1
κατὰ τὸν λόγον Εφραιμ δικαιώματα αὐτὸς ἔλαβεν ἐν τῷ Ισραηλ καὶ ἔθετο αὐτὰ τῇ Βααλ καὶ ἀπέθανεν
According to the word of Ephraim, he received ordinances in Israel; but he set them to Baal, and he died.
The chapter opens by contrasting Ephraim's former standing in Israel with the fatal turn toward Baal. What once carried authority now terminates in death.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
δικαιώματαstatuteN3M APN · δικαίωμαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationδικαίωμα: meaning 'statute'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἔλαβενtakeVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοplace / appointVEI AMI3S · τίθημιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaalN DSF · Βααλproper name within the narrative sequence→ participant identificationΒααλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aorist (death notice)θνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'he died'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
2
καὶ προσέθετο τοῦ ἁμαρτάνειν ἔτι καὶ ἐποίησαν ἑαυτοῖς χώνευμα ἐκ τοῦ ἀργυρίου αὐτῶν κατ' εἰκόνα εἰδώλων ἔργα τεκτόνων συντετελεσμένα αὐτοῖς αὐτοὶ λέγουσιν θύσατε ἀνθρώπους μόσχοι γὰρ ἐκλελοίπασιν
And they added still further to sin, and they made for themselves a molten image from their silver according to the likeness of idols, works of craftsmen completed for them. They say, 'Sacrifice men, for the calves have failed.'
The indictment presses from sin into cultic grotesquerie: humanly fashioned images become the center of a worship so disordered it speaks in absurd and deadly terms.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέθετοaddedVEI AMI3S · τίθημι + προςmain verb governing the infinitive δοξάσαι→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeτίθημι + προς: meaning 'added'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb governing the infinitive δοξάσαι.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτάνεινsinV1 PAN · ἁμαρτάνωinfinitive complement within the clause→ infinitival complementἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'sin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement within the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χώνευμαmolten imageN3M ASN · χώνευμαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ watching, vision, and woe against empireχώνευμα: meaning 'molten image'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατ': meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
εἰκόναlikenessN3N ASF · εἰκωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalεἰκων: meaning 'likeness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰδώλωνidolsN2N GPN · εἴδωλονgenitive modifier of 'likenesses'→ relational specificationεἴδωλον: meaning 'idols'; it serves as genitive modifier of 'likenesses'.
ἔργαworksN2N APN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τεκτόνωνof craftsmenN3N GPM · τέκτωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτέκτων: meaning 'of craftsmen'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συντετελεσμέναcompletedVM · χππαπν τελέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχππαπν τελέω + συν: meaning 'completed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγουσινsayV1 PAI3P · λέγωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ present verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
θύσατεsacrificeVA AAD2P · θύωmain verb of Pharaoh's command (his compromise: sacrifice in the land)→ verbal action or stateθύω: meaning 'sacrifice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of Pharaoh's command (his compromise: sacrifice in the land).
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
μόσχοιof the bullsN2 NPM · μόσχοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ participant prominenceμόσχος: meaning 'of the bulls'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλελοίπασινhave failedVX XAI3P · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'have failed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
διὰ τοῦτο ἔσονται ὡς νεφέλη πρωινὴ καὶ ὡς δρόσος ὀρθρινὴ πορευομένη ὥσπερ χνοῦς ἀποφυσώμενος ἀφ' ἅλωνος καὶ ὡς ἀτμὶς ἀπὸ ἀκρίδων
Because of this they shall be like a morning cloud and like early dew passing away, like chaff blown from the threshing floor, and like vapor from locusts.
