1
τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ τάδε λέγει κύριος οὐκ ἔστιν ἔτι σοφία ἐν Θαιμαν ἀπώλετο βουλὴ ἐκ συνετῶν ὤχετο σοφία αὐτῶν
Concerning Idumea, thus says the Lord: Is there no longer wisdom in Teman? Counsel has perished from the prudent; their wisdom has gone away.
Opens the Edom section by naming Teman's wisdom, so the coming judgment first attacks a nation's famed discernment.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίᾳIdumeaN1A DSF · Ιδουμαίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ participant identificationΙδουμαίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφίαwisdomN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΘαιμανTemanN DS · Θαιμανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘαιμαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀπώλετοperishedVBI AMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'perished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βουλὴcounselN1 NSF · βουλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συνετῶνsynetosA1 GPM · συνετόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυνετός: meaning 'synetos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὤχετοdepartedV2 PMI3S · ὠχέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὠχέω: meaning 'departed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοφίαwisdomN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
2
ἠπατήθη ὁ τόπος αὐτῶν βαθύνατε εἰς κάθισιν οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐν Δαιδαν ὅτι δύσκολα ἐποίησεν ἤγαγον ἐπ' αὐτὸν ἐν χρόνῳ ᾧ ἐπεσκεψάμην ἐπ' αὐτόν
Their place has been deceived. Go down deep to sit, you inhabitants of Dedan, because difficult things have been done against him; I have brought them upon him at the time when I visited him.
Dedan is urged to withdraw into the depths because the moment of divine visitation has arrived and no surface security will hold.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἠπατήθηwas deceivedVCI API3S · ἀπατάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀπατάω: meaning 'was deceived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόποςplaceN2 NSM · τόποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαθύνατεgo deepVA AAD2P · βαθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαθύνω: meaning 'go deep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κάθισινdwellingN3I ASF · κάθισιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκάθισις: meaning 'dwelling'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΔαιδανDedanN DS · Δαιδανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαιδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύσκολαharsh thingsA1B APN · δύσκολοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδύσκολος: meaning 'harsh things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἤγαγονbringVBI AAI3P · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω: meaning 'bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χρόνῳtimeN2 DSM · χρόνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ᾧwhichRR DSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπεσκεψάμηνvisitedVAI AMI1S · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'visited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
3
ὅτι τρυγηταὶ ἦλθόν σοι οὐ καταλείψουσίν σοι καταλείμματα ὡς κλέπται ἐν νυκτὶ ἐπιθήσουσιν χεῖρα αὐτῶν
For if grape-gatherers had come upon you, they would not have left gleanings for you; like thieves in the night they would lay their hand on you.
Vintage and theft imagery shows that Edom's judgment will be more exhaustive than ordinary harvesting or robbery.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρυγηταὶgrape-gatherersN1M NPM · τρυγητήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρυγητής: meaning 'grape-gatherers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦλθόνcameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταλείψουσίνleave behindVF FAI3P · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλείπω + κατα: meaning 'leave behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καταλείμματαgleaningsN3M APN · καταλείμμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαταλείμμα: meaning 'gleanings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλέπταιthievesN1M NPM · κλέπτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκλέπτης: meaning 'thieves'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νυκτὶnightN3 DSF · νύξdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπιθήσουσινthey will placeVF FAI3P · τίθημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι + ἐπι: meaning 'they will place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
ὅτι ἐγὼ κατέσυρα τὸν Ησαυ ἀνεκάλυψα τὰ κρυπτὰ αὐτῶν κρυβῆναι οὐ μὴ δύνωνται ὤλοντο διὰ χεῖρα ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ γείτονος αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν
For I have stripped Esau bare; I have uncovered their hidden things, and they will not be able to hide. They are destroyed through the hand of his brother and his neighbor, and he is no more.
Esau's hidden places are uncovered, turning secrecy itself into the site of downfall and leaving the nation stripped bare.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέσυραstripped bareVAI AAI1S · σύρω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσύρω + κατα: meaning 'stripped bare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΗσαυEsauN ASM · Ησαυnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀνεκάλυψαuncoveredVAI AAI1S · καλύπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκαλύπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'uncovered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρυπτὰhidden things / secret thingsA1 APN · κρυπτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρυπτός: meaning 'hidden things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κρυβῆναιto be hiddenVD APN · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκρύπτω: meaning 'to be hidden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύνωνταιare ableV6 PMS3P · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδύναμαι: meaning 'are able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὤλοντοperishedVBI AMI3P · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄλλυμι: meaning 'perished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γείτονοςneighborN3N GSM · γείτωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγείτων: meaning 'neighbor'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
ὑπολείπεσθαι ὀρφανόν σου ἵνα ζήσηται καὶ ἐγὼ ζήσομαι καὶ χῆραι ἐπ' ἐμὲ πεποίθασιν
Leave your orphan behind, that he may live; and I will keep him alive, and your widows have put their trust in me.
