1
ὡς δὲ ἤκουσεν Ιαβιν βασιλεὺς Ασωρ ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς Ιωβαβ βασιλέα Μαρρων καὶ πρὸς βασιλέα Συμοων καὶ πρὸς βασιλέα Αζιφ
Now when Jabin king of Hazor heard, he sent to Jobab king of Maron and to the king of Symoon and to the king of Aziph.
The temporal clause ὡς δὲ ἤκουσεν ('now when X heard') is a standard LXX episode-opener (cf. 10:1, 'when Adoni-zedek heard'); δέ marks the turn from the southern campaign of ch. 10 to the northern coalition. The unstated object of 'heard' is the report of Israel's southern victories; the hearing triggers the king's mobilization, exactly paralleling the structure that launched the southern war.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὡςwhen / astemporal conjunction (introducing the protasis-episode)ὡς: 'when / as / how'; here temporal, rendering Hebrew כְּ / כַּאֲשֶׁר with the infinitive of שָׁמַע ('to hear'); the ὡς-clause sets the trigger for the whole episode, just as the parallel clause opened the southern campaign at 10:1.
δὲnownarrative continuative (post-positive)δέ: post-positive particle marking a new narrative phase; the southern coalition has been destroyed (ch. 10), and now the northern kings mobilize in response.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause (trigger-event)→ ingressive aorist (the moment of receiving the report)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen'; renders שָׁמַע; the object is left implicit — the news of Israel's southern conquests; in the Joshua narrative 'hearing' is repeatedly the spark that rouses the Canaanite kings to coalition (cf. 9:1; 10:1; here).
ΙαβινJabinsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Ιαβιν: transliteration of Hebrew יָבִין; indeclinable in the LXX; king of Hazor and head of the northern coalition; a later Jabin of Hazor reappears as Israel's oppressor in Judg 4.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ιαβινβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; in apposition to the indeclinable name; the title attaches Jabin to Hazor, which v. 10 identifies as 'formerly the head of all these kingdoms.'
ΑσωρHazorgenitival modifier of βασιλεὺς (indeclinable: 'king of Hazor')Ασωρ: transliteration of Hebrew חָצוֹר; indeclinable; Hazor was the dominant fortified city of the northern Canaanite confederacy, archaeologically the largest tell in the region; here functioning as an indeclinable genitive of relationship.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (apodosis: the king's response)→ constative aorist (single act of dispatching envoys)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; the implied object is messengers/envoys; the verb introduces the coalition-summons that fills vv. 1–3.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of sending)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΙωβαβJobabaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)Ιωβαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹבָב; indeclinable; king of Maron (MT Madon); first-named of the coalition kings summoned by Jabin.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωβαββασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): in apposition to the indeclinable name Ιωβαβ; the accusative governs the indeclinable toponym Μαρρων as its city.
ΜαρρωνMarongenitival modifier of βασιλέα (indeclinable: 'king of Maron')Μαρρων: LXX rendering of Hebrew מָדוֹן (Madon); indeclinable; the LXX form (and the 'waters of Merom' tradition at vv. 5, 7) reflects a Greek toponymy divergent from the MT, possibly conflating Madon with Merom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of sending)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρόςβασιλέα: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ΣυμοωνSymoongenitival modifier of βασιλέα (indeclinable: 'king of Symoon')Συμοων: LXX rendering of Hebrew שִׁמְרוֹן (Shimron); indeclinable; one of the northern royal cities; not to be confused with later Samaria (Σαμάρεια).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of sending)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρόςβασιλέα: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ΑζιφAziphgenitival modifier of βασιλέα (indeclinable: 'king of Aziph')Αζιφ: LXX rendering of Hebrew אַכְשָׁף (Achshaph); indeclinable; another northern royal city; the trio Maron–Symoon–Aziph forms the named core of Jabin's confederacy before the unnamed regional kings of vv. 2–3.
2
καὶ πρὸς τοὺς βασιλεῖς τοὺς κατὰ Σιδῶνα τὴν μεγάλην εἰς τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ εἰς τὴν Ραβα ἀπέναντι Κενερωθ καὶ εἰς τὸ πεδίον καὶ εἰς Ναφεδδωρ
and to the kings who were toward Greater Sidon, to the hill country and to Rabba opposite Chinneroth and to the plain and to Naphath-dor;
v.2 continues the recipients of Jabin's summons with a geographical sweep — the kings 'toward Greater Sidon' and across the regions: the hill country, Rabba opposite Chinneroth, the plain (Arabah), and Naphath-dor. The repeated εἰς + region delineates the full northern theatre, emphasizing that the coalition spanned the whole north.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the sending-list of v.1)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of sending)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλεῖς)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativeaccusative object of πρόςβασιλεύς (acc. pl. βασιλεῖς): the unnamed regional kings, expanding the summons beyond the three named royal cities of v.1 to the whole northern confederacy.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (attributive, with the κατά-phrase: 'those toward Sidon')ὁ, ἡ, τό: the repeated article τοὺς … κατά substantivizes the prepositional phrase as an attributive modifier of βασιλεῖς — 'the kings, the ones toward Sidon.'
κατὰtoward / down bypreposition + accusative (location: 'in the region of')κατά + accusative: 'down along / toward / in the region of'; locates these kings in the territory facing Greater Sidon to the northwest.
ΣιδῶναSidonAccusativeaccusative object of κατάΣιδών (acc. Σιδῶνα): the great Phoenician coastal city; unlike most toponyms in this chapter it is fully declined in Greek (gen. Σιδῶνος, v. 8); the epithet ἡ μεγάλη ('the great') is a fixed designation distinguishing Greater Sidon.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μεγάλην)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying Σιδῶνα: 'Greater Sidon')μέγας (fem. acc. μεγάλην): 'great'; renders Hebrew רַבָּה in the fixed epithet 'Greater Sidon' (Σιδὼν ἡ μεγάλη), marking it as the chief Phoenician metropolis (cf. v. 8).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (regional extension)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρεινὴν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινὴνhill countryAccusativesubstantivized adjective (region: 'the hill country')ὀρεινή: 'hill country / highlands'; substantivized feminine adjective (sc. χώρα/γῆ), the standard LXX rendering of Hebrew הַר; here the northern highlands of the Galilean region.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (regional extension)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the toponym Ραβα)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαβαRabbaaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable toponym, articular)Ραβα: LXX rendering of Hebrew הָעֲרָבָה (the Arabah) or a regional name; indeclinable; the feminine article τήν is supplied because the toponym is construed as a region; located 'opposite Chinneroth.'
ἀπέναντιoppositeimproper preposition + genitive (location: 'over against')ἀπέναντι: 'opposite / over against / facing'; improper preposition governing the genitive; renders Hebrew נֶגֶב / מוּל; locates Rabba in relation to Chinneroth (the region of the Sea of Galilee).
ΚενερωθChinnerothgenitive object of ἀπέναντι (indeclinable toponym)Κενερωθ: transliteration of Hebrew כִּנְרוֹת (Chinneroth/Kinnereth); indeclinable; the district and lake later called the Sea of Galilee (Gennesaret); a geographical anchor for the eastern reach of the coalition.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (regional extension)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πεδίον)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίονplainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (region: 'the plain')πεδίον: 'plain / level country'; renders Hebrew שְׁפֵלָה / עֲרָבָה; one of the standard topographical zones of the land (hill country, Negeb, plain, slopes) regularly catalogued in the conquest summaries.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (regional extension)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΝαφεδδωρNaphath-doraccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable toponym)Ναφεδδωρ: LXX rendering of Hebrew נָפוֹת דּוֹר (Naphath-dor, 'the heights of Dor'); indeclinable; the coastal district around Dor on the Mediterranean, marking the western extent of the coalition's reach.
3
καὶ εἰς τοὺς παραλίους Χαναναίους ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ εἰς τοὺς παραλίους Αμορραίους καὶ Ευαίους καὶ Ιεβουσαίους καὶ Φερεζαίους τοὺς ἐν τῷ ὄρει καὶ τοὺς Χετταίους τοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν Αερμων εἰς γῆν Μασσηφα
and to the coastal Canaanites from the east and to the coastal Amorites and Hivites and Jebusites and Perizzites who were in the hill country, and to the Hittites who were under Hermon, into the land of Mizpah.
v.3 completes the summons-list with the standard catalogue of the land's peoples — Canaanites, Amorites, Hivites, Jebusites, Perizzites, Hittites — distributed by region (coast, hill country, under Hermon, the land of Mizpah). The six-nation list echoes the recurring conquest formula (cf. Deut 7:1; Josh 3:10; 24:11) and frames the northern war as the comprehensive subjugation of all Canaan's inhabitants.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the list)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction of sending)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with Χαναναίους)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραλίουςcoastalAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying Χαναναίους: 'coastal')παράλιος: 'by the sea / coastal'; renders Hebrew terms for the seaboard; locates these Canaanites along the Mediterranean littoral, distinguished from the highland peoples named next.
ΧαναναίουςCanaanitesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (first of the people-list)Χαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; gentilic adjective used substantively, declined in Greek (acc. pl. Χαναναίους); renders Hebrew כְּנַעֲנִי; the eponymous people of the land, first of the standard six-nation roster.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (direction: 'from the east')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀνατολῶνeast / risingsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (compass direction: 'from the east')ἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολαί): 'rising (of the sun) / east'; the plural is a fixed idiom for the eastern quarter; renders Hebrew מִזְרָח / קֶדֶם; here distinguishing the Canaanites of the eastern seaboard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction of sending)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with Αμορραίους)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραλίουςcoastalAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying Αμορραίους)παράλιος: 'coastal'; repeated to characterize the Amorites of the seaboard, distinguishing them from the highland Amorites elsewhere in the conquest narrative.
ΑμορραίουςAmoritesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (people-list)Αμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; gentilic, declined in Greek; renders Hebrew אֱמֹרִי; the Amorites are the highland people frequently named alongside or interchangeably with the Canaanites in the conquest lists.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕυαίουςHivitesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (people-list)Ευαῖος: 'Hivite'; gentilic, declined in Greek; renders Hebrew חִוִּי; the Hivites included the Gibeonites of ch. 9 who had made peace with Israel; the rest remain in the coalition.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙεβουσαίουςJebusitesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (people-list)Ιεβουσαῖος: 'Jebusite'; gentilic, declined in Greek; renders Hebrew יְבוּסִי; the people of Jebus/Jerusalem, not finally dispossessed until David (2 Sam 5).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΦερεζαίουςPerizzitesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (people-list)Φερεζαῖος: 'Perizzite'; gentilic, declined in Greek; renders Hebrew פְּרִזִּי; a rural/unwalled-village people regularly listed among the dispossessed nations of Canaan.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (attributive, with ἐν τῷ ὄρει: 'those in the hill country')ὁ, ἡ, τό: the article substantivizes the locative phrase, gathering the preceding gentilics as 'those in the hill country.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountain / hill countryDativedative of place (locative: 'in the hill country')ὄρος: 'mountain / hill country'; renders Hebrew הַר; the locative phrase situates the Perizzites (and the cluster) in the central highlands.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with Χετταίους)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧετταίουςHittitesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (people-list)Χετταῖος: 'Hittite'; gentilic, declined in Greek; renders Hebrew חִתִּי; the sixth of the named peoples, here located 'under Hermon' in the far north.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (attributive, with ὑπὸ τὴν Αερμων: 'those under Hermon')τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (location: 'beneath / at the foot of')ὑπό + accusative: 'under / at the foot of'; locates the Hittites at the base of Mount Hermon, the northernmost limit of the land.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the toponym Αερμων)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑερμωνHermonaccusative object of ὑπό (indeclinable toponym, articular)Αερμων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶרְמוֹן (Hermon); indeclinable; the great snow-capped mountain marking Israel's northern boundary; the feminine article reflects its construal as a region/mountain (sc. γῆ/ὀρεινή).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction/extent)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (with the toponym Μασσηφα: 'land of Mizpah')γῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land / earth / region'; renders Hebrew אֶרֶץ; the phrase εἰς γῆν Μασσηφα ('into the land of Mizpah') closes the geographical sweep at the far-northern valley below Hermon.
ΜασσηφαMizpahgenitival modifier of γῆν (indeclinable: 'land of Mizpah')Μασσηφα: transliteration of Hebrew מִצְפָּה (Mizpah, 'watchtower'); indeclinable; the valley/land of Mizpah below Hermon (cf. v. 8, 'the valley of Mizpah'), the staging-ground of the northern coalition.
4
καὶ ἐξῆλθον αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς αὐτῶν μετ᾿ αὐτῶν ὥσπερ ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης τῷ πλήθει καὶ ἵπποι καὶ ἅρματα πολλὰ σφόδρα
And they came out, they and their kings with them, like the sand of the sea in multitude, with horses and very many chariots.
v.4 moves from the summons (vv.1–3) to the muster: the peoples and their kings 'come out' for war. The simile ὥσπερ ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης ('like the sand of the sea') is a stock hyperbole for innumerable hosts (cf. Gen 22:17; Judg 7:12; 1 Sam 13:5); the mention of horses and 'very many chariots' (ἅρματα πολλὰ σφόδρα) underscores the technological and numerical superiority of the enemy — the very advantage the LORD will nullify in v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξῆλθονthey came outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the coalition mobilizes)→ constative aorist (single act of taking the field)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go/come out'; renders יָצָא; here a military 'going out' to battle (cf. the idiom 'go out to war'); the subject is the assembled peoples and kings of vv.1–3.