The people who trusted in durable cult and power are instead likened to transient substances driven off by the day and by the wind.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
νεφέληcloudN1 NSF · νεφέληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ nominative element contributing participant or descriptionνεφέλη: meaning 'cloud'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρωινὴmorningA1 NSF · πρωινόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionπρωινός: meaning 'morning'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
δρόσοςdewN2 NSF · δρόσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδρόσος: meaning 'dew'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀρθρινὴearlyA1 NSF · ὀρθρινόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measured judgment and providential contrastὀρθρινός: meaning 'early'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πορευομένηpassing awayV1 · πμπνσφ πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνσφ πορεύομαι: meaning 'passing away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
χνοῦςchaffN3 NSM · χνοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ public reversal and the collapse of the ungodlyχνοῦς: meaning 'chaff'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀποφυσώμενοςblown awayV3 · πμπνσμ φυσάω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνσμ φυσάω + ἀπο: meaning 'blown away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἅλωνοςthreshing floorN3W GSF · ἅλωνgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἅλων: meaning 'threshing floor'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀτμὶςvaporN3D NSF · ἀτμίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀτμίς: meaning 'vapor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀκρίδωνof locustsN3D GPF · ἀκρίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀκρίς: meaning 'of locusts'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
4
ἐγὼ δὲ κύριος ὁ θεός σου στερεῶν οὐρανὸν καὶ κτίζων γῆν οὗ αἱ χεῖρες ἔκτισαν πᾶσαν τὴν στρατιὰν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ οὐ παρέδειξά σοι αὐτὰ τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ὀπίσω αὐτῶν καὶ ἐγὼ ἀνήγαγόν σε ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ θεὸν πλὴν ἐμοῦ οὐ γνώσῃ καὶ σῴζων οὐκ ἔστιν πάρεξ ἐμοῦ
But I am the Lord your God, establishing heaven and creating earth, whose hands created all the host of heaven; and I did not show them to you for your going after them. And I brought you up from the land of Egypt, and besides me you shall know no God, and there is no savior except me.
The Lord answers idolatry by restating creation and exodus theology together: the maker of heaven is also the redeemer of Israel, and therefore the only proper object of trust.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
στερεῶνestablishingV4 · παπνσμ στερεόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ στερεόω: meaning 'establishing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κτίζωνcreatingV1 · παπνσμ κτίζωparticipial verbal form modifying the subject and advancing the description→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κτίζω: meaning 'creating'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the subject and advancing the description.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χεῖρεςhandsN3 NPF · χείρsubject (of implied 'were')→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as subject (of implied 'were').
ἔκτισανcreatedVAI AAI3P · κτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκτίζω: meaning 'created'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιὰνarmyN1A ASF · στρατιάaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object focus or directional goalστρατιά: meaning 'army'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
παρέδειξάI showedVAI AAI1S · δεικνύω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδεικνύω + παρα: meaning 'I showed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto goV1 PMN · πορεύομαιinfinitive expressing the only available course→ present middle infinitive of manner of lifeπορεύομαι: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing the only available course.
ὀπίσωafter / behindP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀνήγαγόνI brought upVBI AAI1S · ἄγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἄγω + ἀνα: meaning 'I brought up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
πλὴνexceptP · πλήνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relation→ spatial or relational framingπλὴν: meaning 'except'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relation.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
γνώσῃgignoskoVF FMI2S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ future verbal form projecting the announced actionγιγνώσκω: meaning 'gignosko'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σῴζωνsavingV1 · παπνσμ σώζωparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπαπνσμ σώζω: meaning 'saving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πάρεξparexP · πάρεξpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingπάρεξ: meaning 'parex'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
5
ἐγὼ ἐποίμαινόν σε ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἐν γῇ ἀοικήτῳ
I shepherded you in the wilderness, in an uninhabited land.
The brief recollection of wilderness shepherding frames the coming judgment as requital for forgotten dependence.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐποίμαινόνI shepherdedV1I IAI1S · ποιμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseποιμαίνω: meaning 'I shepherded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessN2 DSF · ἔρημοςnominal term functioning in a dat relation→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a dat relation.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ἀοικήτῳuninhabitedA1B DSF · ἀοίκητοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientἀοίκητος: meaning 'uninhabited'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
6
κατὰ τὰς νομὰς αὐτῶν καὶ ἐνεπλήσθησαν εἰς πλησμονήν καὶ ὑψώθησαν αἱ καρδίαι αὐτῶν ἕνεκα τούτου ἐπελάθοντό μου
According to their pastures they were filled unto fullness, and their hearts were lifted up; because of this they forgot me.
