Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Joshua, Chapter 8ΙΗΣΟΥΣ Η′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The Lord gives Ai to Israel by ambush, then Joshua renews the law on the mountain.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Joshua 8 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The LXX of Joshua is notably shorter than the Masoretic Text, and its versification diverges accordingly: this chapter contains 27 verses but has NO verse 13 and NO verse 26 (the numbering of the reference text runs 1–12, 14–25, 27–29). The shorter Greek omits the MT's military doublets (e.g. the second detachment and the recapitulation at MT 8:12–13) and compresses the ambush instructions. A further structural difference: the Ebal covenant-renewal pericope (MT Josh 8:30–35 — Joshua's altar of unhewn stones on Mount Gebal/Ebal, the writing of τὸ δευτερονόμιον on the stones, and the public reading of the blessing and the curse before all Israel, fulfilling Deut 27) does NOT stand here in Rahlfs; it is transposed to follow 9:2 (numbered 9:2a–f), so Joshua 8 in the LXX closes with the hanging and burial of the king of Ai. The chapter narrates the capture of Ai (Γαι) by ambush (ἔνεδρον): YHWH reassures Joshua (μὴ φοβηθῇς), promising the king and land of Ai into his hands as Jericho was given (v.2); Joshua sets an ambush west of the city while feigning a retreat with the main force (vv.3–12); the king of Ai sallies out in pursuit (v.14), the ambush fires the city (vv.18–19), and Israel turns and annihilates the men of Ai between the two forces (vv.20–22); the king is taken alive (v.23), the whole population put to the sword (vv.24–25), only the livestock and spoil taken as plunder by divine sanction (v.27, κατὰ πρόσταγμα κυρίου); the city is burned to a perpetual mound (χῶμα ἀοίκητον εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, v.28); and the king is hanged on a tree (ἐκρέμασεν ἐπὶ ξύλου) and at sunset taken down and buried under a heap of stones (v.29) — a deliberate enactment of the law of Deut 21:22–23 (a hanged body not to remain on the tree overnight). κύριος throughout renders the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

1

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν μὴ φοβηθῇς μηδὲ δειλιάσῃς λαβὲ μετὰ σοῦ τοὺς ἄνδρας πάντας τοὺς πολεμιστὰς καὶ ἀναστὰς ἀνάβηθι εἰς Γαι ἰδοὺ δέδωκα εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου τὸν βασιλέα Γαι καὶ τὴν γῆν αὐτοῦ

And the LORD said to Joshua, 'Do not fear nor be cowardly. Take with you all the men of war, and arise, go up to Ai. Behold, I have given into your hands the king of Ai and his land.'

New divine speech-act opening the Ai campaign (main narrative)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν
The chapter opens with the standard LXX speech-formula καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρός + accusative, here directed to Joshua, reactivating the divine-warrior reassurance that framed the Jericho narrative. After the defeat at Ai in ch. 7 (the sin of Achan), the renewed command μὴ φοβηθῇς signals divine restoration; the perfect δέδωκα ('I have given') presents the conquest as already accomplished in the divine will.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces direct YHWH-speech; the formula καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν recurs at each new divine commission in Joshua (cf. 1:1; 3:7; 7:10), binding the conquest to ongoing divine direction.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubjectκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech to Joshua.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)Ἰησοῦς: the Greek form of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua, 'YHWH saves'); declined as a contracted noun in the LXX (gen./dat. Ἰησοῦ, acc. Ἰησοῦν), hence treated as declinable (kind 'n'); the same name later renders Ἰησοῦς in the NT for Jesus, making Joshua a typological forerunner.
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive)μή: the negative used with the subjunctive to form a prohibition; μὴ φοβηθῇς is the classic divine-warrior reassurance idiom (cf. Gen 15:1; Josh 1:9; 10:8).
φοβηθῇςyou should fearAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · φοβέομαιprohibitive subjunctive (negative command)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (prohibition: do not become afraid)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; renders יָרֵא; the aorist-subjunctive prohibition with μή forbids the onset of fear; the formula reassures Joshua after the demoralizing rout at Ai in ch. 7.
μηδὲnorcoordinating negative (continuing the prohibition)μηδέ: 'and not / nor'; couples a second prohibitive subjunctive to the first, intensifying the reassurance.
δειλιάσῃςyou should be cowardlyAor Act Subj 2 Sg · δειλιάωprohibitive subjunctive (second negative command)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (prohibition: do not lose courage)δειλιάω: 'be cowardly / lose heart / be timid'; renders חָתַת ('be dismayed / shattered'); the pairing φοβέομαι / δειλιάω is a fixed LXX hendiadys of encouragement (cf. Deut 31:8; Josh 1:9; 10:25).
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (divine imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive command to act)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the aorist imperative λαβέ opens the operational command — Joshua is to mobilize the whole fighting force, in contrast to the small contingent sent against Ai in the failed first assault (7:3–4).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)μετὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά (accompaniment: 'with you')σοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticleτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of λαβέἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): 'man / male / warrior'; renders אִישׁ; here the fighting men of Israel; the totality (πάντας) corrects the under-commitment of the first failed attack on Ai.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνδρας: 'all the men')πᾶς: 'all / every'; the universal πάντας stresses full mobilization — the whole army, not a token detachment.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with attributive πολεμιστάς)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμιστὰςmen of warAccusativeattributive substantive (in apposition: 'the warriors')πολεμιστής: 'warrior / man of war'; renders אִישׁ הַמִּלְחָמָה / גִּבּוֹר; the article-noun construction τοὺς ἄνδρας ... τοὺς πολεμιστάς specifies the men as the trained fighting force.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀναστὰςhaving arisenAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἀνίστημιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance / Hebraistic auxiliary)→ ingressive aorist participle (setting out: 'arise and ...')ἀνίστημι: 'rise up / stand up'; the participle ἀναστάς + finite imperative is a Hebraism rendering קוּם + verb (קוּם וַעֲלֵה), where 'arise' functions as an auxiliary of initiation ('set out and go up').
ἀνάβηθιgo upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (imperative of the command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive movement)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; Ai lay in the hill country above the Jordan valley, so the verb is topographically literal ('go up') as well as the standard idiom for a military advance.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓαιAiaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)Γαι: transliteration of Hebrew הָעַי ('the Ai', 'the ruin / heap'); indeclinable in the LXX; the city east of Bethel whose capture is the subject of the chapter; the name itself ('ruin / heap') ironically anticipates its fate as a χῶμα ('mound', v.28).
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (drawing attention to the gift-formula)ἰδού: 'behold / see'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative particle heightens the immediacy of the divine gift-declaration that follows.
δέδωκαI have givenPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine gift-formula)→ perfect of accomplished fact (prophetic / declarative perfect)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the perfect δέδωκα ('I have given') is a declarative/prophetic perfect — the conquest is presented as already settled in the divine will before the battle is fought; the same gift-formula governs the Jericho and the Ai narratives (cf. 6:2; 8:18).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the hands')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom of conquest: 'into your hands')χείρ (acc. pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; the idiom δίδωμι εἰς (τὰς) χεῖρας renders נָתַן בְּיַד ('give into the hand of'), the standard OT formula for delivering an enemy to a conqueror's power.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with χεῖρας)σου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of δέδωκαβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the king of Ai is the named object of the divine gift, foreshadowing his capture (v.23) and execution (v.29).
Γαιof Aiindeclinable place-name (genitival relationship: 'king of Ai')Γαι: indeclinable; here in genitival relationship to βασιλέα ('the king of Ai'), the case unmarked because the name does not decline.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object (second member of the gift: 'and his land')γῆ: 'land / earth / territory'; renders אֶרֶץ; the gift extends beyond the king to the city's whole territory, signalling total conquest.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's land)αὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
2

καὶ ποιήσεις τὴν Γαι ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησας τὴν Ιεριχω καὶ τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν προνομὴν τῶν κτηνῶν προνομεύσεις σεαυτῷ κατάστησον δὲ σεαυτῷ ἔνεδρα τῇ πόλει εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω

And you shall do to Ai as you did to Jericho and its king; but the plunder of the cattle you shall take as spoil for yourself. And set yourself an ambush for the city, to the rear.

Continuation of the divine command (instruction on ban, spoil, and ambush)καὶ ποιήσεις
v.2 specifies the manner of the conquest: Ai is to be treated as Jericho — under the ban — but with a key concession (the livestock and spoil may be taken, unlike Jericho where everything was devoted). The closing imperative κατάστησον introduces the tactical heart of the chapter: the ambush (ἔνεδρα) set behind the city, which the rest of the narrative executes.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future: command)→ imperatival future (command expressed as prediction)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the future ποιήσεις functions imperativally (a Hebraism reflecting the Hebrew imperfect of command); the instruction binds Ai's fate to the precedent of Jericho.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with indeclinable Γαι, marking it as accusative object)The feminine article τήν with the indeclinable place-name Γαι supplies the grammatical case (accusative) the name itself cannot show; the LXX often supplies articles to decline foreign toponyms.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (object of ποιήσεις, case marked by article)Γαι: indeclinable; the accusative force is carried by the preceding article τήν.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in which manner')ὅς: relative pronoun; the phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner which / just as') is an adverbial accusative of manner, a fixed LXX comparative idiom rendering כַּאֲשֶׁר.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative of manner (with ὅν: 'in the manner that')τρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον = 'just as'; the comparison binds the destruction of Ai to that of Jericho as the normative pattern of holy war.
ἐποίησαςyou didAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of the comparative clause (referring back to Jericho)→ constative aorist (completed past action: the destruction of Jericho)ποιέω (aor.): the aorist ἐποίησας looks back to ch. 6, the fall of Jericho; the manner of Ai's destruction is to replicate that precedent.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with indeclinable Ιεριχω, marking accusative)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεριχωJerichoindeclinable place-name (object of ἐποίησας, case by article)Ιεριχω: transliteration of Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ; indeclinable in the LXX; the first city of the conquest (ch. 6), here invoked as the template for Ai's destruction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative (parallel object: 'and its king')βασιλεύς: the king of Jericho, killed in the earlier conquest, is the parallel precedent for the king of Ai's coming execution (v.29).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (Jericho's king)αὐτῆς: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (here mildly adversative, introducing the concession)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προνομὴνplunderAccusativedirect object (fronted: 'the plunder of the cattle')προνομή: 'plunder / spoil / booty'; the cognate noun with προνομεύσεις forms a figura etymologica (cognate construction), a Hebraism intensifying the idea of plundering; the concession to take spoil distinguishes Ai from the total ban on Jericho (where all was devoted, 6:18–19).
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνcattleGenitivegenitive (objective/partitive: 'plunder consisting of the cattle')κτῆνος (gen. pl. κτηνῶν): 'cattle / livestock / beast'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the livestock and spoil of Ai are released for Israelite use, the concession YHWH grants here (cf. Deut 20:14).
προνομεύσειςyou shall take as spoilFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προνομεύωmain verb (cognate construction with προνομήν)→ imperatival future (permission/command to plunder)προνομεύω: 'plunder / take as booty'; the cognate verb with προνομήν renders the Hebrew figura etymologica (object + cognate verb, e.g. בָּזַז בַּז), intensifying the permission to seize the spoil.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive: 'for yourself')σεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'yourself'; the dative of advantage marks the spoil as accruing to Joshua and Israel — the benefit they could not take at Jericho.
κατάστησονset / stationAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb (imperative introducing the ambush tactic)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive command to deploy)καθίστημι: 'set / appoint / station'; renders שִׂים / אָרַב; the imperative κατάστησον introduces the central military device of the chapter, the ἔνεδρα ('ambush') set behind the city.
δὲandnarrative continuative / mild adversative (post-positive)δέ: post-positive particle marking the transition from the rules of engagement to the tactical instruction.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive, repeated)σεαυτοῦ: the repeated reflexive dative underlines that Joshua himself is to arrange the stratagem.
ἔνεδραan ambushAccusativedirect object of κατάστησονἔνεδρον (pl./neut. ἔνεδρα): 'ambush / men lying in wait'; renders אֹרֵב / מַאֲרָב; the key military term of the chapter, denoting both the act and the men set in concealment behind the city; the neuter plural can function as a collective ('an ambush-force').
τῇfor theDativearticle (with πόλει)τῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative of disadvantage / reference ('against the city')πόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the dative τῇ πόλει marks Ai as the target against which the ambush is laid.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (locative direction: 'to the rear')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the adverb ὀπίσω)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωrear / behindadverb substantivized by τά (object of εἰς: 'to the parts behind')ὀπίσω: 'behind / after / to the rear'; renders אַחַר / מֵאַחֲרֵי; here substantivized by the neuter article (εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω, 'to the rear') to locate the ambush behind/west of the city.
3