In the midst of judgment a brief word preserves the vulnerable, showing that the Lord's sentence does not erase his concern for orphans and widows.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὑπολείπεσθαιto preserve / to leave behindV1 PMN · λείπω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementλείπω + ὑπο: meaning 'to preserve'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀρφανόνorphanA1 ASM · ὀρφανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀρφανός: meaning 'orphan'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσηταιmay liveVA AMS3S · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyζάω: meaning 'may live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ζήσομαιliveVF FMI1S · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζάω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χῆραιwidowsN1A NPF · χήραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχήρα: meaning 'widows'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμὲmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πεποίθασινtrustVX XAI3P · πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπείθω: meaning 'trust'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
ὅτι τάδε εἶπεν κύριος οἷς οὐκ ἦν νόμος πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον ἔπιον καὶ σὺ ἀθῳωμένη οὐ μὴ ἀθῳωθῇς ὅτι πίνων πίεσαι
For thus said the Lord: Those to whom it was not appointed by law to drink the cup have drunk it, and shall you, being acquitted, be acquitted? By no means shall you be acquitted, for drinking you shall drink.
The cup of wrath argument removes any thought of exemption: if others must drink, Edom certainly will not escape.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πιεῖνto drinkVB AAN · πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπίνω: meaning 'to drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτήριονcupN2N ASN · ποτήριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποτήριον: meaning 'cup'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔπιονto drinkVBI AAI3P · πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίνω: meaning 'to drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀθῳωμένηbeing acquittedV4 · πμπνσφ ἀθῳόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἀθῳόω: meaning 'being acquitted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀθῳωθῇςbe acquittedVC APS2S · ἀθῳόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀθῳόω: meaning 'be acquitted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίνωνpinoV1 · παπνσμ πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ πίνω: meaning 'pino'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πίεσαιyou shall drinkVA AMD2S · πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπίνω: meaning 'you shall drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
ὅτι κατ' ἐμαυτοῦ ὤμοσα λέγει κύριος ὅτι εἰς ἄβατον καὶ εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν καὶ εἰς κατάρασιν ἔσῃ ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῆς καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ πόλεις αὐτῆς ἔσονται ἔρημοι εἰς αἰῶνα
For by myself I have sworn, says the Lord, that you shall become a desolation and a reproach and a curse in her midst, and all her cities shall be everlasting wastes.
The Lord seals the Edom judgment with his own oath, intensifying the permanence of reproach and ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμαυτοῦmautouRD GSM · ἐμαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐμαυτοῦ: meaning 'mautou'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὤμοσαsworeVAI AAI1S · ὄμνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄμνυμι: meaning 'swore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄβατονinaccessibleA1B ASM · ἄβατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄβατος: meaning 'inaccessible'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὀνειδισμὸνreproach / disgraceN2 ASM · ὀνειδισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀνειδισμός: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κατάρασινcurseN3I ASF · κατάρασιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατάρασις: meaning 'curse'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσῃyou shall beVF FMI2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'you shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSM · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔρημοιdesolateN2 NPF · ἔρημοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔρημος: meaning 'desolate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
8
ἀκοὴν ἤκουσα παρὰ κυρίου καὶ ἀγγέλους εἰς ἔθνη ἀπέστειλεν συνάχθητε καὶ παραγένεσθε εἰς αὐτήν ἀνάστητε εἰς πόλεμον
I heard a report from the Lord, and he has sent messengers to the nations: Gather yourselves and come against her; rise up for war.
A heavenly report becomes an international mustering order, moving the chapter from sentence to mobilized execution.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἀκοὴνa reportN1 ASF · ἀκοήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκοή: meaning 'a report'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἤκουσαheardVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγγέλουςmessengersN2 APM · ἄγγελοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄγγελος: meaning 'messengers'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συνάχθητεgather yourselvesVC APD2P · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather yourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραγένεσθεcomeVB AMD2P · γίγνομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγίγνομαι + παρα: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνάστητεrise upVH AAS2P · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'rise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
μικρὸν ἔδωκά σε ἐν ἔθνεσιν εὐκαταφρόνητον ἐν ἀνθρώποις
Behold, I have made you small among the nations, utterly despised among men.
