1
ἄμπελος εὐκληματοῦσα Ισραηλ ὁ καρπὸς αὐτῆς εὐθηνῶν κατὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν καρπῶν αὐτοῦ ἐπλήθυνεν τὰ θυσιαστήρια κατὰ τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῆς γῆς αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν στήλας
Israel is a luxuriant vine; her fruit was prospering. According to the multitude of his fruits he multiplied altars; according to the good things of his land he built pillars.
The chapter opens by exposing a central Hoseanic irony: fertility and abundance did not lead Israel back to gratitude, but only supplied more material for false worship.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἄμπελοςvineN2 NSF · ἄμπελοςobject of ὑπὸ in the first security image→ participant prominenceἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as object of ὑπὸ in the first security image.
εὐκληματοῦσαluxuriantV2 · παπνσφ εὐκληματέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσφ εὐκληματέω: meaning 'luxuriant'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπὸςfruitN2 NSM · καρπόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
εὐθηνῶνprosperingV2 · παπνσμ εὐθηνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationπαπνσμ εὐθηνέω: meaning 'prospering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative object or complement→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπῶνfruitsN2 GPM · καρπόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruits'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπλήθυνενincreased / grew greatV1I IAI3S · πληθύνωmain verb (intensifying continuation)→ ongoing verbal processπληθύνω: meaning 'increased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (intensifying continuation).
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltVAI AAI3S · οἰκοδομέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist summary statementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
στήλαςpillarsN1 APF · στήληdirect object of συντρίψετεστήλη: meaning 'pillars'; it serves as direct object of συντρίψετε.
2
ἐμέρισαν καρδίας αὐτῶν νῦν ἀφανισθήσονται αὐτὸς κατασκάψει τὰ θυσιαστήρια αὐτῶν ταλαιπωρήσουσιν αἱ στῆλαι αὐτῶν
They divided their hearts; now they shall be destroyed. He himself shall tear down their altars; their pillars shall be brought to misery.
The inner problem is heart-division, and the visible cultic structures merely reveal it. Judgment therefore reaches both inward disloyalty and outward shrines.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐμέρισανdividedVAI AAI3P · μερίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμερίζω: meaning 'divided'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίαςheartN1A APF · καρδίαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφανισθήσονταιshall be destroyedVS FPI3P · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future assertionἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'shall be destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κατασκάψειtear downVF FAI3S · σκάπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσκάπτω + κατα: meaning 'tear down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ταλαιπωρήσουσινshall be brought to miseryVF FAI3P · ταλαιπωρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseταλαιπωρέω: meaning 'shall be brought to misery'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
στῆλαιpillarsN1 NPF · στήληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionστήλη: meaning 'pillars'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
3
διότι νῦν ἐροῦσιν οὐκ ἔστιν βασιλεὺς ἡμῖν ὅτι οὐκ ἐφοβήθημεν τὸν κύριον ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς τί ποιήσει ἡμῖν
Because now they will say, 'We have no king, because we did not fear the Lord.' And what will the king do for us?
The monarchy is unmasked as powerless once the fear of the Lord is absent. The peoples own confession turns their political hope into self-indictment.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσινsaidVF2 FAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning as a dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form functioning as a dative complement.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐφοβήθημενwe fearedVCI API1P · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφοβέω: meaning 'we feared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ποιήσειwill makeVF FAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardποιέω: meaning 'will make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning as a dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form functioning as a dative complement.
4
λαλῶν ῥήματα προφάσεις ψευδεῖς διαθήσεται διαθήκην ἀνατελεῖ ὡς ἄγρωστις κρίμα ἐπὶ χέρσον ἀγροῦ
Speaking words, false pretexts, he will make a covenant; judgment shall spring up like wild grass upon the dry field of a farm.
Political agreements and pious language alike are emptied out. What springs up from them is not peace but invasive judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
λαλῶνspeakingV2 · παπνσμ λαλέωparticiple contributing verbal aspect while modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the clause→ participial verbal form expressing action in relation to a nearby substantive or clauseπαπνσμ λαλέω: meaning 'speaking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing verbal aspect while modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the clause.
ῥήματαwordsN3M APN · ῥῆμαobject of ποιεῖν→ object specificationῥῆμα: meaning 'words'; it serves as object of ποιεῖν.
