καὶ ἐγένετο
The exact language of v.4 is echoed verbatim — τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τεσσαράκοντα νύκτας — marking the fulfilment of the divine word. The ἐγένετο formula signals a completed event. The forty-day period is the rain's active phase; the total flood duration (v.24) is 150 days.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοfell / came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (event of rain)→ constative aorist (the 40-day rain as a unified event)γίνομαι: ἐγένετο ὁ ὑετός = 'the rain fell'; fulfils v.4.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑετὸςrainNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceὑετός: echoes v.4's ὑετόν — prediction–fulfilment lexical ring.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (object of ἐπί).
τεσσαράκονταfortyaccusative of duration→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'forty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of time how long→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative of time how long.
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεσσαράκονταfortyaccusative of duration→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'forty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
νύκταςnightsAccusativeaccusative of duration (merism: unbroken continuity)→ object specificationνύκτας: meaning 'nights'; it serves as accusative of duration (merism: unbroken continuity).
13

ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ εἰσῆλθεν Νωε, Σημ, Χαμ, Ιαφεθ, οἱ υἱοὶ Νωε, καὶ ἡ γυνὴ Νωε καὶ αἱ τρεῖς γυναῖκες τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν.

On that same day Noah entered, Shem, Ham, Japheth — the sons of Noah — and Noah's wife and the three wives of his sons with him into the ark.

Recapitulation (re-narrating the entry on the date of v.11)ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ
The phrase ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ links back to v.11's date formula. The sons are named individually for the first time in the chapter: Σημ, Χαμ, Ιαφεθ. The three wives are counted — making eight souls total (cf. 1 Pet 3:20).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time when.
ταύτῃthisDativedative demonstrative (anaphoric to v.11)→ participant reference or interestταύτῃ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative demonstrative (anaphoric to v.11).
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (dated entry)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; renders בּוֹא; the subject is Bathsheba ('she came in to him'); the idiom εἰσέρχομαι πρός can carry sexual overtones (cf. Gen 6:4; 16:2 LXX), preparing for ἐκοιμήθη.
ΝωεNoahNominativesubject (head of household list)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (head of household list).
ΣημShemNominativesubject (first son named)→ participant identificationΣημ: renders Hebrew שֵׁם; ancestor of Semitic peoples.
ΧαμHamNominativesubject (second son named)→ participant identificationΧαμ: renders Hebrew חָם.
ΙαφεθJaphethNominativesubject (third son named)→ participant identificationΙαφεθ: renders Hebrew יֶפֶת.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί — apposition to the three names)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativeappositive to Σημ, Χαμ, Ιαφεθ→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as appositive to Σημ, Χαμ, Ιαφεθ.
ΝωεNoahGenitivegenitive of possession→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwifeNominativesubject (Noah's wife)→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'wife'; it serves as subject (Noah's wife).
ΝωεNoahGenitivegenitive of possession→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (three wives — total = 8 persons, cf. 1 Pet 3:20)→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
γυναῖκεςwivesNominativesubject (sons' wives)→ participant prominenceγυναῖκες: meaning 'wives'; it serves as subject (sons' wives).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationυἱῶν: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive of possession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (with Noah)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (with Noah).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationκιβωτόν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as object of εἰς.
14

καὶ πάντα τὰ θηρία κατὰ γένος καὶ πάντα τὰ κτήνη κατὰ γένος καὶ πᾶν ἑρπετὸν κινούμενον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος καὶ πᾶν πετεινὸν κατὰ γένος,

And all the wild beasts according to kind, and all the livestock according to kind, and every creeping thing that moves upon the earth according to kind, and every bird according to kind,