αὐτοὶthey (themselves)Nominativeintensive/resumptive pronoun (subject: 'they themselves')αὐτός: here the nominative plural αὐτοί resumes and emphasizes the subject of ἐξῆλθον, paired with 'and their kings with them' to stress the totality of the muster.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεῖς)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject (coordinate with αὐτοί: 'and their kings')βασιλεύς (nom. pl. βασιλεῖς): the coalition kings march with their peoples; the pairing of peoples and kings stresses the comprehensiveness of the northern alliance.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying βασιλεῖς)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)μετά + genitive: 'with / in company with'; μετ᾿ αὐτῶν ('with them') underscores that kings and peoples move as one body.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of μετάαὐτῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ὥσπερlike / just ascomparative particle (introducing simile)ὥσπερ: 'just as / like'; introduces the stock simile of innumerability; renders Hebrew כְּ; the comparison is intensified by τῷ πλήθει ('in multitude').
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἄμμος)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμμοςsandNominativenominative of comparison (the point of the simile)ἄμμος: 'sand'; renders Hebrew חוֹל; 'the sand of the sea' is a fixed biblical hyperbole for an uncountable multitude (cf. Gen 22:17; 32:13; Judg 7:12; 1 Sam 13:5), here applied to the enemy host rather than to Israel's blessing.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with θαλάσσης)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive of relationship ('sand of the sea')θάλασσα: 'sea'; renders Hebrew יָם; the genitive completes the fixed phrase ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης.
τῷtheDativearticle (with πλήθει)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλήθειin multitudeDativedative of respect (specifying the point of comparison: 'in multitude')πλῆθος: 'multitude / great number'; renders Hebrew רֹב; the dative of respect τῷ πλήθει pins the simile to sheer numbers — they are like the sand 'with respect to multitude.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the cavalry/chariotry)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἵπποιhorsesNominativenominative (added detail: 'and horses')ἵππος: 'horse'; renders Hebrew סוּס; the horses (with chariots) are the coalition's decisive military advantage; their hamstringing in v. 6 and v. 9 is the LORD's deliberate neutralization of that advantage, in keeping with the prohibition on multiplying horses (Deut 17:16).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἅρματαchariotsNominativenominative (added detail: 'and chariots')ἅρμα (pl. ἅρματα): 'chariot'; renders Hebrew רֶכֶב; chariotry was the elite weapon of the Canaanite plains; the LORD orders the chariots burned (v. 6, κατακαύσεις; v. 9, ἐνέπρησεν), so that Israel takes no military self-reliance from the victory.
πολλὰmanyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἅρματα)πολύς (neut. pl. πολλά): 'many'; renders Hebrew רַב; with σφόδρα ('exceedingly') it emphasizes the overwhelming chariot force.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying πολλά)σφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; standard LXX rendering of Hebrew מְאֹד; 'very many chariots' caps the portrait of an enemy whose strength is humanly insurmountable — setting up the LORD's reassurance in v. 6.
5
καὶ συνῆλθον πάντες οἱ βασιλεῖς οὗτοι καὶ παρεγένοντο ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ τοῦ ὕδατος Μαρρων πολεμῆσαι τὸν Ισραηλ
And all these kings assembled and came together to the same place and encamped at the water of Maron to make war against Israel.
v.5 completes the muster: the kings 'assemble' (συνῆλθον), 'arrive at the same place' (ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό), and 'encamp' (παρενέβαλον) at the water of Maron. The threefold verbal sequence (gather–arrive–camp) builds toward the climactic infinitive of purpose πολεμῆσαι τὸν Ισραηλ ('to make war against Israel'), setting the stage for the divine oracle that immediately follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
συνῆλθονthey assembledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συνέρχομαιmain verb (the kings gather)→ constative aorist (single act of assembling)συνέρχομαι: 'come together / assemble'; the compound συν- stresses the convergence of the many kings into one host; renders Hebrew יָעַד / קָבַץ (Niphal).
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεῖς: 'all the kings')πᾶς (nom. pl. πάντες): 'all'; the totalizing πάντες … οὗτοι gathers the named and unnamed kings of vv.1–3 into a single confederate army.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεῖς)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubjectβασιλεύς (nom. pl. βασιλεῖς): the coalition kings; the subject of all three verbs (assembled, arrived, encamped).
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying βασιλεῖς: 'these kings')οὗτος (nom. pl. οὗτοι): 'these'; the demonstrative points back to the kings just enumerated, framing them as a closed, identifiable group.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρεγένοντοthey arrivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (the kings come to the rendezvous)→ constative aorist (single act of arrival)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come to be present'; renders Hebrew בּוֹא; the deponent middle marks the kings' coming to the staging-ground.
ἐπὶto / atpreposition + accusative (goal of arrival)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αὐτό)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸsame (place)Accusativesubstantivized adjective (idiomatic: 'to the same place / together')αὐτός: the idiom ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό ('to the same place / together') denotes assembly at a single rendezvous; the same phrase later acquires technical resonance in NT gathering-language (cf. Acts 2:1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (the kings pitch camp)→ constative aorist (single act of encamping)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / draw up in battle array'; renders Hebrew חָנָה; standard LXX military term for pitching camp; the noun παρεμβολή ('camp / army') is cognate.
ἐπὶatpreposition + genitive (location of the camp)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὕδατος)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location: 'at the water')ὕδωρ (gen. ὕδατος): 'water'; the phrase τὸ ὕδωρ Μαρρων renders Hebrew מֵי מֵרוֹם ('the waters of Merom'); the LXX uses the singular ὕδωρ for the Hebrew construct plural מֵי, and ties the toponym Μαρρων to the Maron of v. 1.
ΜαρρωνMaron / Meromgenitival modifier of ὕδατος (indeclinable: 'water of Maron')Μαρρων: indeclinable; here in 'the water(s) of Maron' (MT מֵי מֵרוֹם, 'waters of Merom'), the site of the decisive northern battle; the LXX form links the battle-site to Maron/Madon of v. 1.
πολεμῆσαιto make warAor Act Infin · πολεμέωinfinitive of purpose (goal of the encampment)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose: 'in order to fight')πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; renders Hebrew לָחַם (Niphal); the aorist infinitive expresses the purpose of the muster — the coalition gathers expressly to fight Israel; the cognate root recurs in the chapter's closing rest-formula (πολεμουμένη, v. 23).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Ισραηλ)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of πολεμῆσαι (indeclinable, articular)Ισραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the articular τὸν Ισραηλ marks it as the definite object of the coalition's hostility — the covenant people whom the LORD will defend.
6
καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν μὴ φοβηθῇς ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν ὅτι αὔριον ταύτην τὴν ὥραν ἐγὼ παραδίδωμι τετροπωμένους αὐτοὺς ἐναντίον τοῦ Ισραηλ τοὺς ἵππους αὐτῶν νευροκοπήσεις καὶ τὰ ἅρματα αὐτῶν κατακαύσεις ἐν πυρί
And the LORD said to Joshua, 'Do not be afraid before them, for tomorrow at this hour I am giving them over, routed, before Israel; their horses you shall hamstring, and their chariots you shall burn with fire.'
v.6 is the theological pivot of the chapter: the LORD's word turns an impossibly superior enemy into a foregone defeat. The reassurance formula μὴ φοβηθῇς ('do not fear') is the standard divine-warrior idiom (cf. 8:1; 10:8). The perfect participle τετροπωμένους ('routed') presents the still-future victory as an already accomplished state, and the futures νευροκοπήσεις / κατακαύσεις issue the command to neutralize the enemy's horses and chariots — the very advantage stressed in v. 4.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single divine speech-act)λέγω: 'say'; the formula εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν marks unmediated divine speech to Joshua, paralleling the formula 'said to Moses' throughout the Pentateuch; the oracle reassures and commands on the eve of battle.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine speaker)κύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine name as subject identifies the speaker as YHWH himself, the divine warrior who delivers the enemy into Israel's hand.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of the oracle)Ἰησοῦς (acc. Ἰησοῦν): Greek form of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Joshua); unlike most names in this chapter it is declined in Greek (gen. Ἰησοῦ, dat. Ἰησοῖ, acc. Ἰησοῦν); the same Greek name later borne by Jesus, a typological link Hebrews and the Fathers exploit.
μὴnotnegative particle (with aorist subjunctive: prohibition)μή: the negative used with the aorist subjunctive φοβηθῇς to form a prohibition; renders the Hebrew אַל with the jussive.
φοβηθῇςbe afraidAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibitive subjunctive: 'do not fear')→ aorist prohibitive subjunctive (do not begin to fear)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; renders Hebrew יָרֵא; μὴ φοβηθῇς is the fixed divine-warrior reassurance (cf. 8:1; 10:8; Gen 15:1; Deut 31:8), grounding Israel's courage not in its own strength but in the LORD's promised victory.
ἀπὸbefore / frompreposition + genitive (with προσώπου: idiomatic 'before')ἀπό: in the idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from the face of / before'), a Hebraism rendering מִפְּנֵי; here object of the fear that is forbidden.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Hebraism: 'before their face')πρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν ('before them / from their presence') renders the Hebrew מִפְּנֵיהֶם; the idiom is pervasive in LXX battle-narrative for fleeing or fearing 'before' an enemy.
αὐτῶνtheir / themGenitivegenitive (with προσώπου: 'their face')αὐτῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the reassurance)ὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the ground of the prohibition — the reason not to fear is the LORD's promise of imminent victory.
αὔριονtomorrowtemporal adverb ('tomorrow')αὔριον: 'tomorrow'; renders Hebrew מָחָר; the precise time-marker (with 'this hour') gives the oracle the force of a dated prophecy whose imminent fulfillment guarantees its truth.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with ὥραν: accusative of time)οὗτος (fem. acc. ταύτην): 'this'; modifies ὥραν in the accusative-of-time phrase 'at this hour (tomorrow).'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὥραν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὥρανhourAccusativeaccusative of time ('at this hour')ὥρα: 'hour / time'; the accusative of extent/point of time; 'tomorrow at this hour' pins the promised victory to a precise, verifiable moment.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (YHWH himself the agent)ἐγώ: the emphatic first-person pronoun stresses that it is YHWH himself who hands the enemy over — the victory is a divine act, not a feat of Israelite arms.
παραδίδωμιI am giving overPres Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (divine first-person announcement)→ futuristic present (certain future act presented as already in motion)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders Hebrew נָתַן (in the sense 'give into the hand of'); the futuristic present expresses the certainty of the imminent deliverance; the verb is the technical term of holy-war 'giving-over' of the enemy to Israel.
τετροπωμένουςrouted / put to flightPerf Pass Ptcp Acc Masc Pl · τροπόωpredicate participle (resultant state of αὐτούς: 'them as already routed')→ perfect-passive resultative (the future defeat viewed as an accomplished, settled state)τροπόω: 'put to flight / rout'; the perfect passive participle τετροπωμένους presents the still-future defeat as a completed and abiding state — they are handed over 'already-routed,' a vivid expression of the victory's certainty even before the battle.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of παραδίδωμιαὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἐναντίονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before Israel')ἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the enemy is handed over 'before Israel' — the rout happens in full view, as a public vindication of the covenant people.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with the indeclinable Ισραηλ)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of ἐναντίον (indeclinable, articular)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; articular τοῦ Ισραηλ; the covenant people before whom the LORD routs the coalition.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἵππους)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππουςhorsesAccusativedirect object of νευροκοπήσεις (fronted for emphasis)ἵππος (acc. pl. ἵππους): 'horse'; the horses, fronted before their verb, are the first object of the LORD's neutralizing command; their hamstringing renders the enemy's cavalry permanently useless.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἵππους)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
νευροκοπήσειςyou shall hamstringFut Act Indic 2 Sg · νευροκοπέωmain verb (divine command, future-as-imperative)→ imperatival future (command to hamstring)νευροκοπέω: 'hamstring / hough', lit. 'cut the sinew' (νεῦρον 'sinew' + κόπτω 'cut'); renders Hebrew עִקֵּר ('to hamstring'); severing the leg-tendons permanently disables a war-horse without killing it — the LORD's deliberate destruction of the enemy's military technology, consonant with Deut 17:16's ban on Israel multiplying horses. The simplex compound ἐνευροκόπησεν reports the obedience at v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἅρματα)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object of κατακαύσεις (fronted for emphasis)ἅρμα (acc. pl. ἅρματα): 'chariot'; the second object of the neutralizing command; burning the chariots removes the enemy's elite striking force and denies Israel any temptation to adopt the same military self-reliance.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἅρματα)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
κατακαύσειςyou shall burn upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (divine command, future-as-imperative)→ imperatival future (command to burn)κατακαίω: 'burn up / consume with fire'; the perfective compound κατα- ('completely') intensifies καίω; renders Hebrew שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ; the command to incinerate the chariots is executed at v. 9 (ἐνέπρησεν).
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument (ἐν πυρί: 'with fire')πῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; the instrumental ἐν πυρί ('with fire') renders the Hebrew בָּאֵשׁ; the burning of war-materiel is the visible sign that the victory belongs wholly to the LORD.