Edom's stature is reversed in a concise declaration of littleness and contempt among the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
μικρὸνsmall / insignificantA1A ASM · μικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμικρός: meaning 'small'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔδωκάgiveVAI AAI1S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εὐκαταφρόνητονutterly despisedA1B ASM · εὐκαταφρόνητοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐκαταφρόνητος: meaning 'utterly despised'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
10
ἡ παιγνία σου ἐνεχείρησέν σοι ἰταμία καρδίας σου κατέλυσεν τρυμαλιὰς πετρῶν συνέλαβεν ἰσχὺν βουνοῦ ὑψηλοῦ ὅτι ὕψωσεν ὥσπερ ἀετὸς νοσσιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖθεν καθελῶ σε
Your mockery has overreached you; the arrogance of your heart has overthrown you, you who dwell in the clefts of the rocks and seize the strength of the high hill. Though you raise your nest like an eagle, from there I will bring you down.
The nation's rocky self-confidence is mocked and then overturned, with eagle imagery showing that height only invites God's hand to pull it down.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιγνίαmocking prideN1A NSF · παιγνίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαιγνία: meaning 'mocking pride'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνεχείρησένdeceivedVAI AAI3S · χειρέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristχειρέω + ἐν: meaning 'deceived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἰταμίαinsolenceN1A NSF · ἰταμίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰταμία: meaning 'insolence'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέλυσενλύωVAI AAI3S · λύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλύω + κατα: meaning 'λύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τρυμαλιὰςcleftsN1A APF · τρυμαλιάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτρυμαλιά: meaning 'clefts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πετρῶνstoneN2 GPM · πέτροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπέτρος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συνέλαβενseizedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + συν: meaning 'seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βουνοῦhillN2 GSM · βουνόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβουνός: meaning 'hill'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑψηλοῦupselosA1 GSM · ὑψηλόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'upselos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕψωσενlifted upVAI AAI3S · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὑψόω: meaning 'lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀετὸςan eagleN2 NSM · ἀετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀετός: meaning 'an eagle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νοσσιὰνnestN1A ASF · νοσσιάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνοσσιά: meaning 'nest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereD · ἐκεῖθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖθεν: meaning 'from there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθελῶbring downVF2 FAI1S · αἱρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'bring down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
καὶ ἔσται ἡ Ιδουμαία εἰς ἄβατον πᾶς ὁ παραπορευόμενος ἐπ' αὐτὴν συριεῖ
And Idumea shall become a desolation; everyone who passes by it shall hiss.
The land's final state is described through traveler-reaction language, making desolation visible to all who pass by.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίαEdomN1A NSF · Ιδουμαίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΙδουμαία: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄβατονinaccessibleA1B ASM · ἄβατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄβατος: meaning 'inaccessible'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραπορευόμενοςone passing byV1 · πμπνσμ πορεύομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ πορεύομαι + παρα: meaning 'one passing by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συριεῖwill hissVF2 FAI3S · συρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσυρίζω: meaning 'will hiss'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
ὥσπερ κατεστράφη Σοδομα καὶ Γομορρα καὶ αἱ πάροικοι αὐτῆς εἶπεν κύριος παντοκράτωρ οὐ μὴ καθίσῃ ἐκεῖ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐνοικήσῃ ἐκεῖ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
As Sodom and Gomorrah and their neighboring towns were overthrown, said the Lord Almighty, no man shall sit there, and no son of man shall dwell there.
The oracle grounds Edom's future in the paradigm of absolute overthrow, denying the possibility of renewed habitation.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεστράφηwas overthrownVDI API3S · στρέφω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + κατα: meaning 'was overthrown'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣοδομασοδομαN NSF · Σοδομαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣοδομα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΓομορραGomorrahN NSF · Γομορραnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΓομορρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάροικοιneighborsA1B NPF · πάροικοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπάροικος: meaning 'neighbors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθίσῃsitVF FMI2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + κατα: meaning 'sit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνοικήσῃdwellVF FMI2S · οἰκέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκέω + ἐν: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
13
ἰδοὺ ὥσπερ λέων ἀναβήσεται ἐκ μέσου τοῦ Ιορδάνου εἰς τόπον Αιθαμ ὅτι ταχὺ ἐκδιώξω αὐτοὺς ἀπ' αὐτῆς καὶ τοὺς νεανίσκους ἐπ' αὐτὴν ἐπιστήσατε ὅτι τίς ὥσπερ ἐγώ καὶ τίς ἀντιστήσεταί μοι καὶ τίς οὗτος ποιμήν ὃς στήσεται κατὰ πρόσωπόν μου
Behold, like a lion he shall come up from the midst of the Jordan to the place of Ethan, because quickly I will drive them from her, and appoint the young men over her. For who is like me, and who will withstand me, and what shepherd is this who will stand before my face?