Elaboration (taxonomic catalogue, suspended; completed by v.15)καὶ πάντα
Four categories — θηρία, κτήνη, ἑρπετά, πετεινά — each marked κατὰ γένος, recalling the creation taxonomy of Gen 1. The fourfold κατὰ γένος insists that creation's order is preserved through the flood. The sentence is syntactically suspended, completed in v.15.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (with τὰ θηρία)→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with τὰ θηρία).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίαwild beastsNominativesubject (first category, suspended)→ participant prominenceθηρίον: 'wild animal'; renders Hebrew חַיַּת.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive: by kind)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + γένος = 'according to its kind'; recalling Gen 1's creation taxonomy (λεμינήν, κατὰ γένος).
γένοςkindAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationγένος: meaning 'kind'; it serves as object of κατά.
καὶandadditive conjunction (second category)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηlivestockNominativesubject (second category, suspended)→ participant prominenceκτήνη: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as subject (second category, suspended).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive).
γένοςkindAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationγένος: meaning 'kind'; it serves as object of κατά.
καὶandadditive conjunction (third category)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective→ participant prominenceπᾶν: meaning 'every'; it serves as attributive adjective.
ἑρπετὸνcreeping thingNominativesubject (third category, suspended)→ participant prominenceἑρπετόν: 'creeping creature'; renders Hebrew רֶמֶשׂ.
κινούμενονmovingPres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Neut · κινέωattributive participle (modifying ἑρπετόν)→ progressive (ongoing locomotion as defining trait)κινέω: 'move'; motion is the defining characteristic of creeping things.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (surface: upon the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (surface: upon the earth).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive).
γένοςkindAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationγένος: meaning 'kind'; it serves as object of κατά.
καὶandadditive conjunction (fourth category)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective→ participant prominenceπᾶν: meaning 'every'; it serves as attributive adjective.
πετεινὸνbirdNominativesubject (fourth category, suspended)→ participant prominenceπετεινὸν: meaning 'bird'; it serves as subject (fourth category, suspended).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive).
γένοςkindAccusativeobject of κατά (sentence suspended, completed in v.15)→ object specificationγένος: meaning 'kind'; it serves as object of κατά (sentence suspended, completed in v.15).
15

εἰσῆλθον πρὸς Νωε εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν, δύο δύο ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός, ἐν ᾧ ἔστιν πνεῦμα ζωῆς.

They entered to Noah into the ark, two by two of all flesh in which there is the breath of life.

Completion (predicate for suspended sentence of vv.13–14)εἰσῆλθον
The verb εἰσῆλθον completes the compound suspended subject of vv.13–14. The phrase ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός ('of all flesh') is comprehensive. The relative clause ἐν ᾧ ἔστιν πνεῦμα ζωῆς recalls Gen 2:7 — the breath of life defines the scope of what is preserved.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
εἰσῆλθονthey enteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (completing suspended sentence)→ constative aorist (comprehensive entry)εἰσέρχομαι: third plural — the creatures and household enter together.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward Noah)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (toward Noah).
ΝωεNoahAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationκιβωτόν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as object of εἰς.
δύοtwodistributive numeral (first)→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δύοtwodistributive numeral (second — 'two by two')→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
πάσηςallGenitivegenitive adjective (with σαρκός: 'of all flesh')→ relational specificationπάσης: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive adjective (with σαρκός: 'of all flesh').
σαρκόςfleshGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό: comprehensive scope)→ relational specificationσάρξ: 'flesh, living creature'; renders Hebrew בָּשָׂר; 'all flesh' is the chapter's comprehensive term for embodied life.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location of life-breath)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of life-breath).
whichDativerelative pronoun (antecedent: πάσης σαρκός)→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (antecedent: πάσης σαρκός).
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (existential)→ gnomic present (defining characteristic of living flesh)εἰμί: present tense marks the ongoing characteristic — living flesh always has the breath of life.
πνεῦμαbreath / spiritNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'breath, spirit'; πνεῦμα ζωῆς = 'breath of life' echoes Gen 2:7 (ἐνεφύσησεν πνοὴν ζωῆς) — the Adamic breath.
ζωῆςof lifeGenitivegenitive of content (life-breath)→ relational specificationζωῆς: meaning 'of life'; it serves as genitive of content (life-breath).
16

καὶ τὰ εἰσπορευόμενα ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκὸς εἰσῆλθεν, καθὰ ἐνετείλατο κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῷ Νωε. καὶ ἔκλεισεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τὴν κιβωτὸν ἔξωθεν αὐτοῦ.

And those entering, male and female from all flesh, entered just as the LORD God commanded Noah. And the LORD God shut the ark from outside him.

