1
τῇ Μωαβ οὕτως εἶπεν κύριος οὐαὶ ἐπὶ Ναβαυ ὅτι ὤλετο ἐλήμφθη Καριαθαιμ ᾐσχύνθη Αμαθ καὶ ἡττήθη
Concerning Moab, thus says the Lord: Woe to Nabo, for it is destroyed; Kariathaim has been taken, Hamath is shamed and overthrown.
Opens with a fresh oracle heading and immediately names the first great city-fall of Moab.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωαβMoabN DSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΝαβαυNaboN AS · Ναβαυnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝαβαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤλετοwas ruinedVBI AMI3S · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄλλυμι: meaning 'was ruined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλήμφθηhe was takenVVI API3S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'he was taken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΚαριαθαιμKariathaimN NS · Καριαθαιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚαριαθαιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ᾐσχύνθηput to shameVCI API3S · αἰσχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἰσχύνω: meaning 'put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑμαθHamathN NSM · Αμαθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡττήθηwas defeatedVCI API3S · ἡττάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἡττάω: meaning 'was defeated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
οὐκ ἔστιν ἔτι ἰατρεία Μωαβ ἀγαυρίαμα ἐν Εσεβων ἐλογίσαντο ἐπ' αὐτὴν κακά ἐκόψαμεν αὐτὴν ἀπὸ ἔθνους καὶ παῦσιν παύσεται ὄπισθέν σου βαδιεῖται μάχαιρα
There is no longer healing for Moab. In Heshbon they have devised evils against her: 'We will cut her off from being a nation.' You too shall utterly fall silent; a sword will go behind you.
The speaker expands the ruin from one city to the whole nation, exposing Moab's collapse as complete and irreversible.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰατρείαhealingN1A NSF · ἰατρείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰατρεία: meaning 'healing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΜωαβMoabN GSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀγαυρίαμαprideN3M NSN · ἀγαυρίαμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαυρίαμα: meaning 'pride'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonN DS · Εσεβωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕσεβων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐλογίσαντοimaginedVAI AMI3P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'imagined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κακάevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκόψαμενwe have cut offVAI AAI1P · κόπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκόπτω: meaning 'we have cut off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔθνουςnationN3E GSN · ἔθνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παῦσινutterlyN3I ASF · παύσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαύσις: meaning 'utterly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παύσεταιcease / stopVF FMI3S · παύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπαύω: meaning 'cease'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὄπισθένafterD · ὄπισθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὄπισθέν: meaning 'after'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαδιεῖταιshall goVF2 FMI3S · βαδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαδίζω: meaning 'shall go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μάχαιραswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
3
ὅτι φωνὴ κεκραγότων ἐξ Ωρωναιμ ὄλεθρος καὶ σύντριμμα μέγα
For there is a voice of those crying out from Horonaim: devastation and great ruin.
A cry from Horonaim gives the soundscape of judgment before more explanation follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνὴsoundN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κεκραγότωνcrying outVX · χαπγπμ κράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπγπμ κράζω: meaning 'crying out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΩρωναιμHoronaimN GS · Ωρωναιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΩρωναιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὄλεθροςdestructionN2 NSM · ὄλεθροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄλεθρος: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύντριμμαruinN3M ASN · σύντριμμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσύντριμμα: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μέγαgreatA1P ASN · μέγαςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
4
συνετρίβη Μωαβ ἀναγγείλατε εἰς Ζογορα
Moab is shattered; announce it in Zoar.
The ruin is made public, summoning the hearer to spread the news of Moab's fracture.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
συνετρίβηwas crushedVDI API3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'was crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβΜωαβN NSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀναγγείλατεproclaimVA AAD2P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'proclaim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΖογοραZoarN AS · Ζογοραnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖογορα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
5
ὅτι ἐπλήσθη Αλαωθ ἐν κλαυθμῷ ἀναβήσεται κλαίων ἐν ὁδῷ Ωρωναιμ κραυγὴν συντρίμματος ἠκούσατε
For the ascent of Luhith is filled with weeping; on the road to Horonaim they heard a cry of destruction.
Geography becomes a path of tears as ascent and descent alike are filled with mourning.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλήσθηwas fulfilledVSI API3S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: meaning 'was fulfilled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑλαωθLuhithN NS · Αλαωθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑλαωθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κλαυθμῷweepingN2 DSM · κλαυθμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκλαυθμός: meaning 'weeping'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀναβήσεταιgo upVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κλαίωνklaioV1 · παπνσμ κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κλαίω: meaning 'klaio'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁδῷwayN2 DSF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΩρωναιμHoronaimN GS · Ωρωναιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΩρωναιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κραυγὴνkraygenN1 ASF · κραυγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκραυγή: meaning 'kraygen'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συντρίμματοςdestructionN3M GSN · σύντριμμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσύντριμμα: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἠκούσατεheardVAI AAI2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
φεύγετε καὶ σώσατε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν καὶ ἔσεσθε ὥσπερ ὄνος ἄγριος ἐν ἐρήμῳ
Flee and save your lives, and you shall be like a wild donkey in the wilderness.
