1
τὸ λῆμμα ὃ εἶδεν Αμβακουμ ὁ προφήτης
The oracle that Habakkuk the prophet saw.
A brief superscription introduces the chapter as prophetic revelation. λῆμμα is a technical heading term for an oracle or burden, while εἶδεν marks the message as something received in visionary perception.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λῆμμαoracleN3M NSN · λῆμμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλῆμμα: meaning 'oracle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὃwhichRR ASN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑμβακουμHabakkukN NSM · Αμβακουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑμβακουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetN1M NSM · προφήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
2
ἕως τίνος κύριε κεκράξομαι καὶ οὐ μὴ εἰσακούσῃς βοήσομαι πρὸς σὲ ἀδικούμενος καὶ οὐ σώσεις
How long, O Lord, shall I cry out and you will not listen? I shall cry to you, "I am being wronged," and you will not save.
The chapter begins in lament form with the conventional "How long?" cry. The doubled appeal intensifies the complaint, and the οὐ μὴ construction gives emphatic force to the charge that the prophet receives no saving response.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τίνοςwhen?RI GSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτίνος: meaning 'when?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
κεκράξομαιshall I cry outVFX FMI1S · κράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκράζω: meaning 'shall I cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴsurely notD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'surely not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσακούσῃςyou will listenVA AAS2S · ἀκούω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'you will listen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βοήσομαιI shall cryVF FMI1S · βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβοάω: meaning 'I shall cry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀδικούμενοςbeing wrongedV2 · πππνσμ ἀδικέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπππνσμ ἀδικέω: meaning 'being wronged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σώσειςyou will saveVF FAI2S · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσώζω: meaning 'you will save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
ἵνα τί μοι ἔδειξας κόπους καὶ πόνους ἐπιβλέπειν ταλαιπωρίαν καὶ ἀσέβειαν ἐξ ἐναντίας μου γέγονεν κρίσις καὶ ὁ κριτὴς λαμβάνει
Why have you shown me troubles and made me look upon pains? Misery and impiety have arisen before me; judgment has come to be, and the judge takes bribes.
The prophet presses from unanswered prayer to the social scene itself. The line piles up terms for toil, pain, misery, and impiety, then turns to a legal register in which κρίσις and κριτής expose a corrupted judiciary; λαμβάνει is naturally heard as elliptical for taking a bribe.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἵναwhyC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'why'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhy?RI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'why?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδειξαςyou showedVAI AAI2S · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδεικνύω: meaning 'you showed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κόπουςtroublesN2 APM · κόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόπος: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόνουςpainsN2 APM · πόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'pains'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπιβλέπεινto look uponV1 PAN · βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'to look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταλαιπωρίανmiseryN1A ASF · ταλαιπωρίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταλαιπωρία: meaning 'misery'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσέβειανimpietyN1A ASF · ἀσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impiety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐναντίαςbeforeA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'before'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μουmeRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γέγονενhas arisenVX XAI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγίγνομαι: meaning 'has arisen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρίσιςjudgmentN3I NSF · κρίσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριτὴςjudgeN1M NSM · κριτήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκριτής: meaning 'judge'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λαμβάνειtakesV1 PAI3S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλαμβάνω: meaning 'takes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
διὰ τοῦτο διεσκέδασται νόμος καὶ οὐ διεξάγεται εἰς τέλος κρίμα ὅτι ὁ ἀσεβὴς καταδυναστεύει τὸν δίκαιον ἕνεκεν τούτου ἐξελεύσεται τὸ κρίμα διεστραμμένον
Therefore the law has been paralyzed, and judgment does not go forth to completion, because the wicked oppresses the righteous; for this reason judgment will come forth perverted.
The prophet draws the consequence of endemic wrong: law is scattered or numbed, and judicial process never reaches its proper end. The final adjective διεστραμμένον states the outcome starkly: judgment still emerges, but only in distorted form.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διεσκέδασταιhas been scatteredVT XMI3S · σκεδάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσκεδάζω + δια: meaning 'has been scattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεξάγεταιis carried throughV1 PMI3S · ἄγω + δια + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἄγω + δια + ἐκ: meaning 'is carried through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τέλοςan endN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτέλος: meaning 'an end'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M NSN · κρίμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβὴςwickedA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'wicked'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταδυναστεύειoppressesV1 PAI3S · δυναστεύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'oppresses'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἕνεκενon account ofP · ἕνεκενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: meaning 'on account of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τούτουthisRD GSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξελεύσεταιwill go forthVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will go forth'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M NSN · κρίμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διεστραμμένονpervertedVP · χμπνσν στρέφω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσν στρέφω + δια: meaning 'perverted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
ἴδετε οἱ καταφρονηταί καὶ ἐπιβλέψατε καὶ θαυμάσατε θαυμάσια καὶ ἀφανίσθητε διότι ἔργον ἐγὼ ἐργάζομαι ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ὑμῶν ὃ οὐ μὴ πιστεύσητε ἐάν τις ἐκδιηγῆται
Look, you despisers, and watch, and marvel marvelously, and disappear; for I am doing a work in your days, a work that you would certainly not believe if someone were to recount it.