καὶ ἀνέστη Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστὴς ὥστε ἀναβῆναι εἰς Γαι ἐπέλεξεν δὲ Ἰησοῦς τριάκοντα χιλιάδας ἀνδρῶν δυνατοὺς ἐν ἰσχύι καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς νυκτός

And Joshua arose, and all the fighting people, to go up to Ai; and Joshua picked out thirty thousand men, mighty in strength, and sent them by night.

Narrative execution: Joshua mobilizes and dispatches the ambush (main narrative)καὶ ἀνέστη Ἰησοῦς
v.3 begins the narrative fulfilment of the command. The aorist ἀνέστη resumes the ἀναστάς of v.1; Joshua and the whole army set out, and the picked detachment of thirty thousand 'mighty in strength' is dispatched νυκτός ('by night') to take up the ambush position under cover of darkness.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (narrative aorist)→ ingressive aorist (setting out)ἀνίστημι (aor. ἀνέστη): 'rise up / set out'; renders קוּם; resumes the command ἀναστάς (v.1); here the inceptive sense ('set out') of a military mobilization.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: nominative subject; Joshua leads the mobilization in person.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός: 'all the people')πᾶς: 'all'; the total mobilization (πᾶς ὁ λαός) again contrasts with the small force of the failed first attack (7:3–4).
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (in apposition to Joshua: the army)λαός: 'people'; renders עַם; here the assembled host of Israel as a fighting body.
theNominativearticle (attributive position with πολεμιστής)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμιστὴςfighting / of warNominativeattributive substantive ('the people of war')πολεμιστής: 'warrior / of war'; the article-repetition (ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστής) specifies the people as the fighting men, the standing phrase for the army throughout the chapter.
ὥστεso asconjunction introducing infinitive of purpose/resultὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; here with the infinitive ἀναβῆναι expressing purpose ('in order to go up').
ἀναβῆναιto go upAor Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωinfinitive of purpose (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive (the intended advance on Ai)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / advance'; the purpose infinitive states the goal of the mobilization — the ascent against Ai in the hill country.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓαιAiaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)Γαι: indeclinable; the objective of the advance.
ἐπέλεξενpicked outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιλέγωmain verb (selection of the ambush detachment)→ constative aorist (single act of selection)ἐπιλέγω: 'choose / pick out / select'; renders בָּחַר; the verb describes Joshua's selection of the elite detachment for the ambush — picked men, not the general levy.
δὲandnarrative continuative (post-positive)δὲ: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral (modifying χιλιάδας)τριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable cardinal; the figure τριάκοντα χιλιάδας ('thirty thousand') is the size of the ambush detachment (the MT and some witnesses vary in the numbers of the Ai stratagem).
χιλιάδαςthousandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέλεξεν (with τριάκοντα: 'thirty thousand')χιλιάς: 'thousand / unit of a thousand'; renders אֶלֶף; the accusative quantifies the detachment selected.
ἀνδρῶνof menGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitive ('thousands of men')ἀνήρ (gen. pl. ἀνδρῶν): 'man'; the partitive genitive specifies the thousands as fighting men.
δυνατοὺςmightyAccusativeadjective (in apposition to the men: 'mighty ones')δυνατός: 'mighty / able / powerful'; renders גִּבּוֹר; δυνατοὺς ἐν ἰσχύι ('mighty in strength') marks the detachment as elite warriors fit for the surprise assault.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (respect: 'in strength')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἰσχύιstrengthDativedative of respect (with δυνατούς)ἰσχύς: 'strength / might'; renders חַיִל / כֹּחַ; δυνατοὶ ἐν ἰσχύι is a fixed phrase for valiant warriors (cf. גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחַיִל).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of the ambush)→ constative aorist (single act of sending)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / send off'; renders שָׁלַח; the dispatch of the detachment by night (νυκτός) is the first operational step of the ambush stratagem.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the picked men)αὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
νυκτόςby nightGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'by night / during the night')νύξ (gen. νυκτός): 'night'; the genitive of time expresses the period within which the action occurs ('by night'); the nocturnal dispatch ensures the ambush reaches position undetected.
4

καὶ ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς λέγων ὑμεῖς ἐνεδρεύσατε ὀπίσω τῆς πόλεως μὴ μακρὰν γίνεσθε ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἔσεσθε πάντες ἕτοιμοι

And he commanded them, saying, 'You, lie in ambush behind the city; do not be far from the city, and be all of you ready.'

Embedded command: Joshua's orders to the ambush detachmentκαὶ ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς
Joshua's direct instructions to the ambush open with the emphatic pronoun ὑμεῖς ('you'), distinguishing the detachment's role from his own (ἐγώ, v.5). The orders are precise: conceal yourselves close behind the city, and stand ready — the proximity (μὴ μακρὰν γίνεσθε) is essential so the ambush can seize the city the moment its defenders are drawn out.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (command-introducing)→ constative aorist (single act of commissioning)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / give orders / charge'; renders צִוָּה; a deponent middle; introduces the formal military orders to the ambush detachment.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the detachment)αὐτοῖς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech — Hebraism for לֵאמֹר)→ present participle (speech-framing)λέγω (ptc. λέγων): the participle λέγων marks the onset of direct speech, a calque of Hebrew לֵאמֹר ('saying'), the standard LXX quotation-marker.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (2nd person plural)σύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic plural pronoun foregrounds the ambush detachment's distinct task in contrast to Joshua's force (ἐγώ καὶ πάντες οἱ μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ, v.5).
ἐνεδρεύσατεlie in ambushAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐνεδρεύωmain verb (imperative of the order)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take up the ambush)ἐνεδρεύω: 'lie in wait / set an ambush'; cognate with ἔνεδρα (v.2); renders אָרַב; the verb governs the whole tactic — the detachment is to conceal itself behind the city.
ὀπίσωbehindimproper preposition + genitive (location: 'behind the city')ὀπίσω: 'behind / to the rear of'; functioning as an improper preposition governing the genitive τῆς πόλεως; the ambush lies west of (behind) Ai.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive governed by ὀπίσωπόλις: 'city'; Ai, behind which the ambush is concealed.
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive imperative)μή: negative with the present imperative γίνεσθε, forbidding a continuing state ('do not be / do not keep being far').
μακρὰνfaradverb of distance (predicate with γίνεσθε)μακράν: 'far / at a distance'; adverbial; the order μὴ μακρὰν γίνεσθε keeps the ambush close enough to rush the city the instant its defenders pursue the feigned retreat.
γίνεσθεbe / becomePres Mid Impv 2 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (prohibitive present imperative)→ durative present imperative (do not remain/become far)γίνομαι: 'become / be'; the present imperative with μή forbids the ongoing state of being far off; the detachment must stay close to the city.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of separation (governed by ἀπό)πόλεως: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔσεσθεyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (imperatival future: command to be ready)→ imperatival future (standing order: remain ready)εἰμί (fut. ἔσεσθε): 'be'; the future functions imperativally ('be ready'), a Hebraism reflecting the Hebrew imperfect/weqatal of command; the detachment must hold itself in constant readiness.
πάντεςallNominativeadjective (subject-complement: 'all of you')πᾶς: 'all'; emphasizes that the whole detachment, without exception, must stand ready.
ἕτοιμοιreadyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσεσθε: 'be ready')ἕτοιμος: 'ready / prepared'; renders נָכוֹן; the watchword of the ambush — poised to strike the moment the signal comes (v.18).
5

καὶ ἐγὼ καὶ πάντες οἱ μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ προσάξομεν πρὸς τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἔσται ὡς ἂν ἐξέλθωσιν οἱ κατοικοῦντες Γαι εἰς συνάντησιν ἡμῖν καθάπερ καὶ πρῴην καὶ φευξόμεθα ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν

And I and all who are with me will draw near to the city; and it shall be, when the inhabitants of Ai come out to meet us as also before, then we will flee from before them.