The oracle briefly addresses the threatened population directly, urging escape before the devastation overtakes them.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
φεύγετεfleeV1 PAD2P · φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφεύγω: meaning 'flee'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σώσατεsaveVA AAD2P · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσώζω: meaning 'save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσεσθεyou wereVF FMI2P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'you were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνοςdonkeyN2 NSM · ὄνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνος: meaning 'donkey'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄγριοςwildA1A NSM · ἄγριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄγριος: meaning 'wild'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessN2 DSF · ἔρημοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
7
ἐπειδὴ ἐπεποίθεις ἐν ὀχυρώμασίν σου καὶ σὺ συλλημφθήσῃ καὶ ἐξελεύσεται Χαμως ἐν ἀποικίᾳ οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες αὐτοῦ ἅμα
Because you trusted in your strongholds, you also shall be captured, and Chemosh shall go out into exile with his priests and his rulers together.
Moab's trust in defenses and in Chemosh is given as the reason the nation and its cult will go into exile.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐπειδὴἐπειδὴC · ἐπειδήconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπειδὴ: meaning 'ἐπειδὴ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεποίθειςepepoitheisVXI YAI2S · πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπείθω: meaning 'epepoitheis'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὀχυρώμασίνstrongholdsN3M DPN · ὀχύρωμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀχύρωμα: meaning 'strongholds'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συλλημφθήσῃshall be capturedVV FPI2S · λαμβάνω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω + συν: meaning 'shall be captured'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεύσεταιshall come forthVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'shall come forth'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΧαμωςChemoshN NS · Χαμωςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧαμως: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀποικίᾳexileN1A DSF · ἀποικίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀποικία: meaning 'exile'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἅμα: meaning 'together'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
8
καὶ ἥξει ὄλεθρος ἐπὶ πᾶσαν πόλιν καὶ πόλις οὐ μὴ σωθῇ καὶ ἀπολεῖται ὁ αὐλών καὶ ἐξολεθρευθήσεται ἡ πεδινή καθὼς εἶπεν κύριος
The destroyer shall come upon every city, and no city shall escape; the valley shall perish, and the plain shall be destroyed, just as the Lord said.
The sentence widens to every city and to both valley and plain, underscoring that no zone is exempt.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὄλεθροςdestructionN2 NSM · ὄλεθροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄλεθρος: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σωθῇsaveVC APS3S · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσώζω: meaning 'save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολεῖταιwill perishVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'will perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλώνvalleyN3W GPM · αὐλώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαὐλών: meaning 'valley'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξολεθρευθήσεταιdestroyVC FPI3S · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδινήplainA1 NSF · πεδεινόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπεδεινός: meaning 'plain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
9
δότε σημεῖα τῇ Μωαβ ὅτι ἁφῇ ἀναφθήσεται καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ πόλεις αὐτῆς εἰς ἄβατον ἔσονται πόθεν ἔνοικος αὐτῇ
Give signs to Moab, for she will be kindled into burning, and all her cities shall become desolate, with no inhabitant in them.
The command is ironic: Moab needs funeral markers because her cities are on their way to utter abandonment.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
δότεgiveVO AAD2P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σημεῖαsemeiaN2N APN · σημεῖονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσημεῖον: meaning 'semeia'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωαβMoabN DSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁφῇreleaseN1 DSF · ἁφήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἁφή: meaning 'release'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀναφθήσεταιshall be kindledVC FPI3S · φθάνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφθάνω + ἀνα: meaning 'shall be kindled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄβατονinaccessibleA1B ASM · ἄβατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄβατος: meaning 'inaccessible'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόθενwhere fromD · πόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπόθεν: meaning 'where from'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔνοικοςinhabitantA1B NSM · ἔνοικοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔνοικος: meaning 'inhabitant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
ἐπικατάρατος ὁ ποιῶν τὰ ἔργα κυρίου ἀμελῶς ἐξαίρων μάχαιραν αὐτοῦ ἀφ' αἵματος
Cursed is the one who does the works of the Lord negligently, keeping back his sword from blood.
A proverb-like curse intensifies the chapter, insisting that this devastation is a divinely sanctioned work of judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐπικατάρατοςaccursedA1B NSM · ἐπικατάρατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπικατάρατος: meaning 'accursed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῶνdoing / workingV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀμελῶςnegligentlyD · ἀμελῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἀμελῶς: meaning 'negligently'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαίρωνἐξαίρωνV1 · παπνσμ αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ αἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξαίρων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μάχαιρανswordN1A ASF · μάχαιραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
11
ἀνεπαύσατο Μωαβ ἐκ παιδαρίου καὶ πεποιθὼς ἦν ἐπὶ τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐνέχεεν ἐξ ἀγγείου εἰς ἀγγεῖον καὶ εἰς ἀποικισμὸν οὐκ ᾤχετο διὰ τοῦτο ἔστη γεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ὀσμὴ αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐξέλιπεν
Moab has been at rest from youth and has trusted in his glory. He has not been poured from vessel to vessel, and he has not gone into exile; therefore his taste has remained in him, and his smell has not failed.