προφάσειςpretextsN3I APF · πρόφασιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ speech, judgment, and friendshipπρόφασις: meaning 'pretexts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ψευδεῖςfalseA3H APF · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διαθήσεταιwill makeVF FMI3S · τίθημι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future middleτίθημι + δια: meaning 'will make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἀνατελεῖshall riseVF2 FAI3S · τέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ future indicativeτέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'shall rise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄγρωστιςgrassN3I NSF · ἄγρωστιςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceἄγρωστις: meaning 'grass'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M NSN · κρίμαsubject nominative→ participant prominenceκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as subject nominative.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χέρσονwastelandN2 ASF · χέρσοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationχέρσος: meaning 'wasteland'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
5
τῷ μόσχῳ τοῦ οἴκου Ων παροικήσουσιν οἱ κατοικοῦντες Σαμάρειαν ὅτι ἐπένθησεν ὁ λαὸς αὐτοῦ ἐπ' αὐτόν καὶ καθὼς παρεπίκραναν αὐτόν ἐπιχαροῦνται ἐπὶ τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ ὅτι μετῳκίσθη ἀπ' αὐτοῦ
The inhabitants of Samaria shall dwell as strangers because of the calf of the house of On, because its people mourned for it; and as they embittered it, they shall rejoice over its glory, because it was carried away from it.
The calf that once embodied local glory becomes an object of grief and exile. The people are left to mourn what could never truly save them.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχῳbullN2 DSM · μόσχοςdative of reference (distributive: 'for each bull')→ sphere or referenceμόσχος: meaning 'bull'; it serves as dative of reference (distributive: 'for each bull').
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΩνOnN GS · Ωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΩν: meaning 'On'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροικήσουσινshall dwell as strangersVF FAI3P · οἰκέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκέω + παρα: meaning 'shall dwell as strangers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ present participle of residenceπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
ΣαμάρειανSamariaN1A ASF · Σαμαρίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalΣαμάρειαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπένθησενmournedVAI AAI3S · πενθέωmain verb of mourning→ aorist summary statementπενθέω: meaning 'mourned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of mourning.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceκαθώς: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
παρεπίκρανανembitteredVAI AAI3P · πικραίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπικραίνω + παρα: meaning 'embittered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπιχαροῦνταιshall rejoiceVF2 FMI3P · χαίρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχαίρω + ἐπι: meaning 'shall rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετῳκίσθηwas carried awayVSI API3S · οἰκίζω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκίζω + μετα: meaning 'was carried away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
6
καὶ αὐτὸν εἰς Ἀσσυρίους δήσαντες ἀπήνεγκαν ξένια τῷ βασιλεῖ Ιαριμ ἐν δόματι Εφραιμ δέξεται καὶ αἰσχυνθήσεται Ισραηλ ἐν τῇ βουλῇ αὐτοῦ
And they bound it and carried it to the Assyrians as gifts for King Jareb; Ephraim shall receive shame, and Israel shall be ashamed in its counsel.
The idol itself is handed over in tribute, a vivid picture of the futility of political and cultic dependency. Israel's own strategy becomes its humiliation.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἈσσυρίουςAssyria / the AssyriansN2 APM · Ἀσσύριοςaccusative (object of εἰς: 'to the Assyrians/Assyria')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἈσσυρίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative (object of εἰς: 'to the Assyrians/Assyria').
δήσαντεςhaving boundVA · ααπνπμ δέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseααπνπμ δέω: meaning 'having bound'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clause.
ἀπήνεγκανthey carriedVAI AAI3P · φέρω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristφέρω + ἀπο: meaning 'they carried'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ξένιαgiftsN1A NSF · ξενίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant or predicate prominenceξενία: meaning 'gifts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ΙαριμJarebN DSM · Ιαριμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΙαριμ: meaning 'Jareb'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δόματιin tributeN3M DSN · δόμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ dependence, provision, and measured sufficiencyδόμα: meaning 'in tribute'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΕφραιμEphraimN NSM · Ἐφράιμname-item in the genealogical register→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
δέξεταιshall receiveVF FMI3S · δέχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ behemoth, power, and humbling responseδέχομαι: meaning 'shall receive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰσχυνθήσεταιaischynoVC FPI3S · αἰσχύνωfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the announced actionαἰσχύνω: meaning 'aischyno'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλῇboylN1 DSF · βουλήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceβουλή: meaning 'boyl'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
7
ἀπέρριψεν Σαμάρεια βασιλέα αὐτῆς ὡς φρύγανον ἐπὶ προσώπου ὕδατος
Samaria cast away her king like a twig upon the face of water.