The Lord answers with a chain of imperatives that both summon attention and announce judgment. The warning that the hearers would not believe the coming work became famous through its reuse in Acts 13:41, though Luke cites a form adapted from the Greek tradition.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἴδετεseeVB AAD2P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA VPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταφρονηταίdespisersN1M VPM · καταφρονητήςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressκαταφρονητής: meaning 'despisers'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβλέψατεlookVA AAD2P · βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θαυμάσατεwonderVA AAD2P · θαυμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateθαυμάζω: meaning 'wonder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θαυμάσιαwondersA1A APN · θαυμάσιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθαυμάσιος: meaning 'wonders'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφανίσθητεdisappearVS APD2P · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'disappear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διότιforC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔργονa workN2N ASN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'a work'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐργάζομαιam workingV1 PMI1S · ἐργάζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐργάζομαι: meaning 'am working'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysN1A DPF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑμῶνof youRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὃwhichRR ASN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴsurely notD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'surely not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πιστεύσητεyou would believeVA AAS2P · πιστεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπιστεύω: meaning 'you would believe'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐάνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκδιηγῆταιwere to recountV2 PMS3S · ἡγέομαι + ἐκ + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἡγέομαι + ἐκ + δια: meaning 'were to recount'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
διότι ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐξεγείρω ἐφ' ὑμᾶς τοὺς Χαλδαίους τοὺς μαχητάς τὸ ἔθνος τὸ πικρὸν καὶ τὸ ταχινὸν τὸ πορευόμενον ἐπὶ τὰ πλάτη τῆς γῆς τοῦ κατακληρονομῆσαι σκηνώματα οὐκ αὐτοῦ
For behold, I am rousing against you the Chaldeans, that fighting nation, bitter and swift, which goes over the breadths of the earth to seize dwellings not its own.
The unbelievable work is now specified: God himself is stirring up the Chaldeans. The verse heaps epithets onto the invader and ends with dispossession, as homes that are not theirs become their inheritance by force.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
διότιforC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξεγείρωam rousingV1 PAI1S · ἐγείρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐγείρω + ἐκ: meaning 'am rousing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐφ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐφ': meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαλδαίουςChaldeansN2 APM · Χαλδαῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΧαλδαίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαχητάςfightersN1M APM · μαχητήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμαχητής: meaning 'fighters'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πικρὸνbitterA1A ASM · πικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπικρός: meaning 'bitter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταχινὸνswiftA1 ASN · ταχινόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταχινός: meaning 'swift'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευόμενονgoingV1 · πμπασν πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασν πορεύομαι: meaning 'going'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλάτηbreadthsN3E APN · πλάτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλάτος: meaning 'breadths'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακληρονομῆσαιto seize as inheritanceVA AAN · κληρονομέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκληρονομέω + κατα: meaning 'to seize as inheritance'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκηνώματαdwellingsN3M APN · σκήνωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκήνωμα: meaning 'dwellings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦof itRD GSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
φοβερὸς καὶ ἐπιφανής ἐστιν ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὸ κρίμα αὐτοῦ ἔσται καὶ τὸ λῆμμα αὐτοῦ ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἐξελεύσεται
It is fearsome and renowned; its judgment shall come from itself, and its dignity shall go forth from itself.
The nation is described as self-authorizing: both its judgment and its λῆμμα proceed "from itself." The verse stresses autonomous imperial arrogance, a power that recognizes no court above itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
φοβερὸςfearsomeA1A NSM · φοβερόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφοβερός: meaning 'fearsome'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιφανήςconspicuousA3H NSM · ἐπιφανήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιφανής: meaning 'conspicuous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦitselfRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'itself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M NSN · κρίμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof itRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσταιwill beV9 FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'will be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λῆμμαdignityN3M NSN · λῆμμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλῆμμα: meaning 'dignity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof itRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦitselfRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'itself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξελεύσεταιwill go forthVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will go forth'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
καὶ ἐξαλοῦνται ὑπὲρ παρδάλεις οἱ ἵπποι αὐτοῦ καὶ ὀξύτεροι ὑπὲρ τοὺς λύκους τῆς Ἀραβίας καὶ ἐξιππάσονται οἱ ἱππεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁρμήσουσιν μακρόθεν καὶ πετασθήσονται ὡς ἀετὸς πρόθυμος εἰς τὸ φαγεῖν
And its horses will spring faster than leopards and be keener than the wolves of Arabia, and its horsemen will ride out and rush from afar, and they will fly like an eagle eager to devour.
