1
ἀφανισθήσεται Σαμάρεια ὅτι ἀντέστη πρὸς τὸν θεὸν αὐτῆς ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ πεσοῦνται αὐτοί καὶ τὰ ὑποτίτθια αὐτῶν ἐδαφισθήσονται καὶ αἱ ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσαι αὐτῶν διαρραγήσονται
Samaria shall be destroyed, because she resisted her God; by the sword they shall fall, their nursing infants shall be dashed to the ground, and their pregnant women shall be torn open.
The chapter opens without softening the brutality of judgment: rebellion against God has led to national ruin and wartime devastation.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἀφανισθήσεταιshall be destroyedVS FPI3S · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'shall be destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣαμάρειαSamariaN1A NSF · Σαμαρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΣαμάρεια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντέστηwithstood / opposedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀντιverb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act)→ constative aorist (the historical opposition)ἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'withstood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act).
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ῥομφαίᾳswordN1A DSF · ῥομφαίαcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πεσοῦνταιfellVF2 FMI3P · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτοίheRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedent→ participant referenceαὐτοί: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποτίτθιαnursing infantsN2N NPN · ὑποτίτθιαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionὑποτίτθια: meaning 'nursing infants'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐδαφισθήσονταιshall be dashed to the groundVS FPI3P · ἐδαφίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐδαφίζω: meaning 'shall be dashed to the ground'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γαστρὶwombN3 DSF · γαστήρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceγαστήρ: meaning 'womb'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ἔχουσαιhavingV1 · παπνπφ ἔχωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive→ bloody city exposed and irreversible ruinπαπνπφ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διαρραγήσονταιshall be torn openVD FPI3P · ῥήγνυμι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseῥήγνυμι + δια: meaning 'shall be torn open'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
ἐπιστράφητι Ισραηλ πρὸς κύριον τὸν θεόν σου διότι ἠσθένησας ἐν ταῖς ἀδικίαις σου
Return, Israel, to the Lord your God, because you have grown weak in your injustices.
After the opening judgment-word, the prophetic voice turns immediately to appeal. Israel's weakness is traced not to fate but to its own iniquities.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐπιστράφητιστρέφωVD APD2S · στρέφω + ἐπιmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'στρέφω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion.
ΙσραηλIsraelN VSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the clause or phrase.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodN2 ASM · θεόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠσθένησαςyou have grown weakVAI AAI2S · ἀσθενέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀσθενέω: meaning 'you have grown weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικίαιςin injusticesN1A DPF · ἀδικίαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceἀδικία: meaning 'in injustices'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
3
λάβετε μεθ' ἑαυτῶν λόγους καὶ ἐπιστράφητε πρὸς κύριον τὸν θεὸν ὑμῶν εἴπατε αὐτῷ ὅπως μὴ λάβητε ἀδικίαν καὶ λάβητε ἀγαθά καὶ ἀνταποδώσομεν καρπὸν χειλέων ἡμῶν
Take words with yourselves and return to the Lord your God; say to him, 'So that you may not take iniquity away, receive good things, and we shall repay with the fruit of our lips.'
Repentance is verbal and liturgical here: the people are taught what to bring when sacrifice and power have failed them.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
λάβετεtakeVB AAD2P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ aorist imperativeλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
μεθ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἑαυτῶνthemselvesRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦgenitive dependent modifier / possession relation→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'themselves'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστράφητεturned backVD APD2P · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἴπατεsayVAI AAD2P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
λάβητεseized / took hold ofVB AAS2P · λαμβάνωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ subjunctive contingencyλαμβάνω: meaning 'seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ἀδικίανinjusticeN1A ASF · ἀδικίαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀδικία: meaning 'injustice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάβητεseized / took hold ofVB AAS2P · λαμβάνωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ subjunctive contingencyλαμβάνω: meaning 'seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ἀγαθάgoodA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταποδώσομενwe will repayVF FAI1P · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verb of promised responseδίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'we will repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of promised response.
καρπὸνfruitN2 ASM · καρπόςdirect object understood with ἐδίδου→ object specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as direct object understood with ἐδίδου.
χειλέωνlipN3E GPN · χεῖλοςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'lip'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
4
Ασσουρ οὐ μὴ σώσῃ ἡμᾶς ἐφ' ἵππον οὐκ ἀναβησόμεθα οὐκέτι μὴ εἴπωμεν θεοὶ ἡμῶν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν σοὶ ἐλεήσει ὀρφανόν
Assyria shall certainly not save us; we shall not mount upon horses; no longer shall we say, 'Our gods,' to the works of our hands; in you one will have mercy on the orphan.