Compliance summary + divine act (closing the boarding scene)καὶ τὰ εἰσπορευόμενα
The verse has two distinct parts: (1) a compliance formula mirroring v.9 — καθὰ ἐνετείλατο κύριος ὁ θεός — closing the boarding narration; (2) the climactic divine sealing: ἔκλεισεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τὴν κιβωτὸν ἔξωθεν αὐτοῦ ('the LORD God shut the ark from outside him'). The pronoun αὐτοῦ — 'outside him/it' — is ambiguous: it may mean 'outside Noah' (from Noah's perspective) or simply 'shut it from outside.' The phrase underscores God as the sovereign agent of Noah's enclosure and protection.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthoseNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορευόμεναenteringPres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantival participle (subject: those entering / the ones who entered)→ progressive present (the act of entering as ongoing action)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter, go in'; the substantival participle sums up all the entrants of vv.13–15 in a collective noun phrase.
ἄρσενmaleNominativenominative (sex specification in apposition)→ participant prominenceἄρσεν: meaning 'male'; it serves as nominative (sex specification in apposition).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θῆλυfemaleNominativenominative (sex specification)→ participant prominenceθῆλυ: meaning 'female'; it serves as nominative (sex specification).
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
πάσηςallGenitivegenitive adjective (comprehensive)→ relational specificationπάσης: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive adjective (comprehensive).
σαρκὸςfleshGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό: 'of all flesh')→ relational specificationσαρκὸς: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as genitive (object of ἀπό: 'of all flesh').
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (compliance summary)→ constative aorist (completed boarding)εἰσέρχομαι: the singular agrees with the neuter plural subject τὰ εἰσπορευόμενα (a standard Greek rule: neuter plural subject takes singular verb).
καθὰjust ascomparative particle (compliance formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὰ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλωverb of compliance clause→ constative aoristἐντέλλω: 'command, charge'; the middle voice with dative (αὐτοῖς) = 'charged them'; this is the recurrent verb of divine commissioning (cf. v.2).
κύριοςLordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as subject.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativeappositive to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as appositive to κύριος.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative with Νωε)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝωεNoahDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the divine sealing act)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκλεισενshutAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλείωmain verb (divine act: sealing the ark)→ constative aorist (single definitive act of closure)κλείω: 'shut, close, lock'; the act of divine closure is the chapter's dramatic apex — God himself seals Noah in. Contrasts with ἠνεῴχθησαν ('were opened') of v.11; the heavens open and the ark is shut. The same word appears in Rev 3:7 (the one who shuts and no one opens).
κύριοςLordNominativesubject (God as agent of the sealing)→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as subject (God as agent of the sealing).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativeappositive to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as appositive to κύριος.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeobject of ἔκλεισεν→ object specificationκιβωτὸν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as object of ἔκλεισεν.
ἔξωθενfrom outsideadverb (manner/direction: shut from the outside)→ clausal contributionἔξωθεν: 'from outside, from without'; the divine sealing is done from outside — Noah cannot open the ark himself; only God can.
αὐτοῦhim / itGenitivegenitive with ἔξωθεν (ambiguous: from outside him [Noah] / from outside it [the ark])→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive αὐτοῦ with ἔξωθεν may refer to Noah ('from outside him') or the ark ('from outside it'); both readings stress the same theological point — God encloses Noah from without. The MT's אַחֲרָיו ('behind him') supports 'from behind/outside him' = Noah is enclosed inside.
17

καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ κατακλυσμὸς τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τεσσαράκοντα νύκτας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ηὐξήθη τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ ἐπῆρεν τὴν κιβωτόν, καὶ ὑψώθη ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς.

And the flood lasted forty days and forty nights upon the earth, and the water increased and lifted the ark, and it was raised above the earth.