Animal comparisons intensify the picture of speed and predation. The line moves from leopards and Arabian wolves to the eagle diving on prey, making the Chaldean advance appear at once swift, far-reaching, and carnivorous.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαλοῦνταιwill leapVF2 FMI3P · ἅλλομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἅλλομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will leap'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρbeyondP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'beyond'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παρδάλειςleopardsN3I APF · πάρδαλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπάρδαλις: meaning 'leopards'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵπποιhorsesN2 NPM · ἵπποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἵππος: meaning 'horses'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof itRD GSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀξύτεροιkeenerA1A NPMC · ὀξύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀξύς: meaning 'keener'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὲρthanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύκουςwolvesN2 APM · λύκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλύκος: meaning 'wolves'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈραβίαςArabiaN1A GSF · Ἀραβίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationἈραβίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιππάσονταιwill ride outVF FMI3P · ἱππάζομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἱππάζομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will ride out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱππεῖςhorsemenN3V NPM · ἱππεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱππεύς: meaning 'horsemen'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof itRD GSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁρμήσουσινwill rushVF FAI3P · ὁρμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὁρμάω: meaning 'will rush'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μακρόθενfrom afarD · μακρόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακρόθεν: meaning 'from afar'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πετασθήσονταιwill flyVC FPI3P · πέτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπέτομαι: meaning 'will fly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀετὸςan eagleN2 NSM · ἀετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀετός: meaning 'an eagle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρόθυμοςeagerA1B NSM · πρόθυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόθυμος: meaning 'eager'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαγεῖνto devourVB AAN · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἐσθίω: meaning 'to devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
συντέλεια εἰς ἀσεβεῖς ἥξει ἀνθεστηκότας προσώποις αὐτῶν ἐξ ἐναντίας καὶ συνάξει ὡς ἄμμον αἰχμαλωσίαν
A full end will come upon the ungodly, with their faces set in opposition, and it will gather captivity like sand.
The Greek is compressed and somewhat difficult, but its sense is clear enough: the advance ends in devastation and mass deportation. The simile "like sand" underscores the scale of the captives gathered up by the conqueror.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
συντέλειαconsummationN1A NSF · συντέλειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυντέλεια: meaning 'consummation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςuponP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀσεβεῖςthe ungodlyA3H NPM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'the ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνθεστηκόταςstanding againstVXI XAPAPMI(/STHMI · ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participial qualificationἀντι: meaning 'standing against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
προσώποιςwith facesN2N DPN · πρόσωπονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'with faces'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'of them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐναντίαςthe frontA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'the front'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνάξειwill gatherVF FAI3S · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω + συν: meaning 'will gather'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄμμονsandN2 ASF · ἄμμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄμμος: meaning 'sand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αἰχμαλωσίανcaptivityN1A ASF · αἰχμαλωσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
10
καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν βασιλεῦσιν ἐντρυφήσει καὶ τύραννοι παίγνια αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς πᾶν ὀχύρωμα ἐμπαίξεται καὶ βαλεῖ χῶμα καὶ κρατήσει αὐτοῦ
And he himself will make sport of kings, and rulers are his playthings; he himself will mock every fortress, and he will heap up earth and capture it.
The conqueror treats political and military power as something laughable. Siegecraft is reduced to a brisk sequence of mockery, heaping up earthworks, and taking the stronghold.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐντρυφήσειwill revelVF FAI3S · τρυφάω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτρυφάω + ἐν: meaning 'will revel'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τύραννοιrulersN2 NPM · τύραννοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτύραννος: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παίγνιαplaythingsN2N NPN · παίγνιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαίγνιον: meaning 'playthings'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςagainstP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πᾶνeveryA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀχύρωμαfortressN3M ASN · ὀχύρωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: meaning 'fortress'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐμπαίξεταιwill mockVF FMI3S · παίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπαίζω + ἐν: meaning 'will mock'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαλεῖwill throwVF2 FAI3S · βάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβάλλω: meaning 'will throw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χῶμαearthN2N ASN · χῶμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχῶμα: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρατήσειwill seizeVF FAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκρατέω: meaning 'will seize'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦitRD GSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
τότε μεταβαλεῖ τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ διελεύσεται καὶ ἐξιλάσεται αὕτη ἡ ἰσχὺς τῷ θεῷ μου
Then the spirit will change and pass on and make expiation: this strength belongs to my god.