The confession explicitly rejects the political and idolatrous supports on which Israel leaned, ending instead in confidence in divine mercy.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ΑσσουρAssyriaN NSM · Ασσουρproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ discourse linkage or contrastΑσσουρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
σώσῃsaveVA AAS3S · σώζωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting a coming actionσώζω: meaning 'save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἵππονhorseN2 ASM · ἵπποςdirect object / accusative complement→ object specificationἵππος: meaning 'horse'; it serves as direct object / accusative complement.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀναβησόμεθαwe will go upVF FMI1P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verb of apodosisβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'we will go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of apodosis.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverb qualifying the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἴπωμενsayVB AAS1P · εἶπονmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
θεοὶgodsN2 VPM · θεόςvocative nominal element used in direct addressθεός: meaning 'gods'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργοιςworksN2N DPN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive (source of the works)→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as genitive (source of the works).
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σοὶyouRP DS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐλεήσειwill have mercyVF FAI3S · ἐλεέωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureἐλεέω: meaning 'will have mercy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion.
ὀρφανόνorphanA1 NSN · ὀρφανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionὀρφανός: meaning 'orphan'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
5
ἰάσομαι τὰς κατοικίας αὐτῶν ἀγαπήσω αὐτοὺς ὁμολόγως ὅτι ἀπέστρεψεν ἡ ὀργή μου ἀπ' αὐτῶν
I will heal their dwellings; I will love them freely, because my wrath has turned away from them.
The Lord's reply reverses the whole situation: alienation yields to healing, and wrath gives way to freely bestowed love.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἰάσομαιyou will be healedVF FMI1S · ἰάομαιmain verb (result of the offering)→ predictive future (promised healing)ἰάομαι: meaning 'you will be healed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (result of the offering).
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικίαςdwellingsN1A APF · κατοικίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalκατοικία: meaning 'dwellings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀγαπήσωI will loveVF FAI1S · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀγαπάω: meaning 'I will love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὁμολόγωςfreelyD · ὁμολόγωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseὁμολόγως: meaning 'freely'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενreturnedVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'returned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀργήorgeN1 NSF · ὀργήnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceὀργή: meaning 'orge'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
6
ἔσομαι ὡς δρόσος τῷ Ισραηλ ἀνθήσει ὡς κρίνον καὶ βαλεῖ τὰς ῥίζας αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ Λίβανος
I will be like dew to Israel; he shall blossom like a lily, and he shall cast his roots like Lebanon.
Restoration is rendered agriculturally: God becomes the hidden source of life, and Israel becomes both delicate in blossom and deep-rooted in endurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἔσομαιbeVF FMI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
δρόσοςdewN2 NSF · δρόσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδρόσος: meaning 'dew'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἀνθήσειblossomVF FAI3S · ἀνθέωfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἀνθέω: meaning 'blossom'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
κρίνονlilyN2N NSN · κρίνονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ The chapter interweaves self-description, mutual comparison, summons to delight, adjurations, and the springtime invitation of the beloved.κρίνον: meaning 'lily'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαλεῖwill throwVF2 FAI3S · βάλλωmain verb→ complaint, violence, and the chaldean problemβάλλω: meaning 'will throw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥίζαςrootsN1S APF · ῥίζαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥίζα: meaning 'roots'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛίβανοςLebanonN2 NSM · Λίβανοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant identificationΛίβανος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate.
7
πορεύσονται οἱ κλάδοι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσται ὡς ἐλαία κατάκαρπος καὶ ἡ ὀσφρασία αὐτοῦ ὡς Λιβάνου
His branches shall go forth, and he shall be like a fruitful olive tree, and his fragrance like that of Lebanon.
The imagery widens from rootedness to extension, fruit, and fragrance, portraying restoration as stability that overflows outward.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πορεύσονταιporeyomaiVF FMI3P · πορεύομαιfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'poreyomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλάδοιbranchesN2 NPM · κλάδοςnominative element functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceκλάδος: meaning 'branches'; it serves as nominative element functioning in the clause core.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐλαίαolive treeN1A NSF · ἐλαίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλαία: meaning 'olive tree'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατάκαρποςfruitfulA1B NSF · κατάκαρποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατάκαρπος: meaning 'fruitful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφρασίαfragranceN1A NSF · ὀσφρασίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionὀσφρασία: meaning 'fragrance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonN2 GSM · Λίβανοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΛιβάνου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
8
ἐπιστρέψουσιν καὶ καθιοῦνται ὑπὸ τὴν σκέπην αὐτοῦ ζήσονται καὶ μεθυσθήσονται σίτῳ καὶ ἐξανθήσει ὡς ἄμπελος τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτοῦ ὡς οἶνος Λιβάνου
They shall return and dwell under his shelter; they shall live and be filled with grain, and he shall blossom like a vine; his memorial shall be like the wine of Lebanon.