Escalation (first stage: waters rise and lift the ark)καὶ ἐγένετο
The narrative enters a new phase: the flood's duration is stated (forty days) and the water's first dynamic action described — ηὐξήθη ('increased/grew'), ἐπῆρεν ('lifted'), ὑψώθη ('was raised'). The three verbs in ascending register describe the progressive exaltation of the ark. ὑψώθη — from ὑψόω ('raise high, exalt') — gives the rising of the waters a quasi-exaltation quality; the same verb recurs in vv.18 and 20.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοlasted / came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (durative event frame)→ constative aorist (the entire 40-day flood as a unit)γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο, narrative time-marker.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακλυσμὸςfloodNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceκατακλυσμὸς: meaning 'flood'; it serves as subject of ἐγένετο.
τεσσαράκονταfortyaccusative of duration→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'forty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of time how long→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative of time how long.
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεσσαράκονταfortyaccusative of duration→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'forty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
νύκταςnightsAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationνύκτας: meaning 'nights'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (object of ἐπί).
καὶandsequential conjunction (first result clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὐξήθηincreased / grewAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · αὐξάνωmain verb (first stage: water growth)→ ingressive aorist (onset of water increase)αὐξάνω: 'grow, increase, multiply'; renders Hebrew וַיִּרְבּוּ ('multiplied/increased'); the water's growth is the first of a three-verb ascending sequence.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ηὐξήθη and ἐπῆρεν→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject of ηὐξήθη and ἐπῆρεν.
καὶandsequential conjunction (second action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπῆρενlifted / bore upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαίρωmain verb (second stage: water lifts the ark)→ constative aorist (the lifting act)ἐπαίρω: 'lift up, raise'; renders Hebrew וַתִּשָּׂא ('and it bore/lifted'); the water becomes the ark's buoyancy — from earthly grounding to floating.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeobject of ἐπῆρεν (the ark is lifted)→ object specificationκιβωτόν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as object of ἐπῆρεν (the ark is lifted).
καὶandsequential conjunction (third action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑψώθηwas raised / rose highAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὑψόωmain verb (third stage: the ark is raised above the earth)→ ingressive aorist (onset of exaltation)ὑψόω: 'raise high, exalt'; the passive ὑψώθη renders Hebrew וַתָּרָם ('and it was lifted'); the verb has exaltation-register connotations (cf. Isa 52:13 LXX 'my servant shall be exalted'; John 3:14 NT echo). The three verbs ηὐξήθη / ἐπῆρεν / ὑψώθη form an ascending rhetorical sequence tracking the ark's elevation.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation from the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation from the earth).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό: raised above the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (object of ἀπό: raised above the earth).
18

καὶ ἐπεκράτει τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ ἐπληθύνετο σφόδρα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἐπεφέρετο ἡ κιβωτὸς ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος.

And the water prevailed and multiplied greatly upon the earth, and the ark was carried upon the surface of the water.

Escalation (second stage: waters prevail greatly)καὶ ἐπεκράτει
The imperfects ἐπεκράτει and ἐπληθύνετο shift from aorist to imperfect, marking the sustained, ongoing nature of the flood's prevailing force. ἐπεκράτει ('was prevailing') renders Hebrew וַיִּגְבְּרוּ, expressing the water's growing dominance. The ark's floating is described by ἐπεφέρετο ('was carried/borne'), an imperfect passive, suggesting the ark's serene buoyancy amid the catastrophe.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκράτειprevailedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικρατέωmain verb (durative: ongoing prevailing)→ progressive imperfect (sustained dominance of the water)ἐπικρατέω: 'prevail over, be master of, dominate'; renders Hebrew גָּבַר ('be strong, prevail'); the imperfect signals ongoing, unrelenting domination — the waters are now in control.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject.
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπληθύνετοmultiplied / increasedImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · πληθύνωmain verb (durative: ongoing multiplication)→ progressive imperfect (continuous increase)πληθύνω: 'multiply, increase greatly'; the irony is sharp — the verb used in Gen 1:28 for the blessing 'be fruitful and multiply' (πληθύνεσθε) is now used for the water's catastrophic multiplication.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyadverb (intensifying ἐπληθύνετο)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very much, exceedingly'; renders Hebrew מְאֹד; a standard LXX intensifier often translating עַד מְאֹד ('very greatly').
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (upon the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (upon the earth).
καὶandsequential conjunction (ark's response to the prevailing water)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεφέρετοwas carried / floatedImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιφέρωmain verb (durative: sustained floating)→ progressive imperfect (the ark's continuous buoyancy)ἐπιφέρω: 'carry upon, bear along'; the imperfect passive renders the ark as borne along by the water — passive, serene, sustained. Recalls Gen 1:2 LXX (πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπεφέρετο ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος, 'the Spirit of God was hovering over the water') — an intentional verbal echo: what was above the waters at creation now rides them in the flood's reversal.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸςarkNominativesubject of ἐπεφέρετο→ participant prominenceκιβωτὸς: meaning 'ark'; it serves as subject of ἐπεφέρετο.
ἐπάνωabove / uponpreposition + genitive (upon the surface of the water)→ spatial or relational framingἐπάνω: 'above, on top of'; echoes Gen 1:2 (ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος) — the verbal echo is significant.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπάνω)→ relational specificationὕδατος: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive (object of ἐπάνω).
19

τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ ἐπεκράτει σφόδρα σφόδρα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἐπεκαλύφθη πάντα τὰ ὄρη τὰ ὑψηλά, ἃ ἦν ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.

And the water prevailed exceedingly, exceedingly upon the earth, and all the high mountains under heaven were covered.