Lion imagery introduces the force of invasion and centers the Lord's incomparability over against every imagined defender.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέωνlionN3W NSM · λέωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀναβήσεταιgo upVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσουthe midstA1 GSM · μέσοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμέσος: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanN1M GSM · Ἰορδάνηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΙορδάνου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΑιθαμAithamN GS · Αιθαμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑιθαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταχὺquicklyA3U ASN · ταχύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταχύς: meaning 'quickly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκδιώξωI will drive awayVF FAI1S · διώκω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδιώκω + ἐκ: meaning 'I will drive away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεανίσκουςyoung menN2 APM · νεανίσκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπιστήσατεset overVA AAD2P · ἵστημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἐπι: meaning 'set over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀντιστήσεταίwithstood / opposedVF FMI3S · ἵστημι + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'withstood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ποιμήνshepherdN3 NSF · ποιμήνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceποιμήν: meaning 'shepherd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στήσεταιstoodVF FMI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
διὰ τοῦτο ἀκούσατε βουλὴν κυρίου ἣν ἐβουλεύσατο ἐπὶ τὴν Ιδουμαίαν καὶ λογισμὸν αὐτοῦ ὃν ἐλογίσατο ἐπὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Θαιμαν ἐὰν μὴ συμψησθῶσιν τὰ ἐλάχιστα τῶν προβάτων ἐὰν μὴ ἀβατωθῇ ἐπ' αὐτὴν κατάλυσις αὐτῶν
Therefore hear the counsel of the Lord which he has taken against Idumea, and his plan which he has devised against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the least of the sheep shall drag them away; surely their habitation shall be made desolate over them.
The divine war-plan is disclosed and the shepherding metaphor becomes ironic as the least creatures drag the proud away.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βουλὴνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐβουλεύσατοtook counselVAI AMI3S · βουλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβουλεύω: meaning 'took counsel'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίανEdomN1A ASF · Ιδουμαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΙδουμαίαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐλογίσατοhe concludedVAI AMI3S · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'he concluded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose dwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'those dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΘαιμανThaimanN AS · Θαιμανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘαιμαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμψησθῶσινbe dragged awayVC APS3P · ψάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyψάω + συν: meaning 'be dragged away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλάχισταleast onesA1 APNS · ἐλαχύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐλαχύς: meaning 'least ones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepN2N GPN · πρόβατονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀβατωθῇbe made desolateVC APS3S · ἀβατόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀβατόω: meaning 'be made desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατάλυσιςpastureN3I NSF · κατάλυσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατάλυσις: meaning 'pasture'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
ὅτι ἀπὸ φωνῆς πτώσεως αὐτῶν ἐσείσθη ἡ γῆ καὶ κραυγή σου ἐν θαλάσσῃ ἠκούσθη
At the sound of their fall the earth was shaken, and your cry was heard at the sea.
Edom's fall is given earth-shaking scale, and its cry is heard far away, magnifying the public weight of judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πτώσεωςfallN3I GSF · πτῶσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτῶσις: meaning 'fall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐσείσθηshakeVCI API3S · σείωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσείω: meaning 'shake'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κραυγήcryN1 NSF · κραυγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκραυγή: meaning 'cry'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θαλάσσῃseaN1S DSF · θάλασσαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἠκούσθηhearVCI API3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
ἰδοὺ ὥσπερ ἀετὸς ὄψεται καὶ ἐκτενεῖ τὰς πτέρυγας ἐπ' ὀχυρώματα αὐτῆς καὶ ἔσται ἡ καρδία τῶν ἰσχυρῶν τῆς Ιδουμαίας ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ὡς καρδία γυναικὸς ὠδινούσης
Behold, like an eagle he shall look and stretch out his wings over her strongholds, and the heart of the mighty men of Idumea in that day shall be like the heart of a woman in labor.
The section ends with eagle and childbirth imagery to show how the mighty dissolve into anguish.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀετὸςan eagleN2 NSM · ἀετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀετός: meaning 'an eagle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὄψεταιseeVF FMI3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτενεῖstretch outVF2 FAI3S · τείνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'stretch out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυγαςwingsN3G APF · πτέρυξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτέρυξ: meaning 'wings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὀχυρώματαstrongholdsN3M APN · ὀχύρωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: meaning 'strongholds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχυρῶνmightyA1A GPM · ἰσχυρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίαςIdumeaN1A GSF · Ιδουμαίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΙδουμαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γυναικὸςwomanN3K GSF · γυνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὠδινούσηςlaboringV1 · παπγσφ ὠδίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ ὠδίνω: meaning 'laboring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
τοῖς υἱοῖς Αμμων οὕτως εἶπεν κύριος μὴ υἱοὶ οὔκ εἰσιν ἐν Ισραηλ ἢ παραλημψόμενος οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς διὰ τί παρέλαβεν Μελχομ τὸν Γαδ καὶ ὁ λαὸς αὐτῶν ἐν πόλεσιν αὐτῶν ἐνοικήσει
Concerning the sons of Ammon, thus says the Lord: Are there no sons in Israel, or is there no heir for them? Why then has Melchom inherited Gad, and why does his people dwell in its cities?
