Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 8ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ Η′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Chapter 8 brings the flood narrative to its resolution through a careful sequence of divine remembrance, receding waters, the testing of the earth by birds, Noah's disembarkation, the first post-diluvian altar and sacrifice, and the divine promise of cosmic order.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 8 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Chapter 8 brings the flood narrative to its resolution through a careful sequence of divine remembrance, receding waters, the testing of the earth by birds, Noah's disembarkation, the first post-diluvian altar and sacrifice, and the divine promise of cosmic order. The chapter's opening verb, ἐμνήσθη (8:1), is the theological hinge of the entire flood account: 'God remembered Noah.' The verb μιμνῄσκομαι in the LXX renders זָכַר and almost always denotes not mere mental recall but active, covenant-faithful intervention — the same verb appears at Exod 2:24 (God remembers his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, launching the Exodus), at Ps 104(105):8 LXX (God remembers his covenant forever), and at Luke 1:54 (God has remembered his servant Israel). The 'remembering' of Noah is thus an act of covenant faithfulness, not a forgetfulness overcome. Simultaneously at 8:1 God sends a πνεῦμα ('wind / spirit') over the earth: the LXX uses the same word as Gen 1:2, where πνεῦμα θεοῦ 'hovered over the face of the waters' at creation — the wind that drives back the flood thus consciously echoes the creative breath of God at the world's first ordering, announcing a new creation. The restraining of the sources of the deep and of the heavenly floodgates in 8:2 reverses 7:11's cosmic opening, and the waters decrease by the formula ὑφίζανεν (8:3, 5, 'abated') over a measured chronological sequence: the ark rests on the mountains of Αραρατ on the seventeenth day of the seventh month (8:4), a date that the LXX shares with the MT. The chapter contains one notable LXX/MT date divergence: at 8:5 the LXX reads that the tops of the mountains were seen on the first day of the tenth month, matching the MT. The bird-sequence — a κόραξ (raven) sent first (8:7), then a περιστερά (dove) on three successive missions (8:8, 10, 12) — is narrated in precise incremental stages; the dove's return with a φύλλον ἐλαίας κάρφος ('olive leaf, a cutting/twig') at 8:11 is the chapter's first sign of renewed life and the ancient symbol of peace that Jewish and Christian tradition inherits. The LXX phrase φύλλον ἐλαίας κάρφος renders Hebrew עֲלֵה זַיִת טָרָף; κάρφος means a small piece or chip, here used of a freshly-plucked shoot. At 8:20 Noah builds an altar (θυσιαστήριον) — the first altar in Scripture — and offers burnt offerings (ὁλοκαυτώματα) from every clean bird and beast; the resulting ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας ('odor of sweet savor,' 8:21) is the cultic formula that the NT reuses at Eph 5:2 (Christ's self-offering as ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας) and Phil 4:18 (the Philippians' gift as ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας). The divine response in 8:21 introduces a further translation crux: the LXX renders the Hebrew idiom 'said in his heart' (וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־לִבּוֹ) as καὶ διανοηθεὶς ὁ θεός, 'and God, having reflected / having considered' — a participle of διανοέομαι rather than a speech formula, and a notably interior rendering that softens the anthropomorphism. God's resolve in 8:21b not to curse the ground again is grounded in an anthropology that acknowledges human sin ('the disposition of the human mind is intent upon evil from youth') yet resolves toward mercy rather than judgment. The chapter closes with the cosmic-order promise of 8:22: so long as the earth endures, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and spring, day and night shall not cease — οὐ καταπαύσουσιν. This is an unconditional guarantee of natural regularity, undergirding the created order as the framework within which covenant history continues.

1

Καὶ ἐμνήσθη ὁ θεὸς τοῦ Νωε καὶ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ πάντων τῶν πετεινῶν καὶ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν, ὅσα ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ κιβωτῷ· καὶ ἐπήγαγεν ὁ θεὸς πνεῦμα ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ ἐκόπασεν τὸ ὕδωρ.

And God remembered Noah and all the wild beasts and all the cattle and all the birds and all the reptiles, as many as were with him in the ark; and God brought a wind upon the earth, and the water subsided.

Narrative turning-point / divine actionΚαὶ ἐμνήσθη
The aorist ἐμνήσθη is the theological pivot of the entire flood narrative; it parallels Exod 2:24 LXX (God 'remembering' the Abrahamic covenant as the Exodus begins). The simultaneous dispatch of a πνεῦμα echoes Gen 1:2 (πνεῦμα θεοῦ over the primordial waters), marking this as a new-creation act. The fourfold enumeration of creatures recalls the taxonomies of Gen 1 and the boarding narrative of Gen 7.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμνήσθηrememberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (divine covenant-action)→ constative aorist (single decisive act of covenantal attention)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember / be mindful of'; renders Hebrew זָכַר; in LXX theological usage the verb denotes not passive recollection but active covenant-faithful intervention — see Exod 2:24 (God remembers the patriarchal covenant, inaugurating the Exodus); Ps 104(105):8 LXX; Luke 1:54. The 'remembering' of Noah is the turning-point of the flood narrative.
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθεός: LXX uses ὁ θεός (= אֱלֹהִים) here rather than κύριος ὁ θεός; the Elohim-strand of the flood narrative is reflected in the Greek translation.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, object of ἐμνήσθη (genitive of person remembered)→ participant identificationΝωε: LXX transliteration of נֹחַ (Nōaḥ); indeclinable in Greek; the name derives from a root נוּחַ ('rest') which the narrator plays on in Gen 5:29 and which resonates with the ark's 'resting' (κατέπαυσεν, 8:4) on Αραρατ.
καὶandconnective (extending the object list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive of totality (modifying τῶν θηρίων)→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive of totality (modifying τῶν θηρίων).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίωνwild beastsGenitivegenitive, object of ἐμνήσθη (first of four creature categories)→ relational specificationθηρίον: 'wild beast / animal'; renders חַיָּה; the fourfold taxonomy (wild beasts, cattle, birds, reptiles) echoes Gen 1 and the boarding narrative of Gen 7.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive of totality→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive of totality.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνcattle / livestockGenitivegenitive, object of ἐμνήσθη (second creature category)→ relational specificationκτῆνος: 'livestock / domestic beast'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the domestic/wild distinction mirrors the clean/unclean taxonomy.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive of totality→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive of totality.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive, object of ἐμνήσθη (third creature category)→ relational specificationπετεινόν: 'bird / winged creature'; renders עוֹף; birds will play a key role in the reconnaissance sequence of 8:7–12.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive of totality→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive of totality.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑρπετῶνreptiles / creeping thingsGenitivegenitive, object of ἐμνήσθη (fourth creature category)→ relational specificationἑρπετόν: 'creeping thing / reptile'; renders רֶמֶשׂ; the fourfold list closes the Rahmung, recalling the entry enumeration of chapter 7.
ὅσαas many asrelative pronoun / quantifier (restrictive clause)→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'as many as'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun / quantifier (restrictive clause).
ἦνwereImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of relative clause (existential)→ imperfect (ongoing state during the flood period)εἰμί: descriptive imperfect denoting the sustained condition of the creatures sheltered in the ark throughout the flood.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (referent: Noah)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (referent: Noah).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτῷarkDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceκιβωτός: 'ark / chest'; renders תֵּבָה; the NT inherits this technical term directly (Matt 24:38; Luke 17:27; Heb 11:7; 1 Pet 3:20); related to κιβώτιον (small box/chest) — the LXX uses the word also for the ark of the covenant (κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης), a rich semantic overlap.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (paratactic continuation — second main clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπήγαγενbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπάγωmain verb (divine action)→ constative aorist (single purposive act)ἐπάγω: 'bring upon / lead over'; renders וַיַּעֲבֵר ('caused to pass over'); God's directing of the wind is a sovereign act recalling the creation narrative (Gen 1:2 — πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπεφέρετο).
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as subject.
πνεῦμαwind / spiritAccusativedirect object (of ἐπήγαγεν)→ object specificationπνεῦμα: 'wind / breath / spirit'; renders רוּחַ; the deliberate echo of Gen 1:2 (πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπεφέρετο ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος) marks the receding of the flood as a new-creation act; the ambiguity between 'wind' and 'spirit' (both senses of רוּחַ/πνεῦμα) enriches the theological resonance.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction/sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction/sphere).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthAccusativeaccusative, object of ἐπί (sphere of the wind's action)→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; the wind acts upon the whole earth — a cosmic, not merely local, reversal.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκόπασενsubsidedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπάζωmain verb (resultant action — the water's response)→ ingressive aorist (onset of subsiding)κοπάζω: 'abate / cease / be quiet'; renders וַיָּשֹׁכּוּ; the word is used in classical Greek of storms abating (cf. LXX Jonah 1:11, 12 — the sea 'abating' after Jonah is thrown in; Matt 14:32 — the wind 'ceased').
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ἐκόπασεν→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the singular collective gathers the flood into one image; the verb (wind causes water to subside) echoes Exod 14:21 LXX (God drives back the Red Sea with an east wind).
2

Καὶ ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ πηγαὶ τῆς ἀβύσσου καὶ οἱ καταρράκται τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ἀνεσχέθη ὁ ὑετὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.

And the fountains of the deep were covered over and the floodgates of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained.