This is one of the chapter's most difficult lines. The Greek differs markedly from the Hebrew tradition; taken on its own terms, it depicts a turning of spirit, onward movement, and a blasphemous attribution of power to a deity, with ἐξιλάσεται read in its ordinary sense of making propitiation or expiation.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεταβαλεῖwill changeVF2 FAI3S · βάλλω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβάλλω + μετα: meaning 'will change'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διελεύσεταιwill pass throughVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'will pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιwill make expiationVF FMI3S · ἱλάσκομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἱλάσκομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will make expiation'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷgodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'god'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουof meRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'of me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
οὐχὶ σὺ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς κύριε ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἅγιός μου καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀποθάνωμεν κύριε εἰς κρίμα τέταχας αὐτόν καὶ ἔπλασέν με τοῦ ἐλέγχειν παιδείαν αὐτοῦ
Are you not from the beginning, O Lord, my God, my Holy One? We shall certainly not die. O Lord, you have appointed him for judgment, and you formed me to expose his chastisement.
Habakkuk counters the vision of empire by confessing the Lord's eternity and holiness. The first-person reading ἔπλασέν με is textually and interpretively awkward, but in the Greek text as transmitted it lets the prophet speak of himself as fashioned for the task of exposing or reproving the invader's discipline.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
οὐχὶnot?D · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχὶ: meaning 'not?'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀρχῆςthe beginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀρχή: meaning 'the beginning'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιόςHoly OneA1A NSM · ἅγιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'Holy One'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουof meRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'of me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴsurely notD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'surely not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθάνωμενwe shall dieVB AAS1P · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'we shall die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τέταχαςyou have appointedVX XAI2S · τάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτάσσω: meaning 'you have appointed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπλασένyou formedVAI AAI3S · πλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπλάσσω: meaning 'you formed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῦfor theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλέγχεινto exposeV1 PAN · ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἐλέγχω: meaning 'to expose'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παιδείανchastisementN1A ASF · παιδείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'chastisement'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
καθαρὸς ὀφθαλμὸς τοῦ μὴ ὁρᾶν πονηρά καὶ ἐπιβλέπειν ἐπὶ πόνους οὐ δυνήσῃ ἵνα τί ἐπιβλέπεις ἐπὶ καταφρονοῦντας παρασιωπήσῃ ἐν τῷ καταπίνειν ἀσεβῆ τὸν δίκαιον
Your eye is too pure to see evil things, and you will not be able to look upon troubles. Why do you look upon those who despise? Will you keep silent when the wicked swallows the righteous?
The complaint now turns explicitly theological: the God whose sight is too pure for evil seems to tolerate the triumph of the contemptuous wicked. The final image of swallowing dramatizes the asymmetry between the wicked aggressor and the righteous victim.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καθαρὸςpureA1A NSM · καθαρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: meaning 'pure'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀφθαλμὸςeyeN2 NSM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦfor theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁρᾶνto seeV3 PAN · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὁράω: meaning 'to see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πονηράevil thingsA1A APN · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβλέπεινto look uponV1 PAN · βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'to look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πόνουςtroublesN2 APM · πόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσῃyou will be ableVF FMI2S · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδύναμαι: meaning 'you will be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἵναwhyC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'why'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhy?RI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'why?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπιβλέπειςdo you look uponV1 PAI2S · βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'do you look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καταφρονοῦνταςthose who despiseV2 · παπαπμ φρονέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ φρονέω + κατα: meaning 'those who despise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρασιωπήσῃwill you keep silentVF FMI2S · σιωπάω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσιωπάω + παρα: meaning 'will you keep silent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπίνεινto swallowV1 PAN · πίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπίνω + κατα: meaning 'to swallow'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσεβῆthe wickedA3H ASM · ἀσεβήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'the wicked'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
14
καὶ ποιήσεις τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὡς τοὺς ἰχθύας τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ὡς τὰ ἑρπετὰ τὰ οὐκ ἔχοντα ἡγούμενον
And you will make human beings like the fish of the sea and like creeping things that have no ruler.