The restored community is pictured as both protected and flourishing, with grain and vine imagery turning covenant return into shared abundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐπιστρέψουσινturned backVF FAI3P · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθιοῦνταιshall dwellVF2 FMI3P · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + κατα: meaning 'shall dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκέπηνprotectionN1 ASF · σκέπηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningσκέπη: meaning 'protection'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ζήσονταιthey shall liveVF FMI3P · ζάωmain verb (the grant of life)→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardζάω: meaning 'they shall live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the grant of life).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεθυσθήσονταιbe drunkVS FPI3P · μεθύωfinite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion→ future passiveμεθύω: meaning 'be drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion.
σίτῳgrainN2 DSM · σῖτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientσῖτος: meaning 'grain'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξανθήσειshall blossomVF FAI3S · ἀνθέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀνθέω + ἐκ: meaning 'shall blossom'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄμπελοςvineN2 NSF · ἄμπελοςobject of ὑπὸ in the first security image→ participant prominenceἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as object of ὑπὸ in the first security image.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemorialN2N NSN · μνημόσυνονhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ participant prominenceμνημόσυνον: meaning 'memorial'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ΛιβάνουLebanonN2 GSM · Λίβανοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΛιβάνου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
9
τῷ Εφραιμ τί αὐτῷ ἔτι καὶ εἰδώλοις ἐγὼ ἐταπείνωσα αὐτόν καὶ ἐγὼ κατισχύσω αὐτόν ἐγὼ ὡς ἄρκευθος πυκάζουσα ἐξ ἐμοῦ ὁ καρπός σου εὕρηται
For Ephraim, what has he still to do with idols? I humbled him, and I will strengthen him; I am like a thick-shading juniper; from me your fruit is found.
The Lord claims exclusive credit for Israel's future fruitfulness, so that idolatry is rendered finally pointless.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimN DSM · Ἐφράιμproper name or indeclinable item→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name or indeclinable item.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςnominative or accusative interrogative element within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative or accusative interrogative element within the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰδώλοιςidolsN2N DPN · εἴδωλονcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: meaning 'idols'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐταπείνωσαhumbleVAI AAI1S · ταπεινόωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristταπεινόω: meaning 'humble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κατισχύσωstrengthenVF FAI1S · ἰσχύω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting a coming actionἰσχύω + κατα: meaning 'strengthen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄρκευθοςjuniperN2 NSF · ἄρκευθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἄρκευθος: meaning 'juniper'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πυκάζουσαthick-shadingV1 · παπνσφ πυκάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσφ πυκάζω: meaning 'thick-shading'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπόςfruitN2 NSM · καρπόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ eliphaz: accusations and promised restorationκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εὕρηταιis foundVM XPI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseεὑρίσκω: meaning 'is found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
τίς σοφὸς καὶ συνήσει ταῦτα ἢ συνετὸς καὶ ἐπιγνώσεται αὐτά διότι εὐθεῖαι αἱ ὁδοὶ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ δίκαιοι πορεύσονται ἐν αὐταῖς οἱ δὲ ἀσεβεῖς ἀσθενήσουσιν ἐν αὐταῖς
Who is wise and will understand these things, or discerning and will know them? For the ways of the Lord are straight, and the righteous shall walk in them, but the ungodly shall grow weak in them.
The book ends with a sapiential seal: Hosea's whole prophecy becomes a test of moral discernment, because the same divine ways sustain the righteous and undo the wicked.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
σοφὸςskilled / wiseA1 NSM · σοφόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'skilled'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήσειsynVF FAI3S · ἵημι + συνfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state→ futureἵημι + συν: meaning 'syn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετὸςsynetosA1 NSM · συνετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ correction, truth, and diligent stabilityσυνετός: meaning 'synetos'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιγνώσεταιwill recognizeVF FMI3S · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: meaning 'will recognize'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐθεῖαιstraightA3U NPF · εὐθύςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceεὐθύς: meaning 'straight'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὁδοὶwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δίκαιοιrighteousA1A NPM · δίκαιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition in the clause→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition in the clause.
πορεύσονταιporeyomaiVF FMI3P · πορεύομαιfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'poreyomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐταῖςthemRD DPF · αὐτόςPronominal reference→ participant reference or interestαὐταῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as Pronominal reference.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβεῖςungodlyA3H NPM · ἀσεβήςsecond predicate-adjectival modifier of ἄνδρες→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as second predicate-adjectival modifier of ἄνδρες.
ἀσθενήσουσινwill grow weakVF FAI3P · ἀσθενέωfuture verb stating the promised result→ futureἀσθενέω: meaning 'will grow weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as future verb stating the promised result.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐταῖςthemRD DPF · αὐτόςPronominal reference→ participant reference or interestαὐταῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as Pronominal reference.