Consequence / reversal of 7:11Καὶ ἐπεκαλύφθησαν
This verse precisely reverses Gen 7:11 (the rupture of the deep's springs and the opening of heaven's cataracts). The passive verbs (ἐπεκαλύφθησαν, ἀνεσχέθη) present the cosmic closure as a divine passive — God acting through the created order. The verse functions as a closing bracket to the 7:11 opening bracket.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκαλύφθησανwere covered / closedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐπικαλύπτωmain verb (divine passive — reversal of 7:11)→ constative aorist (single act of closure)ἐπικαλύπτω: 'cover over / close up'; renders וַיִּסָּכְרוּ ('were stopped up / sealed'); the passive implies divine agency — God closes what he opened; the verb choice differs from the active rupture verb of 7:11 (ἐρράγησαν), signaling a gentler, ordered closure.
αἱtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πηγαὶfountains / springsNominativesubject of ἐπεκαλύφθησαν→ participant prominenceπηγή: 'spring / fountain / source'; renders מַעְיְנֹת; at 7:11 these burst open violently; their closing here signals the reversal of the cosmic catastrophe.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀβύσσουdeep / abyssGenitivegenitive of source (springs of the deep)→ relational specificationἄβυσσος: 'abyss / deep'; renders תְּהוֹם; a primordial term echoing Gen 1:2 (πνεῦμα ἐπεφέρετο ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος with ἄβυσσος in the preceding phrase); the NT inherits the term for the underworld (Luke 8:31; Rev 9:1; 20:1–3).
καὶandconnective (coordinating second subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle with second subject→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταρράκταιfloodgates / cataractsNominativesecond subject (of ἐπεκαλύφθησαν)→ participant prominenceκαταρράκτης: 'floodgate / sluice / cataract'; renders אֲרֻבֹּת; at 7:11 these 'opened' (ἠνεῴχθησαν); here 'covered' — the verb change (covering vs. opening) reflects the Hebrew sealings.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive of location (floodgates of heaven)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; the two cosmic zones — above and below — that simultaneously opened at 7:11 are simultaneously closed here.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (additional consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεσχέθηwas restrained / held backAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνέχωmain verb (divine passive — cessation of rain)→ constative aorist (single act of restraint)ἀνέχω: 'hold back / restrain / withhold'; renders וַיִּכָּלֵא ('was restrained / withheld'); the passive again implies God's sovereign control over the meteorological order.
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑετὸςrainNominativesubject of ἀνεσχέθη→ participant prominenceὑετός: 'rain'; renders גֶּשֶׁם; a specific term for rain as precipitation (vs. generic ὕδωρ); the restraint of rain marks the third reversal of 7:12's forty-day downpour.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source/separation).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive of source (rain from heaven)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: second occurrence in the verse, closing the spatial frame: both from above (heaven) and below (abyss) the waters are stopped.
3

Καὶ ἐπορεύετο τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ ἐκόπαζεν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἐπορεύετο δὲ ὑφιζάνων καὶ ἐλαττούμενον μετὰ ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα ἡμέρας.

And the water was going and subsiding from the earth, and it was going on, diminishing and decreasing, after a hundred and fifty days.

Continuation / gradual reversalΚαὶ ἐπορεύετο
The imperfects (ἐπορεύετο, ἐκόπαζεν, ἐπορεύετο) and the two predicative participles (ὑφιζάνων, ἐλαττούμενον) collectively render the gradual, ongoing recession of the waters — a carefully sustained progression contrasted with the catastrophic suddenness of the flood's onset. The 150-day figure matches 7:24, closing that temporal bracket.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύετοwas going / recedingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (progressive action)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing gradual recession)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed / move'; used idiomatically of the water's slow retreat; the imperfect emphasizes continuousness — not a sudden abating but a gradual withdrawal; the same verb describes journeys throughout Genesis.
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: the collective singular frames the entire flood as one body of water in retreat.
καὶandconnective (coordinating second predicate)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκόπαζενwas subsidingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπάζωmain verb (progressive — repeated from v.1 as imperfect)→ progressive imperfect (continued subsiding)κοπάζω: cognate with κόπος ('labor / toil') in classical usage; here 'abate / cease'; the imperfect of v.1's aorist ἐκόπασεν stretches the action into an ongoing process.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of separation (receding from the earth)→ relational specificationγῆ: the ground re-emerges as the water retreats — the same word that the flood covered; now the earth reasserts itself as the domain of life.
ἐπορεύετοwas going onImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (pleonastic resumptive — Hebraism: 'going on doing X')→ progressive imperfect (sustained continuance)πορεύομαι: repeated for the second time in the verse, rendering a Hebrew idiom (הָלוֹךְ וָחָסֹור — 'going and diminishing') in which the verb of motion + participle expresses gradual, sustained action — a recognized Hebraism in LXX style.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (mild continuative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: here a mild continuative, helping to advance the narrative clause; the shift from καί-parataxis to δέ is rare in this LXX context and may soften the transition to the participial expansion.
ὑφιζάνωνsinking / settling downPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὑφιζάνωpredicative participle (manner/means: how the water was going)→ progressive participle (ongoing settling)ὑφιζάνω: 'sink down / settle / subside'; a compound of ὑπό + ἵζω; rare in classical Greek; the LXX uses it here and at v.5 for the gradual sinking of flood waters; renders הָלוֹךְ וְחָסֹור as participial complement.
καὶandconnective (coordinating second participle)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλαττούμενονdiminishing / decreasingPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Neut · ἐλαττόωpredicative participle (coordinated with ὑφιζάνων — manner)→ progressive participle (ongoing decrease)ἐλαττόω: 'make less / diminish'; the passive 'being diminished' implies divine agency even in the natural process; the word recurs in a very different register at John 3:30 (ἐμὲ δεῖ ἐλαττοῦσθαι — 'I must decrease').
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal: after the period)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal: after the period).
ἑκατὸνa hundredAccusativenumeral modifier (temporal measure)→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'a hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πεντήκονταfiftyAccusativenumeral modifier (temporal measure)→ measure or countἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα ἡμέρας: '150 days'; this matches Gen 7:24's statement that the waters prevailed 150 days — the verse thus closes the bracket opened there and marks the exact turning-point of the flood narrative.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration (temporal measure with μετά)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the 150-day marker is the chronological skeleton of the flood story; it aligns with the 5-month period between the 17th of the 2nd month (7:11) and the 17th of the 7th month (8:4).
4

Καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἡ κιβωτὸς ἐν μηνὶ τῷ ἑβδόμῳ, ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι τοῦ μηνός, ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη τὰ Αραρατ.

And the ark came to rest in the seventh month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.

Narrative event (the ark grounds)Καὶ ἐκάθισεν
The grounding of the ark is the first concrete sign that the flood tide has turned. The calendrical precision (seventh month, twenty-seventh day) reflects the narrator's interest in chronology as theological structure; the LXX reads the twenty-seventh day where the MT has the seventeenth — a significant textual divergence. Αραρατ is the LXX transliteration of אֲרָרָט (Urartu).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενcame to rest / settledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (narrative event — the ark grounds)→ ingressive aorist (the onset of resting)καθίζω: 'sit / settle / come to rest'; renders וַתָּנַח (from נוּחַ, 'rest'); the Hebrew root plays on Noah's name (נֹחַ / נוּחַ); the same root underlies the covenant name Noah (Gen 5:29: 'this one will give us rest [נַחֲמֵנוּ]'). The LXX uses καθίζω rather than ἀναπαύω, which would have made the etymological connection explicit.
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸςarkNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκιβωτός: the ark as grammatical subject — the vessel itself is the agent of grounding, passively driven by the retreating waters; the ark's 'resting' carries theological weight, anticipating the Sabbath-rest typology the patristic tradition will draw from this narrative.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (within the seventh month)→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the calendrical framework is integral to the flood chronology — the narrator tracks the event with near-ritual precision.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativedative ordinal modifier (seventh month)→ attributive qualificationἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the seventh month is theologically loaded in the OT calendar — the month of the Day of Atonement (Lev 23) and Tabernacles; whether the LXX narrator intends a calendrical resonance is debated.
ἑβδόμῃtwenty-seventh (on the twenty-seventh)Dativedative of time (day within the month)→ sphere or referenceἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι: '(on the) twenty-seventh'; LXX reads the 27th day of the 7th month, while MT reads the 17th (בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר); the LXX translator apparently read כז (27) where MT has יז (17) — a graphically similar Hebrew numeral confusion. This is one of the most discussed LXX/MT divergences in the flood chronology.
καὶandconnective within date formula→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰκάδιtwentieth (part of twenty-seventh)Dativedative of time (part of compound date: seven + twenty = twenty-seventh)→ sphere or referenceεἰκάς: 'the twentieth'; in Greek date formulae ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι = 'on the twenty-seventh day' (7 + 20); this compositional form is standard in LXX date notation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of reference (the twenty-seventh of the month)→ relational specificationμήν: repeated for the second time in the verse, closing the date formula.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (resting upon)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (resting upon).
τὰtheAccusativearticle with object→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsAccusativeaccusative, object of ἐπί (location of grounding)→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; the plural indicates the mountain range of Ararat, not a single peak; the ark rests in the highlands of ancient Urartu.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (identifying specific mountains)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑραρατAraratindeclinable proper noun, in apposition to τὰ ὄρη (identifying the mountain range)→ participant identificationΑραρατ: LXX transliteration of אֲרָרָט; corresponds to the Assyrian Urartu, the mountainous region of modern eastern Turkey/Armenia; the site became a locus of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition as the resting-place of the ark.
5

Τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ ὑφιζάνων ἐπορεύετο ἕως τοῦ δεκάτου μηνός· ἐν δὲ τῷ δεκάτῳ μηνί, τῇ πρώτῃ τοῦ μηνός, ὤφθησαν αἱ κεφαλαὶ τῶν ὀρέων.

And the water continued sinking and diminishing until the tenth month; and in the tenth month, on the first of the month, the tops of the mountains were seen.

Continuation / milestone (mountain-tops visible)Τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ
The δέ continues the gradual recession, and the aorist ὤφθησαν marks a new perceptual milestone — the first visible sign of the land's return. The passive ὤφθησαν ('were seen') implies both objective fact and Noah's point of view from within the ark. The tenth-month date is shared by LXX and MT.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ΤὸtheNominativearticle with subject (fronted for continuity)→ noun-phrase markingΤὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (mild continuative — topic continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: the water again the grammatical subject of the recession narrative.
ὑφιζάνωνsettling / sinkingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὑφιζάνωpredicative participle (manner: how the water went)→ progressive participle (ongoing subsiding)ὑφιζάνω: repeated from v.3 — the repeated participle mirrors the iterative Hebrew idiom and sustains the sense of graduated recession over months.
ἐπορεύετοwas going on / continuingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (progressive — Hebraizing motion-verb idiom)→ progressive imperfect (sustained continuing action)πορεύομαι: third recurrence of this verb in the water-recession description (vv.3, 3, 5); the repeated imperfect conveys the drawn-out, gradual nature of the flood's retreat.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; marks the temporal boundary of the recession — the process continues up to the point when the tenth month arrives.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεκάτουtenthGenitivegenitive ordinal modifier→ attributive qualificationδεκάτου: meaning 'tenth'; it serves as genitive ordinal modifier.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of time (tenth month as limit)→ relational specificationμήν: the tenth month, matched by the MT, is the first calendrical marker where LXX and MT agree in chapter 8.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
δὲandpostpositive particle (introducing new time clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεκάτῳtenthDativedative ordinal modifier (temporal frame)→ attributive qualificationδεκάτῳ: meaning 'tenth'; it serves as dative ordinal modifier (temporal frame).
μηνίmonthDativedative of time (in the tenth month)→ sphere or referenceμηνί: meaning 'month'; it serves as dative of time (in the tenth month).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτῃfirstDativedative ordinal (on the first day)→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; the first of the tenth month — a New Year's Day resonance within the cultic calendar; the first day of the first month will recur at 8:13.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of reference (first of the month)→ relational specificationμηνός: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive of reference (first of the month).
ὤφθησανwere seen / appearedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (narrative event — perceptual milestone)→ ingressive aorist (the moment of first becoming visible)ὁράω: 'see'; the passive ὤφθησαν is both impersonal ('the mountain-tops came into view') and subtly theological — the same passive is used of divine epiphanies (ὤφθη κύριος = 'the LORD appeared'); here the reappearing earth-tips echo a kind of epiphany of the world.
αἱtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλαὶtops / headsNominativesubject of ὤφθησαν→ participant prominenceκεφαλή: 'head / top'; renders רָאשֵׁי; used metaphorically of mountain peaks — 'the heads of the mountains'; the word carries its full literal weight: the earth re-emerges head-first from the retreating waters.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρέωνmountainsGenitivegenitive of possession / whole (tops of the mountains)→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; the plural matches v.4's τὰ ὄρη — a progression: the ark rested on mountains (v.4), and now the mountains' peaks emerge from the subsiding waters (v.5).
6

Καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας ἠνέῳξεν Νωε τὴν θυρίδα τῆς κιβωτοῦ, ἣν ἐποίησεν.

And it came to pass after forty days that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made.

Narrative transition (Noah acts)Καὶ ἐγένετο
The formula καὶ ἐγένετο introduces a new sub-episode after the 40-day marker (presumably 40 days after the mountain-tops were seen at v.5). Noah's opening of the window is the first human initiative in the chapter — until now, God has acted and Noah has waited.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (framing formula — episode opener)→ constative aorist (inaugural narrative formula)γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο calques the Hebrew וַיְהִי; used throughout Genesis to introduce temporal transitions; here it marks the shift from passive waiting to Noah's first active step.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal: after the 40-day period)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal: after the 40-day period).
τεσσαράκονταfortyAccusativenumeral modifier (temporal measure)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; the number 40 in biblical narrative marks a significant waiting period: 40 years in the wilderness (Num 14:33); 40 days of Moses on Sinai (Exod 24:18); 40 days of Elijah's journey (1 Kgs 19:8); 40 days of Jesus's temptation (Matt 4:2); now 40 days of Noah's waiting.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἠνέῳξενopenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb of the narrated action→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἀνοίγω: 'open'; renders וַיִּפְתַּח; the opening of the θυρίδα (window/hatch) is Noah's first deliberate act of environmental probing — the precursor to the bird missions.
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, subject of ἠνέῳξεν→ participant identificationΝωε: Noah reasserts his narrative agency — the chapter's first named human action.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυρίδαwindow / hatchAccusativedirect object of ἠνέῳξεν→ object specificationθυρίς: 'window / small door / hatch'; renders חַלּוֹן; a diminutive of θύρα ('door'); the ark's single window or hatch through which the birds will be released and through which Noah will observe the earth.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive of possession (the ark's window)→ relational specificationκιβωτός: the ark — here in the genitive, specifying whose window is opened.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (direct object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (direct object of ἐποίησεν).
ἐποίησενhe had madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (relative clause of description)→ constative aorist (prior completed construction)ποιέω: 'make / do'; the relative clause recalls Noah's obedient construction of the ark per God's specifications (Gen 6:14–16); it grounds the present action in Noah's craftsmanship and covenant faithfulness.
7

Καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τὸν κόρακα τοῦ ἰδεῖν εἰ κεκόπακεν τὸ ὕδωρ· καὶ ἐξελθὼν οὐχ ὑπέστρεψεν ἕως τοῦ ξηρανθῆναι τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς.

And he sent out the raven to see if the water had abated; and it went out and did not return until the water was dried from the earth.

Narrative action (the raven sent)Καὶ ἀπέστειλεν
The raven (κόραξ) is sent first — it departs and never returns, providing a negative but inconclusive datum: the water is not yet gone, or the raven is feeding on carrion. The raven's non-return contrasts with the dove's returning in vv.9, 11, creating the literary tension of the bird-sequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (narrative action)→ constative aorist (single dispatch)ἀποστέλλω: 'send away / dispatch'; renders וַיְשַׁלַּח; the same verb will be used for the dove-missions (vv.8, 10, 12); the sending of birds as scouts has resonances with Num 13 (the spy mission) — probing an unknown land.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόρακαravenAccusativedirect object (the bird sent)→ object specificationκόραξ: 'raven'; renders עֹרֵב; an unclean bird under the Levitical code (Lev 11:15; Deut 14:14); its non-return has been variously interpreted: the waters were still too high, or the raven found carrion among the flood-wreckage and fed without returning. The raven reappears in 1 Kgs 17:4–6 (feeding Elijah in the wilderness).
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (genitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδεῖνseeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose (to see whether the waters had subsided)→ constative aorist infinitive (purpose of the mission)ὁράω: 'see / observe'; the infinitive of purpose frames the bird-mission as a reconnaissance — visual surveillance of the earth's condition.
εἰwhether / ifindirect question particle (introducing indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in indirect questions renders the Hebrew אִם; the indirect question is the content of the 'seeing': the bird is sent to determine whether the water has subsided.
κεκόπακενhas abatedPf Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπάζωverb of indirect question (perfect indicating current state from past action)→ intensive perfect (the abating as a present state resulting from a completed process)κοπάζω: perfect form here — the question is not whether the water abated at some point (aorist) but whether its abating is now complete (perfect state); the perfect tense is theologically significant: Noah needs to know the current condition of the earth, not merely whether the water was once less.
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of κεκόπακεν→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject of κεκόπακεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing result clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελθὼνhaving gone outAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle (the raven's departure)→ constative aorist participle (prior completed exit)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the raven exits the ark — the participial construction captures the sequence: it went out, and then did not return.
οὐχnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποστρέφωmain verb (narrative: the raven's non-return)→ constative aorist (the non-return as a completed state of affairs)ὑποστρέφω: 'return / turn back'; the raven's failure to return contrasts sharply with the dove's returns at vv.9 and 11; ὑποστρέφω is a Lukan favorite (occurs 32 times in Luke-Acts) but here carries narrative significance.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (limiting the non-return)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with articular infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξηρανθῆναιto be dried upAor Pass Inf · ξηραίνωarticular infinitive of time (until the drying of the water)→ constative aorist infinitive (the eventual completion of drying)ξηραίνω: 'dry / parch'; the passive infinitive implies divine agency in the earth's drying; the same root (ξηρός) is used in 8:13–14 for the dried earth.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with subject of infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ object specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as accusative subject of infinitive.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of separation (drying from the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of separation (drying from the earth).
8

Καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τὴν περιστερὰν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ἰδεῖν εἰ κεκόπακεν τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς.

And he sent the dove after it to see if the water had abated from the face of the earth.

Narrative action (the dove's first mission)Καὶ ἀπέστειλεν
The dove's first dispatch follows the same purpose-infinitive structure as v.7's raven-mission, but the dove is specifically said to go 'after it' (ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ) — after the raven, distinguishing this as a second probe. The dove becomes the chapter's key animal figure.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aorist (single dispatch)ἀποστέλλω: repeated from v.7 — the same verb for both bird-missions; the parallelism is deliberate.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιστερὰνdoveAccusativedirect object (the second bird)→ object specificationπεριστερά: 'dove / pigeon'; renders יוֹנָה; a clean bird; in the NT the dove is the form of the Holy Spirit at Jesus's baptism (Matt 3:16; Mark 1:10; Luke 3:22; John 1:32) — the LXX's use of περιστερά in the new-creation flood narrative enriches that typological connection. The dove also symbolizes Israel in Hos 7:11; 11:11 and the beloved in Cant 2:14.
ὀπίσωafter / behindadverb / preposition + genitive (sequential temporal-positional: after the raven)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחֲרָיו; the dove is sent after (following) the raven — a sequence that marks an escalating series of reconnaissance missions.
αὐτοῦit (the raven)Genitivegenitive after ὀπίσω (referent: the raven of v.7)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it (the raven)'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive after ὀπίσω (referent: the raven of v.7).
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist infinitive (purpose of the mission)ὁράω: the same purpose-construction as v.7 — sending birds to see (ἰδεῖν) the state of the earth.
εἰwhetherindirect question particle→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κεκόπακενhas abatedPf Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπάζωverb of indirect question (perfect of resultant state)→ intensive perfect (current state: has the water now abated?)κοπάζω: perfect repeated from v.7; the same question drives both bird-missions.
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of κεκόπακεν→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject of κεκόπακεν.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
προσώπουface / surfaceGenitivegenitive of location (from the face/surface of the earth)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; renders מִפְּנֵי; the phrase ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς ('from the face of the earth') is a LXX idiom for the earth's surface (also at Gen 4:14; 7:4); it will recur at 8:13.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of reference (the earth's surface)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of reference (the earth's surface).
9

Καὶ οὐχ εὗρεν ἡ περιστερὰ ἀνάπαυσιν τοῖς ποσὶν αὐτῆς καὶ ὑπέστρεψεν πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν, ὅτι ὕδωρ ἦν ἐπὶ παντὸς προσώπου τῆς γῆς· καὶ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἔλαβεν αὐτὴν καὶ εἰσήγαγεν αὐτὴν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν.

And the dove found no resting place for her feet and returned to him into the ark, because water was upon the whole face of the earth; and he stretched out his hand and took her and brought her in to himself into the ark.