A new oracle opens by challenging Ammon's occupation of Gad as a theft against Israel's inheritance.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonN2 DPM · υἱόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑμμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὔκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραλημψόμενοςheirVF · φμπνσμ λαμβάνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφμπνσμ λαμβάνω + παρα: meaning 'heir'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παρέλαβενtook alongVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + παρα: meaning 'took along'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜελχομMelcholN NSM · Μελχομnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜελχομ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαδGadN ASM · Γαδnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΓαδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πόλεσινcityN3I DPF · πόλιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνοικήσειdwell inVF FAI3S · οἰκέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκέω + ἐν: meaning 'dwell in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
διὰ τοῦτο ἰδοὺ ἡμέραι ἔρχονται φησὶν κύριος καὶ ἀκουτιῶ ἐπὶ Ραββαθ θόρυβον πολέμων καὶ ἔσονται εἰς ἄβατον καὶ εἰς ἀπώλειαν καὶ βωμοὶ αὐτῆς ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσονται καὶ παραλήμψεται Ισραηλ τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτοῦ
Therefore behold, days are coming, says the Lord, and I will cause war-cries to be heard against Rabbath, and they shall become a desolation and ruin, and her altars shall be burned with fire; and Israel shall inherit his dominion.
The city's downfall is announced with battle-noise, burning altars, and a reversal in which Israel reclaims dominion.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραιdayN1A NPF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔρχονταιare comingV1 PMI3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'are coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φησὶνsaysV6 PAI3S · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκουτιῶI will make heardVF2 FAI1S · ἀκουτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀκουτίζω: meaning 'I will make heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΡαββαθRabbathN ASM · Ραββαθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαββαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
θόρυβονuproarN2 ASM · θόρυβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθόρυβος: meaning 'uproar'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολέμωνwarsN2 GPM · πόλεμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'wars'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄβατονinaccessibleA1B ASM · ἄβατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄβατος: meaning 'inaccessible'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βωμοὶaltarsN2 NPM · βωμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβωμός: meaning 'altars'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πυρὶfireN3 DSN · πῦρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κατακαυθήσονταιkatakasaiVC FPI3P · καίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαίω + κατα: meaning 'katakasai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραλήμψεταιshall take possessionVF FMI3S · λαμβάνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω + παρα: meaning 'shall take possession'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχὴνbeginningN1 ASF · ἀρχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
19
ἀλάλαξον Εσεβων ὅτι ὤλετο Γαι κεκράξατε θυγατέρες Ραββαθ περιζώσασθε σάκκους καὶ ἐπιλημπτεύσασθε καὶ κόψασθε ἐπὶ Μελχομ ὅτι ἐν ἀποικίᾳ βαδιεῖται οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες αὐτοῦ ἅμα
Howl, O Heshbon, for Gai has perished; cry out, daughters of Rabbath; gird yourselves with sackcloth, mourn, and lament for Melchom, because he shall go into exile, his priests and his rulers together.
Heshbon and Rabbath are summoned to mourning, and the exile of Melchom with priests and princes exposes the impotence of Ammon's god.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἀλάλαξονhowlVA AAD2S · ἀλαλάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀλαλάζω: meaning 'howl'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonN VS · Εσεβωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕσεβων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤλετοwas ruinedVBI AMI3S · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄλλυμι: meaning 'was ruined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΓαιGaiN NS · Γαιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΓαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κεκράξατεcry outVAI AAD2P · κράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκράζω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 VPF · θυγάτηρvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ΡαββαθRabbathN GSM · Ραββαθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαββαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
περιζώσασθεgird yourselvesVA AMD2P · ζώννυμι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateζώννυμι + περι: meaning 'gird yourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 APM · σάκκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιλημπτεύσασθεlamentVA AMD2P · ἐπιληπτεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐπιληπτεύομαι: meaning 'lament'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόψασθεbeat yourselvesVA AMD2P · κόπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκόπτω: meaning 'beat yourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΜελχομMelcholN ASM · Μελχομnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜελχομ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀποικίᾳexileN1A DSF · ἀποικίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀποικία: meaning 'exile'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
βαδιεῖταιshall goVF2 FMI3S · βαδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαδίζω: meaning 'shall go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἅμα: meaning 'together'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
20
τί ἀγαλλιάσῃ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις Ενακιμ θύγατερ ἰταμίας ἡ πεποιθυῖα ἐπὶ θησαυροῖς αὐτῆς ἡ λέγουσα τίς εἰσελεύσεται ἐπ' ἐμέ
Why do you exult in the plains, O daughter of Anakim, stubborn daughter, the one trusting in her treasures, the one saying, Who will come in against me?