7
καὶ ἦλθεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστὴς ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ ὕδωρ Μαρρων ἐξάπινα καὶ ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ
And Joshua came, and all the warrior people with him, against them at the water of Maron suddenly, and they fell upon them in the hill country.
v.7 records the obedient execution of the oracle: Joshua and 'all the warrior people' come against the coalition. The adverb ἐξάπινα ('suddenly') stresses the surprise of the assault, and ἐπέπεσαν ('they fell upon') conveys the violence of the onslaught in the hill country — the LORD's promised victory begins to unfold exactly as announced.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (Joshua advances)→ constative aorist (the advance to battle)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; renders Hebrew בּוֹא; the singular verb agrees with the nearest subject (Joshua), though 'all the people' is coordinate — a common Hebraizing concord.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the commander who obediently enacts the divine command of v. 6.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)πᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς ὁ λαός ('all the people') marks the whole fighting force as participants in the campaign.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαός)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (coordinate with Ἰησοῦς)λαός: 'people'; the standard LXX term for Israel as covenant community (rendering עַם); here the people in their military capacity.
ὁtheNominativearticle (attributive, with πολεμιστής)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμιστὴςwarrior / fightingNominativeattributive substantive (modifying λαός: 'the warrior people')πολεμιστής: 'warrior / man of war'; renders Hebrew אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה / עַם הַמִּלְחָמָה; the second article (ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστής) makes it attributive — 'the people, the fighting one,' i.e. the army; cognate with πολεμέω (v. 5) and πολεμουμένη (v. 23).
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction, elided)ἐπί + accusative: 'against / upon'; in a hostile sense, 'against them.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the enemy coalition)αὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (location of the assault)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὕδωρ)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (location: 'at the water')ὕδωρ: 'water'; 'the water of Maron,' the site of v. 5, here the place where Joshua falls upon the encamped coalition.
ΜαρρωνMaron / Meromgenitival modifier of ὕδωρ (indeclinable: 'water of Maron')Μαρρων: indeclinable; the waters of Merom, scene of the battle (cf. v. 5).
ἐξάπιναsuddenlyadverb of manner ('suddenly / unexpectedly')ἐξάπινα: 'suddenly / all at once'; renders Hebrew פִּתְאֹם; the surprise assault recalls the night-march and dawn-attack tactics of 10:9; speed and surprise are the human means through which the LORD grants the promised rout.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπέπεσανthey fell uponAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb (the violent onslaught)→ constative aorist (single act of assault)ἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon / attack'; the compound ἐπι- marks hostile descent upon the enemy; renders Hebrew נָפַל עַל; vividly portrays the suddenness and force of Israel's charge.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (hostile direction, elided)ἐπ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίαὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὀρεινῇ)τῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινῇhill countryDativesubstantivized adjective (locative: 'in the hill country')ὀρεινή: 'hill country'; substantivized feminine adjective (sc. χώρα); the highland terrain where the battle joined — terrain ill-suited to the enemy's chariotry, compounding the rout.
8
καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς κύριος ὑποχειρίους Ισραηλ καὶ κόπτοντες αὐτοὺς κατεδίωκον ἕως Σιδῶνος τῆς μεγάλης καὶ ἕως Μασερων καὶ ἕως τῶν πεδίων Μασσωχ κατ᾿ ἀνατολὰς καὶ κατέκοψαν αὐτοὺς ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι αὐτῶν διασεσῳσμένον
And the LORD gave them over, subject to Israel; and cutting them down they pursued them as far as Greater Sidon and as far as Maseron and as far as the plains of Massoch toward the east, and they cut them down until there was not left of them a survivor.
v.8 fulfills the promise of v. 6 verbatim in substance: 'the LORD gave them over' (παρέδωκεν … κύριος), the same verb as the oracle's παραδίδωμι. The pursuit to Greater Sidon, Maseron, and the eastern plains of Massoch traces a total dispersal; the result-clause ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι … διασεσῳσμένον ('until not a survivor was left') marks the completeness of the divinely granted victory — the ban-language begins here and dominates vv. 11–14.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρέδωκενgave overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (divine deliverance of the enemy)→ constative aorist (the accomplished hand-over)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; the aorist παρέδωκεν here fulfills the futuristic-present παραδίδωμι of the oracle (v. 6) — the promise is realized in fact; the technical holy-war term for the LORD's giving the enemy into Israel's hand (cf. Deut 7:2; Josh 10:8).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of παρέδωκεναὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine agent of the victory)κύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the explicit naming of the LORD as the one who 'gave them over' anchors the entire victory in divine action, not human prowess.
ὑποχειρίουςsubject / under the handAccusativepredicate adjective (object-complement: 'gave them over as subject')ὑποχείριος: 'under the hand / subject / in one's power'; the predicate accusative completes παρέδωκεν — 'handed them over [as] subjects to Israel'; renders the Hebrew idiom נָתַן בְּיַד ('give into the hand of'), here lexicalized as a single adjective.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable (dative of relationship: 'subject to Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; here in a dative-of-relation sense governed by ὑποχειρίους ('subject to Israel'); the covenant people into whose power the enemy is delivered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κόπτοντεςcutting down / strikingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · κόπτωcircumstantial participle (manner, modifying the subject of κατεδίωκον)→ present participle (ongoing accompanying action: 'while cutting them down')κόπτω: 'cut / strike / cut down'; the present participle expresses the continuous slaughter accompanying the pursuit; renders Hebrew נָכָה; the simplex stands alongside the perfective κατέκοψαν ('they cut down completely') later in the verse.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κόπτοντεςαὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
κατεδίωκονthey were pursuingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · καταδιώκωmain verb (the sustained pursuit)→ imperfect (durative: the ongoing chase)καταδιώκω: 'pursue closely / chase down'; the perfective compound κατα- intensifies διώκω; the imperfect tense portrays the pursuit as an extended action stretching across the named geography; renders Hebrew רָדַף.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (spatial limit of pursuit)ἕως: 'as far as / until'; here spatial, marking the geographical reach of the pursuit; repeated three times to trace the full dispersal.
ΣιδῶνοςSidonGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (spatial limit)Σιδών (gen. Σιδῶνος): the great Phoenician city; here fully declined; the pursuit reaches the far northwest, 'Greater Sidon,' marking the western/coastal limit of the flight.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with μεγάλης)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληςgreatGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying Σιδῶνος: 'Greater Sidon')μέγας (fem. gen. μεγάλης): the fixed epithet 'Greater Sidon' (cf. v. 2), distinguishing the chief Phoenician metropolis.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (spatial limit)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΜασερωνMaserongenitive object of ἕως (indeclinable toponym)Μασερων: LXX rendering of Hebrew מִשְׂרְפוֹת מַיִם (Misrephoth-maim); indeclinable; one of the northern boundary-points of the pursuit.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (spatial limit)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πεδίων)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίωνplainsGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('the plains of Massoch')πεδίον (gen. pl. πεδίων): 'plain / valley'; here 'the plains of Massoch,' the third limit of the pursuit; renders Hebrew בִּקְעַת ('valley of') Mizpah.
ΜασσωχMassochgenitival modifier of πεδίων (indeclinable: 'plains of Massoch')Μασσωχ: LXX rendering of Hebrew מִצְפֶּה (Mizpeh/Mizpah); indeclinable; the valley of Mizpah below Hermon (cf. γῆν Μασσηφα, v. 3) — the eastern limit of the rout.
κατ᾿towardpreposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the east', elided)κατά + accusative: 'toward / in the direction of'; κατ᾿ ἀνατολάς ('toward the east / eastward') fixes the orientation of the plains of Massoch.
ἀνατολὰςeast / risingsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (compass direction: 'eastward')ἀνατολή (acc. pl. ἀνατολάς): 'rising / east'; the plural is the fixed idiom for the eastern quarter; renders Hebrew מִזְרָח.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατέκοψανthey cut downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακόπτωmain verb (the completed slaughter)→ constative aorist (the decisive cutting-down)κατακόπτω: 'cut down / cut to pieces / slaughter'; the perfective compound κατα- ('utterly') intensifies the simplex κόπτω used earlier in the verse; renders Hebrew נָכָה / כָּרַת; the move from κόπτοντες (pursuing-and-striking) to κατέκοψαν (utterly cut down) marks the completeness of the destruction.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κατέκοψαναὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + articular infinitive (result/extent: 'until')ἕως: here temporal/consecutive with the articular infinitive (ἕως τοῦ … καταλειφθῆναι), 'until there was left'; a Greek construction expressing the result-limit of the slaughter.
τοῦthe (of the)Genitivearticle (genitive, governing the articular infinitive)ὁ, ἡ, τό: the genitive article τοῦ substantivizes the infinitive καταλειφθῆναι, forming the ἕως τοῦ + infinitive result-construction.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive)μή: the negative proper to the infinitive; 'until there was NOT left' — the slaughter continued until total.
καταλειφθῆναιto be leftAor Pass Infin · καταλείπωarticular infinitive (result of the slaughter: 'until none was left')→ aorist passive infinitive (result/extent: completeness of destruction)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the aorist passive infinitive in the ἕως τοῦ μή construction expresses the complete annihilation — 'until not one of them was left surviving'; the leitwort of the ban (cf. οὐ κατελείφθη, vv. 11, 22).
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive (with διασεσῳσμένον: 'of them a survivor')αὐτῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
διασεσῳσμένονa survivor / one savedPerf Pass Ptcp Acc Masc Sg · διασῴζωsubstantivized participle (subject-accusative of the infinitive: 'a survivor')→ perfect-passive resultative (one in the abiding state of having been saved/escaped)διασῴζω: 'bring safely through / rescue / preserve'; the perfect passive participle, substantivized, denotes 'a survivor / one who has escaped'; renders Hebrew שָׂרִיד / פָּלִיט; 'not a survivor was left' is the total-destruction formula that anticipates the ḥērem-language of vv. 11–14.
9
καὶ ἐποίησεν αὐτοῖς Ἰησοῦς ὃν τρόπον ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ κύριος τοὺς ἵππους αὐτῶν ἐνευροκόπησεν καὶ τὰ ἅρματα αὐτῶν ἐνέπρησεν ἐν πυρί
And Joshua did to them in the manner the LORD commanded him: their horses he hamstrung, and their chariots he burned with fire.
v.9 is the first instance of the chapter's obedience-refrain: ὃν τρόπον ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ κύριος ('in the manner the LORD commanded him'). The two specific commands of v. 6 — hamstring the horses (ἐνευροκόπησεν echoing νευροκοπήσεις) and burn the chariots (ἐνέπρησεν fulfilling κατακαύσεις) — are reported as carried out verbatim. The exact correspondence of command and execution is a recurring Deuteronomistic signature of Joshua's faithfulness.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Joshua's obedient action)→ constative aorist (the act of compliance)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders Hebrew עָשָׂה; with ὃν τρόπον it forms the obedience-formula 'did just as [the LORD] commanded' — a signature of Joshua's covenant fidelity throughout the book.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of disadvantage (the defeated enemy)αὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): the dative of the persons acted upon — Joshua 'did to them' what the LORD commanded, i.e. hamstrung their horses and burned their chariots.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the obedient agent of the divine command.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in which manner')ὅς (acc. ὃν): relative pronoun; in the fixed phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner which / just as'), an accusative-of-respect idiom rendering Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; the formula recurs at vv. 12, 15.
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeaccusative of respect (with ὅν: 'in the manner that')τρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον is an adverbial accusative ('in the way that, just as'); the standard LXX comparison-formula introducing the correspondence of obedience to command.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (the prior divine command)→ constative aorist (the completed act of commanding)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / give orders'; deponent middle; renders Hebrew צִוָּה; the standard LXX verb for authoritative command, here of the LORD's order to Joshua in v. 6; the same verb governs the Moses-refrain at vv. 15, 23.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (recipient of the command: Joshua)αὐτῷ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο (the commanding God)κύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD as the source of the command Joshua obeys.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἵππους)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππουςhorsesAccusativedirect object of ἐνευροκόπησεν (fronted, as in v. 6)ἵππος (acc. pl. ἵππους): 'horse'; the fronting of 'their horses' exactly mirrors the word-order of the command in v. 6, underscoring the verbatim obedience.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἵππους)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐνευροκόπησενhe hamstrungAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐννευροκοπέω/νευροκοπέωmain verb (execution of the hamstringing command)→ constative aorist (the completed hamstringing)νευροκοπέω (here with intensive ἐν-/augment, ἐνευροκόπησεν): 'hamstring / hough', lit. 'cut the sinew' (νεῦρον + κόπτω); the aorist fulfills the command νευροκοπήσεις of v. 6 verbatim; renders Hebrew עִקֵּר; the LORD's deliberate destruction of the enemy's cavalry-power, in keeping with Israel's prohibition on trusting in horses (Deut 17:16; Ps 20:7).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἅρματα)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object of ἐνέπρησενἅρμα (acc. pl. ἅρματα): 'chariot'; the second object of execution, matching the command of v. 6; the burning of the chariots removes the enemy's elite weapon and forecloses Israelite reliance on it.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἅρματα)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐνέπρησενhe burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπίπρημι/ἐμπρήθωmain verb (execution of the burning command)→ constative aorist (the completed burning)ἐμπίπρημι (ἐμπρήθω): 'set on fire / burn up'; the aorist ἐνέπρησεν fulfills the command κατακαύσεις of v. 6 (the LXX varies the verb for 'burn' between command and execution); renders Hebrew שָׂרַף; the same verb recurs for the burning of Hazor (vv. 11, 13).