Narrative result (the dove returns — earth not yet ready)Καὶ οὐχ εὗρεν
The dove's return is the negative report: no ἀνάπαυσις ('resting place') for her feet signals that the earth's surface remains flooded. Noah's tender reception — stretching out his hand, taking the dove, bringing her in — is a moment of paternal care that anticipates the dove's role as comfort-bearer in v.11. The same verb ἀνάπαυσις ('rest') will echo in Matt 11:29 (Christ offering ἀνάπαυσις to the burdened).
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (narrative: the dove's failure to find rest)→ constative aorist (completed search with negative result)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the dove's not-finding is the narrative's pivot — the earth is not yet ready; the same verb drives the search imagery of Luke 15 (lost sheep, coin, son).
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιστερὰdoveNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπεριστερὰ: meaning 'dove'; it serves as subject.
ἀνάπαυσινresting place / restAccusativedirect object (of εὗρεν — the thing not found)→ object specificationἀνάπαυσις: 'rest / resting place'; renders מָנוֹחַ ('resting place for foot'); the word carries theological weight throughout the LXX — the Promised Land as God's 'rest' (κατάπαυσις / ἀνάπαυσις) for Israel (Deut 12:9; Ps 94(95):11 LXX); here the dove finds no rest because the world is not yet a habitable place; Matt 11:29 (Jesus offers ἀνάπαυσίν for your souls) may echo this image.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποσὶνfeetDativedative of advantage (rest for her feet)→ sphere or referenceπούς: 'foot'; the physical image is precise — the dove cannot find solid ground to land on; ποσίν is the dative plural of πούς.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (her feet)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (her feet).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποστρέφωmain verb (the dove's return — contrast with raven's non-return)→ constative aorist (completed return)ὑποστρέφω: the dove's return (ὑπέστρεψεν) contrasts with the raven's non-return (οὐχ ὑπέστρεψεν, v.7); the verbal echo marks the dove as the bird of relationship, not the raven.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward person)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward person).
αὐτὸνhim (Noah)Accusativeaccusative of direction (to Noah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him (Noah)'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative of direction (to Noah).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeaccusative of destination (into the ark)→ object specificationκιβωτόν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as accusative of destination (into the ark).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (explaining the return)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: causal — the narrator explains the dove's return by the ground's condition.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of the causal clause (anarthrous — predicate focus)→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject of the causal clause (anarthrous — predicate focus).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existential: water still covered the earth)→ imperfect (ongoing state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (surface covering)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (surface covering).
παντὸςall / wholeGenitivegenitive modifier (quantifying the extent)→ attributive qualificationπαντὸς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive modifier (quantifying the extent).
προσώπουface / surfaceGenitivegenitive of location→ relational specificationπροσώπου: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive of location.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of reference→ relational specificationγῆ: the whole face of the earth still covered — confirming the dove's inability to land.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Noah's response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτείναςstretching outAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐκτείνωattendant-circumstance participle (prior action before ἔλαβεν)→ constative aorist participle (prior gesture)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out'; the extended hand reaching out for the dove is the narrative's most tender gesture; the same verb is used for Moses stretching out his hand over the sea (Exod 14:21, 26, 27) — an echo-image of God's power exercised through human hands.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐκτείνας→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the tactile, physical detail humanizes Noah and gives the bird-narrative its intimacy.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his hand)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (his hand).
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Noah receives the dove)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the act of taking the dove into his hand before bringing it inside is a small narrative detail that slows the pace and emphasizes care.
αὐτὴνher (the dove)Accusativedirect object (the dove)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her (the dove)'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the dove).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήγαγενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (completion of the reception)→ constative aoristεἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead in'; brings the dove back into the ark — the place of safety; the verb completes the three-action sequence: ἐκτείνας (stretched), ἔλαβεν (took), εἰσήγαγεν (brought in).
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward self)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward self).
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronoun, accusative (toward himself — intimate reception)→ participant referenceἑαυτόν: the reflexive emphasizes the personal, protective quality of Noah's action — he brings her to himself, not merely into an enclosure.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeaccusative of destination→ object specificationκιβωτόν: meaning 'ark'; it serves as accusative of destination.
10

Καὶ ἐπισχὼν ἔτι ἡμέρας ἑπτὰ ἑτέρας πάλιν ἐξαπέστειλεν τὴν περιστερὰν ἐκ τῆς κιβωτοῦ.

And he waited yet another seven days and again sent the dove out from the ark.

Narrative continuation (seven-day interval)Καὶ ἐπισχὼν
The second seven-day interval parallels the first (v.12 will add a third). The triple seven-day structure gives the dove-missions a liturgical, Sabbath-like rhythm. The verb ἐπισχὼν ('having held back / waited') depicts Noah's patient, disciplined waiting — he does not rush.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπισχὼνhaving waited / held backAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπέχωattendant-circumstance participle (prior waiting before the dispatch)→ constative aorist participle (prior completed waiting)ἐπέχω: 'hold back / restrain / wait'; renders וַיָּחֶל ('he waited'); the aorist participle places the waiting before the sending — Noah deliberately holds himself back for the full seven days before acting again.
ἔτιstill / yetadverb (temporal: yet another period)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; marks this as a continuation of an ongoing pattern — the first seven days are assumed (from v.9's return), and now another seven.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral modifier (seven days)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the seven-day waiting periods match the pre-flood seven-day notice of Gen 7:4, 10; the septenary rhythm is deeply embedded in the flood chronology.
ἑτέραςother / anotherAccusativeattributive adjective (another seven days — distinguishing this from the previous)→ object specificationἕτερος: 'other / another (of a different kind or additional)'; the use of ἕτερος rather than ἄλλος is a minor stylistic feature; here simply 'another' period of seven days.
πάλινagainadverb (resumptive: again as before)→ adverbial qualificationπάλιν: 'again'; marks repetition — this is the second sending of the dove; πάλιν + ἑτέρας ἑπτά together build the incremental rhythm of the narrative.
ἐξαπέστειλενsent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (the second dove-dispatch)→ constative aoristἐξαποστέλλω: a compound strengthening of ἀποστέλλω (ἐξ + ἀπο + στέλλω) — 'send out / dispatch completely'; the compound may add a nuance of finality or completeness to the sending; common in Luke-Acts (e.g. Luke 1:53; Acts 7:12; 9:30; 12:11; 13:26).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιστερὰνdoveAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπεριστερά: the same dove, retrieved in v.9, now sent a second time.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source: from the ark)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: from the ark).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκιβωτοῦ: meaning 'ark'; it serves as genitive of source.
11

Καὶ ἦλθεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἡ περιστερὰ τὸ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, καὶ εἶχεν φύλλον ἐλαίας κάρφος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῆς· καὶ ἔγνω Νωε ὅτι κεκόπακεν τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς.

And the dove came to him at evening, and it had an olive leaf, a shoot, in its mouth; and Noah knew that the water had abated from the earth.

Narrative climax of the bird-sequence (the olive leaf)Καὶ ἦλθεν
The dove's return with the φύλλον ἐλαίας κάρφος (olive leaf, a cutting/twig) at evening is the chapter's most iconic moment — the first tangible sign of renewed vegetation and the classic symbol of peace and hope. Noah draws the correct inference: the water has abated. The olive leaf will become a cultural symbol of peace throughout Western tradition.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the dove's return — narrative event)→ constative aorist (single completed return)ἔρχομαι: 'come / arrive'; the dove's return is structurally parallel to but far more significant than the first (v.9) — this time she brings evidence.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward Noah)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward Noah).
αὐτὸνhim (Noah)Accusativeaccusative of direction→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him (Noah)'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative of direction.
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιστερὰdoveNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπεριστερὰ: meaning 'dove'; it serves as subject.
τὸin the (time of)Accusativearticle with adverbial accusative (temporal)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (temporal idiom: toward evening)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς ἑσπέραν: 'toward evening / at evening'; a standard temporal idiom in Greek (also Luke 24:29 — πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστίν); renders לְעֵת עֶרֶב; the timing at evening adds to the lyrical quality of the scene.
ἑσπέρανeveningAccusativeaccusative of temporal reference (in the evening idiom)→ object specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; the return at evening balances the creation-narrative's 'evening and morning' structure — the first day of new creation begins with an evening report.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the detail of what she carried)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶχενhad / was carryingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (circumstantial — the dove's cargo)→ imperfect (ongoing state: she was carrying it in her mouth as she came)ἔχω: 'have / hold / carry'; the imperfect describes the dove's condition at the moment of arrival — she had it in her mouth; the imperfect is a circumstantial detail concurrent with ἦλθεν.
φύλλονleafAccusativedirect object (of εἶχεν — what she carried)→ object specificationφύλλον: 'leaf / foliage'; renders עֲלֵה; a green leaf is the first vegetation to appear in the new-creation narrative; the choice of the olive will become the universally recognized symbol of peace.
ἐλαίαςof an olive (tree)Genitivegenitive of source / species (olive leaf)→ relational specificationἐλαία: 'olive tree / olive'; renders זַיִת; the olive was the most economically and symbolically significant tree in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean — oil for anointing, light, and food; the olive leaf signals not merely that trees survive but that the richest of trees has put forth new growth.
κάρφοςtwig / shoot / cuttingAccusativedirect object in apposition to φύλλον (or adverbial accusative: leaf, a fresh twig)→ object specificationκάρφος: 'dry fragment / twig / chip'; renders טָרָף ('freshly torn off'); in classical Greek κάρφος normally denotes a dry splinter or straw (cf. Matt 7:3–5 — the speck / κάρφος in your brother's eye); here the LXX uses it to render the Hebrew participle meaning 'freshly plucked' — a somewhat paradoxical choice that may indicate a freshly broken twig rather than a dried one; the emphasis is on the leaf as recently severed from a living tree.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματιmouthDativedative of place (in her mouth)→ sphere or referenceστόμα: 'mouth'; the dove carries the leaf in its mouth — a detail that makes the image concrete and paintable; the beak-borne leaf becomes one of the most recognizable images in Western iconography.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (her mouth)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (her mouth).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Noah's inference)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknew / understoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (Noah draws the inference)→ ingressive aorist (the moment of recognition)γινώσκω: 'know / perceive / come to understand'; renders וַיֵּדַע; the ingressive aorist captures the moment of realization — Noah comes to know. This is observational, inferential knowledge (the leaf proves the water has gone), not revealed knowledge.
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, subject of ἔγνω→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject of ἔγνω.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (introducing indirect statement: what Noah came to know)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κεκόπακενhas abatedPf Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπάζωverb of indirect statement (perfect: the water's abating as a present fact)→ intensive perfect (the abating is now an accomplished, persisting state)κοπάζω: the perfect form here confirms what the dove's olive leaf demonstrates: the water has abated and this abating is now a stable condition; the same perfect-tense question was asked (though not yet answerable) in vv.7 and 8.
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of κεκόπακεν→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject of κεκόπακεν.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of separation.
12

Καὶ ἐπισχὼν ἔτι ἡμέρας ἑπτὰ ἑτέρας πάλιν ἐξαπέστειλεν τὴν περιστερὰν, καὶ οὐ προσέθετο τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔτι.