Moab's long ease is compared to undisturbed wine, explaining why the nation retained its old flavor of pride.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἀνεπαύσατοhe restedVAI AMI3S · παύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπαύω + ἀνα: meaning 'he rested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβΜωαβN NSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παιδαρίουof the boyN2N GSN · παιδάριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαιδάριον: meaning 'of the boy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεποιθὼςtrustVX · χαπνσμ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνσμ πείθω: meaning 'trust'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξῃgloryN1S DSF · δόξαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέχεενwas pouredV2I IAI3S · χέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processχέω + ἐν: meaning 'was poured'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγγείουvesselN2N GSN · ἀγγεῖονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγγεῖον: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγγεῖονvesselN2N ASN · ἀγγεῖονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγγεῖον: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀποικισμὸνexileN2 ASM · ἀποικισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀποικισμός: meaning 'exile'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤχετοοἴχομαιV1I IMI3S · οἴχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἴχομαι: meaning 'οἴχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔστηstandVHI AAI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γεῦμαtasteN3M NSN · γεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγεῦμα: meaning 'taste'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀσμὴfragranceN1 NSF · ὀσμήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀσμή: meaning 'fragrance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλιπενfail / run shortVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'fail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
διὰ τοῦτο ἰδοὺ ἡμέραι ἔρχονται φησὶν κύριος καὶ ἀποστελῶ αὐτῷ κλίνοντας καὶ κλινοῦσιν αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ λεπτυνοῦσιν καὶ τὰ κέρατα αὐτοῦ συγκόψουσιν
Therefore behold, days are coming, says the Lord, when I will send him tilters, and they shall tilt him over; they shall empty his vessels and smash his horns.
The Lord answers that settled ease by sending handlers who will pour Moab out and shatter its strength.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραιdayN1A NPF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔρχονταιare comingV1 PMI3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'are coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φησὶνsaysV6 PAI3S · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστελῶsendVF2 FAI1S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'send'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κλίνονταςtiltersV1 · παπαπμ κλίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ κλίνω: meaning 'tilters'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλινοῦσινshall tiltVF2 FAI3P · κλίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκλίνω: meaning 'shall tilt'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'implements'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λεπτυνοῦσινshall empty outVF2 FAI3P · λεπτύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλεπτύνω: meaning 'shall empty out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsN3T APN · κέραςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκέρας: meaning 'horns'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συγκόψουσινcut downVF FAI3P · κόπτω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκόπτω + συν: meaning 'cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
καὶ καταισχυνθήσεται Μωαβ ἀπὸ Χαμως ὥσπερ κατῃσχύνθη οἶκος Ισραηλ ἀπὸ Βαιθηλ ἐλπίδος αὐτῶν πεποιθότες ἐπ' αὐτοῖς
And Moab shall be ashamed because of Chemosh, just as the house of Israel was ashamed because of Bethel, their hope, when they trusted in them.
The fall of Chemosh is aligned with Israel's shame at Bethel, showing idolatrous hope collapsing in parallel fashion.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταισχυνθήσεταιshall be put to shameVC FPI3S · αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'shall be put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN NSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΧαμωςChemoshN GS · Χαμωςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧαμως: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῃσχύνθηwas put to shameVCI API3S · αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'was put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΒαιθηλBethelN GS · Βαιθηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐλπίδοςhopeN3D GSF · ἐλπίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πεποιθότεςtrustingVX · χαπνπμ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνπμ πείθω: meaning 'trusting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
πῶς ἐρεῖτε ἰσχυροί ἐσμεν καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἰσχύων εἰς τὰ πολεμικά
How can you say, 'We are mighty, and men strong for war'?
The prophet mocks Moab's martial self-confidence before narrating its exposure.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖτεyou shall sayVF2 FAI2P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'you shall say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχυροίmightyA1A NPM · ἰσχυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐσμενbeV9 PAI1P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰσχύωνbe strongN3U GPF · ἰσχύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'be strong'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμικάwarA1 APN · πολεμικόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολεμικός: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
15
ὤλετο Μωαβ πόλις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ νεανίσκοι αὐτοῦ κατέβησαν εἰς σφαγήν
Moab is destroyed, his city, and his chosen young men have gone down to slaughter.
The boast is answered with a terse report: city ruined, elite youths slaughtered.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὤλετοwas ruinedVBI AMI3S · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄλλυμι: meaning 'was ruined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN GSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλεκτοὶchosenA1 NPM · ἐκλεκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέβησανthey went downVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'they went down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σφαγήνslaughterN1 ASF · σφαγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσφαγή: meaning 'slaughter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
16
ἐγγὺς ἡμέρα Μωαβ ἐλθεῖν καὶ πονηρία αὐτοῦ ταχεῖα σφόδρα
The day of Moab is near to come, and his calamity is very swift.
The timing of the blow is pressed hard; the evil is not distant but rushing in.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐγγὺςnearD · ἐγγύςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐγγὺς: meaning 'near'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΜωαβMoabN GSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐλθεῖνto comeVB AAN · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἔρχομαι: meaning 'to come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πονηρίαponeriaN1A NSF · πονηρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρία: meaning 'poneria'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ταχεῖαswiftA3U NSF · ταχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceταχύς: meaning 'swift'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
17
κινήσατε αὐτῷ πάντες κυκλόθεν αὐτοῦ πάντες εἰδότες ὄνομα αὐτοῦ εἴπατε πῶς συνετρίβη βακτηρία εὐκλεής ῥάβδος μεγαλώματος
Mourn for him, all you round about him, all who know his name; say, 'How the glorious staff has been broken, the rod of majesty.'