Continuation of Joshua's plan: the feigned retreat by the main forceκαὶ ἐγὼ
The emphatic ἐγώ now answers the ὑμεῖς of v.4: while the ambush hides, Joshua's main force will advance and then feign flight. The temporal-conditional ὡς ἄν + subjunctive (ἐξέλθωσιν) sets up the trap; the comparison καθάπερ καὶ πρῴην ('as also before') exploits Ai's memory of Israel's earlier defeat (ch. 7) to make the feigned retreat convincing.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (contrast with ὑμεῖς, v.4)ἐγώ: the emphatic first-person pronoun sets Joshua's role (the visible advance and feigned flight) over against the hidden ambush (ὑμεῖς, v.4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantivized: 'all those')πᾶς: 'all'; with the article-phrase οἱ μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ ('those with me'), denoting the whole main force accompanying Joshua.
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing the prepositional phrase μετ᾽ ἐμοῦοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)μετά (elided μετ᾽): 'with'; the phrase οἱ μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ ('those with me') = Joshua's main force.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of μετάἐμοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
προσάξομενwe will draw nearFut Act Indic 1 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (the planned advance)→ predictive future (the intended approach to the city)προσάγω: 'bring/draw near, approach'; here intransitive ('draw near, advance'); renders קָרַב / נָגַשׁ; the main force's open approach is the bait of the stratagem.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (goal of advance)πόλις: 'city'; Ai, toward which the decoy force advances.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing apodosis-formula)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Hebraistic καὶ ἔσται formula introducing a temporal clause)→ predictive future (formulaic 'and it shall come to pass')εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): the formula καὶ ἔσται renders Hebrew וְהָיָה, a temporal-introductory marker ('and it shall come to pass') anticipating the following ὡς ἄν-clause.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (with ἄν + subjunctive)ὡς: 'when / as'; with ἄν and the subjunctive forms an indefinite temporal clause ('whenever / at the point when').
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive, indefinite temporal)ἄν: modal particle marking the temporal clause as contingent/indefinite.
ἐξέλθωσινthey come outAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιverb of the indefinite temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (anticipated sally of the defenders)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come/go out'; renders יָצָא; the defenders' sortie out of the city is the very moment that empties Ai for the ambush to seize it.
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςinhabitantsPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (subject of ἐξέλθωσιν: 'the dwellers')→ durative present participle (the settled inhabitants)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the substantival participle οἱ κατοικοῦντες ('the inhabitants/dwellers') renders יוֹשְׁבֵי; the men of Ai who will be lured out.
Γαιof Aiindeclinable place-name (genitival: 'inhabitants of Ai')Γαι: indeclinable; in genitival relation to κατοικοῦντες ('the inhabitants of Ai').
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
συνάντησινa meeting / encounterAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet us')συνάντησις: 'meeting / encounter'; the idiom εἰς συνάντησιν + dative renders לִקְרַאת ('to meet'), here of a hostile sortie into battle.
ἡμῖνusDativedative complement of συνάντησιν ('to meet us')ἡμῖν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; introduces the comparison to the earlier engagement, exploiting Ai's confidence from the previous Israelite rout.
καὶalsoadverbial/intensive (with πρῴην: 'as also before')καὶ: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
πρῴηνbefore / formerlytemporal adverb ('previously')πρῴην: 'recently / formerly / the day before'; refers back to the first, failed assault on Ai (ch. 7), the precedent that makes the feigned flight credible to the defenders.
καὶthenapodotic conjunction (introducing the consequence)καί: here apodotic ('then'), introducing the planned response after the temporal clause.
φευξόμεθαwe will fleeFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (the feigned retreat)→ predictive future (the planned, staged flight)φεύγω: 'flee / run away'; renders נוּס; the future φευξόμεθα announces the feigned retreat — the deliberate, staged flight that will draw the defenders away from the city.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation, idiom 'from before')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
προσώπουpresence / faceGenitivegenitive (idiom: ἀπὸ προσώπου = 'from before')πρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου renders מִפְּנֵי ('from before / away from the face of'), a Hebraism for retreat before an enemy.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (the men of Ai before whom they flee)αὐτῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
6

καὶ ὡς ἂν ἐξέλθωσιν ὀπίσω ἡμῶν ἀποσπάσομεν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐροῦσιν φεύγουσιν οὗτοι ἀπὸ προσώπου ἡμῶν ὃν τρόπον καὶ ἔμπροσθεν

And when they come out after us, we will draw them away from the city; for they will say, 'These men are fleeing from before us as also formerly.'

Continuation of the plan: the purpose and the enemy's misjudgmentκαὶ ὡς ἂν ἐξέλθωσιν
The second ὡς ἄν-clause states the goal of the feint: to detach the defenders from the city (ἀποσπάσομεν ... ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως). Joshua even quotes the words the men of Ai will say (ἐροῦσιν ... φεύγουσιν οὗτοι) — their fatal misreading of the retreat as a genuine rout 'as also formerly' (ὃν τρόπον καὶ ἔμπροσθεν), echoing v.5's πρῴην.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (with ἄν + subjunctive)ὡς: 'when'; with ἄν and the subjunctive, a second indefinite temporal clause continuing the plan.
ἂνevermodal particle (indefinite temporal)ἂν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξέλθωσινthey come outAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιverb of the temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (the defenders' pursuit)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come out'; here of the defenders coming out in pursuit (ὀπίσω ἡμῶν, 'after us').
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive ('after us')ὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; here temporal-spatial ('in pursuit of us'), governing the genitive ἡμῶν.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive governed by ὀπίσωἡμῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἀποσπάσομενwe will draw awayFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀποσπάωmain verb (the tactical purpose)→ predictive future (the intended detachment of the enemy)ἀποσπάω: 'draw/drag away, detach'; renders נָתַק; the decisive aim of the feint — to pull the defenders away from the city so the ambush can seize it; the compound ἀπο- stresses separation.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the men of Ai)αὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of separation (governed by ἀπό)πόλις: 'city'; the goal is to separate the defenders from Ai, leaving it undefended.
καὶforconjunction (here explanatory: introducing the enemy's reasoning)καί: here introduces the reason the defenders will pursue — their own (mistaken) words.
ἐροῦσινthey will sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγω (εἴρω)main verb (introducing the enemy's quoted misjudgment)→ predictive future (the words the defenders will say)λέγω / εἴρω (fut. ἐροῦσιν): 'say'; Joshua anticipates the defenders' own words — the dramatic irony that their confident misreading of the retreat seals their destruction.
φεύγουσινare fleeingPres Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb of the quoted speech→ progressive present (the action as the enemy perceives it: 'they are fleeing')φεύγω (pres.): the present tense in the quoted speech presents the retreat as the defenders perceive it in progress — a genuine flight, not a feint.
οὗτοιthese menNominativesubject of φεύγουσιν (within the quotation)οὗτος (nom. pl. οὗτοι): 'these'; the demonstrative in the defenders' mouths refers contemptuously to the (apparently) fleeing Israelites.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (idiom 'from before')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
προσώπουpresence / faceGenitivegenitive (idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου = 'from before')πρόσωπον: the idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from before us', rendering מִפָּנֵינוּ) is here the defenders' boast of having routed Israel a second time.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive (within the quotation: 'from before us')ἡμῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in which manner')ὅς: relative; ὃν τρόπον ('just as') again binds the present (feigned) flight to the earlier (real) defeat.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative of manner ('just as')τρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον καὶ ἔμπροσθεν = 'just as also before'.
καὶalsoadverbial/intensive (with ἔμπροσθεν)καὶ: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
ἔμπροσθενbefore / formerlytemporal adverb ('previously')ἔμπροσθεν: 'before / formerly / in front'; here temporal ('previously'), synonymous with πρῴην (v.5), reinforcing the trap built on the defenders' memory of the earlier Israelite rout.
7

ὑμεῖς δὲ ἐξαναστήσεσθε ἐκ τῆς ἐνέδρας καὶ πορεύσεσθε εἰς τὴν πόλιν

But you shall rise up out of the ambush and go into the city.

Return to the ambush detachment: their decisive moveὑμεῖς δὲ
The emphatic ὑμεῖς δέ swings the address back to the hidden detachment (cf. v.4): at the decisive moment they are to spring from concealment and seize the emptied city. The two futures (ἐξαναστήσεσθε ... πορεύσεσθε) function imperativally, anticipating their literal fulfilment at v.19.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (address to the ambush)σύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic pronoun returns the order to the ambush detachment, contrasting their role with the main force's flight.
δὲbutadversative (post-positive, marking the contrast of roles)δέ: post-positive; here adversative, distinguishing the ambush's task from the decoy force's.
ἐξαναστήσεσθεyou shall rise upFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐξανίστημιmain verb (imperatival future: the ambush springs)→ imperatival future (command: rise up out of concealment)ἐξανίστημι: 'rise up / stand up out of'; the compound ἐξ- ('up out of') suits the springing of the ambush from concealment; the same verb describes the fulfilment at vv.18–19 (ἐξαναστήσονται / ἐξανέστησαν).
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source: 'out of the ambush')ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνέδραςambushGenitivegenitive of source (governed by ἐκ)ἐνέδρα: 'ambush / place of concealment'; the feminine form here (alongside neuter ἔνεδρα elsewhere in the chapter) denotes the hiding-position from which the detachment springs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πορεύσεσθεyou shall goFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (imperatival future: enter the city)→ imperatival future (command: advance into the city)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; renders הָלַךְ / בּוֹא; the detachment's entry into the undefended city, fulfilled at v.19 (ἤλθοσαν ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of entry)πόλις: 'city'; the now-undefended Ai, which the ambush is to occupy and burn.
8

κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ποιήσετε ἰδοὺ ἐντέταλμαι ὑμῖν

According to this word you shall do. Behold, I have commanded you.

Conclusion of Joshua's orders (sealing-formula)κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο
Joshua closes the briefing with a summary command (κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ποιήσετε) and the authoritative sealing-formula ἰδοὺ ἐντέταλμαι ὑμῖν ('behold, I have commanded you'), the perfect tense stressing the settled, binding force of the orders just given.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)κατά + acc.: 'according to / in conformity with'; introduces the standard governing the detachment's action — Joshua's spoken word.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / commandAccusativeaccusative object of κατάῥῆμα: 'word / saying / thing commanded'; renders דָּבָר; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ('according to this word') sums up the whole briefing as binding instruction.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ῥῆμα)οὗτος: 'this'; the near demonstrative points to the orders just delivered (vv.4–7).
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future: command to comply)→ imperatival future (binding command)ποιέω: 'do / act'; the imperatival future commands exact compliance with the briefing.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (sealing-formula)ἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; introduces the authoritative closing declaration.
ἐντέταλμαιI have commandedPerf Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (perfect of settled, binding command)→ perfect of abiding result (the command stands as given)ἐντέλλομαι (perf. ἐντέταλμαι): 'command / charge'; the perfect stresses the abiding, settled force of the orders — they are now fixed and binding; the sealing-formula ἰδοὺ ἐντέταλμαι recurs in commissioning contexts (cf. 1:9).
ὑμῖνyouDativedative indirect object (the commanded detachment)ὑμῖν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
9

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς Ἰησοῦς καὶ ἐπορεύθησαν εἰς τὴν ἐνέδραν καὶ ἐνεκάθισαν ἀνὰ μέσον Βαιθηλ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Γαι ἀπὸ θαλάσσης τῆς Γαι

And Joshua sent them, and they went into the ambush position and lay in wait between Bethel and Ai, to the west of Ai.