And he waited yet another seven days and again sent the dove, and she did not return to him anymore.

Narrative climax (third dove-mission: the dove does not return)Καὶ ἐπισχὼν
The third seven-day interval closes the bird-sequence. The dove's non-return is the definitive sign: the earth is dry enough to sustain life. The Hebraism οὐ προσέθετο τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι ('she did not add to return') renders לֹא־יָסְפָה שׁוּב — a LXX calque of the Hebrew idiom 'ceased to do X.'
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπισχὼνhaving waitedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπέχωattendant-circumstance participle (waiting before the third dispatch)→ constative aorist participleἐπέχω: repeated from v.10 — the same verb marks the identical waiting structure.
ἔτιstill / yetadverb (yet another interval)→ clausal contributionἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral modifier→ measure or countἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἑτέραςotherAccusativeattributive adjective (the third seven-day period)→ object specificationἑτέρας: meaning 'other'; it serves as attributive adjective (the third seven-day period).
πάλινagainadverb (for the third time)→ adverbial qualificationπάλιν: meaning 'again'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐξαπέστειλενsent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (third dove-dispatch)→ constative aoristἐξαποστέλλω: same compound as v.10 — the systematic parallelism across the three missions is deliberate.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιστερὰνdoveAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπεριστερὰν: meaning 'dove'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result: the decisive outcome)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
προσέθετοadded / continuedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (Hebraizing idiom: she did not add to return)→ constative aorist (the completed cessation)προστίθημι: 'add / add again'; the idiom οὐ προσέθετο + infinitive directly calques the Hebrew לֹא יָסְפָה ('she did not add to / ceased to'); a recognized Hebraism in LXX Greek — 'did not add to returning' = 'returned no more.' The same construction appears at Gen 4:2 LXX; Luke 20:40 uses the cognate form.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (genitive of content of the Hebraizing idiom)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιστρέψαιto returnAor Act Inf · ἐπιστρέφωgenitive articular infinitive (content of the idiom: she did not add to returning)→ constative aorist infinitiveἐπιστρέφω: 'return / turn back'; the dove's not-returning here is the positive signal — the earth is now inhabitable. The same verb with religious weight = repentance/conversion throughout the NT (Acts 3:19; 26:20).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: to Noah)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to Noah).
αὐτὸνhim (Noah)Accusativeaccusative of direction→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him (Noah)'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative of direction.
ἔτιanymoreadverb (negative finality: no longer)→ clausal contributionἔτι: in negative clauses 'any longer / anymore'; the dove is gone — the earth is open and habitable.
13

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ καὶ ἑξακοσιοστῷ ἔτει τῆς ζωῆς Νωε, τοῦ πρώτου μηνός, μιᾷ τοῦ μηνός, ἐξέλιπεν τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς· καὶ ἀπεκάλυψεν Νωε τὴν στέγην τῆς κιβωτοῦ καὶ εἶδεν ὅτι ἐξέλιπεν τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς.

And it came to pass in the six-hundred-and-first year of the life of Noah, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water had departed from the earth; and Noah removed the covering of the ark and saw that the water had departed from the face of the earth.

Calendrical milestone (first month, first day: the earth is dry)Καὶ ἐγένετο
The date — first month, first day of Noah's 601st year — has a New Year's Day resonance within the sacred calendar. Noah's physical act of removing the roof-covering marks his first direct visual engagement with the restored world. The repetition of ἐξέλιπεν τὸ ὕδωρ (twice in the verse) is a rhetorical double-confirmation.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιframing formula (temporal episode marker)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο episode-opener, calquing וַיְהִי.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal setting)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal setting).
τῷtheDativearticle with temporal phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶoneDativenumeral (part of compound ordinal: six-hundred-and-first)→ sphere or referenceἑνὶ: meaning 'one'; it serves as numeral (part of compound ordinal: six-hundred-and-first).
καὶandconnective within compound numeral→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑξακοσιοστῷsix-hundredthDativedative ordinal (compound: 601st year)→ sphere or referenceἑξακοσιοστός: 'six-hundredth'; ἑνὶ καὶ ἑξακοσιοστῷ = 'the six-hundred-and-first' — the year after Noah's six-hundredth, when the flood began (Gen 7:6, 11).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (in the 601st year)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the chronological precision throughout the chapter reflects an underlying calendrical system that later interpreters attempted to harmonize.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive of reference (years of the life of Noah)→ relational specificationζωή: 'life'; the genitive phrase renders שְׁנַת חַיֵּי נֹחַ — Noah's life-span as the chronological reference frame.
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (life of Noah)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (life of Noah).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτουfirstGenitivegenitive ordinal (in the first month)→ relational specificationπρῶτος: 'first'; the first month of the first day of a new year — a resonance with the creation calendar and with later Jewish observance of the New Year (Rosh HaShanah).
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of time (the first month)→ relational specificationμηνός: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive of time (the first month).
μιᾷone / firstDativedative of time (on the first day)→ measure or countμία: 'one / first'; in LXX date notation μιᾷ τοῦ μηνός = 'on the first of the month'; a New Year's Day date.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of reference (the month's first day)→ relational specificationμηνός: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive of reference (the month's first day).
ἐξέλιπενhad gone / departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωmain verb (the water's departure — first occurrence)→ constative aorist (completed action)ἐκλείπω: 'fail / give out / depart / disappear'; renders חָרְבוּ ('were dried up'); the verb will be repeated at the verse's close for rhetorical emphasis; it is used of the sun failing at Luke 23:45 — the same register of cosmic event.
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of separation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Noah's responsive action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκάλυψενuncovered / removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκαλύπτωmain verb (Noah's action — opening the roof)→ constative aorist (single decisive act)ἀποκαλύπτω: 'uncover / reveal / remove (a covering)'; renders וַיָּסַר ('removed'); the compound ἀπο- suggests full removal; the verb is the standard LXX/NT word for divine revelation (ἀποκάλυψις) — here applied to Noah's act of uncovering the ark, which simultaneously reveals the restored world.
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, subject of ἀπεκάλυψεν→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject of ἀπεκάλυψεν.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέγηνroof / coveringAccusativedirect object (of ἀπεκάλυψεν — the ark's covering)→ object specificationστέγη: 'roof / covering'; renders מִכְסֵה ('covering'); the removal of the ark's roof/hatch marks the first moment of direct visual contact between Noah and the restored world.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκιβωτοῦ: meaning 'ark'; it serves as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (Noah's visual confirmation)→ constative aorist (single act of seeing)ὁράω: 'see'; Noah's visual perception confirms the dove's report; the act of seeing climaxes the chapter's epistemological arc from the question of v.7 (will the water have abated?) to ἔγνω of v.11 (Noah knew) to εἶδεν (Noah saw directly).
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (indirect statement: what Noah saw)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐξέλιπενhad departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωverb of indirect statement (second occurrence — rhetorical repetition confirming the fact)→ constative aoristἐκλείπω: the repetition of ἐξέλιπεν τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς within one verse is a rhetorical double-confirmation: first the narrator states it, then Noah sees it; the pattern mirrors 7:11's double opening of the cosmic floodgates.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as subject.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
προσώπουface / surfaceGenitivegenitive of reference→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς repeated from v.8 — the search-question is now answered by direct observation.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of reference→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of reference.
14

Ἐν δὲ τῷ μηνὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ, ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι τοῦ μηνός, ἐξηράνθη ἡ γῆ.

And in the second month, on the twenty-seventh of the month, the earth was dried.

Calendrical notation (completion of drying)Ἐν δὲ τῷ μηνί
The earth is completely dry on the twenty-seventh of the second month. The LXX and MT agree on this date. The passive ἐξηράνθη ('was dried') presents the earth's drying as a divine act — God's creative work reaching completion. The date closes the flood chronology: the narrative has moved from 7:11 (the flood opens: second month, seventeenth day per MT) through to complete dryness.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
Ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal setting)→ spatial or relational framingἘν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal setting).
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (advancing the narrative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceμηνὶ: meaning 'month'; it serves as dative of time.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive position with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρῳsecondDativedative ordinal (the second month)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; the flood began in the second month per both LXX and MT (Gen 7:11); the final drying is completed in the same second month — a full calendar-year circle.
ἑβδόμῃon the twenty-seventhDativedative of time (compound date: twenty-seventh)→ sphere or referenceἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκάδι: 'on the twenty-seventh day'; LXX and MT agree here (contrast 8:4 where they diverge); the parallel date formulae across the chapter create a structural calendar-framework.
καὶandconnective within date formula→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰκάδιtwentiethDativedative (part of compound date: 7 + 20 = 27th)→ sphere or referenceεἰκάδι: meaning 'twentieth'; it serves as dative (part of compound date: 7 + 20 = 27th).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of reference (day of the month)→ relational specificationμηνός: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive of reference (day of the month).
ἐξηράνθηwas dried upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξηραίνωmain verb (the earth's complete drying — divine passive)→ constative aorist (completed drying)ξηραίνω: 'dry / parch'; the passive divine passive — God's action through natural process; the verb contrasts with the description of the flood's onset and echoes the creation separation of dry land from waters (Gen 1:9–10 LXX).
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆearthNominativesubject of ἐξηράνθη→ participant prominenceγῆ: the earth itself is the subject — the passive verb makes the earth the recipient of God's drying action; the same earth that was covered returns to its proper condition as the habitable sphere.
15

Καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Νωε λέγων·

And the LORD God spoke to Noah, saying:

Divine address (speech introduction)Καὶ ἐλάλησεν
The divine speech formula κύριος ὁ θεὸς — the full double title — marks this as a solemn communication. This is the first divine speech since the flood began. The λέγων ('saying') formula introduces a direct command that will span vv.16–17, structurally paralleling the ark-entry command of Gen 7:1.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine speech introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech event)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders וַיְדַבֵּר; used with formal speech contexts; the LXX differentiates λαλέω (speaking, communicating) and λέγω (saying, content of speech) — λαλέω introduces the act, λέγων introduces the content.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (part of double title)→ participant prominenceκύριος: 'Lord'; renders יְהוָה; the covenant name of God — the same title used throughout the LXX flood narrative for the personal, covenant God who judges (Gen 7:1, 5) and now speaks to restore.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject (in apposition — double title κύριος ὁ θεός)→ participant prominenceθεός: the double title κύριος ὁ θεός (= יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים) is used in Genesis 2–3 and again at key redemptive-historical moments; its use here for the disembarkation command elevates the act to a covenantal reordering of creation.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee: to Noah)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee: to Noah).
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, accusative (addressee of the divine speech)→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, accusative (addressee of the divine speech).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωredundant participle of saying (Hebraism calquing לֵאמֹר — the standard Hebrew speech-introduction participle)→ progressive participle (simultaneous with the speaking)λέγω: λέγων as a redundant participle calquing לֵאמֹר is a characteristic LXX Hebraism — the phrase ἐλάλησεν … λέγων is a direct translation of וַיְדַבֵּר … לֵאמֹר; in classical Greek the participle would be unnecessary, but the LXX preserves it as a faithful calque.
16

Ἔξελθε ἐκ τῆς κιβωτοῦ, σὺ καὶ ἡ γυνή σου καὶ οἱ υἱοί σου καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες τῶν υἱῶν σου μετά σου.