Escalation (third stage: all high mountains covered)τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ
The double adverb σφόδρα σφόδρα ('exceedingly, exceedingly') is an intensifying Hebraism — a doubly reduplicated adverb for superlative emphasis, rendering Hebrew מְאֹד מְאֹד. The flood's reach is now cosmic: 'all the high mountains under heaven' — a total geographical scope. The relative clause ἃ ἦν ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ anchors the claim in observable geography.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὕδωρ — topic resumed with δέ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (topic continuity with slight intensification)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject (resumed protagonist)→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject (resumed protagonist).
ἐπεκράτειprevailedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικρατέωmain verb (durative: ongoing prevailing)→ progressive imperfectἐπικρατέω: repeating v.18's verb, now intensified by double σφόδρα — the escalation is rhetorical as well as physical.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb (first of doubled intensifier)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: meaning 'exceedingly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb (second of doubled intensifier — Hebraism: superlative by reduplication)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα σφόδρα: the doubled adverb renders Hebrew מְאֹד מְאֹד, a Hebraism for superlative intensification; the LXX preserves the idiom without smoothing it.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (upon the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (upon the earth).
καὶandsequential conjunction (result of the prevailing water)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκαλύφθηwere coveredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικαλύπτωmain verb (result: mountains covered)→ constative aorist (complete covering of all mountains)ἐπικαλύπτω: 'cover over, veil'; renders Hebrew וַיְכֻסּוּ ('were covered'); the divine passive — God as implicit agent of the covering — emphasises the totality of the judgment.
πάνταallNominativenominative adjective (with τὰ ὄρη — subject of ἐπεκαλύφθη)→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative adjective (with τὰ ὄρη — subject of ἐπεκαλύφθη).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsNominativesubject of ἐπεκαλύφθη (neuter plural, singular verb)→ participant prominenceὄρος: 'mountain'; the mountains were the highest known geographical features — 'all the high mountains' states the flood's universal scope unambiguously.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ὑψηλά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλάhighNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄρη)→ participant prominenceὑψηλός: 'high, lofty'; shares the ὑψ- root with ὑψώθη (vv.17, 18, 20) — a verbal network linking the rising of waters to the submersion of heights.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (antecedent: τὰ ὄρη τὰ ὑψηλά)→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (antecedent: τὰ ὄρη τὰ ὑψηλά).
ἦνwereImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (stative: describing the mountains' position)→ progressive imperfect (continuous state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ὑποκάτωunder / beneathpreposition + genitive (spatial: under heaven = visible from earth)→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: 'under, beneath'; 'under heaven' is an idiom for 'in the whole world' (cf. Eccl 1:13; Acts 2:5 — 'under heaven' = universal scope).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (object of ὑποκάτω: under heaven)→ relational specificationοὐρανοῦ: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as genitive (object of ὑποκάτω: under heaven).
20

πεντεκαίδεκα πήχεις ὑψηλὸν ὑψώθη τὸ ὕδωρ, καὶ ἐπεκαλύφθη πάντα τὰ ὄρη.

The water rose fifteen cubits high, and all the mountains were covered.

Specification (exact measure of flood height above the mountains)πεντεκαίδεκα πήχεις
The fronted measurement — fifteen cubits — gives a precise depth of water above the mountains, specifying how the coverage of v.19 was achieved. ὑψώθη appears again, completing the ὑψ- word-network of vv.17–20. The measurement (roughly 6–7 metres / 22 feet) is traditionally understood as sufficient to float the ark over any mountain — the depth above, not merely the total water level.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πεντεκαίδεκαfifteenaccusative of measure (fronted for emphasis: 'fifteen cubits high')→ clausal contributionπεντεκαίδεκα: 'fifteen'; the number is precise — 15 cubits above the mountain peaks ensures the ark clears them.
πήχειςcubitsAccusativeaccusative of measure (standard unit of length)→ object specificationπῆχυς: 'cubit' (forearm length, roughly 45–50 cm); renders Hebrew אַמָּה; 15 cubits = approximately 6.75–7.5 metres.
ὑψηλὸνhighAccusativeadverbial accusative (manner/degree: 'rose high')→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high'; adverbial accusative qualifying the manner of rising.
ὑψώθηwas raisedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὑψόωmain verb (climax of the rising-water sequence)→ constative aorist (the maximum height reached)ὑψόω: 'raise high'; the same verb as in v.17; its fourth occurrence in the chapter — the waters' rising is rendered as 'exaltation,' with ironic inversion: that which exalts (ὑψόω) life (in its normal use) here exalts the destruction of life.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ὑψώθη→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject of ὑψώθη.
καὶandsequential conjunction (result: mountains covered)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκαλύφθηwere coveredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικαλύπτωmain verb (result clause: coverage confirmed)→ constative aorist (complete coverage)ἐπικαλύπτω: repeats v.19's verb — the coverage claim is now measured (15 cubits above).
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (with τὰ ὄρη)→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with τὰ ὄρη).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsNominativesubject of ἐπεκαλύφθη→ participant prominenceὄρη: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as subject of ἐπεκαλύφθη.
21