The self-assured daughter who trusts in her stores is directly challenged for boasting in apparent inaccessibility.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀγαλλιάσῃdo you exultVF FMI2S · ἀγαλλιάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀγαλλιάομαι: meaning 'do you exult'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίοιςopen fields / plainsN2N DPN · πεδίονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: meaning 'open fields'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΕνακιμAnakimN GSM · Ενακιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕνακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
θύγατερdaughterN3 VSF · θυγάτηρvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ἰταμίαςinsolenceN1A GSF · ἰταμίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰταμία: meaning 'insolence'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεποιθυῖαconfident / off guardVX · χαπνσφ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνσφ πείθω: meaning 'confident'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θησαυροῖςtreasuryN2 DPM · θησαυρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθησαυρός: meaning 'treasury'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγουσαsayingV1 · παπνσφ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰσελεύσεταιwent inVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'went in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμέegoRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμέ: meaning 'ego'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
21
ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ φέρω φόβον ἐπὶ σέ εἶπεν κύριος ἀπὸ πάσης τῆς περιοίκου σου καὶ διασπαρήσεσθε ἕκαστος εἰς πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἔσται ὁ συνάγων
Behold, I am bringing fear upon you, says the Lord, from all around you, and you shall be scattered, each one straight before his face, and there shall be no one gathering.
Fear from every side becomes dispersal without regathering, answering Ammon's swagger with social collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φέρωI bringV1 PAI1S · φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφέρω: meaning 'I bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φόβονfearN2 ASM · φόβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σέyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιοίκουneighbors round aboutA1B GSF · περίοικοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίοικος: meaning 'neighbors round about'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διασπαρήσεσθεyou shall be scatteredVD FPI2P · σπείρω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσπείρω + δια: meaning 'you shall be scattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕκαστοςeachA1 NSM · ἕκαστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνάγωνπαπνσμ ἄγω συνV1 · παπνσμ ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἄγω + συν: meaning 'παπνσμ ἄγω συν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
23
τῇ Κηδαρ βασιλίσσῃ τῆς αὐλῆς ἣν ἐπάταξεν Ναβουχοδονοσορ βασιλεὺς Βαβυλῶνος οὕτως εἶπεν κύριος ἀνάστητε καὶ ἀνάβητε ἐπὶ Κηδαρ καὶ πλήσατε τοὺς υἱοὺς Κεδεμ
Concerning Kedar, queen of the court, which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon struck, thus says the Lord: Rise up and go against Kedar and plunder the sons of the east.
The desert-court oracle begins by naming Nebuchadnezzar as the historical instrument raised against Kedar and the eastern tribes.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΚηδαρKedarN DSF · Κηδαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚηδαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασιλίσσῃroyalN1S DSF · βασίλισσαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασίλισσα: meaning 'royal'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλῆςcourtN1 GSF · αὐλήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαὐλή: meaning 'court'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπάταξενstruck / killedVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπατάσσω: meaning 'struck'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN NSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝαβουχοδονοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒαβυλῶνοςBabylonN3W GSF · Βαβυλώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνάστητεanaVH AAD2P · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνάβητεgo upVZ AAD2P · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΚηδαρKedarN ASF · Κηδαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚηδαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλήσατεfillVA AAD2P · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπίμπλημι: meaning 'fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
Κεδεμthe eastN GSM · Κεδεμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚεδεμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
24
σκηνὰς αὐτῶν καὶ πρόβατα αὐτῶν λήμψονται ἱμάτια αὐτῶν καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη αὐτῶν καὶ καμήλους αὐτῶν λήμψονται ἑαυτοῖς καὶ καλέσατε ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἀπώλειαν κυκλόθεν
They shall take their tents and their flocks, their garments and all their vessels, and they shall take their camels for themselves; and call destruction upon them from every side.
Nomadic assets such as tents, flocks, and camels are itemized to show that even mobile life offers no escape from seizure.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
σκηνὰςbooth / tentN1 APF · σκηνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκηνή: meaning 'booth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόβαταsheepN2N APN · πρόβατονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λήμψονταιwill take upVF FMI3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'will take up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱμάτιον: meaning 'garments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'implements'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καμήλουςcamelN2 APM · κάμηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκάμηλος: meaning 'camel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λήμψονταιwill take upVF FMI3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'will take up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλέσατεcallVA AAD2P · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαλέω: meaning 'call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυκλόθενall aroundD · κυκλόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκυκλόθεν: meaning 'all around'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
25
φεύγετε λίαν βαθύνατε εἰς κάθισιν καθήμενοι ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ ὅτι ἐβουλεύσατο ἐφ' ὑμᾶς βασιλεὺς Βαβυλῶνος βουλὴν καὶ ἐλογίσατο ἐφ' ὑμᾶς λογισμόν
Flee quickly, go down deep to sit, you who dwell in the court, because the king of Babylon has taken counsel against you and devised a plan against you.