Go out of the ark, you and your wife and your sons and the wives of your sons with you.

Divine command (disembarkation — main clause of the speech begun in v.15)Ἔξελθε
The command mirrors in reverse the entry command of Gen 7:1 (Εἴσελθε σὺ καὶ πᾶς ὁ οἶκός σου). The four-part enumeration of Noah, wife, sons, and daughters-in-law is the same as 7:13 — the ark's entry roster exits together, in order.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
Ἔξελθεgo outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (divine command — the disembarkation imperative)→ constative aorist imperative (single decisive act commanded)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come out'; renders צֵא; the exact antonym of Gen 7:1's εἴσελθε ('enter') — together they frame the whole flood narrative as a going-in and a going-out; the same verb is used of the Exodus (Exod 3:10 — ἐξάγαγε) and of Christ's 'going out' to the sheep (John 10:3–4).
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation: out of the ark)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: out of the ark).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive of separation (out of the ark)→ relational specificationκιβωτός: the ark — which has sheltered all life through the flood — now releases its cargo.
σὺyounominative subject (head of the list — Noah himself)→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative subject (head of the list — Noah himself).
καὶandconnective (extending the list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle with next member of list→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwifeNominativenominative (second member of exit list — Noah's wife)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'wife / woman'; renders אִשְׁתְּךָ; Noah's wife, unnamed throughout Genesis, is consistently paired with Noah in the ark's entry and exit formulae.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοίsonsNominativenominative (third member of list)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Shem, Ham, and Japheth, named in Gen 6:10 and 7:13 but not here.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwivesNominativenominative (fourth member of list — the daughters-in-law)→ participant prominenceγυνή: plural 'wives / women'; the wives of Noah's sons complete the eight-person manifest of the ark (cf. 1 Pet 3:20 — ὀκτὼ ψυχαί, 'eight souls').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of possession (wives of your sons)→ relational specificationυἱῶν: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive of possession (wives of your sons).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετάwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment — all together with Noah)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment — all together with Noah).
σουyouGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (with you — with Noah)→ relational specificationσού: the final μετά σου ('with you') unifies the list under Noah's headship — they go out together.
17

Καὶ πάντα τὰ θηρία ὅσα ἐστὶν μετά σου καὶ πᾶσα σάρξ ἀπὸ πετεινῶν ἕως κτηνῶν, καὶ πᾶν ἑρπετὸν κινούμενον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ἐξάγαγε μετά σου· καὶ αὐξάνεσθε καὶ πληθύνεσθε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And all the wild beasts that are with you and all flesh from birds to cattle, and every creeping thing that moves upon the earth — bring them out with you; and be fruitful and multiply upon the earth.

Divine command (continued — the creature mandate)Καὶ πάντα τὰ θηρία
The disembarkation command extends to all creatures in a taxonomy that mirrors Gen 1:20–25 and the boarding of Gen 7. The creation-blessing of Gen 1:28 (αὐξάνεσθε καὶ πληθύνεσθε) is here re-issued to Noah's family and implicitly to the animals — the flood narrative is an explicit new-creation.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (extending the command to the animals)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeaccusative modifier (totality — fronted object of ἐξάγαγε)→ attributive qualificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative modifier (totality — fronted object of ἐξάγαγε).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίαwild beastsAccusativeaccusative (object of ἐξάγαγε — first creature category)→ object specificationθηρίον: repeated from v.1 — the same fourfold taxonomy that opened the chapter now appears in the exit command, forming a chiastic bracket.
ὅσαas many as / all thatrelative quantifier (restricting to those on the ark)→ clausal contributionὅσα: meaning 'as many as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐστὶνarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (existential)→ present (current presence in the ark)εἰμί: equative 'is'; the question of identity is the question of the whole chapter — is this really the woman who left full?
μετάwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σουyouGenitivegenitive of accompaniment→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallNominativenominative (subject of implicit 'go out' — or in apposition to the extended list)→ participant prominenceπᾶσα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative (subject of implicit 'go out' — or in apposition to the extended list).
σάρξfleshNominativenominative, collective subject (all flesh = all living things)→ participant prominenceσάρξ: 'flesh'; renders כָּל־בָּשָׂר; a collective singular encompassing all organic life — birds, cattle, creeping things; the same phrase dominated the flood-judgment passages of Gen 6–7.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (beginning of range: from X to Y)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (beginning of range: from X to Y).
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive, beginning of the ἀπό…ἕως range→ relational specificationπετεινῶν: meaning 'birds'; it serves as genitive, beginning of the ἀπό…ἕως range.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (end of range: from birds to cattle)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; with ἀπό forms a merism — from birds to cattle = the entire spectrum of created creatures.
κτηνῶνcattle / livestockGenitivegenitive (end of range in merism)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'cattle'; it serves as genitive (end of range in merism).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativenominative modifier→ attributive qualificationπᾶν: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative modifier.
ἑρπετὸνcreeping thingNominativenominative (third creature category — co-object of ἐξάγαγε)→ participant prominenceἑρπετόν: repeated from v.1.
κινούμενονthat movesPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Neut · κινέωattributive participle (modifying ἑρπετόν — every creeping thing that moves)→ progressive participle (habitual motion)κινέω: 'move / stir'; renders הָרֹמֵשׁ; the participial attribute recalls Gen 1:21, 28's 'every living thing that moves.'
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (sphere of motion)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (sphere of motion).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of sphere (upon the earth)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of sphere (upon the earth).
ἐξάγαγεbring outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb of the command (divine imperative: bring out all the animals)→ constative aorist imperativeἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הַצֵּא; the same verb is used of God 'bringing out' Israel from Egypt (Exod 3:10, 12; 6:6–7 LXX) — the exodus typology hovers over the Noah narrative.
μετάwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σουyouGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (with you — with Noah)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (with you — with Noah).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the creation-blessing command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐξάνεσθεbe fruitful / growPres Pass Impv 2 Pl · αὐξάνωmain verb (second divine imperative — creation re-blessing)→ progressive present imperative (ongoing command: keep multiplying)αὐξάνω: 'grow / increase / multiply'; renders פְּרוּ; at Gen 1:28 LXX αὐξάνεσθε καὶ πληθύνεσθε καὶ κατακυριεύσατε is the creation mandate; here the same imperative pair without κατακυριεύσατε marks the re-issuance of the creation blessing after the flood — a deliberate new-creation signal.
καὶandconnective (joining the paired imperatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πληθύνεσθεmultiplyPres Pass Impv 2 Pl · πληθύνωmain verb (third divine imperative — paired with αὐξάνεσθε)→ progressive present imperative (ongoing command)πληθύνω: 'multiply / abound'; renders וּרְבוּ; the second of the creation-mandate pair; the verbal pair αὐξάνεσθε καὶ πληθύνεσθε is repeated from Gen 1:28 and will recur at Gen 9:1, 7 — forming a structural bracket of new creation around the flood narrative.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (sphere).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of sphere (upon the earth — the domain of the new creation mandate)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of sphere (upon the earth — the domain of the new creation mandate).
18

Καὶ ἐξῆλθεν Νωε καὶ ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ.

And Noah went out and his wife and his sons and the wives of his sons with him.

Obedience narrative (Noah and family exit)Καὶ ἐξῆλθεν
The obedience notice mirrors the command of v.16 with near-verbal precision — a structural feature common in LXX narrative where the execution exactly repeats the command. The list (Noah, wife, sons, daughters-in-law) closes the bracket opened at Gen 7:13.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Noah's obedient exit)→ constative aorist (completed exit)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; directly executes the command ἔξελθε of v.16 — the same verb in the same stem confirms exact obedience.
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwifeNominativenominative (Noah's wife — second in list)→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'wife'; it serves as nominative (Noah's wife — second in list).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativenominative (Noah's sons — third in list)→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative (Noah's sons — third in list).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwivesNominativenominative (daughters-in-law — fourth in list)→ participant prominenceγυναῖκες: meaning 'wives'; it serves as nominative (daughters-in-law — fourth in list).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationυἱῶν: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive of possession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (with Noah — all together)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (with Noah — all together).
19

Καὶ πάντα τὰ θηρία καὶ πάντα τὰ κτήνη καὶ πᾶν πετεινὸν καὶ πᾶν ἑρπετὸν κινούμενον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος αὐτῶν ἐξῆλθον ἐκ τῆς κιβωτοῦ.

And all the wild beasts and all the cattle and every bird and every creeping thing that moves upon the earth — after their kinds they went out of the ark.