Neighbors are summoned to speak the dirge over Moab's broken authority and lost splendor.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
κινήσατεmournVA AAD2P · κινέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκινέω: meaning 'mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυκλόθενall aroundD · κυκλόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκυκλόθεν: meaning 'all around'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰδότεςknowingVBI AAPNPMO(RA/Wverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participial qualificationεἰδότες: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἴπατεsayVAI AAI2P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετρίβηwas crushedVDI API3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'was crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βακτηρίαrodN1A NSF · βακτηρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβακτηρία: meaning 'rod'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐκλεήςgloriousA3H NSF · εὐκλεήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐκλεής: meaning 'glorious'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ῥάβδοςstaffN2 NSF · ῥάβδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥάβδος: meaning 'staff'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μεγαλώματοςmajestyN3M GSN · μεγάλωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμεγάλωμα: meaning 'majesty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
18
κατάβηθι ἀπὸ δόξης καὶ κάθισον ἐν ὑγρασίᾳ καθημένη Δαιβων ἐκτρίβητε ὅτι ὤλετο Μωαβ ἀνέβη εἰς σὲ λυμαινόμενος ὀχύρωμά σου
Come down from glory and sit in dampness, O inhabitant of Dibon, for the destroyer of Moab has come up against you; he has ruined your fortress.
Dibon is told to descend from glory to disgrace because the destroyer has already reached its defenses.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
κατάβηθιcome downVZ AAD2S · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'come down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάθισονstay / remainVA AAD2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵζω + κατα: meaning 'stay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑγρασίᾳὑγρασίᾳN1A DSF · ὑγρασίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὑγρασία: meaning 'ὑγρασίᾳ'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καθημένηseatedV5 · πμπνσφ ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'seated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΔαιβωνDibonN NS · Δαιβωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαιβων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐκτρίβητεbe destroyedVD APS2P · τρίβω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτρίβω + ἐκ: meaning 'be destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤλετοwas ruinedVBI AMI3S · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄλλυμι: meaning 'was ruined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN NS · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀνέβηwent upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λυμαινόμενοςdestroyingV1 · πμπνσμ λυμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ λυμαίνω: meaning 'destroying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀχύρωμάfortressN3M NSN · ὀχύρωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀχύρωμα: meaning 'fortress'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
19
ἐφ' ὁδοῦ στῆθι καὶ ἔπιδε καθημένη ἐν Αροηρ καὶ ἐρώτησον φεύγοντα καὶ σῳζόμενον καὶ εἰπόν τί ἐγένετο
Stand by the road and watch, O inhabitant of Aroer; ask the one who flees and the one who escapes, and say, 'What has happened?'
Aroer is stationed as a roadside witness, gathering testimony from fugitives about the disaster.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῦroadN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
στῆθιstandVH AAD2S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπιδεwatchVBI AAD2S · ὁράω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω + ἐπι: meaning 'watch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθημένηseatedV5 · πμπνσφ ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'seated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΑροηρAroerN DSF · Αροηρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑροηρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρώτησονaskVA AAD2S · ἐρωτάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐρωτάω: meaning 'ask'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φεύγονταfleeingV1 · παπασμ φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ φεύγω: meaning 'fleeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σῳζόμενονescapingV1 · πμπασμ σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασμ σώζω: meaning 'escaping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰπόνsayVBI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
20
κατῃσχύνθη Μωαβ ὅτι συνετρίβη ὀλόλυξον καὶ κέκραξον ἀνάγγειλον ἐν Αρνων ὅτι ὤλετο Μωαβ
Moab is put to shame, for he is broken. Wail and cry out; announce by the Arnon that Moab is destroyed.