Narrative execution: the ambush takes position (main narrative)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς Ἰησοῦς
The orders of vv.4–8 are now carried out: the detachment goes and takes up its concealed position. The geographical notice (ἀνὰ μέσον Βαιθηλ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Γαι, 'between Bethel and Ai', west of the city — ἀπὸ θαλάσσης, lit. 'from the sea' = the western direction) precisely fixes the trap behind Ai.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of the detachment)→ constative aorist (single act of sending)ἀποστέλλω: 'send off / dispatch'; the execution of the order — the detachment is sent to its ambush position.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the picked men)αὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπορεύθησανthey wentAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (the detachment's movement)→ constative aorist (completed movement)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. dep. ἐπορεύθησαν): 'go / proceed'; the detachment moves to its concealed position, fulfilling the command πορεύσεσθε (v.7).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνέδρανambushAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the ambush position)ἐνέδρα: 'ambush / place of concealment'; here the position the detachment occupies (cf. ἔνεδρα, v.2).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνεκάθισανthey lay in waitAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐγκάθημαι / ἐγκαθίζωmain verb (taking the concealed position)→ constative aorist (settling into ambush)ἐγκαθίζω / ἐγκάθημαι: 'sit/settle in, lie in wait'; the compound ἐν- ('in') denotes settling into a hidden position; renders יָשַׁב / אָרַב in ambush contexts.
ἀνὰup / amidpreposition (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον = 'between')ἀνά: distributive preposition; the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον + genitive ('in the midst of / between') renders בֵּין; the doubled ἀνὰ μέσον ... ἀνὰ μέσον calques the Hebrew בֵּין ... וּבֵין construction.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')μέσος: 'middle / midst'; part of the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('between').
ΒαιθηλBethelindeclinable place-name (first term of ἀνὰ μέσον)Βαιθηλ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית־אֵל ('house of God'); indeclinable in the LXX; the town just west of Ai, between which and Ai the ambush is set.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνὰamidpreposition (second ἀνὰ μέσον: 'and Ai')ἀνὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative (idiom ἀνὰ μέσον, second member)μέσον: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (second term of ἀνὰ μέσον)Γαι: indeclinable; the city to the east of the ambush position.
ἀπὸfrom / on the side ofpreposition + genitive (directional: 'on the west of')ἀπό: 'from'; the phrase ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ('from the sea') is the standard Hebraic idiom for 'on the west', the Mediterranean lying west of the land.
θαλάσσηςsea / westGenitivegenitive (governed by ἀπό; idiom for the western direction)θάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם, which in Hebrew also means 'west' (the direction of the sea); ἀπὸ θαλάσσης = 'to/on the west', locating the ambush west of Ai.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with indeclinable Γαι (genitival: 'of Ai')The genitive article τῆς supplies case to the indeclinable Γαι, yielding 'on the west of Ai'.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (genitival, case by article)Γαι: indeclinable; 'west of Ai' fixes the ambush position behind the city.
10

καὶ ὀρθρίσας Ἰησοῦς τὸ πρωὶ ἐπεσκέψατο τὸν λαόν καὶ ἀνέβησαν αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ λαοῦ ἐπὶ Γαι

And Joshua, rising early in the morning, mustered the people, and they went up — he and the elders — at the head of the people, against Ai.

Narrative: the dawn muster and advance of the main force (main narrative)καὶ ὀρθρίσας Ἰησοῦς
The day of battle opens with Joshua's early rising (ὀρθρίσας τὸ πρωί, a doubled time-marker stressing dawn readiness), the mustering of the army (ἐπεσκέψατο), and the advance of Joshua and the elders at the head of the people against Ai. The leadership 'before the face of the people' marks Joshua as the visible commander of the decoy force.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὀρθρίσαςhaving risen earlyAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ὀρθρίζωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'rising early')→ ingressive aorist participle (the early-morning start)ὀρθρίζω: 'rise early / do at daybreak'; renders שָׁכַם (Hiphil, 'rise early'); a frequent LXX marker of prompt, resolute obedience; with τὸ πρωί it doubly stresses the dawn timing of the assault.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with adverbial πρωί)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorning / earlyadverb of time (accusative of time with article: 'in the morning')πρωί: 'early / in the morning'; adverb; τὸ πρωί ('at dawn') reinforces ὀρθρίσας — the assault begins at first light.
ἐπεσκέψατοmusteredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb (military muster/inspection)→ constative aorist (single act of mustering)ἐπισκέπτομαι: 'visit / inspect / muster'; renders פָּקַד; in military contexts 'to muster / review (troops)'; Joshua reviews the army before the advance.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἐπεσκέψατο (the mustered army)λαός: 'people'; here the army of Israel mustered for battle.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνέβησανthey went upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the advance)→ constative aorist (completed ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / advance'; renders עָלָה; the plural verb with the compound subject (Joshua and the elders) describes the advance up to Ai.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'he himself')αὐτός: intensive 'himself'; foregrounds Joshua's personal leadership of the advance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οἱtheNominativearticleοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject (second member of compound subject)πρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; renders זָקֵן; the elders of Israel accompany Joshua at the head of the army, sharing in the leadership of the campaign.
κατὰbefore / at the head ofpreposition + accusative (idiom 'before the face of')κατά + acc.: in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον ('before the face of / at the head of'), rendering לִפְנֵי; Joshua and the elders lead from the front.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative (idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'at the head of')πρόσωπον: 'face'; in κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ λαοῦ ('before the people'), denoting the position of command at the front of the host.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (with πρόσωπον: 'the face of the people')λαός: 'people'; the army Joshua leads.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against Ai')ἐπί + acc.: here of hostile movement 'against / up to' the city.
ΓαιAiaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable place-name)Γαι: indeclinable; the objective of the advance.
11

καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστὴς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἀνέβησαν καὶ πορευόμενοι ἦλθον ἐξ ἐναντίας τῆς πόλεως ἀπ᾿ ἀνατολῶν

And all the fighting people with him went up, and as they marched they came opposite the city, from the east.

Narrative: the main force takes position east of Ai (main narrative)καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστὴς
The main force takes up position ἐξ ἐναντίας τῆς πόλεως ('opposite the city') and ἀπ᾽ ἀνατολῶν ('from the east'), the deliberate counterpoint to the ambush's western position (v.9, ἀπὸ θαλάσσης). The two forces thus flank Ai east and west, sealing the trap.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)πᾶς: 'all'; the whole fighting force accompanies Joshua.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubjectλαός: 'people'; the army of Israel.
theNominativearticle (attributive with πολεμιστής)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμιστὴςfighting / of warNominativeattributive substantive ('the people of war')πολεμιστής: 'warrior / of war'; the recurring phrase ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστής designates the fighting men (cf. vv.1, 3).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)μετ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with him', i.e. Joshua)αὐτοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἀνέβησανwent upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the advance)→ constative aorist (completed ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / advance'; the main force ascends toward Ai.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πορευόμενοιmarchingPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Pl · πορεύομαιcircumstantial participle (manner/attendant: 'as they marched')→ durative present participle (the ongoing march)πορεύομαι (ptc.): 'go / march'; the present participle describes the army on the move as it reaches its position opposite the city.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at position)→ constative aorist (completed arrival)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθον): 'come / arrive'; the force arrives at its station opposite Ai.
ἐξfrom / oppositepreposition + genitive (in the idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας: 'opposite')ἐκ (ἐξ): 'from'; in the fixed phrase ἐξ ἐναντίας ('opposite / over against'), rendering מִנֶּגֶד / נֹכַח.
ἐναντίαςoppositeGenitivegenitive (in the idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας: 'over against')ἐναντίος: 'opposite / facing'; ἐξ ἐναντίας ('opposite, over against') places the main force directly facing the city to draw the defenders out.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (governed by ἐξ ἐναντίας: 'opposite the city')πόλις: 'city'; Ai, opposite which the decoy force stations itself.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (directional, elided: 'from the east')ἀπ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀνατολῶνthe eastGenitivegenitive (governed by ἀπό; idiom for the eastern direction)ἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολαί): 'rising (of the sun) / east'; renders מִזְרָח / קֶדֶם; ἀπ᾽ ἀνατολῶν ('from the east') sets the main force east of Ai, opposite the western ambush — the city is now flanked on both sides.
12

καὶ τὰ ἔνεδρα τῆς πόλεως ἀπὸ θαλάσσης

And the ambush of the city was to the west.

Narrative note: restating the ambush's western position (verbless clause)καὶ τὰ ἔνεδρα
A brief verbless clause restates the ambush's location west of Ai (ἀπὸ θαλάσσης), balancing the main force's eastern position in v.11 and rounding off the deployment before the battle proper begins at v.14. The shorter LXX here lacks the MT's fuller second-detachment notice (MT 8:12–13), the source of the missing verse 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἔνεδρα, subject of the verbless clause)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνεδραambushNominativesubject of the verbless clause ('the ambush was ...')ἔνεδρον (neut. pl. ἔνεδρα): 'ambush / ambush-force'; the collective neuter plural for the concealed detachment; the verbless clause supplies an implied 'was'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (relationship: 'the ambush of/for the city')πόλις: 'city'; the ambush set against Ai.
ἀπὸon the side of / to the westpreposition + genitive (directional idiom)ἀπό: in ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ('to/on the west'), the Hebraic directional idiom (the sea = west).
θαλάσσηςsea / westGenitivegenitive (governed by ἀπό; idiom for the western direction)θάλασσα: 'sea'; ἀπὸ θαλάσσης = 'to the west' (יָם meaning both 'sea' and 'west'); restates the ambush's western position (v.9).
14

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδεν βασιλεὺς Γαι ἔσπευσεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ εὐθείας εἰς τὸν πόλεμον αὐτὸς καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ᾔδει ὅτι ἔνεδρα αὐτῷ ἐστιν ὀπίσω τῆς πόλεως

And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that he hurried and went out to meet them straight on, to battle — he and all the people that were with him; and he did not know that there was an ambush for him behind the city.