The king is rendered weightless and disposable, floating like debris before forces he cannot master.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἀπέρριψενcast awayVAI AAI3S · ῥίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ assertive predication within the oracleῥίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'cast away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣαμάρειαSamariaN1A NSF · Σαμαρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΣαμάρεια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
φρύγανονtwigN2N ASN · φρύγανονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalφρύγανον: meaning 'twig'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
8
καὶ ἐξαρθήσονται βωμοὶ Ων ἁμαρτήματα τοῦ Ισραηλ ἄκανθαι καὶ τρίβολοι ἀναβήσονται ἐπὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια αὐτῶν καὶ ἐροῦσιν τοῖς ὄρεσιν καλύψατε ἡμᾶς καὶ τοῖς βουνοῖς πέσατε ἐφ' ἡμᾶς
And the high places of On, the sins of Israel, shall be taken away; thorns and thistles shall come up upon their altars, and they shall say to the mountains, 'Cover us,' and to the hills, 'Fall upon us.'
Cultic centers are overrun by curse-growth, and the people finally seek concealment from the very judgment they once ignored.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαρθήσονταιshall be taken awayVC FPI3P · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ correction, truth, and diligent stabilityαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'shall be taken away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βωμοὶaltarsN2 NPM · βωμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβωμός: meaning 'altars'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΩνOnN G · Ωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΩν: meaning 'On'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁμαρτήματαsinful deedN3M NPN · ἁμάρτημαnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceἁμάρτημα: meaning 'sinful deed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἄκανθαιthornsN1A NPF · ἄκανθαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ failed cultivation and prophetic judgmentἄκανθα: meaning 'thorns'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίβολοιthistlesN2 NPM · τρίβολοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ reputation, prudence, and instructional turnτρίβολος: meaning 'thistles'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀναβήσονταιwent upVF FMI3P · βαίνω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσινsaidVF2 FAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρεσινmountainsN3E DPN · ὄροςdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest→ sphere or referenceὄρος: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
καλύψατεcoverVA AAD2P · καλύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκαλύπτω: meaning 'cover'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνοῖςhillsN2 DPM · βουνόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβουνός: meaning 'hills'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πέσατεfallVB AAD2P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπίπτω: meaning 'fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
9
ἀφ' οὗ οἱ βουνοί ἥμαρτεν Ισραηλ ἐκεῖ ἔστησαν οὐ μὴ καταλάβῃ αὐτοὺς ἐν τῷ βουνῷ πόλεμος ἐπὶ τὰ τέκνα ἀδικίας
From the time of the hills Israel sinned; there they stood. War shall certainly not overtake them on the hill against the children of injustice.
The chapter reaches backward to old patterns of corruption, showing that present judgment arises from a deeply rooted and persistent rebellion.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνοίhillsN2 NPM · βουνόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition in the clause→ participant prominenceβουνός: meaning 'hills'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition in the clause.
ἥμαρτενsinVBI AAI3S · ἁμαρτάνωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ aoristἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'sin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ adverbial nuanceἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἔστησανstoodVAI AAI3P · ἵστημιverbal element advancing the clause→ aorist summary statementἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element advancing the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
καταλάβῃlambanokataVB AAS3S · λαμβάνω + καταparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description→ subjunctive verbal form marking contingency, purpose, or exhortationλαμβάνω + κατα: meaning 'lambanokata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνῷhillN2 DSM · βουνόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientβουνός: meaning 'hill'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πόλεμοςwarN2 NSM · πόλεμοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenN2N APN · τέκνονnominal element within the genealogical notice→ object specificationτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ἀδικίαςinjusticeN1A GSF · ἀδικίαgenitive object of ὑπέρ→ relational specificationἀδικία: meaning 'injustice'; it serves as genitive object of ὑπέρ.
10
ἦλθεν παιδεῦσαι αὐτούς καὶ συναχθήσονται ἐπ' αὐτοὺς λαοὶ ἐν τῷ παιδεύεσθαι αὐτοὺς ἐν ταῖς δυσὶν ἀδικίαις αὐτῶν
He came to discipline them, and peoples shall be gathered against them when they are disciplined for their two injustices.