Obedience narrative (animals exit — by their kinds)Καὶ πάντα τὰ θηρία
The animal exodus mirrors the command of v.17 and echoes the entry formula of Gen 7:14 (κατὰ γένος — 'after their kinds'). The full four-category taxonomy closes the chapter's inner arc; the phrase κατὰ γένος αὐτῶν recalls Gen 1's creation taxonomy and reaffirms the orderly biodiversity of the restored world.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativenominative modifier (totality)→ attributive qualificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative modifier (totality).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίαwild beastsNominativenominative (first creature category — subject of ἐξῆλθον)→ participant prominenceθηρία: meaning 'wild beasts'; it serves as nominative (first creature category — subject of ἐξῆλθον).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativenominative modifier→ attributive qualificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative modifier.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηcattle / livestockNominativenominative (second creature category)→ participant prominenceκτήνη: meaning 'cattle'; it serves as nominative (second creature category).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativenominative modifier→ attributive qualificationπᾶν: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative modifier.
πετεινὸνbirdNominativenominative (third creature category)→ participant prominenceπετεινὸν: meaning 'bird'; it serves as nominative (third creature category).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativenominative modifier→ attributive qualificationπᾶν: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative modifier.
ἑρπετὸνcreeping thingNominativenominative (fourth creature category)→ participant prominenceἑρπετὸν: meaning 'creeping thing'; it serves as nominative (fourth creature category).
κινούμενονthat movesPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Neut · κινέωattributive participle (modifying ἑρπετόν)→ progressive participleκινέω: repeated from v.17 — the participial attribute is formulaic.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of sphere→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of sphere.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive: according to kinds)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive: according to kinds).
γένοςkind / speciesAccusativeaccusative, object of κατά (distributive: according to their kinds)→ object specificationγένος: 'kind / race / species'; renders לְמִינֵיהֶם; κατὰ γένος ('according to kind') is the key taxonomy phrase of Gen 1 (κατὰ γένος occurs 10 times in Gen 1:11–25 LXX); its reappearance here marks the exiting animals as the restored counterpart to creation's original ordering.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (their kinds)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (their kinds).
ἐξῆλθονwent outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the animals' collective exit)→ constative aorist (completed exit)ἐξέρχομαι: the same root as Noah's exit in v.18 — Noah and all creatures execute the same command with the same verb, signaling comprehensive, ordered obedience.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive of separation (out of the ark)→ relational specificationκιβωτός: the ark has served its purpose — a microcosm of creation sustained through the flood; it releases its cargo back into the renewed world.
20

Καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Νωε θυσιαστήριον κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ· καὶ ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν καθαρῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν πετεινῶν τῶν καθαρῶν καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν ὁλοκαυτώματα ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον.

And Noah built an altar to the LORD God; and he took from all the clean cattle and from all the clean birds and offered up burnt offerings upon the altar.

Narrative pivot (the first altar — cultic inauguration of the new world)Καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν
The building of the first altar in Scripture is Noah's first act after disembarking — not settlement or agriculture but worship. The θυσιαστήριον ('altar') is a new word in Genesis; the ὁλοκαυτώματα ('burnt offerings') from clean animals anticipates Levitical sacrifice. The division of clean and unclean (from Gen 7:2) here finds its purpose: the extra clean animals were preserved precisely for this offering.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (narrative — building the altar)→ constative aorist (completed construction)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; renders וַיִּבֶן; commonly used for building houses, cities, and sacred structures throughout LXX; in the NT the same verb describes building the church (Matt 16:18; 1 Cor 3:10–14).
ΝωεNoahindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΝωε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object (of ᾠκοδόμησεν — the altar built)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; this is the first altar in Scripture — Genesis has had no altars before this; the word is derived from θυσία ('sacrifice') and marks the inauguration of formal worship in the post-flood world. The same word recurs throughout Exodus–Deuteronomy as the central cultic object.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage / dedication (the altar dedicated to the LORD)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the covenant name — not merely ὁ θεός but κύριος ὁ θεός; the altar is built in worship of the personal, covenant God who remembered Noah.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ (the double title in dative)→ sphere or referenceθεῷ: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative in apposition to κυρίῳ (the double title in dative).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Noah selects the offerings)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the taking precedes the offering — Noah selects from the clean animals preserved for this purpose (cf. Gen 7:2 — the extra pairs of clean animals).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: from among the clean animals)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: from among the clean animals).
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive of totality→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive of totality.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνcattleGenitivegenitive (source of the offering — clean livestock)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'cattle'; it serves as genitive (source of the offering — clean livestock).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (attributive with καθαρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitiveattributive adjective (clean cattle — the category from Gen 7:2)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; the Levitical clean/unclean distinction, introduced at Gen 7:2 without formal legislation, here finds its purpose: the extra clean animals were preserved precisely so that Noah could offer them. The clean/unclean distinction in narrative Genesis anticipates Lev 11–15's codification.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (second partitive: from the clean birds)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (second partitive: from the clean birds).
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive of totality→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive of totality.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive (source of offering — clean birds)→ relational specificationπετεινῶν: meaning 'birds'; it serves as genitive (source of offering — clean birds).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρῶνcleanGenitiveattributive adjective→ relational specificationκαθαρῶν: meaning 'clean'; it serves as attributive adjective.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the offering itself)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήνεγκενoffered upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (the sacrificial act)→ constative aorist (completed offering)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer up'; renders וַיַּעַל; the technical term for presenting a sacrifice on the altar (Lev 1:13; 2:16; cf. also Heb 7:27 — Jesus ἀνήνεγκεν once the offering for sin); the compound ἀνά- ('up') renders the Hebrew עָלָה ('go up') which underlies עֹלָה ('burnt offering').
ὁλοκαυτώματαburnt offeringsAccusativedirect object (of ἀνήνεγκεν — the type of offering)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'burnt offering / whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלֹת; from ὅλος ('whole') + καυτός ('burnt') — an offering entirely consumed by fire; the LXX's choice of this compound underscores the totality of the dedication: Noah offers the whole animal to God; the word is used throughout LXX Leviticus for the עֹלָה offering.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location: upon the altar)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location: upon the altar).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative, object of ἐπί (location of the offering)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: repeated from the verse's opening — the altar built to receive the offering, now used for that purpose; a neat narrative circle.
21

Καὶ ὠσφράνθη κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς διανοηθεὶς· Οὐ προσθήσω ἔτι τοῦ καταράσασθαι τὴν γῆν διὰ τὰ ἔργα τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὅτι ἔγκειται ἡ διάνοια τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐπιμελῶς ἐπὶ τὰ πονηρὰ ἐκ νεότητος· οὐ προσθήσω οὖν ἔτι πατάξαι πᾶσαν σάρκα ζῶσαν καθὼς ἐποίησα.

And the LORD God smelled an odor of sweet savor, and the LORD God said, reflecting: 'I will not add again to curse the earth on account of the works of men, because the mind of man is earnestly set upon evil from youth; I will not therefore add again to strike all living flesh as I have done.'