καὶ ἀπέθανεν πᾶσα σὰρξ κινουμένη ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τῶν πετεινῶν καὶ τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ τῶν θηρίων καὶ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν τῶν ἑρπόντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος.

And all flesh that moved upon the earth died — the birds and the livestock and the wild beasts and all the creeping things that creep upon the earth, and every human being.

Catastrophe report (annihilation of all flesh)καὶ ἀπέθανεν
The annihilation catalogue mirrors the creation taxonomy of Gen 1 in reverse order: birds, livestock, wild beasts, creeping things — and then, climactically, πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ('every human being') added last for emphasis. The verb ἀπέθανεν is singular, with the collective πᾶσα σάρξ as subject, expressing the unity and totality of the death. The list ends with humanity — the creature for whose sake the earth was made, and whose corruption (Gen 6:5) provoked the flood.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (catastrophe: death of all flesh)→ constative aorist (the totality of death as a unified event)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; singular with collective subject πᾶσα σάρξ, expressing the unity of mass death. Renders Hebrew וַיִּגְוַע ('and expired'); the aorist views the entire annihilation as a single completed act.
πᾶσαallNominativenominative adjective (with σάρξ)→ participant prominenceπᾶσα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative adjective (with σάρξ).
σὰρξfleshNominativesubject of ἀπέθανεν→ participant prominenceσάρξ: 'flesh, living creature'; πᾶσα σάρξ ('all flesh') mirrors v.15's ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός — what was preserved in pairs there is now destroyed en masse.
κινουμένηmovingPres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · κινέωattributive participle (modifying σάρξ: 'that moved upon the earth')→ progressive (ongoing motion as defining trait of living flesh)κινέω: 'move'; the same root as κινούμενον in v.14 — the creeping/moving creatures defined by their movement are now dead, motionless.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (upon the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (upon the earth).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πετεινῶν — genitive of apposition to σάρξ)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive (partitive apposition: specifying 'all flesh')→ relational specificationπετεινῶν: meaning 'birds'; it serves as genitive (partitive apposition: specifying 'all flesh').
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivegenitive (second category in the death catalogue)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as genitive (second category in the death catalogue).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίωνwild beastsGenitivegenitive (third category)→ relational specificationθηρίων: meaning 'wild beasts'; it serves as genitive (third category).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive adjective (comprehensive: all creeping things)→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive adjective (comprehensive: all creeping things).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑρπετῶνcreeping thingsGenitivegenitive (fourth category)→ relational specificationἑρπετῶν: meaning 'creeping things'; it serves as genitive (fourth category).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἑρπόντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑρπόντωνcreepingPres Act Ptcp Gen Pl Neut · ἕρπωattributive participle (identifying the creeping things by their activity)→ progressive (their defining action — now stilled)ἕρπω: 'creep, crawl'; the figura etymologica ἑρπετῶν … ἑρπόντων ('creeping creatures … that creep') is a stylistic intensifier; in LXX the verb cognate with the noun reinforces the category.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (upon the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (upon the earth).
καὶandadditive conjunction (climactic addition: humanity)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryNominativenominative adjective (with ἄνθρωπος — final climactic item)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative adjective (with ἄνθρωπος — final climactic item).
ἄνθρωποςhuman being / personNominativesubject (climactic: humanity listed last, most significant)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person'; renders Hebrew אָדָם; the placement of humanity last — after all the animal categories — gives the human death the rhetorical weight of a culminating statement. The flood was provoked by human evil (Gen 6:5); humanity is therefore the last named in the death roll.
22

καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἔχει πνοὴν ζωῆς καὶ πᾶς ὃς ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς ξηρᾶς ἀπέθανεν.

And everything that has the breath of life and all who were upon the dry land died.