The witness report becomes a command to wail publicly and spread the news along the Arnon.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
κατῃσχύνθηwas put to shameVCI API3S · αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'was put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN NSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετρίβηwas crushedVDI API3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'was crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀλόλυξονhowlVA AAD2S · ὀλολύζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὀλολύζω: meaning 'howl'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κέκραξονcry outVX XAD2S · κράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκράζω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνάγγειλονtell / reportVA AAD2S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'tell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΑρνωνArnonN DS · Αρνωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρνων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤλετοwas ruinedVBI AMI3S · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄλλυμι: meaning 'was ruined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβΜωαβN NSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
21
καὶ κρίσις ἔρχεται εἰς γῆν τοῦ Μισωρ ἐπὶ Χαιλων καὶ ἐπὶ Ιασσα καὶ ἐπὶ Μωφαθ
Judgment has come upon the land of Misor, upon Holon and upon Jassa and upon Mephaath,
A place-by-place list begins, mapping the oracle over the plateau towns.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίσιςjudgmentN3I NSF · κρίσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔρχεταιis comingV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'is coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜισωρMisorN GSM · Μισωρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜισωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΧαιλωνHolonN AS · Χαιλωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧαιλων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙασσαJassaN AS · Ιασσαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙασσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΜωφαθMephaathN AS · Μωφαθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωφαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
22
καὶ ἐπὶ Δαιβων καὶ ἐπὶ Ναβαυ καὶ ἐπ' οἶκον Δεβλαθαιμ
and upon Dibon and upon Nabo and upon the house of Deblathaim,
The catalogue continues, showing the spread of ruin through another cluster of Moabite settlements.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΔαιβωνDibonN AS · Δαιβωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαιβων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΝαβαυNaboN AS · Ναβαυnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝαβαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΔεβλαθαιμDeblathaimN GS · Δεβλαθαιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔεβλαθαιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
23
καὶ ἐπὶ Καριαθαιμ καὶ ἐπ' οἶκον Γαμωλ καὶ ἐπ' οἶκον Μαων
and upon Kariathaim and upon the house of Gamul and upon the house of Maon,
The sentence keeps moving geographically, leaving no room for imagining a protected enclave.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΚαριαθαιμKariathaimN AS · Καριαθαιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚαριαθαιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΓαμωλGamulN GS · Γαμωλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΓαμωλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΜαωνMaonN GS · Μαωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜαων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
24
καὶ ἐπὶ Καριωθ καὶ ἐπὶ Βοσορ καὶ ἐπὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις Μωαβ τὰς πόρρω καὶ τὰς ἐγγύς
and upon Kerioth and upon Bozrah and upon all the cities of Moab, both far and near.
The list reaches both distant and near cities, closing the survey with total coverage.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΚαριωθKeriothN AS · Καριωθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚαριωθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΒοσορBosorN AS · Βοσορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΜωαβMoabN GS · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόρρωporroD · πόρρωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπόρρω: meaning 'porro'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγγύςnearD · ἐγγύςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐγγύς: meaning 'near'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
25
κατεάχθη κέρας Μωαβ καὶ τὸ ἐπίχειρον αὐτοῦ συνετρίβη
The horn of Moab is broken, and his arm is crushed.
Broken horn and crushed arm summarize Moab's political and military collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
κατεάχθηwas brokenVQI API3S · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + κατα: meaning 'was broken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κέραςhornN3T NSN · κέραςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκέρας: meaning 'horn'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΜωαβMoabN GSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίχειρονarmN2N ASN · ἐπίχειρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπίχειρον: meaning 'arm'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συνετρίβηwas crushedVDI API3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'was crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
26
μεθύσατε αὐτόν ὅτι ἐπὶ κύριον ἐμεγαλύνθη καὶ ἐπικρούσει Μωαβ ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσται εἰς γέλωτα καὶ αὐτός
Make him drunk, because he magnified himself against the Lord; Moab shall clap his hands in his own filth and shall himself become a laughingstock.
The nation that exalted itself against the Lord is handed over to drunken disgrace and mockery.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
μεθύσατεmake drunkVA AAD2P · μεθύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμεθύω: meaning 'make drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐμεγαλύνθηgrew great / was magnifiedVCI API3S · μεγαλύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμεγαλύνω: meaning 'grew great'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπικρούσειwill clapVF FAI3S · κρούω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκρούω + ἐπι: meaning 'will clap'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβΜωαβN NSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γέλωταgelosN3T ASM · γέλωςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγέλως: meaning 'gelos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτόςhisRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτός: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
27
καὶ εἰ μὴ εἰς γελοιασμὸν ἦν σοι Ισραηλ εἰ ἐν κλοπαῖς σου εὑρέθη ὅτι ἐπολέμεις αὐτόν
Was not Israel a laughingstock to you? Was he found among your thieves, that you kept shaking your head and fighting against him?
Moab's past contempt for Israel is recalled so that its present humiliation appears morally fitting.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γελοιασμὸνlaughingstockN2 ASM · γελοιασμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγελοιασμός: meaning 'laughingstock'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN VSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κλοπαῖςtheftsN1 DPF · κλοπήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκλοπή: meaning 'thefts'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὑρέθηfindVC API3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπολέμειςkept contendingV2I IAI2S · πολεμέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπολεμέω: meaning 'kept contending'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
28
κατέλιπον τὰς πόλεις καὶ ᾤκησαν ἐν πέτραις οἱ κατοικοῦντες Μωαβ ἐγενήθησαν ὡς περιστεραὶ νοσσεύουσαι ἐν πέτραις στόματι βοθύνου
Leave the cities and dwell in the rocks, O inhabitants of Moab; become like doves nesting at the mouth of a pit in the cliffs.
The inhabitants are driven from urban life into cliff shelters, picturing defeat through animal-like displacement.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
κατέλιπονleave behindVBI AAI3P · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + κατα: meaning 'leave behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤκησανdwellVAI AAI3P · οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκέω: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πέτραιςrocksN1A DPF · πέτραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπέτρα: meaning 'rocks'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN ASF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐγενήθησανaroseVCI API3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'arose'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιστεραὶdoveN1A NPF · περιστεράnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπεριστερά: meaning 'dove'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νοσσεύουσαιnestingV1 · παπνπφ νοσσεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ νοσσεύω: meaning 'nesting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πέτραιςrocksN1A DPF · πέτραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπέτρα: meaning 'rocks'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
βοθύνουpitN2 GSM · βόθυνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβόθυνος: meaning 'pit'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
29
ἤκουσα ὕβριν Μωαβ ὕβρισεν λίαν ὕβριν αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑπερηφανίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑψώθη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ
I have heard of the insolence of Moab; he is very insolent, in his pride and arrogance, and his heart has been lifted up.