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument (ἐν πυρί: 'with fire')πῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; ἐν πυρί renders Hebrew בָּאֵשׁ; the burning of the war-materiel signs the victory as the LORD's own.
10
καὶ ἀπεστράφη Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ καὶ κατελάβετο Ασωρ καὶ τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἦν δὲ Ασωρ τὸ πρότερον ἄρχουσα πασῶν τῶν βασιλειῶν τούτων
And Joshua turned back at that time and seized Hazor and its king; now Hazor was formerly ruling over all these kingdoms.
v.10 turns from the open-field rout to the capture of the coalition's capital. The temporal phrase ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time') is a Deuteronomistic narrative seam (cf. v. 21). The parenthetical ἦν δὲ Ασωρ … ἄρχουσα πασῶν τῶν βασιλειῶν τούτων ('Hazor was formerly ruling over all these kingdoms') explains the strategic weight of the conquest: the head of the confederacy has fallen.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπεστράφηturned backAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (Joshua wheels back to Hazor)→ constative aorist (the act of turning back)ἀποστρέφω (aor. pass. with active sense): 'turn back / return'; renders Hebrew שׁוּב; Joshua wheels from the pursuit back to the coalition's home city, Hazor, to capture it.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time ('at that time')καιρός: 'time / season / appointed moment'; the phrase ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time') is a Deuteronomistic narrative marker (cf. v. 21), rendering Hebrew בָּעֵת הַהִיא.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying καιρῷ: 'that time')ἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the demonstrative fixes the capture of Hazor to the same campaign-time as the battle at Merom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατελάβετοseized / capturedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (the capture of Hazor)→ constative aorist (the act of seizing the city)καταλαμβάνω: 'seize / capture / overtake'; the perfective compound κατα- marks the decisive taking of the city; renders Hebrew לָכַד; the middle voice is common in the LXX for military capture.
ΑσωρHazordirect object of κατελάβετο (indeclinable toponym)Ασωρ: indeclinable; the chief city of the northern coalition; its capture is the climax of the campaign, as the parenthetical immediately explains.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of κατελάβετο (coordinate with Ασωρ)βασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): the king of Hazor — Jabin (v. 1) — captured along with his city; the fall of king and capital together signals the end of the confederacy's leadership.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (feminine, agreeing with the city Hazor)αὐτός (fem. gen. αὐτῆς): 'its'; the feminine refers to the city Hazor (cities are construed as feminine), 'its king.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of the parenthetical (periphrastic with ἄρχουσα)→ imperfect (durative past state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; the imperfect introduces the explanatory background-note; with the participle ἄρχουσα it forms a periphrastic construction, 'was ruling.'
δὲnownarrative continuative (post-positive, introducing parenthetical)δέ: post-positive particle introducing the explanatory aside about Hazor's former preeminence.
ΑσωρHazorsubject of the parenthetical (indeclinable)Ασωρ: indeclinable; subject of the background-clause explaining its former dominance.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρότερον, adverbial accusative)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρότερονformerlyAccusativeadverbial accusative ('formerly / previously')πρότερος (neut. τὸ πρότερον): 'former / earlier'; the articular neuter τὸ πρότερον functions adverbially, 'formerly / before'; renders Hebrew לְפָנִים; signals that Hazor's supremacy is now ended.
ἄρχουσαrulingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · ἄρχωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν: 'was ruling')→ present participle (ongoing past dominion, in periphrasis)ἄρχω: 'rule / be first / govern'; the feminine present participle (agreeing with the city Ασωρ) forms a periphrastic imperfect with ἦν — 'Hazor was ruling'; renders Hebrew רֹאשׁ ('head'), here verbalized: Hazor was 'head of all these kingdoms.'
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying βασιλειῶν: 'all the kingdoms')πᾶς (fem. gen. pl. πασῶν): 'all'; underscores the comprehensiveness of Hazor's former hegemony over the northern kingdoms.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλειῶν)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλειῶνkingdomsGenitivegenitive object of ἄρχουσα ('ruling over the kingdoms')βασιλεία (gen. pl. βασιλειῶν): 'kingdom / kingship / royal domain'; ἄρχω governs the genitive ('rule over'); Hazor presided over 'all these kingdoms,' explaining why its fall is decisive for the whole north.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying βασιλειῶν: 'these kingdoms')οὗτος (gen. pl. τούτων): 'these'; points to the coalition-kingdoms enumerated in vv. 1–3, framing them as a defeated, identifiable set.
11
καὶ ἀπέκτειναν πᾶν ἐμπνέον ἐν αὐτῇ ἐν ξίφει καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσαν πάντας καὶ οὐ κατελείφθη ἐν αὐτῇ ἐμπνέον καὶ τὴν Ασωρ ἐνέπρησαν ἐν πυρί
And they killed every living thing in it with the sword and utterly destroyed them all, and there was not left in it anything that breathed; and Hazor they burned with fire.
v.11 enacts the ḥērem on Hazor: every 'breathing thing' (πᾶν ἐμπνέον) is killed by the sword and 'utterly destroyed' (ἐξωλέθρευσαν), with the total-destruction formula οὐ κατελείφθη … ἐμπνέον ('nothing that breathed was left') echoing v. 8. The verb ἐξολεθρεύω is the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew ḥērem-root (חרם), and recurs as the chapter's leitwort (vv. 12, 14, 20, 21). Hazor alone, as the head city, is burned.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέκτεινανthey killedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (the slaughter of Hazor's inhabitants)→ constative aorist (the act of killing)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; renders Hebrew הָרַג / נָכָה; the verb of the ban's lethal execution, here against 'every breathing thing' in Hazor.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeadjective (modifying ἐμπνέον: 'every breathing thing')πᾶς (neut. acc. πᾶν): 'every / all'; the totalizing πᾶν ἐμπνέον leaves no living being exempt — the comprehensive scope proper to the ḥērem.
ἐμπνέονbreathing thingPres Act Ptcp Acc Neut Sg · ἐμπνέωsubstantivized participle (direct object: 'everything that breathes')→ present participle (substantival: 'a breathing/living thing')ἐμπνέω: 'breathe in / be alive'; the substantivized neuter participle πᾶν ἐμπνέον ('every breathing thing') renders Hebrew כָּל־הַנֶּפֶשׁ / כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה ('all that has breath'), the standard ḥērem-formula for total destruction (cf. Deut 20:16; Josh 10:40).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (feminine: 'in it', the city)αὐτός (fem. dat. αὐτῇ): 'it'; refers to the city Hazor (feminine), 'in it.'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with the sword')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ξίφειswordDativedative of instrument (ἐν ξίφει: 'with the sword')ξίφος (dat. ξίφει): 'sword'; ἐν ξίφει ('with the sword') renders Hebrew לְפִי חֶרֶב; the sword is the instrument of the ḥērem-slaughter; cf. the parallel ἐν στόματι ξίφους ('by the edge of the sword') at v. 12.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξωλέθρευσανthey utterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (the devoting-to-destruction / ḥērem)→ constative aorist (the completed devotion to destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the perfective compound ἐξ- intensifies ὀλεθρεύω; the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew ḥērem-root חרם (Hiphil הֶחֱרִים, 'devote to destruction'); the chapter's theological leitwort (vv. 11, 12, 14, 20 ×2, 21 ×2), tying the slaughter to the divine command of total devotion.
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'them all')πᾶς (masc. acc. pl. πάντας): 'all'; the masculine plural shifts from the collective neuter ἐμπνέον to the people as persons — 'they destroyed them all.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὐnotnegative particle (with κατελείφθη)οὐ: the negative of fact; οὐ κατελείφθη ('there was not left') is the total-destruction formula of the ban.
κατελείφθηwas leftAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (the no-survivor formula)→ constative aorist passive (resultant fact: none remained)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the aorist passive κατελείφθη in 'nothing that breathed was left in it' is the ḥērem total-destruction formula (cf. v. 8, ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι; v. 22, οὐ κατελείφθη); renders Hebrew נִשְׁאַר (Niphal of שָׁאַר).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν ('in it', the city)αὐτῇ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἐμπνέονbreathing thingPres Act Ptcp Nom Neut Sg · ἐμπνέωsubstantivized participle (subject of κατελείφθη: 'anything that breathed')→ present participle (substantival subject)ἐμπνέω: here as nominative subject of the passive κατελείφθη — 'no breathing thing was left'; the repetition of ἐμπνέον frames the verse (killed every breathing thing … no breathing thing left), sealing the totality of the ban.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the toponym Ασωρ, fronted object)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσωρHazordirect object of ἐνέπρησαν (indeclinable, articular, fronted)Ασωρ: indeclinable; the articular fronted τὴν Ασωρ emphasizes that the city itself — uniquely among the conquered cities (cf. v. 13) — was burned, as the head of the kingdoms.
ἐνέπρησανthey burnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπίπρημι/ἐμπρήθωmain verb (the burning of Hazor)→ constative aorist (the act of burning the city)ἐμπίπρημι (ἐμπρήθω): 'burn up / set on fire'; the same verb used of the chariots (v. 9) and recalled at v. 13; Hazor alone among the captured cities is burned — singled out because it was 'the head of all these kingdoms' (v. 10).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument (ἐν πυρί: 'with fire')πῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; ἐν πυρί renders Hebrew בָּאֵשׁ; the burning of Hazor is its definitive devotion to destruction.
12
καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις τῶν βασιλέων καὶ τοὺς βασιλεῖς αὐτῶν ἔλαβεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ ἀνεῖλεν αὐτοὺς ἐν στόματι ξίφους καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσαν αὐτούς ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν Μωυσῆς ὁ παῖς κυρίου
And all the cities of the kings and their kings Joshua took, and he destroyed them with the edge of the sword and utterly destroyed them, in the manner Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded.
v.12 broadens from Hazor to 'all the cities of the kings and their kings,' all taken and devoted to destruction (ἐξωλέθρευσαν). The verse closes with the second obedience-refrain — ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν Μωυσῆς ὁ παῖς κυρίου ('as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded') — explicitly grounding the ḥērem in the Mosaic command (Deut 7:2; 20:16–17) and styling Moses with the honorific title παῖς κυρίου ('servant of the LORD').
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις: 'all the cities')πᾶς (fem. acc. pl. πάσας): 'all'; the totalizing scope extends the ban from Hazor to the whole network of royal cities.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)τὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν ('all the cities')πόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'city'; renders Hebrew עִיר; 'the cities of the kings' are the royal seats of the coalition rulers.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέων)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πόλεις: 'cities of the kings')βασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): the coalition kings whose royal cities Joshua now takes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλεῖς)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (coordinate with πόλεις)βασιλεύς (acc. pl. βασιλεῖς): the kings themselves, taken along with their cities and then put to the sword.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying βασιλεῖς)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Joshua captures the cities and kings)→ constative aorist (the act of taking)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize / capture'; renders Hebrew לָכַד / לָקַח; the singular agrees with the subject Ἰησοῦς though the objects are plural; 'Joshua took' summarizes the whole sweep of conquest.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the agent of the conquest-summary.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνεῖλενdestroyed / slewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb (Joshua puts them to death)→ constative aorist (the act of slaying)ἀναιρέω: 'take up / do away with / kill'; renders Hebrew הָרַג / נָכָה; a standard LXX verb for killing; here of putting the captured kings and inhabitants to death by the sword.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀνεῖλεναὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental, Hebraism: 'by the edge of the sword')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
στόματιedge / mouthDativedative of instrument (with ξίφους: 'by the edge of the sword')στόμα (dat. στόματι): 'mouth'; the idiom ἐν στόματι ξίφους ('by the mouth/edge of the sword') is a Hebraism rendering לְפִי חֶרֶב ('according to the mouth of the sword'), i.e. putting to the sword; pervasive in the conquest narratives.
ξίφουςof the swordGenitivegenitive (with στόματι: 'edge of the sword')ξίφος (gen. ξίφους): 'sword'; the genitive completes the Hebraic idiom 'edge of the sword'; cf. the variant ἐν ξίφει at v. 11.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξωλέθρευσανthey utterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (the devotion to destruction)→ constative aorist (the completed ban)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the chapter's ḥērem leitwort (cf. v. 11); the shift from singular ἀνεῖλεν (Joshua) to plural ἐξωλέθρευσαν (the people) reflects the collective execution of the ban.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσαναὐτούς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in which manner')ὅς (acc. ὃν): in the obedience-formula ὃν τρόπον ('just as'); cf. vv. 9, 15.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeaccusative of respect (with ὅν: 'just as')τρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον introduces the Moses-obedience refrain — the ban is executed exactly as Moses commanded.
συνέταξενcommanded / orderedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of relative clause (Moses' prior command)→ constative aorist (the completed act of commanding)συντάσσω: 'arrange / order / command'; renders Hebrew צִוָּה; the LXX often uses συντάσσω for authoritative Mosaic command; the obedience-refrain grounds the ḥērem in the law of Moses (Deut 7:2; 20:16–17); the verb recurs at v. 15 (×2).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of συνέταξενΜωυσῆς: declined Greek form of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; the mediator of the command Joshua and Israel obey; styled here ὁ παῖς κυρίου ('the servant of the LORD').