Completion (comprehensive summary of what died: all breath-of-life creatures on dry land)καὶ πάντα ὅσα
The verse provides a second, more comprehensive summary clause, using two criteria: (1) having πνοὴν ζωῆς ('breath of life') — recall v.15 — and (2) being ἐπὶ τῆς ξηρᾶς ('upon the dry land'), distinguishing land creatures from sea life (which is not destroyed). The word ξηρά ('dry land') is itself charged — it is the Genesis 1:9–10 term for the land God separated from the waters; now the waters reclaim it.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταall / everythingNominativenominative subject (with relative clause ὅσα ἔχει)→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative subject (with relative clause ὅσα ἔχει).
ὅσαas many as / whateverNominativerelative pronoun (correlative with πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as'; the correlative πάντα ὅσα = 'everything that'; a comprehensive relative clause.
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of relative clause (defining characteristic: having breath of life)→ gnomic present (any creature that has breath of life)ἔχω: 'have, possess'; gnomic present defines the class — any living creature possessing the breath of life.
πνοὴνbreathAccusativeobject of ἔχει→ object specificationπνοή: 'breath, blow of wind'; renders Hebrew נִשְׁמַת; in Gen 2:7 the LORD breathed πνοὴν ζωῆς into Adam; here its presence defines what dies.
ζωῆςof lifeGenitivegenitive of content (breath of life)→ relational specificationζωῆς: meaning 'of life'; it serves as genitive of content (breath of life).
καὶandadditive conjunction (second criterion)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςall / everyoneNominativenominative subject (with ὃς ἦν: everyone who was on dry land)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative subject (with ὃς ἦν: everyone who was on dry land).
ὃςwho / whichNominativerelative pronoun (with πᾶς: 'all who were…')→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (with πᾶς: 'all who were…').
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (stative: location on dry land)→ progressive imperfect (continuous state prior to death)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (upon the dry land)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (upon the dry land).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ξηρᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξηρᾶςdry landGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί: the dry land)→ relational specificationξηρά: 'dry land' (sc. γῆ, 'dry ground'); the technical creation term from Gen 1:9–10 (ξηρά was separated from the sea); the flood covers what creation distinguished.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (repeating v.21's death statement comprehensively)→ constative aorist (total, completed death)ἀποθνῄσκω: repeats v.21's verb; the two death statements (v.21 by category, v.22 by criterion) frame the annihilation comprehensively.
23

καὶ ἐξήλειψεν πᾶν τὸ ἀνάστημα ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ προσώπου τῆς γῆς, ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου ἕως κτήνους καὶ ἑρπετῶν καὶ τῶν πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ἐξηλείφθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς· καὶ κατελείφθη μόνος Νωε καὶ οἱ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ κιβωτῷ.

And he blotted out every living thing that was on the face of the earth, from human being to livestock and to creeping things and to the birds of heaven, and they were blotted out from the earth; and Noah alone was left, and those with him in the ark.