The Lord's chastening takes historical form through gathered peoples; foreign pressure becomes the instrument of covenant discipline.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
παιδεῦσαιto disciplineVA AAN · παιδεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπαιδεύω: meaning 'to discipline'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναχθήσονταιthey will be gatheredVQ FPI3P · ἄγω + συνmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadἄγω + συν: meaning 'they will be gathered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
λαοὶpeopleN2 NPM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδεύεσθαιpaideuoV1 PMN · παιδεύωinfinitive complement or verbal noun within the clauseπαιδεύω: meaning 'paideuo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or verbal noun within the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoM DPF · δύοnumerical expression quantifying the phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀδικίαιςin injusticesN1A DPF · ἀδικίαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceἀδικία: meaning 'in injustices'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
11
Εφραιμ δάμαλις δεδιδαγμένη ἀγαπᾶν νεῖκος ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπὶ τὸ κάλλιστον τοῦ τραχήλου αὐτῆς ἐπιβιβῶ Εφραιμ καὶ παρασιωπήσομαι Ιουδαν ἐνισχύσει αὐτῷ Ιακωβ
Ephraim is a heifer trained to love victory, but I will come upon the beauty of her neck; I will mount Ephraim, I will pass over Judah in silence, Jacob shall strengthen himself for him.
The imagery shifts from animal ease to imposed yoking. What loved easy threshing is now brought under the harder discipline of service.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ΕφραιμEphraimN NSM · Ἐφράιμname-item in the genealogical register→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
δάμαλιςheiferN3I NSF · δάμαλιςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceδάμαλις: meaning 'heifer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
δεδιδαγμένηtrainedVK · χππνσφ διδάσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχππνσφ διδάσκω: meaning 'trained'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαπᾶνloveV3 PAN · ἀγαπάωinfinitive expressing purpose, result, or complementary action→ present infinitiveἀγαπάω: meaning 'love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, result, or complementary action.
νεῖκοςstrifeN3E ASN · νεῖκοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusνεῖκος: meaning 'strife'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελεύσομαιI will come uponVF FMI1S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'I will come upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάλλιστονbeautifulA1 ASMS · καλόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseκαλός: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τραχήλουneckN2 GSM · τράχηλοςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationτράχηλος: meaning 'neck'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐπιβιβῶI will mountVF2 FAI1S · βιβάζω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseβιβάζω + ἐπι: meaning 'I will mount'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΕφραιμEphraimN ASM · Ἐφράιμproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρασιωπήσομαιI will pass over in silenceVF FMI1S · σιωπάω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσιωπάω + παρα: meaning 'I will pass over in silence'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
ἐνισχύσειwill strengthenVF FAI3S · ἰσχύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἰσχύω + ἐν: meaning 'will strengthen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ΙακωβJacobN NSM · Ἰακώβproper name functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the clause or phrase.
12
σπείρατε ἑαυτοῖς εἰς δικαιοσύνην τρυγήσατε εἰς καρπὸν ζωῆς φωτίσατε ἑαυτοῖς φῶς γνώσεως ἐκζητήσατε τὸν κύριον ἕως τοῦ ἐλθεῖν γενήματα δικαιοσύνης ὑμῖν
Sow for yourselves in righteousness; reap for the fruit of life; light for yourselves the light of knowledge. Seek the Lord until the produce of righteousness comes to you.
In the middle of judgment, Hosea still issues a real summons: the people are called to a different planting and a different harvest under the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
σπείρατεsowVA AAD2P · σπείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσπείρω: meaning 'sow'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τρυγήσατεreapVA AAD2P · τρυγάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτρυγάω: meaning 'reap'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
καρπὸνfruitN2 ASM · καρπόςdirect object understood with ἐδίδου→ object specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as direct object understood with ἐδίδου.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
φωτίσατεlightVA AAD2P · φωτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφωτίζω: meaning 'light'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent→ object specificationφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent.