Divine response — the pleasing sacrifice elicits the resolve of mercyΚαὶ ὠσφράνθη
The ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας is the cultic formula for a sacrifice acceptable to God — it is the NT formula at Eph 5:2 (Christ as ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας) and Phil 4:18. The LXX's distinctive rendering of MT 'said in his heart' as διανοηθεὶς ('reflecting / considering') is a theological moderation of anthropomorphism. The divine resolve grounds mercy not in human improvement but in a recognition of human nature's bent toward evil from youth — a deeply honest anthropology.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠσφράνθηsmelledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀσφραίνομαιmain verb (divine sensory reception of the sacrifice)→ constative aorist (single act of receiving the offering)ὀσφραίνομαι: 'smell / perceive by smell'; renders וַיָּרַח; the aorist passive is deponent (no active form normally used in this sense); the anthropomorphism is retained — God 'smells' the sacrifice, meaning he receives and is pleased by it; the same idiom appears throughout LXX sacrifice texts.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (part of double title)→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the LORD'; it serves as subject (part of double title).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativein apposition (double title κύριος ὁ θεός)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as in apposition (double title κύριος ὁ θεός).
ὀσμὴνodor / smellAccusativedirect object (of ὠσφράνθη — cognate-object construction)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'smell / odor / fragrance'; renders רֵיחַ; the cognate construction ὠσφράνθη ὀσμήν renders the Hebrew cognate pair רָיַח … רֵיחַ; this is the formula that NT adopts: Eph 5:2 (ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, describing Christ's self-offering); Phil 4:18 (ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, the Philippians' gift); 2 Cor 2:15 (ὀσμή = the fragrance of Christ). The LXX here is the textual origin of the NT's cultic-sacrifice metaphor.
εὐωδίαςof sweet fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (odor of sweetness / pleasing fragrance)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'sweet smell / pleasing fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ ('soothing/pleasing'); a compound of εὖ ('well') + ὀδή/ὀδμή ('smell'); the phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας is the standard LXX cultic formula for a sacrifice well-pleasing to God (Lev 1:9, 13, 17; 2:2, 9, 12; Exod 29:18, 25, 41; Num 15:3–24 — it occurs over 40 times in the LXX).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (divine response follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing the divine speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the LORD'; it serves as subject.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativein apposition→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as in apposition.
διανοηθεὶςreflecting / consideringAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διανοέομαιattendant-circumstance participle (manner of the saying: said, considering)→ constative aorist participle (the reflection that precedes or accompanies the saying)διανοέομαι: 'reflect / ponder / consider'; renders אֶל-לִבּוֹ וַיֹּאמֶר ('said to his heart' = 'said in his heart'); the LXX converts the Hebrew internalized-speech idiom ('said in his heart') into a participial phrase meaning 'reflecting / considering' — a theologically significant moderation: the Hebrew anthropomorphism (God 'saying to himself') becomes a Greek inward deliberation (God 'reflecting'). This LXX choice anticipates the apophatic theological tradition.
Οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceΟὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
προσθήσωI will addFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (divine resolve — Hebraizing idiom: will not add to = will not again)→ futuristic present (anticipating a resolve just made, carrying forward)προστίθημι: 'add'; Οὐ προσθήσω + infinitive is the same Hebraizing 'will not add to X' idiom as v.12's οὐ προσέθετο (both calque לֹא יָסְפָה/לֹא אֹסִף); 'I will not add to curse' = 'I will not again curse'; the idiom is now used in the divine speech itself — a meta-level use of the same Hebraism.
ἔτιagain / any longeradverb (reinforcing the negation: will not again)→ clausal contributionἔτι: meaning 'again'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (genitive of purpose/content in Hebraizing idiom)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταράσασθαιto curseAor Mid Inf · καταράομαιgenitive articular infinitive (content of the 'not adding': will not add to cursing)→ constative aorist infinitiveκαταράομαι: 'curse'; renders לְקַלֵּל; the divine resolve not to curse the ground (γῆν) again recalls Gen 3:17 (the ground cursed because of Adam — ἐπικατάρατος ἡ γῆ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις σου); the flood was in effect a continuation/intensification of that curse; this resolve marks a decisive reversal.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearth / groundAccusativeaccusative (object of καταράσασθαι — the ground/earth)→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground / land'; the same ground cursed at Gen 3:17 — the resolve not to curse it again marks a covenantal shift from curse to preservation.
διὰbecause of / on account ofpreposition + accusative (causal: on account of human works)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (causal: on account of human works).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworks / deedsAccusativeaccusative (object of διά — the human works that prompted the flood)→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / deed'; renders מַעֲשֶׂה; the plural 'works' encompasses the moral corruption of Gen 6:5, 11–13 — the wickedness, violence, and corruption that brought the flood.
τῶνofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνmen / humanityGenitivegenitive of possession (works of humanity)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being / man'; the genitive 'of men' identifies humanity collectively as the agents of the moral corruption.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (explaining the resolve — grounded in anthropological realism)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: this causal clause is the theological surprise of the verse: God resolves not to curse the earth precisely because human nature is evil from youth — not because humans have improved but because the divine response to unalterable human nature will now be patient forbearance rather than catastrophic judgment.
ἔγκειταιlies in / is set uponPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔγκειμαιmain verb of the ὅτι clause (the mind's orientation as a stable state)→ present (stable ongoing disposition)ἔγκειμαι: 'lie within / be embedded in / be set upon'; renders נָטָה; the verb conveys the deeply ingrained, habitual orientation of the human mind toward evil — not a momentary lapse but a constitutional disposition.
theNominativearticle with subject→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διάνοιαmind / thoughtNominativesubject of ἔγκειται (the mind/disposition)→ participant prominenceδιάνοια: 'mind / understanding / disposition'; renders יֵצֶר (yēṣer — 'inclination / formation'); the LXX renders יֵצֶר לֵב as ἡ διάνοια — the same word that appears in Gen 6:5 LXX (πᾶς διανοεῖται ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ); in NT usage διάνοια is the faculty of thinking (Matt 22:37; Luke 10:27; Heb 8:10; 1 Pet 1:13).
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουman / humanityGenitivegenitive of possession (the human mind)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: singular generic — 'the human' as representative of the species; the statement is an anthropological universal.
ἐπιμελῶςearnestly / diligently / carefullyadverb (modifying ἔγκειται — the intensity of the mind's orientation)→ clausal contributionἐπιμελῶς: 'carefully / diligently / earnestly'; renders רַק ('only / exclusively'); the LXX renders the Hebrew רַק ('only evil continually') with ἐπιμελῶς ἐπὶ τὰ πονηρά — an interesting rendering: the 'only' (exclusivity) becomes 'earnestly/carefully set upon evil' — emphasizing habitual, focused orientation rather than mere exclusivity. The adverb is from ἐπιμελής ('careful / attentive').
ἐπὶupon / towardpreposition + accusative (direction of the mind's orientation)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of the mind's orientation).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὰevil thingsAccusativesubstantival adjective, accusative (object of ἐπί — evil as the mind's target)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked / malicious'; renders הָרַע; the same word characterizes the pre-flood human heart at Gen 6:5 (πᾶσα διανόησις … πονηρά); the repetition here is the key to the divine resolve: God is not responding to a solved problem but to an unchanging human nature.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (temporal: from youth)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal: from youth).
νεότητοςyouthGenitivegenitive of time (from youth — the human condition from the beginning of life)→ relational specificationνεότης: 'youth'; renders מִנְּעֻרָיו ('from his youth'); the phrase 'from youth' is the LXX's rendering of the human disposition's deep, early rootedness; it will recur at 1 Sam 12:2 (Samuel speaks 'from my youth') and implies an innate, pre-moral bent.
οὐnotnegation (second occurrence — second half of God's resolve)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (second occurrence — second half of God's resolve).
προσθήσωI will addFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (second divine resolve — Hebraizing idiom repeated)→ futuristic present (settled divine decision)προστίθημι: the Hebraizing 'will not add to' idiom is repeated (cf. v.12) — Οὐ προσθήσω … πατάξαι = 'I will not again strike'; the repetition of the idiom in the same verse creates a rhetorical doublet that underscores the finality and completeness of God's resolve.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (drawing the consequence from the ὅτι clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: 'therefore / accordingly'; the only inferential particle in the verse — it marks the logical connection between the anthropological observation (humans are evil from youth) and the resolve not to destroy them; mercy is grounded in realistic appraisal, not naive optimism.
ἔτιagain / anymoreadverb (negative finality: will not do this again)→ clausal contributionἔτι: meaning 'again'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πατάξαιto strike downAor Act Inf · πατάσσωinfinitive (content of the 'not adding': will not add to striking)→ constative aorist infinitiveπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders לְהַכּוֹת; used of divine judicial striking (Exod 3:20 — God smiting Egypt; 2 Sam 24:17; Isa 11:4); the resolve not to strike again is the moral substance of the Noahic covenant.
πᾶσανallAccusativeaccusative modifier (totality of life)→ attributive qualificationπᾶσαν: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative modifier (totality of life).
σάρκαfleshAccusativeaccusative (object of πατάξαι — all living flesh)→ object specificationσάρξ: 'flesh'; the collective term for all organic life; πᾶσαν σάρκα ζῶσαν = 'all living flesh' = all life; this is the same phrase used in the flood judgment of Gen 6:17 — the resolve reverses the judgment.
ζῶσανlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Fem · ζάωattributive participle (all living flesh)→ progressive participle (currently alive)ζάω: 'live'; the participial attribute emphasizes the vitality of what would be destroyed — God resolves not to kill living creatures again on this scale.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction (as I have done — pointing back to the flood)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / even as'; the comparison points to the flood as the antecedent event that God resolves not to repeat.
ἐποίησαI did / I have doneAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωverb of the comparative clause (the flood as the antecedent act not to be repeated)→ constative aorist (the completed flood event referenced)ποιέω: 'do / make'; God acknowledges the flood as his own act and resolves not to do it again; this self-referential aorist gives the divine resolve its full weight — 'as I did' acknowledges full responsibility for the judgment now foresworn.
22

Πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς γῆς, σπέρμα καὶ θερισμός, ψῦχος καὶ καῦμα, θέρος καὶ ἔαρ, ἡμέρα καὶ νύξ οὐ καταπαύσουσιν.

All the days of the earth, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and spring, day and night — they shall not cease.

Divine promise (cosmic-order guarantee — the Noahic covenant foundation)Πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας
The final verse of the chapter is the unconditional guarantee of natural regularity — the foundation of the Noahic covenant (formalized in Gen 9). Six paired opposites span the full cycle of agricultural and temporal life; the plural subject 'they shall not cease' (οὐ καταπαύσουσιν) affirms the totality of cosmic order. This verse functions as the chapter's and the flood narrative's final word: not destruction but ordered continuance.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ΠάσαςallAccusativeaccusative of duration (fronted — for all the days of the earth)→ object specificationΠάσας: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative of duration (fronted — for all the days of the earth).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration (for all the days of the earth = as long as the earth endures)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς γῆς renders כָּל יְמֵי הָאָרֶץ — a temporal merism: for all the days the earth lasts, i.e., for as long as the world endures; the phrase frames the promise as perpetual and unconditional.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of reference (the days of the earth — earth as the frame of reference)→ relational specificationγῆ: the earth, which God will not curse again (v.21), is now the frame of the promise — for all the earth's days, these things shall not cease.
σπέρμαseedtime / seedNominativenominative (first member of the six pairs — subject of οὐ καταπαύσουσιν)→ participant prominenceσπέρμα: 'seed / seedtime'; renders זֶרַע; the first of the six creation-rhythm pairs; σπέρμα and θερισμός (harvest) are the agricultural poles of the farming year.
καὶandconnective (pairing the opposites)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θερισμόςharvestNominativenominative (paired with σπέρμα — agricultural cycle)→ participant prominenceθερισμός: 'harvest / reaping'; renders קָצִיר; the word recurs in NT imagery of eschatological harvest (Matt 9:37–38; John 4:35; Rev 14:15) — here it is the natural harvest that God guarantees.
ψῦχοςcoldNominativenominative (second pair — climatic cycle)→ participant prominenceψῦχος: 'cold / frost'; renders קֹר; the meteorological pairing of cold and heat (ψῦχος / καῦμα) encompasses the annual temperature range.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καῦμαheatNominativenominative (paired with ψῦχος — climatic cycle)→ participant prominenceκαῦμα: 'burning heat / scorching'; renders חֹם; used of the burning heat of the day in Gen 18:1 (Abraham's theophany); in Rev 7:16 and 16:9 of eschatological heat.
θέροςsummerNominativenominative (third pair — seasonal cycle)→ participant prominenceθέρος: 'summer'; renders קַיִץ; the seasonal pairing θέρος / ἔαρ (summer/spring) represents the annual vegetative cycle; note that the MT has קַיִץ וָחֹרֶף ('summer and winter') — the LXX translates חֹרֶף as ἔαρ ('spring') rather than χειμών ('winter'), a notable divergence.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔαρspringNominativenominative (paired with θέρος — seasonal cycle)→ participant prominenceἔαρ: 'spring / springtime'; renders חֹרֶף (which normally means 'winter' in Hebrew — this is the LXX's most notable rendering choice in the verse); the LXX translator may have understood חֹרֶף differently, or chose ἔαρ for a more positive pairing; the divergence is noted in text-critical discussions.
ἡμέραdayNominativenominative (fourth pair — the basic temporal cycle)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the final pair day/night (ἡμέρα/νύξ) is the most fundamental temporal rhythm — the first thing established in creation (Gen 1:5) and the last guaranteed in the Noahic promise.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νύξnightNominativenominative (paired with ἡμέρα — the daily cycle)→ participant prominenceνύξ: 'night'; renders לָיְלָה; day and night as the elemental time-frame — the same pair guaranteed in Jer 33:20, 25 (the covenant of day and night) as the analogy for the Davidic covenant's stability; in Rev 21:25 there is no νύξ in the new Jerusalem — the cessation of the day/night pair marks the new creation, giving this Noahic guarantee its full eschatological resonance.
οὐnotnegation (the unconditional 'shall not')→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (the unconditional 'shall not').
καταπαύσουσινshall ceaseFut Act Indic 3 Pl · καταπαύωmain verb (the cosmic-order promise — all six pairs as subject)→ predictive future (unconditional divine guarantee)καταπαύω: 'cease / stop / rest'; renders יִשְׁבֹּתוּ ('shall not cease'); the verb is related to שַׁבָּת (Sabbath — the 'resting/ceasing' of God on the seventh day); the promise of natural order is thus anchored in the same root as Sabbath rest — cosmic continuity is itself a form of divine faithfulness. The future tense carries the weight of unconditional promise: these things shall not cease as long as the earth endures.