ὁtheNominativearticle (with παῖς, in apposition to Μωυσῆς)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖςservant / childNominativenominative in apposition to Μωυσῆς ('the servant of the LORD')παῖς: 'servant / child / attendant'; renders Hebrew עֶבֶד; the honorific title ὁ παῖς κυρίου ('the servant of the LORD') is Moses' standard epithet (cf. Josh 1:1–2, 7; 14:7); the same title (παῖς / δοῦλος κυρίου) feeds the later Servant-theology (Isa 42; 52–53).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with παῖς: 'servant of the LORD')κύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive κυρίου completes Moses' title 'servant of the LORD,' locating his command-authority in his covenant relationship to YHWH.
13
ἀλλὰ πάσας τὰς πόλεις τὰς κεχωματισμένας οὐκ ἐνέπρησεν Ισραηλ πλὴν Ασωρ μόνην ἐνέπρησεν Ἰησοῦς
But all the cities built on mounds Israel did not burn; only Hazor alone did Joshua burn.
v.13 qualifies v. 12 with an adversative ἀλλά: although the inhabitants were destroyed, the 'mound-cities' (αἱ πόλεις αἱ κεχωματισμέναι, cities standing on their tells/earthworks) were not burned — they were to be inhabited (cf. Deut 6:10–11). The exception is marked with πλήν … μόνην: Hazor alone was burned, because it was the head of the kingdoms (v. 10). The verse distinguishes the herem on persons from the preservation of usable cities.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but / however'; the strong adversative qualifies the total-destruction picture of v. 12 — the people were destroyed, but the cities themselves (except Hazor) were left standing.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)πᾶς (fem. acc. pl. πάσας): 'all'; here within the negation — 'all the mound-cities Israel did NOT burn,' i.e. burned none of them.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)τὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ἐνέπρησενπόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'city'; the fortified settlements of the conquered region, distinguished here by their construction on tells.
τὰςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (attributive, with κεχωματισμένας)τὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεχωματισμέναςbuilt on mounds / fortified with earthworksPerf Pass Ptcp Acc Fem Pl · χωματίζωattributive participle (modifying πόλεις: 'the mound-built cities')→ perfect-passive resultative (in the abiding state of having been mounded/embanked)χωματίζω: 'heap up with earth / build on a mound (χῶμα)'; the perfect passive participle αἱ κεχωματισμέναι ('those built upon their mounds/earthworks') renders Hebrew הֶעָרִים הָעֹמְדוֹת עַל־תִּלָּם ('the cities standing on their mound/tell'); a technical archaeological term for cities perched on accumulated occupation-mounds, preserved intact for Israelite settlement.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐνέπρησεν)οὐκ: the negative of fact; 'Israel did NOT burn' the mound-cities — they were spared for habitation.
ἐνέπρησενburnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπίπρημι/ἐμπρήθωmain verb (negated: 'did not burn')→ constative aorist (negated act of burning)ἐμπίπρημι (ἐμπρήθω): 'burn up'; here negated — the mound-cities were not burned; the same verb is then used positively of Hazor in the second clause, sharpening the exception.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the collective subject — 'Israel did not burn'; the alternation with Ἰησοῦς (second clause) shows leader and people acting as one.
πλὴνexceptexceptive particle (introducing the sole exception)πλήν: 'except / only / nevertheless'; marks the single exception to the no-burning rule; renders Hebrew רַק / זוּלָתִי.
ΑσωρHazordirect object of the second ἐνέπρησεν (indeclinable)Ασωρ: indeclinable; the sole city burned, because it was 'the head of all these kingdoms' (v. 10); its burning is its definitive devotion to destruction.
μόνηνaloneAccusativeattributive/appositional adjective (with Ασωρ: 'Hazor alone')μόνος (fem. acc. μόνην): 'alone / only'; intensifies the exception — Hazor and Hazor only was burned; renders Hebrew לְבַדָּהּ.
ἐνέπρησενburnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπίπρημι/ἐμπρήθωmain verb (positive: 'Joshua did burn')→ constative aorist (the act of burning Hazor)ἐμπίπρημι (ἐμπρήθω): the repetition of the verb (negated of the mound-cities, affirmed of Hazor) is a deliberate rhetorical antithesis sealing the exception.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject (of the second clause)Ἰησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the subject of the burning of Hazor, paired with 'Israel' of the first clause.
14
καὶ πάντα τὰ σκῦλα αὐτῆς ἐπρονόμευσαν ἑαυτοῖς οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ αὐτοὺς δὲ πάντας ἐξωλέθρευσαν ἐν στόματι ξίφους ἕως ἀπώλεσεν αὐτούς οὐ κατέλιπον ἐξ αὐτῶν οὐδὲ ἓν ἐμπνέον
And all its spoil the sons of Israel plundered for themselves; but all the people themselves they utterly destroyed with the edge of the sword, until he destroyed them; they left of them not even one breathing thing.
v.14 draws the standard ḥērem-distinction: the property/spoil (τὰ σκῦλα) Israel takes for itself (ἑαυτοῖς), but the people (αὐτοὺς … πάντας) are wholly devoted to destruction (ἐξωλέθρευσαν). The δέ contrasts plunder kept with persons destroyed. The closing οὐ κατέλιπον … οὐδὲ ἓν ἐμπνέον ('they left not even one breathing thing') restates the total-destruction formula of vv. 8 and 11.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying σκῦλα: 'all the spoil')πᾶς (neut. acc. pl. πάντα): 'all'; the totality of the captured booty taken as plunder.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκῦλα)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκῦλαspoil / plunderAccusativedirect object of ἐπρονόμευσανσκῦλον (pl. σκῦλα): 'spoil / booty / plunder'; renders Hebrew שָׁלָל; the movable property of the conquered cities, which Israel was permitted to keep (cf. Deut 20:14) even when the people were placed under the ban.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (feminine: 'its spoil', the city's)αὐτός (fem. gen. αὐτῆς): 'its'; refers collectively to the city/cities (feminine); the spoil belonging to them.
ἐπρονόμευσανthey plunderedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προνομεύωmain verb (Israel takes the spoil)→ constative aorist (the act of plundering)προνομεύω: 'forage / take as plunder / despoil'; renders Hebrew בָּזַז; the verb for legitimately seizing the movable booty of a conquered enemy; the middle-reflexive sense is reinforced by ἑαυτοῖς ('for themselves').
ἑαυτοῖςfor themselvesDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage: 'for themselves')ἑαυτοῦ (dat. pl. ἑαυτοῖς): 'themselves'; the reflexive dative of advantage marks the spoil as kept for Israel's own benefit — the property is not banned, only the persons.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ: 'the sons of Israel')υἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders Hebrew בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant people.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable (genitive of relationship: 'sons of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; here genitival with υἱοί, 'the sons of Israel.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσαν (fronted, contrastive: the persons)αὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the fronted pronoun (with δέ) contrasts the persons — devoted to destruction — with the spoil that was kept.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive: contrasting persons with spoil)δέ: post-positive; here mildly adversative, marking the contrast between the spoil (kept) and the people (destroyed).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with αὐτούς: 'them all')πᾶς (masc. acc. pl. πάντας): 'all'; the totality of the human population, none exempt from the ban.
ἐξωλέθρευσανthey utterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (the ban on persons)→ constative aorist (the completed devotion to destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the chapter's ḥērem leitwort (cf. vv. 11, 12, 20, 21); the persons are devoted to destruction while their goods are spared.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental Hebraism: 'by the edge of the sword')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
στόματιedge / mouthDativedative of instrument (with ξίφους: 'by the edge of the sword')στόμα (dat. στόματι): 'mouth'; the Hebraism ἐν στόματι ξίφους ('by the mouth/edge of the sword', לְפִי חֶרֶב); cf. v. 12.
ξίφουςof the swordGenitivegenitive (with στόματι: 'edge of the sword')ξίφος (gen. ξίφους): 'sword'; completes the Hebraic idiom for putting to the sword.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (introducing result-clause)ἕως: 'until'; here temporal/consecutive with the finite verb ἀπώλεσεν, expressing the extent of the destruction ('until he destroyed them').
ἀπώλεσενhe destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιverb of the ἕως-clause (the completed destruction)→ constative aorist (the destruction brought to its end)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy / ruin / annihilate'; renders Hebrew אָבַד (Hiphil) / שָׁמַד; the singular subject (Joshua, or Israel collectively) marks the destruction as carried through to completion.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπώλεσεναὐτούς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
οὐnotnegative particle (with κατέλιπον)οὐ: the negative; with οὐδέ … ἕν ('not even one') forms the emphatic no-survivor formula.
κατέλιπονthey leftAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταλείπωmain verb (negated: 'they left none')→ constative aorist (negated act of leaving survivors)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the active here (contrast the passive κατελείφθη, v. 11) — 'they left none of them'; the total-destruction formula recurs throughout the chapter.
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of them')ἐξ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἐξ: 'of them')αὐτῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
οὐδὲnot evenintensive negative conjunction ('not even')οὐδέ: 'not even / and not'; intensifies the negation with ἕν — 'not even one'; renders Hebrew גַּם … לֹא / כֹּל … לֹא.
ἓνoneAccusativenumeral (with ἐμπνέον: 'one breathing thing')εἷς (neut. ἕν): 'one'; with the negation, 'not even one breathing thing'; the singular sharpens the totality of the destruction to its absolute limit.
ἐμπνέονbreathing thingPres Act Ptcp Acc Neut Sg · ἐμπνέωsubstantivized participle (object of κατέλιπον: 'a breathing thing')→ present participle (substantival)ἐμπνέω: 'breathe / be alive'; the substantivized neuter participle πᾶν/ἓν ἐμπνέον ('any/one breathing thing') is the ḥērem total-destruction formula (cf. v. 11), here capped with οὐδὲ ἕν for maximal emphasis: not a single living being survived.
15
ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ τῷ παιδὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ Μωυσῆς ὡσαύτως ἐνετείλατο τῷ Ἰησοῖ καὶ οὕτως ἐποίησεν Ἰησοῦς οὐ παρέβη οὐδὲν ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν συνέταξεν αὐτῷ Μωυσῆς
In the manner the LORD commanded Moses his servant, so also Moses commanded Joshua, and so Joshua did; he transgressed nothing of all that Moses commanded him.
v.15 is the fullest statement of the chapter's obedience-theology: a three-link chain of command — the LORD commanded Moses, Moses commanded Joshua, and Joshua did exactly so. The emphatic negative summary οὐ παρέβη οὐδέν ('he transgressed nothing') of all that was commanded crowns Joshua as the model of perfect Deuteronomic obedience (cf. Deut 31:7–8; Josh 1:7–8), in deliberate contrast to the disobedience that will mar later generations.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in which manner')ὅς (acc. ὃν): in the obedience-formula ὃν τρόπον ('just as'); the third occurrence in the chapter (vv. 9, 12, 15).
τρόπονmannerAccusativeaccusative of respect (with ὅν: 'just as')τρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον introduces the climactic command-chain LORD → Moses → Joshua.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of relative clause (the LORD's command to Moses)→ constative aorist (the completed command)συντάσσω: 'order / command'; renders Hebrew צִוָּה; the first link of the chain — the LORD's command to Moses, the foundation of the whole conquest-obedience.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν (the commanding God)κύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the ultimate source of the command-chain.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (recipient of the LORD's command)Μωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): declined Greek form of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; the recipient of the divine command, styled 'his servant.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with παιδί, in apposition to Μωυσῇ)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδὶservantDativedative in apposition to Μωυσῇ ('his servant')παῖς (dat. παιδί): 'servant / child'; renders Hebrew עֶבֶד; Moses' honorific 'servant of the LORD' (cf. v. 12); here with the possessive αὐτοῦ ('his servant').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's: 'his servant')αὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): 'his'; refers to the LORD — Moses is 'his servant,' grounding Moses' authority in his relation to YHWH.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the second command-link)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο (the second link: Moses → Joshua)Μωυσῆς: declined Greek form of Moses; now the one who commands, passing the LORD's charge to Joshua.
ὡσαύτωςlikewise / in the same wayadverb of manner ('in the same way')ὡσαύτως: 'likewise / in the same manner'; underscores the exact fidelity of transmission — Moses commanded Joshua precisely as the LORD had commanded Moses; renders Hebrew כֵּן.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (Moses' command to Joshua)→ constative aorist (the completed command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; deponent middle; renders Hebrew צִוָּה; the second link of the command-chain (cf. v. 9, the LORD's command to Joshua); the variation συντάσσω/ἐντέλλομαι is stylistic.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Ἰησοῖ)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἸησοῖJoshuaDativedative indirect object (recipient of Moses' command)Ἰησοῦς (dat. Ἰησοῖ): declined Greek form of Joshua; the recipient of Moses' charge and the executor of the LORD's command.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the execution)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner ('so / in this way')οὕτως: 'thus / so'; correlates with ὡσαύτως — as commanded, so done; renders Hebrew כֵּן; completes the command-and-execution correspondence.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Joshua's obedient execution)→ constative aorist (the act of obedience)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the obedience-verb (cf. v. 9); 'so Joshua did' completes the command-chain with perfect execution.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject of ἐποίησενἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the obedient executor.