Narrative pivot: the king of Ai takes the bait (main narrative); NO verse 13 precedesκαὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδεν
The chapter's numbering jumps from 12 to 14 (NO verse 13 in the LXX). The καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ('and it came to pass, when') temporal formula (rendering וַיְהִי כַּ) marks the decisive pivot: the king of Ai, seeing the advancing decoy, rushes out 'straight on' to battle — and the narrator's parenthetical (καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ᾔδει, 'but he did not know') discloses the fatal ignorance that the trap exploits.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-formula head: καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς)→ constative aorist (narrative pivot-marker)γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'become / happen'; the formula καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς renders Hebrew וַיְהִי כַּ ('and it came to pass when'), a standard LXX temporal pivot introducing a decisive narrative turn.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunctionὡς: 'when / as'; introduces the temporal clause of the king's perception.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the temporal clause→ constative aorist (the king's act of seeing)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; the king of Ai sees the advancing Israelite decoy force and reacts.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of εἶδεν (anarthrous: 'the king of Ai')βασιλεύς: 'king'; the king of Ai, the central antagonist, whose sortie springs the trap and whose execution closes the chapter (v.29).
Γαιof Aiindeclinable place-name (genitival: 'king of Ai')Γαι: indeclinable; in genitival relation to βασιλεύς.
ἔσπευσενhurriedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπεύδωmain verb (the king's hasty response)→ ingressive aorist (the rush into action)σπεύδω: 'hasten / hurry'; renders מָהַר; the king's haste — eager to repeat the earlier rout of Israel — is precisely the rashness the ambush exploits.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the sortie out of the city)→ constative aorist (the sally to battle)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the king's sortie out of Ai — the very movement that empties the city for the ambush (fulfilling the plan of vv.5–6).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
συνάντησινa meeting / encounterAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom 'to meet them')συνάντησις: 'meeting'; εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῖς ('to meet them', i.e. the Israelites) = a hostile encounter, a sortie to battle.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative complement of συνάντησιν ('to meet them')αὐτοῖς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἐπ᾿on / straightpreposition + genitive (in the idiom ἐπ᾽ εὐθείας: 'straight on')ἐπί (elided ἐπ᾽): in the idiom ἐπ᾽ εὐθείας ('straight ahead / directly'); the king advances headlong, without flanking caution — exposing his rear to the ambush.
εὐθείαςstraightGenitivegenitive (in the idiom ἐπ᾽ εὐθείας: 'straight on')εὐθύς (fem. εὐθεῖα): 'straight / direct'; ἐπ᾽ εὐθείας ('straight ahead') stresses the king's headlong, unwary advance — the rashness the trap is built on.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal/purpose)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμονbattle / warAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal: 'to battle')πόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the king goes out 'to the battle', confident of victory.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive subject: 'he himself')αὐτός: intensive 'himself'; resumes the king as subject, heading the compound 'he and all the people with him'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)πᾶς: 'all'; the whole population of Ai sallies out with the king — leaving the city defenseless.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (the people of Ai)λαός: 'people'; here the men of Ai, drawn out with their king.
theNominativearticle (attributive with the phrase μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)μετ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('the people with him')αὐτοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶbutconjunction (here adversative, introducing the narrator's parenthetical)καί: here adversative ('but'), introducing the crucial parenthetical of the king's ignorance.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject pronoun (emphatic: 'he himself')αὐτός: emphatic 'he'; spotlights the king's fatal ignorance of the trap.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ᾔδει)οὐ (οὐκ): negative; the king 'did not know' — the dramatic-ironic key to the whole stratagem.
ᾔδειknewPlupf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb of the parenthetical (state of ignorance)→ pluperfect-as-imperfect (stative: 'he did not know')οἶδα (plupf. ᾔδει, functioning as imperfect): 'know'; the stative pluperfect describes the king's settled ignorance — he was unaware of the ambush behind him; the dramatic irony is the hinge of the chapter.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause of ᾔδει)ὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of what the king did not know.
ἔνεδραan ambushNominativesubject of ἐστιν (within the ὅτι-clause)ἔνεδρον (neut. pl./collective ἔνεδρα): 'ambush'; the hidden detachment whose existence the king fails to perceive.
αὐτῷfor him / against himDativedative of disadvantage ('an ambush against him')αὐτός (dat.): the dative of disadvantage marks the ambush as set against the king's own interest.
ἐστινis / there isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the ὅτι-clause (existential: 'there is')→ stative present (existence of the ambush)εἰμί: 'be'; existential 'there is an ambush'; the present tense within the report renders the situation vividly real as the king fails to grasp it.
ὀπίσωbehindimproper preposition + genitive (location: 'behind the city')ὀπίσω: 'behind'; governs τῆς πόλεως; the ambush lies behind/west of Ai, exactly where the unwary king cannot see it.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive governed by ὀπίσωπόλις: 'city'; Ai, behind which the trap is set.
15

καὶ εἶδεν καὶ ἀνεχώρησεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ Ισραηλ ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν

And Joshua and Israel saw it and withdrew from before them.

Narrative: the feigned retreat begins (main narrative)καὶ εἶδεν καὶ ἀνεχώρησεν
Joshua and Israel begin the staged withdrawal (ἀνεχώρησεν ... ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν, 'withdrew from before them'), executing the feigned flight planned in v.5. The singular εἶδεν followed by the compound subject Ἰησοῦς καὶ Ισραηλ reflects the loose LXX concord; the retreat is deliberate and controlled, not a real rout.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception triggering the retreat)→ constative aorist (the act of seeing the sortie)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see'; Joshua/Israel see the king of Ai coming out — the signal to begin the feigned flight; the singular verb precedes the compound subject (common LXX concord).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνεχώρησενwithdrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναχωρέωmain verb (the staged retreat)→ constative aorist (the deliberate withdrawal)ἀναχωρέω: 'withdraw / retreat / give way'; here the controlled, feigned retreat — a deliberate withdrawal, not a panicked rout (contrast the real flight of ch. 7); fulfils φευξόμεθα (v.5).
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject (first of compound subject)Ἰησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (subject: the army of Israel)Ισραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the people/army of Israel as a collective, joined with Joshua in the feigned retreat.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (idiom 'from before')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
προσώπουpresence / faceGenitivegenitive (idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου: 'from before them')πρόσωπον: 'face'; ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν ('from before them', rendering מִפְּנֵיהֶם), the standard idiom for retreat before an enemy — here a feigned one.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (the men of Ai before whom Israel withdraws)αὐτῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
16

καὶ κατεδίωξαν ὀπίσω τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀπέστησαν ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως

And they pursued after the sons of Israel, and they themselves drew away from the city.

Narrative: the men of Ai pursue and abandon the city (main narrative)καὶ κατεδίωξαν
The defenders of Ai take the bait fully: they pursue (κατεδίωξαν) the retreating Israelites and in doing so draw away (ἀπέστησαν) from the city — the precise outcome Joshua planned (ἀποσπάσομεν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως, v.6). The intensive compound κατα-διώκω ('pursue hard') conveys the eagerness that seals their doom.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατεδίωξανthey pursuedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταδιώκωmain verb (the pursuit)→ constative aorist (the act of pursuit)καταδιώκω: 'pursue closely / chase down'; renders רָדַף; the intensive κατα- conveys hot, eager pursuit; the men of Ai chase the retreating Israelites, abandoning their defensive position.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive ('after the sons of Israel')ὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; here in pursuit, governing the genitive τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive governed by ὀπίσω ('after the sons of Israel')υἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the people.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'sons of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; here in genitival relation to υἱῶν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αὐτοὶthey themselvesNominativeintensive subject pronoun (the men of Ai)αὐτός (nom. pl. αὐτοί): intensive 'they themselves'; underscores that the defenders' own act of pursuit is what strips the city of protection.
ἀπέστησανdrew awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίστημιmain verb (the fatal separation from the city)→ constative aorist (the completed withdrawal from the city)ἀφίστημι: 'withdraw / depart / stand away from'; the intransitive aorist ἀπέστησαν ('they drew away') marks the defenders' fatal separation from Ai, fulfilling the aim of v.6 (ἀποσπάσομεν ... ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of separation (governed by ἀπό)πόλις: 'city'; Ai, now left undefended as its men pursue Israel.
17

οὐ κατελείφθη οὐθεὶς ἐν τῇ Γαι ὃς οὐ κατεδίωξεν ὀπίσω Ισραηλ καὶ κατέλιπον τὴν πόλιν ἀνεῳγμένην καὶ κατεδίωξαν ὀπίσω Ισραηλ

Not one was left in Ai who did not pursue after Israel; and they left the city open and pursued after Israel.

Narrative emphasis: the city left totally undefended (main narrative)οὐ κατελείφθη οὐθεὶς
The verse drives home the completeness of the trap with an emphatic double negative (οὐ ... οὐθείς ... ὃς οὐ, 'not one ... who did not'): the entire population pursues, leaving the city ἀνεῳγμένην ('open / wide open'). The repetition κατεδίωξεν ... κατεδίωξαν frames the verse, stressing the total, fatal exodus of Ai's defenders.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
οὐnotnegative particle (with κατελείφθη)οὐ: negative; part of the emphatic double-negative construction stressing total participation in the pursuit.
κατελείφθηwas leftAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (passive: 'was left behind')→ constative aorist passive (resultant state: none remained)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the aorist passive κατελείφθη ('was left') with οὐθείς states that no defender at all stayed behind in Ai.
οὐθεὶςno oneNominativesubject (negative pronoun: 'no one')οὐθείς (= οὐδείς): 'no one / not one'; the Hellenistic spelling with -θ- is common in the LXX; reinforces the double negative — every single man of Ai joined the pursuit.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticle (with indeclinable Γαι, marking dative)τῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (locative, case by article)Γαι: indeclinable; the dative force ('in Ai') is supplied by the article τῇ.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of κατεδίωξεν, modifying οὐθείς)ὅς: relative; ὃς οὐ ('who did not') completes the emphatic double negative — there was no one who failed to pursue.
οὐnotnegative particle (in the relative clause)οὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατεδίωξενpursuedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταδιώκωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (each man's pursuit)καταδιώκω: 'pursue closely'; the singular agrees with οὐθείς/ὅς; the litotes 'no one who did not pursue' = 'every single one pursued'.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive ('after Israel')ὀπίσω: 'after'; in pursuit, governing Ισραηλ.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival object of ὀπίσω)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the object of the pursuit.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατέλιπονthey leftAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταλείπωmain verb (abandonment of the city)→ constative aorist (the completed abandonment)καταλείπω (aor. act. κατέλιπον): 'leave / abandon'; the men of Ai abandon the city — and crucially leave it 'open' (ἀνεῳγμένην), defenseless before the ambush.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of κατέλιπονπόλις: 'city'; Ai, left undefended.
ἀνεῳγμένηνopen / standing openPerf Pass Ptc Acc Fem Sg · ἀνοίγωpredicative participle (object complement: 'left the city open')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: standing open)ἀνοίγω (perf. pass. ptc. ἀνεῳγμένην): 'open'; the perfect participle denotes the resultant state — the city left standing wide open, its gates unguarded, ripe for the ambush to seize.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resumptive)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατεδίωξανthey pursuedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταδιώκωmain verb (resumptive: the pursuit continues)→ constative aorist (the renewed/continued pursuit)καταδιώκω: 'pursue closely'; the repeated verb (cf. v.16) frames the verse, hammering the point: every defender is now committed to the pursuit, far from the city.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive ('after Israel')ὀπίσω: 'after'; governs Ισραηλ.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival object of ὀπίσω)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the object of the pursuit.
18

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρά σου ἐν τῷ γαίσῳ τῷ ἐν τῇ χειρί σου ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν εἰς γὰρ τὰς χεῖράς σου παραδέδωκα αὐτήν καὶ τὰ ἔνεδρα ἐξαναστήσονται ἐν τάχει ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῶν καὶ ἐξέτεινεν Ἰησοῦς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὸν γαῖσον ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν

And the LORD said to Joshua, 'Stretch out your hand with the javelin that is in your hand toward the city, for into your hands I have delivered it, and the ambush shall rise up quickly out of their place.' And Joshua stretched out his hand, the javelin, toward the city.