γνώσεωςknowledgeN3I GSF · γνῶσιςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
ἐκζητήσατεinquire / seek outVA AAD2P · ζητέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλθεῖνto comeVB AAN · ἔρχομαιinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: meaning 'to come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
γενήματαproduceN3M APN · γένημαdirect object of ἐδίδου→ object specificationγένημα: meaning 'produce'; it serves as direct object of ἐδίδου.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
13
ἵνα τί παρεσιωπήσατε ἀσέβειαν καὶ τὰς ἀδικίας αὐτῆς ἐτρυγήσατε ἐφάγετε καρπὸν ψευδῆ ὅτι ἤλπισας ἐν τοῖς ἅρμασίν σου ἐν πλήθει δυνάμεώς σου
Why were you silent about ungodliness and reaped its injustices? You ate false fruit, because you hoped in your chariots, in the multitude of your strength.
The people already have a harvest, but it is the crop of their own wickedness, nourished by military self-trust and deception.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
παρεσιωπήσατεwere silentVAI AAI2P · σιωπάω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσιωπάω + παρα: meaning 'were silent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσέβειανimpietyN1A ASF · ἀσέβειαaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impiety'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικίαςiniquitiesN1A APF · ἀδικίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδικία: meaning 'iniquities'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐτρυγήσατεreapedVAI AAI2P · τρυγάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτρυγάω: meaning 'reaped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐφάγετεeatVBI AAI2P · ἐσθίωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ temple neglect, covenant chastening, and renewed obedienceἐσθίω: meaning 'eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καρπὸνfruitN2 ASM · καρπόςdirect object understood with ἐδίδου→ object specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as direct object understood with ἐδίδου.
ψευδῆfalseA3H APN · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤλπισαςyou hopedVAI AAI2S · ἐλπίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐλπίζω: meaning 'you hoped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμασίνchariotsN3M DPN · ἅρμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientἅρμα: meaning 'chariots'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πλήθειmultitudeN3E DSN · πλῆθοςnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ sphere or referenceπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
δυνάμεώςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςGenitive modifier→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
14
καὶ ἐξαναστήσεται ἀπώλεια ἐν τῷ λαῷ σου καὶ πάντα τὰ περιτετειχισμένα σου οἰχήσεται ὡς ἄρχων Σαλαμαν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου Ιεροβααλ ἐν ἡμέραις πολέμου μητέρα ἐπὶ τέκνοις ἠδάφισαν
And destruction shall rise up among your people, and all your fortifications shall depart, as ruler Salaman destroyed the house of Jerubbaal in the days of war; they dashed mother upon children.
The memory of brutal warfare is invoked to show what covenant judgment looks like when it reaches cities and families without restraint.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαναστήσεταιshall rise upVF FMI3S · ἵστημι + ἐκ + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἵστημι + ἐκ + ἀνα: meaning 'shall rise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπώλειαdestructionN1A NSF · ἀπώλειαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιτετειχισμέναfortificationsVT · χμπνπν τειχίζω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνπν τειχίζω + περι: meaning 'fortifications'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οἰχήσεταιshall departVF FMI3S · οἴχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἴχομαι: meaning 'shall depart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ΣαλαμανSalamanN NSM · Σαλαμανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΣαλαμαν: meaning 'Salaman'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙεροβααλJerubbaalN GS · Ιεροβααλadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΙεροβααλ: meaning 'Jerubbaal'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
πολέμουwarN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
μητέραmotherN3 ASF · μήτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τέκνοιςchildN2N DPN · τέκνονdative element functioning within the clause→ sphere or referenceτέκνον: meaning 'child'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
ἠδάφισανdashed to the groundVAI AAI3P · ἐδαφίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐδαφίζω: meaning 'dashed to the ground'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
οὕτως ποιήσω ὑμῖν οἶκος τοῦ Ισραηλ ἀπὸ προσώπου κακιῶν ὑμῶν ὄρθρου ἀπερρίφησαν ἀπερρίφη βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Thus I will do to you, house of Israel, because of the face of your evils. At dawn they were cast away; the king of Israel was utterly cast away.
The chapter ends with irreversible royal collapse. Morning does not bring renewal here, but the final throwing down of Israel's king.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ποιήσωdo / makeVF FAI1S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form carrying the clause's action forwardποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
κακιῶνevilsN1A GPF · κακίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityκακία: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὄρθρουdawnN2 GSM · ὄρθροςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationὄρθρος: meaning 'dawn'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ἀπερρίφησανwere cast awayVV API3P · ῥίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseῥίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'were cast away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπερρίφηwas utterly cast awayVV API3S · ῥίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseῥίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'was utterly cast away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.