οὐnotnegative particle (with παρέβη)οὐ: the negative; with οὐδέν forms the emphatic 'he transgressed nothing.'
παρέβηtransgressed / passed overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραβαίνωmain verb (negated: 'he transgressed nothing')→ constative aorist (negated act of deviation)παραβαίνω: 'step aside / transgress / disobey'; lit. 'go alongside/past'; renders Hebrew עָבַר / סוּר; the emphatic οὐ παρέβη οὐδέν ('he deviated in nothing') is the superlative commendation of Joshua's obedience — a Deuteronomic ideal (cf. Deut 17:20; Josh 1:7).
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object (with παρέβη: 'he transgressed nothing')οὐδείς (neut. οὐδέν): 'nothing / not one thing'; the accusative of the thing not transgressed; the double negative (οὐ … οὐδέν) is emphatic, as in Hebrew.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of all that')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive: 'all the things')πᾶς (gen. pl. πάντων): 'all'; 'nothing of all that Moses commanded' — the totality of the Mosaic charge was fully kept.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction: 'which [things]')ὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): relative pronoun, genitive by attraction to its antecedent πάντων; 'all that Moses commanded him.'
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of relative clause (the totality of Moses' command)→ constative aorist (the completed commanding)συντάσσω: 'command / order'; the second use of this verb in the verse, here summarizing the full body of Moses' instructions which Joshua kept without deviation.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (recipient: Joshua)αὐτῷ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of the second συνέταξενΜωυσῆς: declined Greek form of Moses; the closing word names Moses again, framing the verse with the Mosaic authority that bookends Joshua's obedience.
16
καὶ ἔλαβεν Ἰησοῦς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν Ναγεβ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν Γοσομ καὶ τὴν πεδινὴν καὶ τὴν πρὸς δυσμαῖς καὶ τὸ ὄρος Ισραηλ καὶ τὰ ταπεινά
And Joshua took all the land — the hill country and all the Negeb and all the land of Goshen and the lowland and the region toward the west and the mountain of Israel and its lowlands.
v.16 begins the great conquest-summary (vv. 16–23) with a topographical inventory of 'all the land' Joshua took — hill country, Negeb, land of Goshen, lowland, western region, the mountain of Israel, and its lowlands. The piling-up of πᾶσαν ('all') and the standard zone-list (highland/Negeb/lowland/slopes) signal the totality of the conquest, fulfilling the land-promise to the patriarchs.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Joshua takes the whole land)→ constative aorist (the comprehensive act of taking)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; renders Hebrew לָקַח; the summary verb 'Joshua took all the land' (repeated at v. 23) frames the whole conquest-summary; cf. ἔλαβεν at v. 12.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; agent of the comprehensive conquest.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆν: 'all the land')πᾶς (fem. acc. πᾶσαν): 'all'; the repeated πᾶσαν throughout the verse stresses the totality of the territory conquered.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν ('all the land')γῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land / earth'; renders Hebrew אֶרֶץ; 'all the land' is then specified by the zone-list that follows.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with ὀρεινήν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινὴνhill countryAccusativesubstantivized adjective (in apposition to γῆν: 'the hill country')ὀρεινή: 'hill country / highlands'; the first topographical zone; renders Hebrew הַר; cf. vv. 2, 7, 21.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὴν Ναγεβ)πᾶσαν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the toponym Ναγεβ)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝαγεβNegeb / southaccusative object (indeclinable transliterated region, articular)Ναγεβ: transliteration of Hebrew נֶגֶב ('Negeb / south / dry land'); indeclinable; the arid southland; the LXX transliterates rather than rendering 'south,' treating it as a proper region-name.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with γῆν Γοσομ)πᾶσαν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative ('the land of Goshen')γῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land'; here 'the land of Goshen' — a region of southern Judah/Canaan (distinct from the Egyptian Goshen), named in the conquest-inventory (cf. Josh 10:41; 15:51).
ΓοσομGoshengenitival modifier of γῆν (indeclinable: 'land of Goshen')Γοσομ: transliteration of Hebrew גֹּשֶׁן (Goshen); indeclinable; a district of the southern hill-country region of Judah, not the Egyptian Goshen of Genesis–Exodus.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with πεδινήν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδινὴνlowland / plainAccusativesubstantivized adjective (region: 'the lowland')πεδινός (fem. πεδινή): 'level / flat'; substantivized 'the lowland / plain' (sc. γῆ); renders Hebrew שְׁפֵלָה (the Shephelah); the third standard topographical zone.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνthe (region)Accusativearticle (substantivizing the πρός-phrase: 'the [region] toward the west')ὁ, ἡ, τό: the article substantivizes the prepositional phrase πρὸς δυσμαῖς as a region — 'the [land] toward the west.'
πρὸςtowardpreposition + dative (location: 'toward the west')πρός + dative: 'at / toward / near'; in πρὸς δυσμαῖς ('toward the west'), the dative marks location/orientation.
δυσμαῖςwest / settingsDativedative object of πρός (compass direction: 'the west')δυσμή (pl. δυσμαί): 'setting (of the sun) / west'; the plural is the fixed idiom for the western quarter; renders Hebrew יָם ('seaward / west'); the counterpart to ἀνατολαί ('east', vv. 3, 8).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative ('the mountain of Israel')ὄρος: 'mountain / hill country'; 'the mountain of Israel' (τὸ ὄρος Ισραηλ) renders Hebrew הַר יִשְׂרָאֵל, the central highland-massif of the land; an expression later prominent in Ezekiel ('the mountains of Israel').
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitival modifier of ὄρος (indeclinable: 'mountain of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; here genitival with ὄρος, 'the mountain of Israel' — the highland heartland of the nation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ταπεινά)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπεινάlowlands / low placesAccusativesubstantivized adjective (region: 'the lowlands')ταπεινός (neut. pl. τὰ ταπεινά): 'low / lowly'; substantivized 'the low places / foothills'; renders Hebrew שְׁפֵלָה; here the foothills belonging to the mountain of Israel, completing the topographical inventory of the conquered land.
17
τὰ πρὸς τῷ ὄρει ἀπὸ ὄρους Αχελ καὶ ὃ προσαναβαίνει εἰς Σηιρ καὶ ἕως Βααλγαδ καὶ τὰ πεδία τοῦ Λιβάνου ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος τὸ Αερμων καὶ πάντας τοὺς βασιλεῖς αὐτῶν ἔλαβεν καὶ ἀνεῖλεν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν
the parts near the mountain from Mount Achel and what ascends to Seir and as far as Baal-gad and the plains of Lebanon under Mount Hermon; and all their kings he took and destroyed them and killed them.
v.17 extends the inventory of v. 16 with the boundary-markers of the conquered land — from Mount Achel (Halak) rising to Seir in the south, to Baal-gad and the plains of Lebanon under Hermon in the far north. This south-to-north span defines the full extent of the conquest. The verse then summarizes the fate of the kings with a triad of verbs (ἔλαβεν … ἀνεῖλεν … ἀπέκτεινεν: took, destroyed, killed), emphasizing the totality of the royal defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
τὰthe (parts)Accusativearticle (substantivizing the πρός-phrase: 'the parts near the mountain')ὁ, ἡ, τό: the neuter plural article substantivizes the following prepositional phrase — 'the [regions] near the mountain'; continues the territorial inventory of v. 16.
πρὸςnear / bypreposition + dative (location: 'near the mountain')πρός + dative: 'at / near / by'; locates these regions in the vicinity of the central mountain-range.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative object of πρός ('near the mountain')ὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'mountain'; the central highland of the land, the geographical anchor for the regions being inventoried.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of the south-north span)ἀπό: 'from'; with ἕως (v. 17b) it frames the full span of the conquered territory from the southern Mount Achel to northern Baal-gad.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('from Mount Achel')ὄρος (gen. ὄρους): 'mountain'; 'from Mount Achel' marks the southern boundary of the conquest.
ΑχελAchel / Halakgenitival modifier of ὄρους (indeclinable: 'Mount Achel')Αχελ: LXX rendering of Hebrew הָהָר הֶחָלָק (Mount Halak, 'the bald/smooth mountain'); indeclinable; the southern limit of the conquered land, 'that goes up to Seir.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὃwhichNominativerelative pronoun (neuter, subject of προσαναβαίνει: 'that which ascends')ὅς (neut. ὅ): relative pronoun; 'that which goes up to Seir' — refers to the mountain-range/terrain that rises toward Seir, marking the southern ascent.
προσαναβαίνειgoes up / ascendsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · προσαναβαίνωverb of relative clause (the terrain's ascent toward Seir)→ gnomic/descriptive present (geographical description)προσαναβαίνω: 'go up toward / ascend'; the double compound (πρός + ἀνά + βαίνω) describes the terrain's rising approach toward Seir; the present is descriptive-geographical (the land 'ascends'); renders Hebrew הָעֹלֶה ('that goes up').
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction of ascent)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΣηιρSeiraccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable toponym)Σηιρ: transliteration of Hebrew שֵׂעִיר (Seir); indeclinable; the mountainous region of Edom to the south; marks the southern extremity of the conquered land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (northern limit of the span)ἕως: 'as far as'; here spatial, marking the northern boundary of the conquest at Baal-gad, paired with the southern ἀπό.
ΒααλγαδBaal-gadgenitive object of ἕως (indeclinable toponym)Βααλγαδ: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעַל גָּד (Baal-gad); indeclinable; located 'in the valley of Lebanon under Mount Hermon' (cf. 12:7; 13:5), the northern limit of the conquest.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πεδία)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίαplains / valleyAccusativeaccusative ('the plains of Lebanon')πεδίον (acc. pl. πεδία): 'plain / valley'; 'the plains/valley of Lebanon' (τὰ πεδία τοῦ Λιβάνου) renders Hebrew בִּקְעַת הַלְּבָנוֹן ('the valley of Lebanon'), the great rift-valley between the Lebanon ranges, below Hermon.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Λιβάνου)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonGenitivegenitive of relationship ('plains of Lebanon')Λίβανος (gen. Λιβάνου): 'Lebanon'; the great mountain-range of the north; here fully declined in Greek (unlike most toponyms in the chapter); renders Hebrew לְבָנוֹן.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (location: 'under / at the foot of')ὑπό + accusative: 'under / at the foot of'; locates the plains of Lebanon beneath Mount Hermon (cf. v. 3, the Hittites 'under Hermon').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό ('under the mountain')ὄρος: 'mountain'; here 'Mount Hermon,' the northern boundary-peak, named again (cf. v. 3) to close the south-north span.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (in apposition, with the toponym Αερμων)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑερμωνHermonindeclinable toponym in apposition to ὄρος ('Mount Hermon')Αερμων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶרְמוֹן (Hermon); indeclinable; the snow-capped peak marking Israel's northern frontier; the articular apposition τὸ ὄρος τὸ Αερμων = 'the mountain, namely Hermon.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (shifting to the royal-execution summary)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεῖς: 'all their kings')πᾶς (masc. acc. pl. πάντας): 'all'; the totality of the kings of the conquered regions, all taken and killed.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλεῖς)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβενβασιλεύς (acc. pl. βασιλεῖς): the kings of all the conquered territory; their capture and execution are summarized by the verb-triad that follows.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying βασιλεῖς)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Joshua captures the kings)→ constative aorist (the act of capture)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize / capture'; the first of the three verbs (took–destroyed–killed) summarizing the comprehensive defeat of the kings.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνεῖλενdestroyed / slewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb (Joshua puts the kings to death)→ constative aorist (the act of slaying)ἀναιρέω: 'do away with / kill'; the second verb of the triad; cf. v. 12; renders Hebrew הִכָּה / הֵמִית.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀνεῖλεναὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέκτεινενhe killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (the third verb of the execution-triad)→ constative aorist (the act of killing)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; the third verb of the triad (took–destroyed–killed); the accumulation of near-synonyms (ἔλαβεν, ἀνεῖλεν, ἀπέκτεινεν) rhetorically underscores the absolute finality of the kings' defeat.
18
καὶ πλείους ἡμέρας ἐποίησεν Ἰησοῦς πρὸς τοὺς βασιλεῖς τούτους τὸν πόλεμον
And for many days Joshua made war against these kings.
v.18 supplies a temporal gloss on the whole campaign: it was not a single battle but a protracted war 'for many days.' The fronted πλείους ἡμέρας ('for a good many days') corrects any impression of instantaneous conquest and prepares for v. 20's theological explanation of why no city sought peace.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πλείουςmany / moreAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας: 'many days')πολύς (comparative πλείων, acc. pl. πλείους): 'more / a good many'; the comparative here has elative force ('many / a long time'); renders Hebrew יָמִים רַבִּים ('many days').
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration of time ('for many days')ἡμέρα (acc. pl. ἡμέρας): 'day'; the accusative of extent of time marks the protracted duration of the war; renders Hebrew יָמִים.