Prosperity becomes spiritually dangerous here: satiation swells the heart until the giver himself is forgotten.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νομὰςpastureN1 APF · νομήaccusative object or complement→ abrupt reversal within the oracleνομή: meaning 'pasture'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεπλήσθησανinVSI API3P · πίμπλημι + ἐνfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ zophar: brief triumph and bitter endπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πλησμονήνfullnessN1 ASF · πλησμονήaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationπλησμονή: meaning 'fullness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑψώθησανlift highVCI API3P · ὑψόωmain verb of the concluding summary→ constative aorist passiveὑψόω: meaning 'lift high'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the concluding summary.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καρδίαιheartsN1A NPF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ speech, worship, and inward dispositionκαρδία: meaning 'hearts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἕνεκαfor the sake ofP · ἕνεκαpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκα: meaning 'for the sake of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its object within the phrase.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐπελάθοντόthey forgotVBI AMI3P · λανθάνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'they forgot'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
7
καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτοῖς ὡς πανθὴρ καὶ ὡς πάρδαλις κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν Ἀσσυρίων
And I will be to them like a panther and like a leopard on the road of the Assyrians.
The shepherd becomes predator. The imagery marks a terrible reversal in the divine relation to a people who would not remember him.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσομαιbeVF FMI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πανθὴρpantherN3 NSM · πανθήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionπανθήρ: meaning 'panther'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάρδαλιςleopardN3I NSM · πάρδαλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionπάρδαλις: meaning 'leopard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸνwayN2 ASF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ object specificationὁδὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈσσυρίωνAssyriansN2 GPM · Ἀσσύριοςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἈσσυρίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent within the phrase.
8
ἀπαντήσομαι αὐτοῖς ὡς ἄρκος ἀπορουμένη καὶ διαρρήξω συγκλεισμὸν καρδίας αὐτῶν καὶ καταφάγονται αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ σκύμνοι δρυμοῦ θηρία ἀγροῦ διασπάσει αὐτούς
I will meet them like a bear in distress, and I will tear apart the enclosure of their heart; and there young lions shall devour them, and beasts of the field shall tear them to pieces.
The judgment imagery intensifies into direct assault, with inner enclosure, body, and community all exposed to devouring powers.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀπαντήσομαιI will meetVF FMI1S · ἀντάω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀντάω + ἀπο: meaning 'I will meet'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄρκοςbearN2 NSF · ἄρκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἄρκος: meaning 'bear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπορουμένηin distressV2 · πμπνσφ ἀπορέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνσφ ἀπορέω: meaning 'in distress'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαρρήξωtoreVF FAI1S · ῥήγνυμι + διαfinite verb governing the clause→ constative aoristῥήγνυμι + δια: meaning 'tore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
συγκλεισμὸνenclosureN2 ASM · συγκλεισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυγκλεισμός: meaning 'enclosure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive dependent→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive dependent.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφάγονταιdevourVF FMI3P · ἐσθίω + καταfuture verb projecting the coming action→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as future verb projecting the coming action.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ adverbial nuanceἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
σκύμνοιyoung lionsN2 NPM · σκύμνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκύμνος: meaning 'young lions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δρυμοῦforestN2 GSM · δρυμόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationδρυμός: meaning 'forest'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
θηρίαwild beastsN2N NPN · θηρίονcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθηρίον: meaning 'wild beasts'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
διασπάσειshall tear to piecesVF FAI3S · σπάω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσπάω + δια: meaning 'shall tear to pieces'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
9
τῇ διαφθορᾷ σου Ισραηλ τίς βοηθήσει
In your destruction, Israel, who will help you?