The Lord names Moab's arrogance in stacked terms, grounding the judgment in moral posture.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἤκουσαheardVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕβρινinsolenceN3I ASF · ὕβριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕβρις: meaning 'insolence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΜωαβMoabN GSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὕβρισενacted arrogantlyVAI AAI3S · ὑβρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὑβρίζω: meaning 'acted arrogantly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λίανgreatlyD · λίανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastλίαν: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕβρινinsolenceN3I ASF · ὕβριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕβρις: meaning 'insolence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπερηφανίανarroganceN1A ASF · ὑπερηφανίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑπερηφανία: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑψώθηwas exaltedVCI API3S · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὑψόω: meaning 'was exalted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
30
ἐγὼ δὲ ἔγνων ἔργα αὐτοῦ οὐχὶ τὸ ἱκανὸν αὐτοῦ οὐχ οὕτως ἐποίησεν
But I know his works, says the Lord; his strength is not so, and he has not acted accordingly.
The Lord's perfect knowledge strips away Moab's bluff and exposes its vaunted strength as hollow.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωνγιγνώσκωVZI AAI1S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'γιγνώσκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔργαworksN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐχὶnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχὶ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱκανὸνstrengthA1 ASN · ἱκανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱκανός: meaning 'strength'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
31
διὰ τοῦτο ἐπὶ Μωαβ ὀλολύζετε πάντοθεν βοήσατε ἐπ' ἄνδρας Κιραδας αὐχμοῦ
Therefore wail over Moab on every side; cry out for the men of Kir-hares, utterly dried up.
The prophet does not only denounce; he takes up lament over the dried-out men of Kir-hares.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΜωαβMoabN ASF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὀλολύζετεhowlV1 PAD2P · ὀλολύζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὀλολύζω: meaning 'howl'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάντοθενon every sideD · πάντοθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπάντοθεν: meaning 'on every side'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοήσατεcry outVA AAD2P · βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβοάω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄνδραςmenN3 APM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΚιραδαςKir-haresN GSM · Κιραδαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚιραδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
αὐχμοῦof droughtN2 GSM · αὐχμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαὐχμός: meaning 'of drought'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
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ὡς κλαυθμὸν Ιαζηρ ἀποκλαύσομαί σοι ἄμπελος Σεβημα κλήματά σου διῆλθεν θάλασσαν Ιαζηρ ἥψαντο ἐπὶ ὀπώραν σου ἐπὶ τρυγηταῖς σου ὄλεθρος ἐπέπεσεν
With the weeping of Jazer I will weep for you, vine of Sibmah. Your branches passed over the sea; they reached as far as Jazer. The destroyer has fallen upon your summer fruit and your vintage.
The vine of Sibmah becomes the image of Moab's lost fruitfulness, now cut down by the invader.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλαυθμὸνweepingN2 ASM · κλαυθμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλαυθμός: meaning 'weeping'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΙαζηρJazerN NSM · Ιαζηρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙαζηρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀποκλαύσομαίI will weep forVF FMI1S · κλαίω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκλαίω + ἀπο: meaning 'I will weep for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄμπελοςvineN2 NSF · ἄμπελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣεβημαSibmahN GS · Σεβημαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣεβημα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κλήματάbranchesN3M APN · κλῆμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλῆμα: meaning 'branches'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διῆλθενpass throughVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θάλασσανseaN1S ASF · θάλασσαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΙαζηρJazerN NS · Ιαζηρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙαζηρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἥψαντοtouchedVAI AMI3P · ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: meaning 'touched'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὀπώρανsummer fruitN1A ASF · ὀπώραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀπώρα: meaning 'summer fruit'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τρυγηταῖςgrape gatherersN1M DPM · τρυγητήςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτρυγητής: meaning 'grape gatherers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὄλεθροςdestructionN2 NSM · ὄλεθροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄλεθρος: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπέπεσενfell uponVAI AAI3S · πίπτω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω + ἐπι: meaning 'fell upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
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συνεψήσθη χαρμοσύνη καὶ εὐφροσύνη ἐκ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος καὶ οἶνος ἦν ἐπὶ ληνοῖς σου πρωὶ οὐκ ἐπάτησαν οὐδὲ δείλης οὐκ ἐποίησαν αιδαδ
Gladness and rejoicing are taken away from the land of Moab. There was wine in your vats; morning and evening they did not tread them; they did not make the vintage shout.