ἐποίησενmade / wagedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (with τὸν πόλεμον: 'made war')→ constative aorist (the war viewed as a whole)ποιέω: 'do / make'; in the idiom ποιέω πόλεμον ('make/wage war') renders Hebrew עָשָׂה מִלְחָמָה; the constative aorist sums up the entire protracted campaign as one action.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the commander of the protracted war.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against the kings')πρός + accusative: here in a hostile sense, 'against'; renders Hebrew אֶת / עִם in the context of warring 'with/against.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλεῖς)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός ('against these kings')βασιλεύς (acc. pl. βασιλεῖς): the coalition kings, against whom the long war was waged.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying βασιλεῖς: 'these kings')οὗτος (acc. pl. τούτους): 'these'; points back to the kings of the conquest-summary, framing them as the defeated set.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεμον)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμονwarAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν (cognate-like object: 'made the war')πόλεμος (acc. πόλεμον): 'war / battle'; the object of ποιέω in the idiom 'wage war'; cognate with πολεμέω (v. 5) and πολεμουμένη (v. 23), tying the chapter's military vocabulary together — war that will finally cease in the rest of v. 23.
19
καὶ οὐκ ἦν πόλις ἣν οὐκ ἔλαβεν Ισραηλ πάντα ἐλάβοσαν ἐν πολέμῳ
And there was no city which Israel did not take; they took everything in war.
v.19 caps the conquest-summary with a double-negative totalization: 'there was no city which Israel did not take' — i.e. every city was taken. (The LXX here is markedly shorter than the MT, which adds the exception of the Gibeonites who made peace.) The emphatic πάντα ἐλάβοσαν ('they took everything') with the Hellenistic third-plural ending -οσαν seals the comprehensiveness, setting up the theological explanation of v. 20.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)οὐκ: the negative; οὐκ ἦν πόλις ἣν οὐκ ἔλαβεν is a double-negative totalization — 'there was no city which they did not take,' i.e. they took every city.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was [no city]')→ imperfect (existential statement of past fact)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be / exist'; the existential 'there was no city' frames the totalizing claim.
πόλιςcityNominativesubject (existential: 'no city')πόλις: 'city'; renders Hebrew עִיר; the subject of the existential negation — 'no city' escaped capture.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔλαβεν: 'which … did not take')ὅς (fem. acc. ἥν): relative pronoun referring to πόλις; the accusative object of the relative-clause verb ἔλαβεν.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔλαβεν, completing the double negation)οὐκ: the second negative of the double-negative construction; 'no city which they did NOT take' = every city was taken.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of relative clause (Israel's capture of each city)→ constative aorist (the act of taking)λαμβάνω: 'take / capture'; the singular agrees with Ισραηλ as a collective subject; 'which Israel did not take' — within the double negation, affirming total capture.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable, collective)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the collective subject 'Israel,' construed with a singular verb.
πάνταeverything / allAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object of ἐλάβοσαν: 'all things')πᾶς (neut. acc. pl. πάντα): 'all things / everything'; the emphatic object summarizing the totality of the captured territory and cities.
ἐλάβοσανthey tookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (the comprehensive taking)→ constative aorist (the completed total capture)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the third-plural aorist ἐλάβοσαν shows the characteristic Hellenistic/LXX ending -οσαν (for classical ἔλαβον), a common feature of LXX morphology; 'they took everything in war.'
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (manner/means: 'in/by war')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πολέμῳwar / battleDativedative of manner/means (ἐν πολέμῳ: 'in war')πόλεμος (dat. πολέμῳ): 'war / battle'; ἐν πολέμῳ ('in/by war') marks the means of acquisition — every city was taken by force of arms, none by treaty (the LXX omitting the Gibeonite exception of the MT).
20
ὅτι διὰ κυρίου ἐγένετο κατισχῦσαι αὐτῶν τὴν καρδίαν συναντᾶν εἰς πόλεμον πρὸς Ισραηλ ἵνα ἐξολεθρευθῶσιν ὅπως μὴ δοθῇ αὐτοῖς ἔλεος ἀλλ᾿ ἵνα ἐξολεθρευθῶσιν ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν
For it was from the LORD that their heart was hardened to meet Israel in battle, that they might be utterly destroyed, so that no mercy should be given them, but that they might be utterly destroyed, in the manner the LORD said to Moses.
v.20 is the theological hinge of the chapter and one of the most striking divine-hardening texts in the LXX: the reason no city sought peace is that 'it was from the LORD' (διὰ κυρίου ἐγένετο) that their heart was hardened (κατισχῦσαι … τὴν καρδίαν) to come against Israel — ἵνα ἐξολεθρευθῶσιν ('that they might be utterly destroyed'). The doubled ἵνα-clause and the ὅπως μὴ … ἔλεος ('that no mercy be given them') frame the destruction as the LORD's own purpose, closed by the obedience-formula ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν. The text stands in the same theological family as the hardening of Pharaoh (Exod 4–14) and Paul's reflection in Rom 9:17–18.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding v. 19)ὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the theological ground of v. 19 — the reason every city was taken by war (and none by peace) is the LORD's hardening of the enemy's heart.
διὰthrough / frompreposition + genitive (agency/cause: 'by/from the LORD')διά + genitive: 'through / by means of'; here marking divine agency — διὰ κυρίου ('from/through the LORD') attributes the hardening directly to YHWH; renders the Hebrew causal sense 'for it was of the LORD' (מֵאֵת יְהוָה).
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of διά (the agent of hardening)κύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; διὰ κυρίου names YHWH as the agent of the hardening — the most theologically loaded phrase in the chapter, locating the enemy's obduracy in the divine will.
ἐγένετοit came to be / it happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal: 'it came about')→ constative aorist (the hardening as an accomplished divine event)γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'become / happen / come to be'; here impersonal — 'it came about [from the LORD]'; renders Hebrew הָיְתָה; the subject is the following articular-infinitive clause ('to harden their heart').
κατισχῦσαιto harden / to strengthenAor Act Infin · κατισχύωinfinitive (subject of ἐγένετο: 'the hardening came about')→ telic/explanatory aorist infinitive (the divinely-caused hardening)κατισχύω: 'strengthen / make strong / harden'; here transitive-causative, 'to make their heart strong/obstinate'; the perfective κατα- intensifies ἰσχύω; the LXX uses κατισχύω where elsewhere it uses σκληρύνω (Exod) for the hardening of the heart; renders Hebrew חִזֵּק ('to strengthen/harden') — the same root used for Pharaoh's hardening; the divine hardening here serves the purpose of the ban.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying καρδίαν: 'their heart')αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with καρδίαν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartAccusativedirect object of κατισχῦσαι ('to harden their heart')καρδία: 'heart'; renders Hebrew לֵב/לֵבָב; in Hebrew anthropology the seat of will and resolve, not merely emotion; the hardening of the heart is the fixing of the will against Israel — here by divine agency, for the purpose of the ban.
συναντᾶνto meet / to encounterPres Act Infin · συναντάωcomplementary/epexegetical infinitive (purpose of the hardening: 'to meet [Israel]')→ telic present infinitive (purpose of the hardened resolve)συναντάω: 'meet / encounter / engage'; the infinitive expresses the result/purpose of the hardened heart — 'to come against Israel in battle'; renders Hebrew לִקְרַאת ('to meet/encounter'); the hardening produces hostile engagement rather than submission.
εἰςfor / intopreposition + accusative (purpose/goal: 'for battle')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πόλεμονwar / battleAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('into/for battle')πόλεμος (acc. πόλεμον): 'war / battle'; εἰς πόλεμον ('for battle') marks the purpose of the hostile encounter; cf. v. 18.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against Israel')πρός + accusative: hostile 'against'; the enemy is hardened to come 'against Israel.'
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the object of the enemy's hardened hostility — the covenant people against whom they march to their own destruction.
ἵναin order thatpurpose conjunction (introducing ἐξολεθρευθῶσιν)ἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the purpose-clause with the subjunctive; the divine hardening has a telos — 'that they might be utterly destroyed'; the ἵνα-clause is repeated (doubled) for emphasis.
ἐξολεθρευθῶσινthey might be utterly destroyedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · ἐξολεθρεύωverb of purpose-clause (the goal of the hardening)→ telic aorist passive subjunctive (the purposed destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the chapter's ḥērem leitwort (cf. vv. 11, 12, 14, 21), here in the divine-purpose subjunctive — the hardening was 'so that they might be devoted to destruction'; the passive ('be destroyed') with the divine ἵνα makes God the ultimate cause of the ban's fulfillment.
ὅπωςso thatpurpose conjunction (introducing the negative purpose-clause)ὅπως: 'so that / in order that'; with μή introduces a negative purpose — 'so that mercy should NOT be given them'; the hardening forecloses any peace-treaty that would have spared them.
μὴnotnegative particle (with δοθῇ: negative purpose)μή: the negative proper to the purpose-subjunctive; 'so that no mercy be given.'
δοθῇshould be givenAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of negative purpose-clause ('that mercy not be given')→ telic aorist passive subjunctive (negated purpose)δίδωμι (aor. pass. subj. δοθῇ): 'give'; the passive 'should be given'; the divine passive implies that mercy/peace would have come only by God's gift — and it was withheld so that the ban might be fulfilled; renders Hebrew נָתַן.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (recipients of withheld mercy)αὐτοῖς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἔλεοςmercyNominativesubject of δοθῇ ('that mercy not be given')ἔλεος: 'mercy / compassion'; renders Hebrew חֲנִינָה / תְּחִנָּה; the subject of the passive δοθῇ; the withholding of mercy means no peace-treaty (as the Gibeonites obtained, ch. 9) — the enemy is hardened precisely so that no such reprieve occurs.
ἀλλ᾿butadversative conjunction (elided: 'but rather')ἀλλά: 'but / rather'; sharpens the contrast — not mercy, but utter destruction; introduces the emphatic repetition of the ἵνα-clause.
ἵναin order thatpurpose conjunction (emphatic repetition)ἵνα: 'in order that'; the second, emphatic ἵνα-clause repeats the purpose verbatim — a deliberate rhetorical reiteration underscoring that the destruction is the LORD's settled purpose.
ἐξολεθρευθῶσινthey might be utterly destroyedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · ἐξολεθρεύωverb of the repeated purpose-clause→ telic aorist passive subjunctive (the purposed destruction, reiterated)ἐξολεθρεύω: the ḥērem leitwort, repeated for emphasis ('… that they might be utterly destroyed, but … that they might be utterly destroyed'); the doubling is the LXX's way of stressing the inexorability of the divine purpose of devotion-to-destruction.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in which manner')ὅς (acc. ὃν): in the obedience-formula ὃν τρόπον ('just as'); here grounding even the hardening-for-destruction in the LORD's prior word to Moses.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeaccusative of respect (with ὅν: 'just as')τρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον ('just as') ties the destruction to the LORD's command to Moses (cf. Deut 7:2; 20:16–17; Exod 23:31–33).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause (the LORD's prior word to Moses)→ constative aorist (the completed divine word)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; the LORD's word to Moses — the destruction of the Canaanites was foretold and commanded in the Mosaic law; the hardening fulfills, rather than frustrates, the prior divine word.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν (the speaking God)κύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the speaker of the prior word to Moses that the destruction now fulfills — bracketing the verse with divine agency (διὰ κυρίου … εἶπεν κύριος).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of the word)Μωυσῆς (acc. Μωυσῆν): declined Greek form of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; the recipient of the LORD's word about the destruction of the nations; the verse grounds the hardening-for-ban in the Mosaic revelation.
21
καὶ ἦλθεν Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν τοὺς Ενακιμ ἐκ τῆς ὀρεινῆς ἐκ Χεβρων καὶ ἐκ Δαβιρ καὶ ἐξ Αναβωθ καὶ ἐκ παντὸς γένους Ισραηλ καὶ ἐκ παντὸς ὄρους Ιουδα σὺν ταῖς πόλεσιν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν αὐτοὺς Ἰησοῦς
And Joshua came at that time and utterly destroyed the Anakim from the hill country, from Hebron and from Debir and from Anaboth, and from all the race of Israel and from all the mountain of Judah, with their cities; and Joshua utterly destroyed them.
v.21 singles out the destruction of the Anakim — the giant clans whose presence had terrified the spies a generation earlier (Num 13:28–33; Deut 9:2). The temporal marker ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ (cf. v. 10) frames it as part of the same campaign. The ban-verb ἐξωλέθρευσεν brackets the verse (inclusio), and the geographical list (Hebron, Debir, Anaboth, the hill country of Judah) locates the Anakim's elimination in the southern highlands — reversing the spies' despair with Joshua's faith-driven conquest.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (Joshua proceeds against the Anakim)→ constative aorist (the act of coming/advancing)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθεν): 'come / go'; renders Hebrew בּוֹא; Joshua comes specifically to cut off the Anakim from the hill country.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time ('at that time')καιρός (dat. καιρῷ): 'time / appointed season'; ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time'), the Deuteronomistic narrative marker (cf. v. 10), frames the Anakim-extermination as part of the same campaign.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying καιρῷ)ἐκεῖνος (dat. ἐκείνῳ): 'that'; fixes the action to the same campaign-time.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξωλέθρευσενutterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (the ban on the Anakim)→ constative aorist (the completed extermination)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the ḥērem leitwort (cf. vv. 11, 12, 14, 20); brackets the verse as an inclusio (here and at the verse's end), framing the Anakim's destruction as a complete devotion-to-destruction.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with Ενακιμ)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕνακιμAnakimdirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσεν (indeclinable, articular)Ενακιμ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲנָקִים (Anakim); indeclinable; the giant clans descended from Anak whose great stature terrified the spies (Num 13:28–33; Deut 9:2; 'Who can stand before the sons of Anak?'); Joshua's destruction of them is the climactic reversal of that ancient fear.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source/region of removal)ἐκ: 'from / out of'; the repeated ἐκ delineates the regions from which the Anakim were cut off.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὀρεινῆς)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινῆςhill countryGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive object of ἐκ: 'from the hill country')ὀρεινή (gen. ὀρεινῆς): 'hill country'; substantivized; the southern highlands from which the Anakim are removed; cf. vv. 2, 16.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (specifying the cities)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΧεβρωνHebrongenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable toponym)Χεβρων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron); indeclinable; the chief city of the southern hill country, a principal Anakim stronghold (cf. Num 13:22; Josh 14:12–15; 15:13–14, where Caleb drives out the sons of Anak).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitiveἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΔαβιρDebirgenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable toponym)Δαβιρ: transliteration of Hebrew דְּבִיר (Debir); indeclinable; a city of the southern hill country (formerly Kiriath-sepher), another Anakim seat (cf. Josh 10:38–39; 15:15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (form before vowel)ἐκ (ἐξ before a vowel): 'from / out of'.