The desert dwellers are told to burrow down because Babylon's plan against them is already set.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
φεύγετεfleeV1 PAI2P · φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφεύγω: meaning 'flee'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λίανgreatlyD · λίανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastλίαν: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαθύνατεgo deepVA AAD2P · βαθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαθύνω: meaning 'go deep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κάθισινdwellingN3I ASF · κάθισιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκάθισις: meaning 'dwelling'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καθήμενοιπμπνπμ ημαι + καταV5 · πμπνπμ ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'πμπνπμ ημαι + κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλῇcourtN1 DSF · αὐλήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceαὐλή: meaning 'court'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβουλεύσατοtook counselVAI AMI3S · βουλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβουλεύω: meaning 'took counsel'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒαβυλῶνοςBabylonN3W GSF · Βαβυλώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βουλὴνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλογίσατοhe concludedVAI AMI3S · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'he concluded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λογισμόνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
26
ἀνάστηθι καὶ ἀνάβηθι ἐπ' ἔθνος εὐσταθοῦν καθήμενον εἰς ἀναψυχήν οἷς οὔκ εἰσιν θύραι οὐ βάλανοι οὐ μοχλοί μόνοι καταλύουσιν
Rise up and go against a nation at ease, dwelling in confidence, who have no doors, no bars, no bolts, and dwell alone.
The Lord singles out their doorless, solitary security, turning their unfortified calm into the reason they are vulnerable.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἀνάστηθιrise upVH AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'rise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνάβηθιgo upVZ AAD2S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὐσταθοῦνsecureA3H ASN · εὐσταθήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐσταθής: meaning 'secure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καθήμενονπμπασμ ημαι + καταV5 · πμπασμ ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασμ ἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'πμπασμ ημαι + κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀναψυχήνrefreshmentN1 ASF · ἀναψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀναψυχή: meaning 'refreshment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὔκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραιdoor / gateN1A NPF · θύραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βάλανοιboltsN2 NPF · βάλανοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβάλανος: meaning 'bolts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοχλοίbarsN2 NPM · μοχλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μόνοιaloneA1 NPM · μόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμόνος: meaning 'alone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταλύουσινthey dwellV1 PAI3P · λύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλύω + κατα: meaning 'they dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
27
καὶ ἔσονται κάμηλοι αὐτῶν εἰς προνομὴν καὶ πλῆθος κτηνῶν αὐτῶν εἰς ἀπώλειαν καὶ λικμήσω αὐτοὺς παντὶ πνεύματι κεκαρμένους πρὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν ἐκ παντὸς πέραν αὐτῶν οἴσω τὴν τροπὴν αὐτῶν εἶπεν κύριος
And their camels shall be for spoil and the multitude of their cattle for destruction, and I will winnow them to every wind, those shorn at the edges before them; from every border of theirs I will bring their overthrow, says the Lord.
Spoil, destruction, and scattering to every wind portray the total unraveling of tribal stability.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κάμηλοιcamelsN2 NPM · κάμηλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκάμηλος: meaning 'camels'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προνομὴνπρονομήN1 ASF · προνομήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρονομή: meaning 'προνομή'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κτηνῶνlivestockN3E GPN · κτῆνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκτῆνος: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λικμήσωI will winnowVF FAI1S · λικμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλικμάω: meaning 'I will winnow'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παντὶall / everyA3 DSN · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πνεύματιspiritN3M DSN · πνεῦμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κεκαρμένουςthose shorn at the templesVM · χμπαπμ κείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπαπμ κείρω: meaning 'those shorn at the temples'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πέρανperanD · πέρανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπέραν: meaning 'peran'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἴσωφερωVF FAI1S · φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφέρω: meaning 'φερω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροπὴνdefeatN1 ASF · τροπήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτροπή: meaning 'defeat'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
28
καὶ ἔσται ἡ αὐλὴ διατριβὴ στρουθῶν καὶ ἄβατος ἕως αἰῶνος οὐ μὴ καθίσῃ ἐκεῖ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐ μὴ κατοικήσῃ ἐκεῖ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
And the court shall become a dwelling-place of sparrows and a desolation forever; no man shall sit there, and no son of man shall dwell there.