Divine summary (God blots out; survival notice for Noah)καὶ ἐξήλειψεν
The verb ἐξήλειψεν ('blotted out') is the active form fulfilling the divine promise of v.4 (ἐξαλείψω). God is the implicit subject — the verb brings the theological point home: this was divine action. The verse then pivots with the survival notice: καὶ κατελείφθη μόνος Νωε ('and Noah alone was left'), with the ark as the locus of survival. The contrast between total annihilation and single preservation is the theological heart of the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήλειψενblotted outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαλείφωmain verb (divine action: fulfilment of v.4's ἐξαλείψω)→ constative aorist (completed annihilation)ἐξαλείφω: 'blot out, wipe away'; the active form here (3 Sg, God as implied subject) fulfils the first-person future ἐξαλείψω of v.4 — the flood as the execution of the announced divine judgment.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeaccusative adjective (with ἀνάστημα)→ object specificationπᾶν: meaning 'every'; it serves as accusative adjective (with ἀνάστημα).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνάστημαliving thing / creatureAccusativeobject of ἐξήλειψεν→ object specificationἀνάστημα: repeats v.4 — 'every standing creature'; the same word God used in announcing the coming destruction is now used in describing its execution.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (antecedent: ἀνάστημα)→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (antecedent: ἀνάστημα).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (location on the face of the earth)→ progressive imperfect (prior continuous existence)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (on the face of the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (on the face of the earth).
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive (ἐπὶ προσώπου = 'on the face/surface of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: echoes v.4's ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς — the creatures are blotted out from the very surface mentioned in the announcement.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (of the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (of the earth).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (scope: from … to)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (scope: from … to).
ἀνθρώπουhuman beingGenitivegenitive (first limit of the ἀπό … ἕως range)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: listed first in the range — from human to beast — as the most culpable; reverses the creation taxonomy.
ἕωςto / untilpreposition + genitive (second limit of range: 'from … to')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until, as far as'; in the ἀπό … ἕως construction marks the lower end of the scope (from human down to the smallest creature).
κτήνουςlivestockGenitivegenitive (second term in range)→ relational specificationκτήνους: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as genitive (second term in range).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑρπετῶνcreeping thingsGenitivegenitive (third term in range)→ relational specificationἑρπετῶν: meaning 'creeping things'; it serves as genitive (third term in range).
καὶandadditive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive (fourth term in range)→ relational specificationπετεινῶν: meaning 'birds'; it serves as genitive (fourth term in range).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive of sphere (birds of heaven)→ relational specificationοὐρανοῦ: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as genitive of sphere (birds of heaven).
καὶandsequential conjunction (passive re-statement of the blotting out)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξηλείφθησανthey were blotted outAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαλείφωmain verb (passive summary: they were erased)→ constative aorist (total erasure)ἐξαλείφω: the passive reinforces the completeness — they were blotted out, removed, as if they had never existed.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (from the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (from the earth).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (from the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive (from the earth).
καὶandadversative/contrastive conjunction (pivot to the survival notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατελείφθηwas left / remainedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (survival: Noah alone left)→ constative aorist (a single survivor event)καταλείπω: 'leave behind, leave remaining'; the passive κατελείφθη renders Hebrew וַיִּשָּׁאֶר ('and there remained'); the theological term for a 'remnant' — the single survivor who will become the new Adam.
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective (modifying Νωε: Noah alone)→ participant prominenceμόνος: 'alone, only'; the isolation is total — the entire world wiped out, Noah alone remaining. The word carries emotional as well as theological weight.
ΝωεNoahNominativesubject of κατελείφθη→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of κατελείφθη.
καὶandadditive conjunction (Noah + those with him)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantivizing μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (those with Noah = household and animals in the ark)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (those with Noah = household and animals in the ark).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (with Noah)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (with Noah).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location of survival)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of survival).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτῷarkDativedative of location (in the ark)→ sphere or referenceκιβωτός: the ark returns as the locus of salvation — it is what separates the living from the dead. The chapter began with God saying 'enter the ark'; it ends with the ark as the sole boundary between life and annihilation.
24

καὶ ὑψώθη τὸ ὕδωρ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἡμέρας ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα.

And the water was raised upon the earth one hundred and fifty days.

Temporal summary (closing frame: the full duration of prevailing waters)καὶ ὑψώθη
The chapter closes with a formulaic summary giving the total duration of the flood's dominance: 150 days. ὑψώθη resumes the verb of v.17 and v.20, forming a frame around the whole water-rising narrative (vv.17–24). The 150 days is the time until the waters begin to recede (Gen 8:3–4), marking the chapter's narrative limit. The verse is metrically compact — six Greek words — giving the chapter a spare, definitive close.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑψώθηwas raised / prevailedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὑψόωmain verb (summary frame: the flood's exaltation over the earth)→ constative aorist (the total period of high water viewed as a whole)ὑψόω: 'raise high'; the final occurrence of the ὑψ- word cluster (vv.17, 18, 20, 24), forming the chapter's water-rising leitmotif. The aorist passive summarises the 150-day period in a single act — the waters stood raised. Renders Hebrew וַיִּגְבְּרוּ ('prevailed / remained dominant').
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ὑψώθη→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the chapter's dominant protagonist — water — closes as subject and remains raised for 150 days before beginning to recede (Gen 8:3).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (upon the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (upon the earth).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (upon the earth — the flood's scope)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth'; its ninth occurrence in the chapter as the surface over which the waters reign — the earth is now entirely submerged.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of time how long (150 days)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the 150-day total is the duration of the flood's peak before the waters begin subsiding (cf. Gen 8:3: 'at the end of 150 days the waters abated').
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral (first component of 150)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'one hundred'; with πεντήκοντα ('fifty') = 150 days total.
πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (second component of 150 — closing the chapter)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; the 150-day figure forms the chapter's final, definitive number — echoing the 7-day countdown (v.4), the 40-day rain (vv.4, 12, 17), and providing the total duration that will be referred back to in Gen 8:3.