The rhetorical question strips away every imagined rescuer and leaves Israel face to face with its own undoing.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαφθορᾷdestructionN1A DSF · διαφθοράdative element functioning within the clause→ sphere or referenceδιαφθορά: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN VSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the clause or phrase.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
βοηθήσειwill helpVF FAI3S · βοηθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβοηθέω: meaning 'will help'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
ποῦ ὁ βασιλεύς σου οὗτος καὶ διασωσάτω σε ἐν πάσαις ταῖς πόλεσίν σου κρινάτω σε ὃν εἶπας δός μοι βασιλέα καὶ ἄρχοντα
Where is this king of yours? Let him save you in all your cities and let him judge you, he of whom you said, 'Give me a king and a ruler.'
The long-desired monarchy is recalled in bitter irony: the king once demanded as security proves unable to save.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb (introducing deliberative indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastποῦ: meaning 'where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διασωσάτωlet him saveVA AAD3S · σώζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσώζω + δια: meaning 'let him save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσαιςall / everyA1S DPF · πᾶςdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσίνcitiesN3I DPF · πόλιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ reference or interestπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κρινάτωjudgeVA AAD3S · κρίνωfinite verb advancing the clauseκρίνω: meaning 'judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
εἶπαςeiponVAI AAI2S · εἶπονfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
δόςgiveVO AAD2S · δίδωμιfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρχονταcommanderN3 ASM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'commander'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
11
καὶ ἔδωκά σοι βασιλέα ἐν ὀργῇ μου καὶ ἔσχον ἐν τῷ θυμῷ μου
And I gave you a king in my anger, and I held him in my wrath.
Kingship itself is reread as judicial concession rather than blessing, held under the pressure of divine displeasure.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκάgiveVAI AAI1S · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form carrying the clause's action forwardδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀργῇwith angerN1 DSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσχονI heldVBI AAI1S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ eventἔχω: meaning 'I held'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμῷwrathN2 DSM · θυμόςDative complement→ sphere or referenceθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as Dative complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
12
συστροφὴν ἀδικίας Εφραιμ ἐγκεκρυμμένη ἡ ἁμαρτία αὐτοῦ
The conspiracy of Ephraim's injustice is stored up; his sin is hidden away.
Nothing is forgotten. Guilt is pictured as kept in reserve, waiting for the moment of disclosure and payment.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
συστροφὴνassemblyN1 ASF · συστροφήdirect object of ἐπισυστρέψαισυστροφή: meaning 'assembly'; it serves as direct object of ἐπισυστρέψαι.
ἀδικίαςinjusticeN1A GSF · ἀδικίαgenitive object of ὑπέρ→ relational specificationἀδικία: meaning 'injustice'; it serves as genitive object of ὑπέρ.
ΕφραιμEphraimN NSM · Ἐφράιμname-item in the genealogical register→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
ἐγκεκρυμμένηhidden awayVP · χμπνσφ κρύπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνσφ κρύπτω + ἐν: meaning 'hidden away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinN1A NSF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
13
ὠδῖνες ὡς τικτούσης ἥξουσιν αὐτῷ οὗτος ὁ υἱός σου οὐ φρόνιμος διότι οὐ μὴ ὑποστῇ ἐν συντριβῇ τέκνων
Pangs like those of a woman giving birth shall come upon him; this is your son, not wise, because he shall certainly not stand in the breaking of children.
Birth imagery turns ominous: instead of emerging wisely into life, the son remains at the crisis-point and so embodies folly under judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ὠδῖνεςpangN3 NPF · ὠδίνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceὠδίν: meaning 'pang'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τικτούσηςher who bearsV1 · παπγσφ τίκτωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'of the woman who bears')→ gnomic/customary present participle (the typical case)παπγσφ τίκτω: meaning 'her who bears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival participle (genitive: 'of the woman who bears').
ἥξουσινshall comeVF FAI3P · ἥκωmain verb (blessings personified as subject)→ futureἥκω: meaning 'shall come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (blessings personified as subject).
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
φρόνιμοςwiseA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ peace, loyalty, and restrained speechφρόνιμος: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑποστῇwithstandVH AAS3S · ἵστημι + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἵστημι + ὑπο: meaning 'withstand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
συντριβῇcrushingN1 DSF · συντριβήdative complement after σαλευθήτωσαν→ sphere or referenceσυντριβή: meaning 'crushing'; it serves as dative complement after σαλευθήτωσαν.