Agricultural joy and vintage shouts cease, marking judgment by the removal of festal abundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
συνεψήσθηwas taken awayVCI API3S · ψάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristψάω + συν: meaning 'was taken away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χαρμοσύνηgladnessA1 NSF · χαρμόσυνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχαρμόσυνος: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφροσύνηgladnessN1 NSF · εὐφροσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabite landN3D GSF · Μωαβίτιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΜωαβίτιδος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ληνοῖςwine vatsN2 DPF · ληνόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceληνός: meaning 'wine vats'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πρωὶin the morningD · πρωί̈adverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπρωὶ: meaning 'in the morning'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάτησανtrodVAI AAI3P · πατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπατέω: meaning 'trod'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δείληςeveningA1 GSF · δειλόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδειλός: meaning 'evening'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αιδαδvintage shoutN AS · αιδαδadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastαιδαδ: meaning 'vintage shout'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
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ἀπὸ κραυγῆς Εσεβων ἕως Ελεαλη αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν ἔδωκαν φωνὴν αὐτῶν ἀπὸ Ζογορ ἕως Ωρωναιμ καὶ Αγλαθ-σαλισια ὅτι καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ Νεβριμ εἰς κατάκαυμα ἔσται
From the cry of Heshbon as far as Elealeh their cities gave their voice, from Zoar to Horonaim and Eglaath-shelishiyah; for even the water of Nimrim shall become a desolation.
The spread of lament is heard from city to city until even the water sources are touched by ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κραυγῆςoutcryN1 GSF · κραυγήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκραυγή: meaning 'outcry'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonN GS · Εσεβωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕσεβων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΕλεαληElealehN GS · Ελεαληnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕλεαλη: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΖογορζογορN GS · Ζογορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖογορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΩρωναιμHoronaimN G · Ωρωναιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΩρωναιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Αγλαθ-σαλισιαEglaath-shelishiyahN GS · Αγλαθ-σαλισιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑγλαθ-σαλισια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΝεβριμNimrimN G · Νεβριμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝεβριμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κατάκαυμαburned wasteN3M ASN · κατάκαυμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατάκαυμα: meaning 'burned waste'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
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καὶ ἀπολῶ τὸν Μωαβ φησὶν κύριος ἀναβαίνοντα ἐπὶ βωμὸν καὶ θυμιῶντα θεοῖς αὐτοῦ
And I will destroy Moab, says the Lord, the one who goes up to the high place and burns incense to his gods.
The Lord states explicitly that Moab's high-place worship will be removed with the people who practice it.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολῶI will destroyVF2 FAI1S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'I will destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωαβMoabN ASM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
φησὶνsaysV6 PAI3S · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀναβαίνονταgoing upV1 · παπασμ βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ βαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'going up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βωμὸνaltarN2 ASM · βωμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβωμός: meaning 'altar'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυμιῶνταburning incenseV3 · παπασμ θυμιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ θυμιάω: meaning 'burning incense'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεοῖςGodN2 DPM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
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διὰ τοῦτο καρδία μου Μωαβ ὥσπερ αὐλοὶ βομβήσουσιν καρδία μου ἐπ' ἀνθρώπους Κιραδας ὥσπερ αὐλὸς βομβήσει διὰ τοῦτο ἃ περιεποιήσατο ἀπώλετο ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου
Therefore my heart for Moab shall sound like pipes, and my heart for the men of Kir-hares shall sound like a pipe; therefore the riches he gained have perished from a man.
Even within judgment the prophet's heart trembles like mourning pipes, registering grief over the ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN VSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐλοὶpipesN2 NPM · αὐλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαὐλός: meaning 'pipes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βομβήσουσινshall soundVF FAI3P · βομβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβομβέω: meaning 'shall sound'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΚιραδαςKir-haresN GS · Κιραδαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚιραδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐλὸςfluteN2 NSM · αὐλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαὐλός: meaning 'flute'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βομβήσειthunderVF FAI3S · βομβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβομβέω: meaning 'thunder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιεποιήσατοhe acquiredVAI AMI3S · ποιέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω + περι: meaning 'he acquired'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπώλετοperishedVBI AMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'perished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
37
πᾶσαν κεφαλὴν ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ ξυρήσονται καὶ πᾶς πώγων ξυρηθήσεται καὶ πᾶσαι χεῖρες κόψονται καὶ ἐπὶ πάσης ὀσφύος σάκκος
Every head shall be shaved in every place, every beard shall be shorn, all hands shall be cut, and sackcloth shall be on every waist.
Visible signs of bereavement cover bodies and streets, confirming the scale of the catastrophe.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τόπῳplaceN2 DSM · τόποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ξυρήσονταιshall shaveVF FMI3P · ξυράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureξυράω: meaning 'shall shave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πώγωνbeardN3W NSM · πώγωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπώγων: meaning 'beard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ξυρηθήσεταιshall be shavedVC FPI3S · ξυράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureξυράω: meaning 'shall be shaved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χεῖρεςhandsN3 NPF · χείρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κόψονταιthey shall strikeVF FMI3P · κόπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκόπτω: meaning 'they shall strike'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὀσφύοςloinsN3U GSF · ὀσφύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σάκκοςsackclothN2 NSM · σάκκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
38
καὶ ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν δωμάτων Μωαβ καὶ ἐπὶ πλατείαις αὐτῆς ὅτι συνέτριψα τὸν Μωαβ φησὶν κύριος ὡς ἀγγεῖον οὗ οὐκ ἔστιν χρεία αὐτοῦ
On all the roofs of Moab and in her streets there is lament, because I have broken Moab like a vessel for which there is no use, says the Lord.