Divine command and its immediate execution: the javelin-signal (main narrative)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν
At the climactic moment YHWH again speaks (cf. v.1), commanding the javelin-signal. The gift-formula recurs (εἰς ... τὰς χεῖράς σου παραδέδωκα αὐτήν, echoing δέδωκα of v.1), and the stretching-out of the weapon (ἔκτεινον ... τὴν χεῖρα) is the agreed sign for the ambush to spring. The command is fulfilled at once (καὶ ἐξέτεινεν Ἰησοῦς), the gesture recalling Moses' outstretched hand/staff in the Exodus victories (Exod 14:16, 26).
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single divine speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces the second divine speech of the chapter, at the decisive moment of the battle.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubjectκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH directs the timing of the decisive blow, underscoring that the victory is his gift.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)Ἰησοῦς (acc. Ἰησοῦν): the recipient of the divine signal-command.
ἔκτεινονstretch outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb (divine imperative: the signal-gesture)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive command)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out / extend'; renders נָטָה; the command to stretch out the hand/javelin recalls Moses' outstretched hand over the sea (Exod 14:16, 26); here it is the prearranged signal for the ambush.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandAccusativedirect object of ἔκτεινονχείρ: 'hand'; the outstretched hand bearing the javelin is the visible signal to the ambush.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with χεῖρα)σου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with the javelin')ἐν + dat.: here instrumental ('with'), a Hebraizing use rendering בְּ of means.
τῷtheDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γαίσῳjavelinDativedative of instrument (with ἐν: 'with the javelin')γαῖσος: 'javelin / spear' (a Celtic/Gallic loanword for a heavy throwing-spear); renders כִּידוֹן; the weapon Joshua extends as the battle-signal — the same word the MT uses for the sign held aloft until Ai was destroyed.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive, introducing the relative-like phrase)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in your hand')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of place (locative: 'in your hand')χείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; the attributive phrase τῷ ἐν τῇ χειρί σου ('that is in your hand') specifies the javelin Joshua holds.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρί)σου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐπὶtoward / againstpreposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the city')ἐπί + acc.: 'toward / against'; the javelin is pointed at the city as the directional signal.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίπόλις: 'city'; Ai, the target of the signal-gesture.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom 'into your hands')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive, giving the ground of the command)γάρ: 'for'; introduces the reason for the signal — the city has already been given into Joshua's hands.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom of conquest: 'into your hands')χείρ (acc. pl. χεῖρας): the idiom εἰς τὰς χεῖρας παραδίδωμι ('deliver into the hands') = grant total victory (cf. v.1, δέδωκα εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with χεῖρας)σου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
παραδέδωκαI have deliveredPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (divine gift-formula, perfect)→ perfect of accomplished fact (declarative/prophetic perfect)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders נָתַן (in the 'give into the hand' idiom); the perfect παραδέδωκα ('I have delivered') restates the gift-formula of v.1 (δέδωκα), assuring victory as already accomplished in the divine will.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of παραδέδωκα (the city)αὐτός (acc. fem. αὐτήν): refers to ἡ πόλις, the city Ai, delivered into Joshua's hands.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the divine speech)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἔνεδρα)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνεδραambushNominativesubject of ἐξαναστήσονταιἔνεδρον (collective neut. pl. ἔνεδρα): 'ambush-force'; the detachment that will spring at the javelin-signal.
ἐξαναστήσονταιshall rise upFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐξανίστημιmain verb (prediction of the ambush springing)→ predictive future (the imminent springing of the ambush)ἐξανίστημι: 'rise up out of'; the future predicts what the signal will trigger; fulfilled immediately at v.19 (ἐξανέστησαν); echoes the command of v.7 (ἐξαναστήσεσθε).
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (manner: 'quickly')ἐν + dat.: in the adverbial phrase ἐν τάχει ('quickly / in haste').
τάχειhaste / quicklyDativedative of manner (ἐν τάχει: 'quickly')τάχος: 'speed / haste'; ἐν τάχει = 'quickly'; the suddenness of the ambush's rising is essential to seizing the city before the defenders can return.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive of source (governed by ἐκ: 'out of their place')τόπος: 'place / position'; the concealed position from which the ambush will spring.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with τόπου)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the execution of the command)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξέτεινενstretched outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb (immediate fulfilment of ἔκτεινον)→ constative aorist (the completed signal-gesture)ἐκτείνω (aor. ἐξέτεινεν): 'stretch out'; the immediate execution of the command ἔκτεινον — Joshua extends the javelin toward the city, springing the ambush.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐξέτεινενχείρ: 'hand'; the hand bearing the javelin, extended as the signal.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χεῖρα)αὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with γαῖσον, in apposition to χεῖρα)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γαῖσονjavelinAccusativeaccusative in apposition ('his hand, the javelin')γαῖσος (acc. γαῖσον): 'javelin'; in apposition to χεῖρα — the hand and the weapon it holds are stretched out together as the signal.
ἐπὶtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίπόλις: 'city'; Ai, toward which the signal is given.
19

καὶ τὰ ἔνεδρα ἐξανέστησαν ἐν τάχει ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῶν καὶ ἐξήλθοσαν ὅτε ἐξέτεινεν τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ἤλθοσαν ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν καὶ κατελάβοντο αὐτὴν καὶ σπεύσαντες ἐνέπρησαν τὴν πόλιν ἐν πυρί

And the ambush rose up quickly out of their place and came out when he stretched out his hand, and they came to the city and seized it, and hurrying they set the city on fire.

Narrative climax: the ambush springs and fires the city (main narrative)καὶ τὰ ἔνεδρα ἐξανέστησαν
The ambush executes its commission in a rapid chain of aorists (ἐξανέστησαν ... ἐξήλθοσαν ... ἤλθοσαν ... κατελάβοντο ... ἐνέπρησαν), the staccato verbs conveying the speed of the assault. The temporal ὅτε ἐξέτεινεν ('when he stretched out') ties the springing precisely to Joshua's signal (v.18). The firing of the city (ἐνέπρησαν ... ἐν πυρί) is the visible sign that turns the battle (v.20).
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἔνεδρα)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνεδραambushNominativesubject of ἐξανέστησανἔνεδρον (collective neut. pl. ἔνεδρα): 'ambush-force'; the concealed detachment now springs into action.
ἐξανέστησανrose upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξανίστημιmain verb (the ambush springs)→ ingressive aorist (the sudden rising)ἐξανίστημι (aor. ἐξανέστησαν): 'rise up out of'; fulfils the prediction ἐξαναστήσονται (v.18) and the command ἐξαναστήσεσθε (v.7) — the ambush springs from concealment.
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (manner: 'quickly')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τάχειhaste / quicklyDativedative of manner (ἐν τάχει: 'quickly')τάχος: 'speed'; ἐν τάχει ('quickly') echoes v.18 verbatim — the ambush moves with the prescribed speed.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive of source (ἐκ τοῦ τόπου: 'out of their place')τόπος: 'place / position'; the ambush's concealed position west of the city.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with τόπου)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξήλθοσανcame outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the ambush emerges)→ constative aorist (the emergence from concealment)ἐξέρχομαι (aor. ἐξήλθοσαν): 'come out'; the Hellenistic -οσαν 3rd-pl. ending (for classical ἐξῆλθον) is characteristic of the LXX; the ambush emerges from hiding.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: 'when'; ties the ambush's emergence precisely to the moment of Joshua's signal.
ἐξέτεινενhe stretched outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτείνωverb of the temporal clause (the signal-moment)→ constative aorist (the signal-gesture)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out'; refers back to Joshua's javelin-signal (v.18); the ambush springs the instant the hand is extended.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐξέτεινενχείρ: 'hand'; the signal-hand of Joshua.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἤλθοσανthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at the city)→ constative aorist (the completed advance into the city)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἤλθοσαν): 'come'; again the Hellenistic -οσαν ending; the ambush reaches the now-open city, fulfilling πορεύσεσθε εἰς τὴν πόλιν (v.7).
ἐπὶto / uponpreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (goal of the assault)πόλις: 'city'; the undefended Ai.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατελάβοντοthey seizedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (the capture of the city)→ constative aorist (the completed seizure)καταλαμβάνω: 'seize / take possession of / capture'; renders לָכַד; the middle κατελάβοντο stresses the ambush's taking the city for themselves; the decisive capture.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of κατελάβοντο (the city)αὐτός (acc. fem. αὐτήν): the city Ai, now seized.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
σπεύσαντεςhurryingAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · σπεύδωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'in haste')→ ingressive aorist participle (acting quickly)σπεύδω (ptc. σπεύσαντες): 'hasten / hurry'; the participle stresses the urgency — the city must be fired at once so its smoke can signal Israel to turn (v.20).
ἐνέπρησανthey set on fireAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπίμπρημι / ἐμπρήθωmain verb (the firing of the city)→ constative aorist (the completed burning)ἐμπίμπρημι (aor. ἐνέπρησαν): 'set on fire / burn up'; renders שָׂרַף / יָצַת; the firing of Ai produces the column of smoke that is the agreed signal to the main force (cf. v.20).
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of ἐνέπρησανπόλις: 'city'; Ai, set ablaze by the ambush.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')ἐν + dat.: instrumental ('with fire'), a Hebraizing rendering of בָּאֵשׁ.
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument (ἐν πυρί: 'with fire')πῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the instrument of the city's destruction; the rising smoke becomes the battle-signal.
20

καὶ περιβλέψαντες οἱ κάτοικοι Γαι εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω αὐτῶν καὶ ἐθεώρουν καπνὸν ἀναβαίνοντα ἐκ τῆς πόλεως εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν καὶ οὐκέτι εἶχον ποῦ φύγωσιν ὧδε ἢ ὧδε

And the inhabitants of Ai, looking back behind them, saw the smoke going up from the city to heaven; and they no longer had anywhere to flee, this way or that.