τέκνωνteknonN2N GPN · τέκνονgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation→ relational specificationτέκνον: meaning 'teknon'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
14
ἐκ χειρὸς ᾅδου ῥύσομαι αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐκ θανάτου λυτρώσομαι αὐτούς ποῦ ἡ δίκη σου θάνατε ποῦ τὸ κέντρον σου ᾅδη παράκλησις κέκρυπται ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν μου
From the hand of Hades I will rescue them, and from death I will redeem them. Where is your penalty, O death? Where is your sting, O Hades? Consolation is hidden from my eyes.
The chapter opens a startling crack in the oracle by naming rescue from Hades and taunting death itself, even while refusing cheap sentimentality about the cost of judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ᾅδουto HadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationᾅδης: meaning 'to Hades'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ῥύσομαιdeliverVF FMI1S · ῥύομαιfinite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion→ future middleῥύομαι: meaning 'deliver'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
θανάτουdeathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
λυτρώσομαιredeemVF FMI1S · λυτρόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future middle verbal form projecting a coming actionλυτρόω: meaning 'redeem'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb (introducing deliberative indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastποῦ: meaning 'where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκηjusticeN1 NSF · δίκηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ righteous seeking and rejected duplicityδίκη: meaning 'justice'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θάνατεdeathN2 VSM · θάνατοςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb (introducing deliberative indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastποῦ: meaning 'where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέντρονstingN2N NSN · κέντρονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ folly, quarrels, and hidden hostilityκέντρον: meaning 'sting'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ᾅδηHadesN1M VSM · ᾅδηςvocative nominal element used in direct addressᾅδης: meaning 'Hades'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
παράκλησιςcomfortN3I NSF · παράκλησιςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceπαράκλησις: meaning 'comfort'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
κέκρυπταιis hiddenVP XMI3S · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ bildad: extinguished lamp of the wickedκρύπτω: meaning 'is hidden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesN2 GPM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive substantive after ἀπό→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as genitive substantive after ἀπό.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
15
διότι οὗτος ἀνὰ μέσον ἀδελφῶν διαστελεῖ ἐπάξει ἄνεμον καύσωνα κύριος ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου ἐπ' αὐτόν καὶ ἀναξηρανεῖ τὰς φλέβας αὐτοῦ ἐξερημώσει τὰς πηγὰς αὐτοῦ αὐτὸς καταξηρανεῖ τὴν γῆν αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη τὰ ἐπιθυμητὰ αὐτοῦ
Because this one will divide among brothers, the Lord will bring upon him a scorching east wind from the wilderness; it will dry up his veins, it will desolate his springs; he himself will dry up his land and all his desirable vessels.
The closing east wind gathers the chapter back into devastation: body, water, land, and treasured goods all wither under the Lord's desert blast.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
διαστελεῖwill divideVF2 FAI3S · στέλλω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseστέλλω + δια: meaning 'will divide'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπάξειwill bringVF FAI3S · ἄγω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureἄγω + ἐπι: meaning 'will bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἄνεμονwindN2 ASM · ἄνεμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καύσωναscorching east windN3W ASM · καύσωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαύσων: meaning 'scorching east wind'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναξηρανεῖwill dry upVF2 FAI3S · ξηραίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseξηραίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'will dry up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φλέβαςveinsN3 APF · φλέψaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalφλέψ: meaning 'veins'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξερημώσειwill desolateVF FAI3S · ἐρημόω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐρημόω + ἐκ: meaning 'will desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πηγὰςπηγήN1 APF · πηγήObject / complement→ object specificationπηγή: meaning 'πηγή'; it serves as Object / complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καταξηρανεῖwill dry upVF2 FAI3S · ξηραίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseξηραίνω + κατα: meaning 'will dry up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'implements'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμητὰdesirableA1 APN · ἐπιθυμητόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ siege, plunder, and imperial collapseἐπιθυμητός: meaning 'desirable'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.