The once-inhabited court is reduced to a haunt for birds and perpetual desolation.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλὴcourtN1 NSF · αὐλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαὐλή: meaning 'court'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διατριβὴoccupationN1 NSF · διατριβήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιατριβή: meaning 'occupation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
στρουθῶνsparrowN2 GPM · στρουθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστρουθός: meaning 'sparrow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄβατοςimpassableA1B NSM · ἄβατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄβατος: meaning 'impassable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αἰῶνοςage / foreverN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθίσῃsitVF2 FMI2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + κατα: meaning 'sit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικήσῃdwellVF FMI2S · οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
29
τῇ Δαμασκῷ κατῃσχύνθη Ημαθ καὶ Αρφαδ ὅτι ἤκουσαν ἀκοὴν πονηράν ἐξέστησαν ἐθυμώθησαν ἀναπαύσασθαι οὐ μὴ δύνωνται
Concerning Damascus: Hamath and Arpad are put to shame, because they heard an evil report; they were disturbed, enraged, and unable to rest.
The final section opens with the shame and agitation of Syrian centers at the mere hearing of bad news.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαμασκῷDamascusN DSF · Δαμασκοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαμασκῷ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κατῃσχύνθηwas put to shameVCI API3S · αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'was put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΗμαθHamathN NS · Ημαθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑρφαδArphadN NS · Αρφαδnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρφαδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσανhearVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀκοὴνa reportN1 ASF · ἀκοήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκοή: meaning 'a report'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πονηράνevilA1A ASF · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξέστησανwere terrified / panickedVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἐκ: meaning 'were terrified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐθυμώθησανwas angeredVCI API3P · θυμόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristθυμόω: meaning 'was angered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀναπαύσασθαιto restVA AMN · παύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπαύω + ἀνα: meaning 'to rest'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύνωνταιare ableV6 PMS3P · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδύναμαι: meaning 'are able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
30
ἐξελύθη Δαμασκός ἀπεστράφη εἰς φυγήν τρόμος ἐπελάβετο αὐτῆς
Damascus is undone; she turned to flee; trembling seized her.
Damascus loses nerve and flees, showing judgment already at work in terror before the city's actual fall.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐξελύθηhad become spentVCI API3S · λύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλύω + ἐκ: meaning 'had become spent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΔαμασκόςDamascusN NSF · Δαμασκοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαμασκός: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀπεστράφηturned awayVDI API3S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turned away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φυγήνflightN1 ASF · φυγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφυγή: meaning 'flight'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τρόμοςtremblingN2 NSM · τρόμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρόμος: meaning 'trembling'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπελάβετοhe took hold ofVBI AMI3S · λαμβάνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'he took hold of'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
31
πῶς οὐχὶ ἐγκατέλιπεν πόλιν ἐμήν κώμην ἠγάπησαν
How has she not abandoned my city, the town they loved?
A lamenting question frames Damascus as a beloved city whose abandonment appears shocking even while judgment proceeds.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχὶnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχὶ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπενthey forsookVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐν + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'they forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐμήνmyA1 ASF · ἐμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμός: meaning 'my'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κώμηνvillagesN1 ASF · κώμηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκώμη: meaning 'villages'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἠγάπησανlovedVAI AAI3P · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀγαπάω: meaning 'loved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
32
διὰ τοῦτο πεσοῦνται νεανίσκοι ἐν πλατείαις σου καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ πολεμισταί σου πεσοῦνται φησὶν κύριος
Therefore your young men shall fall in your streets, and all your fighting men shall fall, says the Lord.
The city's young men and warriors are assigned to street-death, bringing the oracle down to concrete urban slaughter.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πεσοῦνταιfellVF2 FMI3P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλατείαιςstreetsA3U DPF · πλατύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'streets'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμισταίwarriorsN1 NPM · πολεμιστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολεμιστής: meaning 'warriors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πεσοῦνταιfellVF2 FMI3P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φησὶνsaysV6 PAI3S · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
33
καὶ καύσω πῦρ ἐν τείχει Δαμασκοῦ καὶ καταφάγεται ἄμφοδα υἱοῦ Αδερ
And I will kindle a fire in the wall of Damascus, and it shall devour the streets of the son of Hadad.
Ends with the familiar fire image, which consumes Damascus's defenses and dynastic strongholds alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καύσωI will kindleVF FAI1S · καίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαίω: meaning 'I will kindle'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τείχειwallN3E DSN · τεῖχοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
Δαμασκοῦof DamascusN GSF · Δαμασκοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαμασκοῦ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφάγεταιdevourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄμφοδαavenuesN2N APN · ἄμφοδονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄμφοδον: meaning 'avenues'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑδερAderN GSM · Αδερnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.