ΑναβωθAnaboth / Anabgenitive object of ἐξ (indeclinable toponym)Αναβωθ: LXX rendering of Hebrew עֲנָב (Anab); indeclinable; a town in the southern hill country (cf. Josh 15:50), the third named Anakim locality.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitiveἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying γένους)πᾶς (neut. gen. παντός): 'all / every'; with γένους, 'from all the race/territory of Israel.'
γένουςrace / stock / territoryGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from all the race of Israel')γένος (gen. γένους): 'race / kind / stock'; the LXX phrase 'all the γένος of Israel' is somewhat unusual (the MT reads 'the hill country of Israel'); the Greek may render the highland-region as the 'stock/territory' of Israel — the Anakim are cut off from the whole Israelite domain.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable (genitive of relationship: 'race of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; genitival with γένους, 'the race/territory of Israel.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitiveἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὄρους)πᾶς (neut. gen. παντός): 'all'; with ὄρους, 'from all the mountain of Judah.'
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from all the mountain of Judah')ὄρος (gen. ὄρους): 'mountain / hill country'; 'all the mountain of Judah' (πᾶν ὄρος Ιουδα) renders Hebrew כֹּל הַר יְהוּדָה, the southern highland heartland of Judah.
ΙουδαJudahindeclinable (genitive of relationship: 'mountain of Judah')Ιουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Judah); indeclinable; here genitival with ὄρους, 'the mountain of Judah'; the southern tribal highland.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment: 'with their cities')σύν + dative: 'with / together with'; σὺν ταῖς πόλεσιν αὐτῶν ('with their cities') — the Anakim were destroyed along with their settlements; renders Hebrew עִם / אֵת.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with πόλεσιν)ταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative object of σύν ('with their cities')πόλις (dat. pl. πόλεσιν): 'city'; the cities of the Anakim, destroyed together with their inhabitants.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πόλεσιν)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξωλέθρευσενutterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (closing the inclusio: 'Joshua utterly destroyed them')→ constative aorist (the completed extermination)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy'; the repetition (verse-frame inclusio) emphatically closes the Anakim-note — the giants who once seemed invincible are wholly devoted to destruction by Joshua.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of the second ἐξωλέθρευσεναὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject (repeated, emphatic)Ἰησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the repeated naming of Joshua as the agent caps the verse — it is Joshua, the obedient servant, who accomplishes what the spies' generation feared impossible.
22
οὐ κατελείφθη τῶν Ενακιμ ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἀλλὰ πλὴν ἐν Γάζῃ καὶ ἐν Γεθ καὶ ἐν Ασεδωθ κατελείφθη
There was not left of the Anakim among the sons of Israel; but only in Gaza and in Gath and in Asedoth were any left.
v.22 qualifies the extermination of v. 21 with the same no-survivor formula (οὐ κατελείφθη, cf. v. 11) and a πλήν-exception (cf. v. 13): none of the Anakim remained within Israel's territory, except in the three Philistine coastal cities — Gaza, Gath, and Asedoth (Ashdod). The note both confirms the completeness of the highland-conquest and quietly anticipates the later Philistine threat (the giant Goliath of Gath, 1 Sam 17).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οὐnotnegative particle (with κατελείφθη)οὐ: the negative; οὐ κατελείφθη ('there was not left') is the no-survivor formula (cf. vv. 8, 11).
κατελείφθηwas leftAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (the no-survivor statement)→ constative aorist passive (resultant fact: none remained)καταλείπω (aor. pass. κατελείφθη): 'leave behind / remain'; the total-destruction formula — none of the Anakim remained within Israelite territory; renders Hebrew נִשְׁאַר (Niphal of שָׁאַר); the same verb appears positively at the verse's end (the exception).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive, with Ενακιμ)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕνακιμAnakimpartitive genitive (indeclinable: 'of the Anakim')Ενακιμ: indeclinable; here in the partitive genitive — 'none of the Anakim was left'; the giant clans of v. 21.
ἀπὸamong / frompreposition + genitive (sphere: 'among the sons of Israel')ἀπό: 'from / among'; here marking the sphere within which none of the Anakim remained — the territory of the sons of Israel.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('among the sons of Israel')υἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel', בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל); the Anakim were eliminated from within Israel's domain.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable (genitive of relationship: 'sons of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; genitival with υἱῶν.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction (introducing the exception)ἀλλά: 'but'; introduces the exception to the total elimination — the Anakim survived only in the Philistine cities.
πλὴνexcept / onlyexceptive particle (with ἀλλά: 'but only')πλήν: 'except / only'; reinforces ἀλλά to mark the sole exception (cf. v. 13); the doubled ἀλλὰ πλήν is emphatic — 'except only.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓάζῃGazaDativedative object of ἐν (locative)Γάζα (dat. Γάζῃ): 'Gaza'; one of the five Philistine cities; here fully declined in Greek (unlike many toponyms in the chapter); renders Hebrew עַזָּה; one of the three coastal refuges of the surviving Anakim.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓεθGathdative object of ἐν (indeclinable toponym)Γεθ: transliteration of Hebrew גַּת (Gath); indeclinable; a Philistine city; later the home of the giant Goliath (1 Sam 17:4) and other 'descendants of the giants' (2 Sam 21:18–22) — the survival of Anakim here quietly foreshadows that threat.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑσεδωθAsedoth / Ashdoddative object of ἐν (indeclinable toponym)Ασεδωθ: LXX rendering of Hebrew אַשְׁדּוֹד (Ashdod); indeclinable; a Philistine city; the third coastal refuge where the Anakim were not destroyed — outside Israel's effective control at this time.
κατελείφθηwere leftAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (the exception: 'some were left')→ constative aorist passive (resultant fact: survivors remained)καταλείπω (aor. pass. κατελείφθη): the repetition of the verb (negated of Israel's territory, affirmed of the Philistine cities) is a deliberate antithesis — none left within Israel, but some left in Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod; the Greek singular agrees with the collective sense ('a remnant was left').
23
καὶ ἔλαβεν Ἰησοῦς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν καθότι ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοὺς Ἰησοῦς ἐν κληρονομίᾳ Ισραηλ ἐν μερισμῷ κατὰ φυλὰς αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ γῆ κατέπαυσεν πολεμουμένη
And Joshua took all the land, just as the LORD commanded Moses, and Joshua gave them to Israel as an inheritance, in apportionment according to their tribes; and the land rested from war.
v.23 closes the chapter with three movements: Joshua takes 'all the land' (πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, echoing v. 16) καθότι ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('as the LORD commanded Moses', the final obedience-refrain); he distributes it as Israel's inheritance by tribes; and the Deuteronomistic rest-formula seals it — καὶ ἡ γῆ κατέπαυσεν πολεμουμένη ('and the land rested from war'). The verb κατέπαυσεν (cf. the noun κατάπαυσις, 'rest') and the participle πολεμουμένη ('being-warred-upon') frame the end of the conquest as a Sabbath-rest of the land; the motif feeds the rest-theology of Heb 3–4.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Joshua takes the whole land)→ constative aorist (the summary act of conquest)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take'; the verb that opened the conquest-summary (v. 16) now closes it — 'Joshua took all the land,' framing the whole summary as an inclusio.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the agent of the completed conquest and the distributor of the inheritance.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆν: 'all the land')πᾶς (fem. acc. πᾶσαν): 'all'; πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ('all the land') echoes v. 16, declaring the completeness of the conquest.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν ('all the land')γῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land'; renders Hebrew אֶרֶץ; the whole promised land, now taken in fulfillment of the patriarchal promise.
καθότιjust as / according ascomparative conjunction (obedience-refrain: 'just as')καθότι: 'just as / according as / inasmuch as'; introduces the final obedience-refrain (a variant of ὃν τρόπον, vv. 9, 12, 15); renders Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; the conquest is accomplished exactly as the LORD commanded Moses.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of comparative clause (the LORD's command to Moses)→ constative aorist (the completed command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; deponent middle; renders Hebrew צִוָּה; the final occurrence of the command-vocabulary (cf. vv. 9, 15, 20), grounding the whole conquest in the LORD's prior charge to Moses.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατοκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine source of the command that the conquest fulfills.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (recipient of the command)Μωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): declined Greek form of Moses; the mediator of the command the conquest fulfills; the as-Moses-commanded refrain (cf. vv. 12, 15) reaches its final statement here.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Joshua distributes the land)→ constative aorist (the act of giving/apportioning)δίδωμι (aor. ἔδωκεν): 'give'; renders Hebrew נָתַן; Joshua gives the conquered land to Israel as an inheritance — the transition from conquest to settlement, anticipating the tribal allotments of chs. 13–21.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (the territories/lands given)αὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the masculine plural refers to the territories/portions of the land collectively given to Israel; the antecedent is loosely the lands/cities of the conquest.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject (repeated)Ἰησοῦς: declined Greek form of Joshua; the repeated naming stresses Joshua's role as both conqueror and divider of the inheritance.
ἐνas / inpreposition + dative (predicative: 'as an inheritance')ἐν: here predicative/Hebraizing — ἐν κληρονομίᾳ ('as/for an inheritance'), rendering the Hebrew בְּנַחֲלָה.
κληρονομίᾳinheritanceDativedative (predicative: 'as an inheritance')κληρονομία: 'inheritance / heritage / allotted possession'; renders Hebrew נַחֲלָה; the land as Israel's divinely-granted inheritance is a central theme of Joshua (chs. 13–21) and of biblical theology generally; the term feeds the NT language of inheritance (Heb 9:15; 1 Pet 1:4).
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable (dative of recipient: 'to Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the recipient of the inheritance — the covenant people for whom the land was promised and conquered.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (manner: 'by apportionment')ἐν: here of manner — ἐν μερισμῷ ('by division/apportionment'), describing how the inheritance was distributed.
μερισμῷapportionment / divisionDativedative of manner ('by apportionment')μερισμός: 'division / apportionment / distribution'; renders Hebrew מַחְלֹקֶת / חֵלֶק; the orderly allotment of the land by tribes; the noun later appears in Heb 2:4 (of distributions of the Spirit) and 4:12.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive: 'by tribes')κατά + accusative: 'according to / by'; distributive — κατὰ φυλάς ('by tribes'), the principle of the land-division.
φυλὰςtribesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive: 'according to tribes')φυλή (acc. pl. φυλάς): 'tribe'; renders Hebrew שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; the twelve tribes among whom the inheritance is divided; the tribal allotment is the organizing principle of Josh 13–21.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying φυλάς: 'their tribes')αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the rest-formula)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of κατέπαυσεν ('the land rested')γῆ: 'land'; the subject of the climactic rest-formula; the land itself is personified as ceasing from war.
κατέπαυσενrested / ceasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταπαύωmain verb (the rest-formula: 'the land rested')→ constative/ingressive aorist (the land entered into rest from war)καταπαύω: 'cause to cease / give rest / rest'; renders Hebrew שָׁקַט ('be quiet / at rest') / נוּחַ; the cognate noun κατάπαυσις ('rest') is the Deuteronomistic and later the key term for the divine rest (cf. Deut 12:9–10; Josh 21:44; Ps 95:11), which Heb 3–4 develops into the eschatological 'rest' that remains for the people of God; here the land's rest from war is the climactic sign that the conquest is complete.
πολεμουμένηbeing warred upon / from warPres Pass Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · πολεμέωcircumstantial participle (with κατέπαυσεν: 'ceased being warred upon')→ present passive participle (the ongoing warfare that now ceases)πολεμέω (pres. pass. ptcp. πολεμουμένη): 'be warred upon / be at war'; the passive participle, agreeing with ἡ γῆ, expresses the state from which the land rests — 'the land ceased being-warred-upon,' i.e. rested from war; cognate with πολεμῆσαι (v. 5) and πόλεμος (vv. 18, 20), it closes the chapter's war-vocabulary on the note of rest, rendering Hebrew וְהָאָרֶץ שָׁקְטָה מִמִּלְחָמָה ('and the land had rest from war').