Humanity is imagined as leaderless aquatic life, exposed to capture. The comparison strips conquered peoples of political agency and prepares for the fishing imagery that dominates the final three verses.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou will makeVF FAI2S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιέω: meaning 'you will make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰχθύαςfishN3U APM · ἰχθύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἰχθύς: meaning 'fish'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑρπετὰcreeping thingsN2N APN · ἑρπετόνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἑρπετόν: meaning 'creeping things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχονταhavingV1 · παπαπν ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπν ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡγούμενονa rulerV2 · πμπασμ ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασμ ἡγέομαι: meaning 'a ruler'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
συντέλειαν ἐν ἀγκίστρῳ ἀνέσπασεν καὶ εἵλκυσεν αὐτὸν ἐν ἀμφιβλήστρῳ καὶ συνήγαγεν αὐτὸν ἐν ταῖς σαγήναις αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν τούτου εὐφρανθήσεται καὶ χαρήσεται ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ
He dragged up the whole catch with a hook and pulled him in with a net and gathered him in his seines; therefore his heart will be glad and rejoice.
The conqueror is now a fisherman who hauls peoples up wholesale. Singular pronouns shift fluidly within the image, but the point is plain: what is human on land becomes catch in the imperial net, and the captor delights in the harvest.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
συντέλειανthe whole catchN1A ASF · συντέλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυντέλεια: meaning 'the whole catch'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγκίστρῳa hookN2N DSN · ἄγκιστρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄγκιστρον: meaning 'a hook'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνέσπασενhe dragged upVAI AAI3S · σπάω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσπάω + ἀνα: meaning 'he dragged up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἵλκυσενhe pulledVAI AAI3S · ἕλκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἕλκω: meaning 'he pulled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀμφιβλήστρῳa netN2N DSN · ἀμφίβληστρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμφίβληστρον: meaning 'a net'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήγαγενhe gatheredVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'he gathered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαγήναιςseinesN1 DPF · σαγήναdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσαγήνα: meaning 'seines'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἕνεκενbecause ofP · ἕνεκενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τούτουthisRD GSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὐφρανθήσεταιwill be gladdenedVC FPI3S · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὐφραίνω: meaning 'will be gladdened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαρήσεταιwill rejoiceVD FPI3S · χαίρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureχαίρω: meaning 'will rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
16
ἕνεκεν τούτου θύσει τῇ σαγήνῃ αὐτοῦ καὶ θυμιάσει τῷ ἀμφιβλήστρῳ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐλίπανεν μερίδα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ βρώματα αὐτοῦ ἐκλεκτά
For this reason he will sacrifice to his seine and burn incense to his dragnet, because by them he has made his portion rich and his foods choice.
The image turns overtly idolatrous: the predator worships the very instruments of his success. Military power has become a cult, because the net is credited with prosperity and luxury.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἕνεκενbecause ofP · ἕνεκενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τούτουthisRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
θύσειhe will sacrificeVF FAI3S · θύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureθύω: meaning 'he will sacrifice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇto theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαγήνῃseineN1 DSF · σαγήνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσαγήνη: meaning 'seine'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυμιάσειhe will burn incenseVF FAI3S · θυμιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureθυμιάω: meaning 'he will burn incense'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷto theRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμφιβλήστρῳdragnetN2N DSN · ἀμφίβληστρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμφίβληστρον: meaning 'dragnet'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbyP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐλίπανενhe enrichedVAI AAI3S · λιπαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλιπαίνω: meaning 'he enriched'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μερίδαportionN3D ASF · μερίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βρώματαfoodsN3M APN · βρῶμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβρῶμα: meaning 'foods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκλεκτάchoiceA1 APN · ἐκλεκτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐκλεκτός: meaning 'choice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
17
διὰ τοῦτο ἀμφιβαλεῖ τὸ ἀμφίβληστρον αὐτοῦ καὶ διὰ παντὸς ἀποκτέννειν ἔθνη οὐ φείσεται
Therefore will he cast his dragnet and continually kill nations without sparing?
The chapter closes without resolution, as protest becomes a final question. The fisherman-imperialist is left in view, and the ethical force of the chapter turns on whether such unending slaughter of nations can continue unchecked.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀμφιβαλεῖwill he castVF2 FAI3S · βάλλω + ἀμφιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβάλλω + ἀμφι: meaning 'will he cast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμφίβληστρονdragnetN2N ASN · ἀμφίβληστρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμφίβληστρον: meaning 'dragnet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὸςcontinuallyA3 GSN · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'continually'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀποκτέννεινto killV1 PAN · κτείνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'to kill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φείσεταιwill he spareVF FMI3S · φείδομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφείδομαι: meaning 'will he spare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.