The lament is explained: Moab has been broken like a discarded pot, fit for no use.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάντωνall / everyA3 GPN · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δωμάτωνroofN3M GPN · δῶμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδῶμα: meaning 'roof'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΜωαβMoabN GSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλατείαιςstreetsA3U DPF · πλατύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'streets'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέτριψαcrushedVAI AAI1S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωαβMoabN AS · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
φησὶνsaysV6 PAI3S · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγγεῖονvesselN2N ASN · ἀγγεῖονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγγεῖον: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χρείαneedN1A NSF · χρείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχρεία: meaning 'need'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
39
πῶς κατήλλαξεν πῶς ἔστρεψεν νῶτον Μωαβ ᾐσχύνθη καὶ ἐγένετο Μωαβ εἰς γέλωτα καὶ ἐγκότημα πᾶσιν τοῖς κύκλῳ αὐτῆς
How it has been changed. How Moab has turned the back in shame and become a laughingstock and a vexation to all around her.
Pauses over the spectacle of reversal as Moab becomes mockery to its neighbors.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατήλλαξενhas been changedVAI AAI3S · ἀλλάσσω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀλλάσσω + κατα: meaning 'has been changed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστρεψενturnVAI AAI3S · στρέφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω: meaning 'turn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νῶτονnotonN2N ASN · νῶτονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνῶτον: meaning 'noton'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΜωαβΜωαβN NSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ᾐσχύνθηput to shameVCI API3S · αἰσχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἰσχύνω: meaning 'put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN NSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γέλωταgelosN3T ASM · γέλωςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγέλως: meaning 'gelos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκότημαobject of vexationN3M ASN · ἐγκότημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐγκότημα: meaning 'object of vexation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'around'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
40
ὅτι οὕτως εἶπεν κύριος
For thus says the Lord:
The brief formula resets the voice before the final summary blows fall.
Word-by-word analysis· 4 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
41
ἐλήμφθη Ακκαριωθ καὶ τὰ ὀχυρώματα συνελήμφθη
Kerioth has been taken, and the strongholds have been seized.
Named strongholds are said to be taken, turning the oracle's threats into accomplished seizure.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ἐλήμφθηhe was takenVVI API3S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'he was taken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑκκαριωθKeriothN NS · Ακκαριωθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑκκαριωθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματαstrongholdsN3M APN · ὀχύρωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: meaning 'strongholds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συνελήμφθηhad been capturedVVI API3S · λαμβάνω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + συν: meaning 'had been captured'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
42
καὶ ἀπολεῖται Μωαβ ἀπὸ ὄχλου ὅτι ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον ἐμεγαλύνθη
And Moab shall be destroyed from being a multitude, because he magnified himself against the Lord.
The theological core is repeated: Moab perishes because it exalted itself against the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολεῖταιwill perishVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'will perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN NSF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὄχλουοχλοςN2 GSM · ὄχλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄχλος: meaning 'οχλος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐμεγαλύνθηgrew great / was magnifiedVCI API3S · μεγαλύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμεγαλύνω: meaning 'grew great'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
43
παγὶς καὶ φόβος καὶ βόθυνος ἐπὶ σοί καθήμενος Μωαβ
Terror and pit and snare are upon you, O inhabitant of Moab.
The old triad of terror, pit, and snare compresses judgment into inescapable images.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
παγὶςsnareN3D NSF · παγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαγίς: meaning 'snare'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βόθυνοςpitN2 NSM · βόθυνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβόθυνος: meaning 'pit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοίyourRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοί: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καθήμενοςπμπνσμ ἧμαιV5 · πμπνσμ ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'πμπνσμ ἧμαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜωαβMoabN GSM · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
44
ὁ φεύγων ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ φόβου ἐμπεσεῖται εἰς τὸν βόθυνον καὶ ὁ ἀναβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ βοθύνου συλλημφθήσεται ἐν τῇ παγίδι ὅτι ἐπάξω ταῦτα ἐπὶ Μωαβ ἐν ἐνιαυτῷ ἐπισκέψεως αὐτῆς
Whoever flees from before the terror shall fall into the pit, and whoever climbs out of the pit shall be caught in the snare; for I will bring these things upon Moab in the year of her visitation.
The last verse seals the inescapability of visitation: every attempted escape leads into another instrument of judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φεύγωνfleeingV1 · παπνσμ φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φεύγω: meaning 'fleeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐμπεσεῖταιwill fallVF2 FMI3S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'will fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βόθυνονpitN2 ASM · βόθυνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβόθυνος: meaning 'pit'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναβαίνωνpapnsm baino + anaV1 · παπνσμ βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ βαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'papnsm baino + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοθύνουpitN2 GSM · βόθυνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβόθυνος: meaning 'pit'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συλλημφθήσεταιwill be caughtVV FPI3S · λαμβάνω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω + συν: meaning 'will be caught'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παγίδιsnareN3D DSF · παγίςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπαγίς: meaning 'snare'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάξωbringVF FAI1S · ἄγω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω + ἐπι: meaning 'bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΜωαβMoabN ASF · Μωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearN2 DSM · ἐνιαυτόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: meaning 'year'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπισκέψεωςoversightN3I GSF · ἐπίσκεψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐπίσκεψις: meaning 'oversight'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.