Narrative reversal: the men of Ai realize the trap (main narrative)καὶ περιβλέψαντες
The reversal lands: the men of Ai, looking back, see the smoke of their own city rising εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν ('to heaven') and realize they are trapped between two forces with nowhere to flee (οὐκέτι εἶχον ποῦ φύγωσιν, ὧδε ἢ ὧδε, 'this way or that'). The imperfect ἐθεώρουν dwells on their dawning horror; the merism ὧδε ἢ ὧδε underlines the totality of the encirclement.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
περιβλέψαντεςlooking around / backAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · περιβλέπωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'when they looked back')→ ingressive aorist participle (the act of turning to look)περιβλέπω (ptc. περιβλέψαντες): 'look around / look back'; the compound περι- ('around') suits the men of Ai turning to look behind them — and seeing the catastrophe.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with κάτοικοι)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάτοικοιinhabitantsNominativesubject (the men of Ai)κάτοικος: 'inhabitant / dweller'; renders יוֹשֵׁב; the men of Ai who had sallied out and now see their city aflame behind them.
Γαιof Aiindeclinable place-name (genitival: 'inhabitants of Ai')Γαι: indeclinable; in genitival relation to κάτοικοι.
εἰςto / towardpreposition + accusative (direction of looking: 'behind them')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing ὀπίσω)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωbehindadverb substantivized by τά (εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω: 'to the rear / behind them')ὀπίσω: 'behind / to the rear'; εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω αὐτῶν ('behind them'), the direction in which they glimpse their burning city.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (with τὰ ὀπίσω: 'behind them')αὐτῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming after the participle)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐθεώρουνthey saw / beheldImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θεωρέωmain verb (durative perception of the disaster)→ durative imperfect (the dawning, horrified beholding)θεωρέω: 'behold / gaze at / observe'; the imperfect ἐθεώρουν dwells on the men of Ai gazing in dawning horror at the smoke of their city.
καπνὸνsmokeAccusativedirect object of ἐθεώρουνκαπνός: 'smoke'; renders עָשָׁן; the rising smoke of Ai is both the proof of the city's fall and the agreed signal turning the battle.
ἀναβαίνονταgoing up / ascendingPres Act Ptc Acc Masc Sg · ἀναβαίνωattributive participle (modifying καπνόν: 'smoke ascending')→ durative present participle (the ongoing ascent of the smoke)ἀναβαίνω (ptc. ἀναβαίνοντα): 'go up / ascend'; the present participle pictures the smoke continuously rising — a vivid, ongoing sign of doom.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of source (the smoke's origin)πόλις: 'city'; their own Ai, ablaze.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'to heaven')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανόνheaven / skyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (direction of the smoke)οὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν ('up to heaven') stresses the height and visibility of the smoke-column — unmistakable to both armies.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὐκέτιno longeradverb of time (negative: 'no longer')οὐκέτι: 'no longer / no more'; marks the decisive turn — escape, once possible, is now gone.
εἶχονthey hadImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (durative: 'they had [no place]')→ durative imperfect (the state of being trapped)ἔχω (impf. εἶχον): 'have'; with the indirect question ποῦ φύγωσιν, 'they had nowhere to flee'; the imperfect conveys their sustained, helpless entrapment.
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb (introducing deliberative indirect question)ποῦ: 'where'; introduces the deliberative indirect question 'where they might flee'.
φύγωσινthey might fleeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · φεύγωdeliberative subjunctive (in indirect question: 'where to flee')→ deliberative aorist subjunctive (no possible escape)φεύγω (aor. subj. φύγωσιν): 'flee'; the deliberative subjunctive ('where they might flee') expresses their futile search for any escape route — there is none.
ὧδεthis way / hereadverb of place (first member of merism)ὧδε: 'here / this way'; the pair ὧδε ἢ ὧδε ('this way or that') is a merism for every direction — total encirclement.
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or'; joins the two members of the directional merism.
ὧδεthat way / thereadverb of place (second member of merism)ὧδε: 'here / that way'; repeated to express 'either way' — no direction of escape remains.
21

καὶ Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ εἶδον ὅτι ἔλαβον τὰ ἔνεδρα τὴν πόλιν καὶ ὅτι ἀνέβη ὁ καπνὸς τῆς πόλεως εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν καὶ μεταβαλόμενοι ἐπάταξαν τοὺς ἄνδρας τῆς Γαι

And Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city and that the smoke of the city had gone up to heaven; and turning back they struck down the men of Ai.

Narrative: the main force turns and attacks (main narrative)καὶ Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ εἶδον
The decoy force completes the reversal: seeing the smoke-signal (the double ὅτι-clauses confirming both the capture and the rising smoke), Joshua and all Israel turn back (μεταβαλόμενοι) from their feigned flight and strike the now-trapped men of Ai. The participle μεταβαλόμενοι ('having turned about') marks the transition from feigned retreat to real assault.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject (first of compound subject)Ἰησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)πᾶς: 'all'; the whole decoy force together with Joshua.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (subject)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the army of Israel as a collective.
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (perception of the signal)→ constative aorist (the act of seeing the smoke)ὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see'; Joshua and Israel perceive the smoke-signal — the cue to turn from feigned flight to attack.
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause of εἶδον)ὅτι: 'that'; introduces the first object clause (the capture of the city).
ἔλαβονhad takenAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωverb of the first ὅτι-clause→ constative aorist (the completed capture)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβον): 'take / seize'; here of the ambush's capture of the city (cf. κατελάβοντο, v.19).
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἔνεδρα)τὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνεδραambushNominativesubject of ἔλαβονἔνεδρον (collective neut. pl. ἔνεδρα): 'ambush-force'; the detachment that has taken the city.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβονπόλις: 'city'; Ai, captured by the ambush.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two ὅτι-clauses)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὅτιthatconjunction (second object clause of εἶδον)ὅτι: introduces the second object clause (the rising smoke).
ἀνέβηhad gone upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωverb of the second ὅτι-clause→ constative aorist (the completed ascent of the smoke)ἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up / ascend'; the smoke has risen to heaven — the unmistakable signal (cf. v.20).
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καπνὸςsmokeNominativesubject of ἀνέβηκαπνός: 'smoke'; the smoke of Ai, the agreed battle-signal.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of source/possession ('the smoke of the city')πόλις: 'city'; Ai.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανόνheavenAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (direction of the smoke)οὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν ('to heaven'), echoing v.20 — the signal seen by both armies.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
μεταβαλόμενοιturning back / aboutAor Mid Ptc Nom Masc Pl · μεταβάλλωcircumstantial participle (manner/temporal: 'having turned about')→ ingressive aorist participle (the reversal from flight to attack)μεταβάλλω (aor. mid. ptc. μεταβαλόμενοι): 'turn about / change/reverse'; the middle marks the decisive reversal — Israel wheels from feigned flight to real assault on the trapped men of Ai.
ἐπάταξανthey struck downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πατάσσωmain verb (the counterattack)→ constative aorist (the act of striking)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders נָכָה; the standard LXX verb for striking down an enemy in battle; here the slaughter of the men of Ai caught between the two forces.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticleτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξανἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): 'man'; the fighting men of Ai, now struck down.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with indeclinable Γαι (genitival: 'of Ai')τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (genitival, case by article)Γαι: indeclinable; 'the men of Ai', the genitive supplied by τῆς.
22

καὶ οὗτοι ἐξήλθοσαν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως εἰς συνάντησιν καὶ ἐγενήθησαν ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς παρεμβολῆς οὗτοι ἐντεῦθεν καὶ οὗτοι ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐπάταξαν ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι αὐτῶν σεσωσμένον καὶ διαπεφευγότα

And these came out of the city to meet them, and they were in the midst of the camp, these on this side and these on that side; and they struck them until there was left of them none who was saved or who had escaped.

Narrative: the pincer closes, total annihilation (main narrative)καὶ οὗτοι ἐξήλθοσαν
The ambush detachment now sallies from the captured city to complete the pincer: the men of Ai are caught ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst'), with Israelite forces οὗτοι ἐντεῦθεν καὶ οὗτοι ἐντεῦθεν ('these on this side and those on that'). The result clause ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι ... σεσωσμένον καὶ διαπεφευγότα ('until none was left saved or escaped') states the total annihilation in the language of the ban.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (the ambush detachment from the city)οὗτος (nom. pl. οὗτοι): 'these'; here the ambush detachment, now coming out of the captured city to take the men of Ai from the rear.
ἐξήλθοσανcame outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the sally from the city)→ constative aorist (the completed sortie)ἐξέρχομαι (aor. ἐξήλθοσαν): 'come out'; Hellenistic -οσαν ending; the ambush sallies from the captured city to close the pincer on the men of Ai.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of source (ἐκ τῆς πόλεως: 'out of the city')πόλις: 'city'; the captured Ai, now the base from which the second prong attacks.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
συνάντησινa meeting / encounterAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet [them]')συνάντησις: 'meeting'; εἰς συνάντησιν, a hostile encounter — the ambush moves to engage the men of Ai from behind.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγενήθησανthey were / came to beAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (the men of Ai caught in the middle)→ constative aorist (the resultant entrapment)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθησαν): 'become / come to be / be situated'; the men of Ai 'came to be in the midst' — caught between the two Israelite forces.
ἀνὰamidpreposition (idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'in the midst')ἀνά: in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of'); the men of Ai are surrounded.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative (idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'in the midst')μέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς παρεμβολῆς ('in the midst of the camp/army') — the men of Ai trapped between Israel's two divisions.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcamp / armyGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'in the midst of the army')παρεμβολή: 'camp / army / battle-array'; renders מַחֲנֶה; here the Israelite battle-formation — the men of Ai are hemmed inside it, the two prongs to either side.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (one Israelite force: 'these on this side')οὗτος: 'these'; the distributive pair οὗτοι ἐντεῦθεν καὶ οὗτοι ἐντεῦθεν ('these on one side and those on the other') describes the encircling pincer.
ἐντεῦθενon this sideadverb of place (first member of the distributive pair)ἐντεῦθεν: 'from here / on this side'; the doubled ἐντεῦθεν ... ἐντεῦθεν ('on this side ... on that side') renders the Hebrew מִזֶּה ... וּמִזֶּה, marking the two-pronged attack.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (other Israelite force: 'those on that side')οὗτος: 'these'; the second prong of the pincer.
ἐντεῦθενon that sideadverb of place (second member of the distributive pair)ἐντεῦθεν: 'on that side'; completes the pincer image — the men of Ai are attacked from both directions at once.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπάταξανthey struck downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πατάσσωmain verb (the slaughter)→ constative aorist (the act of striking)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders נָכָה; the slaughter of the encircled men of Ai.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (with articular infinitive: result/extent)ἕως: 'until / to the point that'; with the articular infinitive τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι expresses the extent of the slaughter — to the point of total annihilation.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with the infinitive καταλειφθῆναι)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive)μή: negative with the infinitive in the result-clause ('until none was left').
καταλειφθῆναιto be leftAor Pass Inf · καταλείπωarticular infinitive (result/extent with ἕως τοῦ)→ aorist passive infinitive (the resultant total destruction)καταλείπω (aor. pass. inf.): 'leave / leave remaining'; the construction ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι ('until none was left') is the standard LXX idiom for total annihilation under the ban (cf. 10:33; 11:8).
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive (with the infinitive: 'of them none')αὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): partitive ('of them') — of the men of Ai, none was left.
σεσωσμένονone saved / survivingPerf Pass Ptc Acc Masc Sg · σῴζωsubstantival participle (subject-accusative of the infinitive: 'a survivor')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: one in a saved condition)σῴζω (perf. pass. ptc. σεσωσμένον): 'save / preserve'; the perfect participle 'one (left) in a saved state' = a survivor; renders שָׂרִיד / פָּלִיט; none of Ai survived.
καὶorcoordinate conjunction (joining the two participles)καί: here 'or / and', pairing the two near-synonymous participles of survival.
διαπεφευγόταone who had escapedPerf Act Ptc Acc Masc Sg · διαφεύγωsubstantival participle (parallel to σεσωσμένον: 'a fugitive')→ perfect active participle (resultant state: one who had got away)διαφεύγω (perf. act. ptc. διαπεφευγότα): 'escape / flee through'; the compound δια- ('through') stresses getting clean away; paired with σεσωσμένον, the doublet underlines that not a single man of Ai survived or escaped — the completeness of the ban.
23

καὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῆς Γαι συνέλαβον ζῶντα καὶ προσήγαγον αὐτὸν πρὸς Ἰησοῦν

And the king of Ai they took alive and brought him to Joshua.

Narrative: the king of Ai captured alive (main narrative)καὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῆς Γαι συνέλαβον
The fronted object τὸν βασιλέα ('the king') highlights the single exception to the slaughter: the king of Ai is taken alive (ζῶντα) and brought to Joshua, setting up his judicial execution at v.29 — the fulfilment of the divine gift-formula of v.1 ('I have given the king of Ai into your hands').
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα, fronted object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of συνέλαβον (fronted for emphasis)βασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; the fronted object marks the king of Ai as the singular exception to the total slaughter — reserved for judicial execution.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with indeclinable Γαι (genitival: 'of Ai')τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (genitival, case by article)Γαι: indeclinable; 'the king of Ai', the genitive supplied by τῆς.
συνέλαβονthey took / seizedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συλλαμβάνωmain verb (the capture of the king)→ constative aorist (the act of seizing)συλλαμβάνω: 'seize / arrest / capture'; renders תָּפַשׂ; the verb of taking a prisoner; the king is captured rather than killed in the field.
ζῶνταalivePres Act Ptc Acc Masc Sg · ζάωpredicative participle (object complement: 'took him alive')→ durative present participle (in the state of being alive)ζάω (ptc. ζῶντα): 'live / be alive'; the predicative participle ('alive') stresses that the king was captured living — reserved for the public execution of v.29.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
προσήγαγονthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (presenting the prisoner)→ constative aorist (the act of leading up)προσάγω: 'bring / lead to / present'; renders קָרַב / נָגַשׁ (Hiphil); the king is brought before Joshua as a captive for judgment.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of προσήγαγον (the king)αὐτὸν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (to whom the king is brought)Ἰησοῦς (acc. Ἰησοῦν): Joshua, before whom the captured king is set for judgment (cf. v.29).
24

καὶ ὡς ἐπαύσαντο οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἀποκτέννοντες πάντας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Γαι τοὺς ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις καὶ ἐν τῷ ὄρει ἐπὶ τῆς καταβάσεως οὗ κατεδίωξαν αὐτοὺς ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς εἰς τέλος καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν Ἰησοῦς εἰς Γαι καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὴν ἐν στόματι ῥομφαίας

And when the sons of Israel had finished killing all those in Ai, those in the plains and on the mountain, on the descent where they had pursued them from it to the end, then Joshua returned to Ai and struck it with the edge of the sword.

Narrative: the slaughter complete, Joshua razes the city (main narrative)καὶ ὡς ἐπαύσαντο
A temporal ὡς-clause sums up the completed slaughter of all the men of Ai — in the open fields and on the mountain-descent where they had been pursued εἰς τέλος ('to the end / utterly'). The apodosis (καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν Ἰησοῦς, with apodotic καί) then narrates Joshua's return to the city to put it to the sword (ἐν στόματι ῥομφαίας, 'with the edge of the sword'), the ban-formula for total destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (introducing the protasis)ὡς: 'when / as'; introduces the temporal clause summarizing the completed slaughter.
ἐπαύσαντοthey ceased / finishedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παύωverb of the temporal clause (with complementary participle)→ constative aorist (the completed cessation)παύω (aor. mid. ἐπαύσαντο): 'cease / stop / finish'; the middle 'they ceased / left off'; with the supplementary participle ἀποκτέννοντες, 'finished killing'.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ: 'the sons of Israel')υἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the people.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'sons of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; in genitival relation to υἱοί.
ἀποκτέννοντεςkillingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἀποκτέννωsupplementary participle (with ἐπαύσαντο: 'finished killing')→ durative present participle (the ongoing slaughter that they finish)ἀποκτέννω (Hellenistic by-form of ἀποκτείνω): 'kill / slay'; renders הָרַג; the present participle complements ἐπαύσαντο ('ceased killing'), denoting the slaughter that they brought to completion.
πάνταςallAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτέννοντες (substantival: 'all')πᾶς: 'all'; the totality of Ai's population is slain — the ban executed in full.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantivizing the following phrases: 'those in Ai')τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticle (with indeclinable Γαι, marking dative)τῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (locative, case by article)Γαι: indeclinable; 'in Ai', the dative supplied by τῇ.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantivizing the locative phrases that follow)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῖςtheDativearticleτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίοιςplains / fieldsDativedative of place (locative: 'in the plains')πεδίον: 'plain / open field'; renders שָׂדֶה / מִדְבָּר; the open country into which the men of Ai had been drawn and where they were cut down.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (locative: 'on the mountain')ὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'mountain / hill country'; renders הַר; the hill country around Ai, the other locus of the slaughter.
ἐπὶon / atpreposition + genitive (locative: 'on the descent')ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταβάσεωςdescent / slopeGenitivegenitive of place (governed by ἐπί: 'on the descent')κατάβασις: 'descent / slope / going down'; renders מוֹרָד; the slope down which the men of Ai had been chased; cf. the same word at 10:11.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place ('where')οὗ: 'where'; the relative adverb introduces the place-clause specifying where the pursuit had reached.
κατεδίωξανthey had pursuedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταδιώκωverb of the relative place-clause→ constative aorist (the completed pursuit)καταδιώκω: 'pursue closely'; the pursuit that had drawn the men of Ai out onto the descent where they were slaughtered.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κατεδίωξαναὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source, elided)ἀπ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive (governed by ἀπό: 'from it', i.e. from the city/descent)αὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'it', referring to the city/descent from which the pursuit ran.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (idiom εἰς τέλος: 'to the end / utterly')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τέλοςend / completionAccusativeaccusative (idiom εἰς τέλος: 'utterly / completely')τέλος: 'end / completion'; εἰς τέλος ('to the end / utterly') stresses the totality of the slaughter — the pursuit ran to the very last man.
καὶthenapodotic conjunction (introducing the main clause after the ὡς-clause)καί: here apodotic ('then'), introducing the consequence after the temporal protasis — a Hebraism (וְ of apodosis).
ἀπέστρεψενreturned / turned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (Joshua's return to the city)→ constative aorist (the act of returning)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; here intransitive ('returned'); Joshua turns back to the captured Ai to complete its destruction.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of return)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓαιAiaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)Γαι: indeclinable; the captured city, to which Joshua returns.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the smiting of the city)→ constative aorist (the act of striking)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה; with ἐν στόματι ῥομφαίας ('with the edge of the sword'), the ban-formula for putting a city to the sword.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (the city)αὐτός (acc. fem. αὐτήν): the city Ai.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental, idiom 'with the edge of the sword')ἐν + dat.: instrumental; in the idiom ἐν στόματι ῥομφαίας ('with the mouth/edge of the sword').
στόματιmouth / edgeDativedative of instrument (idiom: 'edge of the sword')στόμα (dat. στόματι): 'mouth'; the idiom ἐν στόματι ῥομφαίας ('with the edge [lit. mouth] of the sword') renders לְפִי־חֶרֶב, the fixed OT phrase for putting to the sword under the ban.
ῥομφαίαςof the swordGenitivegenitive (with στόματι: 'the edge of the sword')ῥομφαία: 'sword / large broadsword'; renders חֶרֶב; the great sword; the phrase signals the comprehensive destruction of the city's inhabitants.
25

καὶ ἐγενήθησαν οἱ πεσόντες ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἀπὸ ἀνδρὸς καὶ ἕως γυναικὸς δώδεκα χιλιάδες πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Γαι

And those who fell on that day, from man to woman, were twelve thousand — all the inhabitants of Ai.

Narrative summary: the death-toll of Ai (main narrative)καὶ ἐγενήθησαν οἱ πεσόντες
A summary casualty-notice tallies the fallen: twelve thousand, ἀπὸ ἀνδρὸς καὶ ἕως γυναικός ('from man to woman'), a merism for the entire population. The closing apposition πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Γαι ('all the inhabitants of Ai') seals the totality of the ban — none of the city's people remained.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγενήθησανwere / came to beAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (copulative: 'those who fell were ...')→ constative aorist (the resultant tally)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθησαν): 'become / come to be / amount to'; here copulative with the numeral — the fallen 'were/amounted to' twelve thousand.
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantivizing πεσόντες)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεσόντεςthose who fellAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · πίπτωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the fallen')→ constative aorist participle (those who fell in battle)πίπτω (aor. ptc. πεσόντες): 'fall'; οἱ πεσόντες ('the fallen') is the standard military idiom for those killed in battle (rendering הַנֹּפְלִים / חֲלָלִים).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when: 'on that day')ἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') marks the single day of Ai's destruction.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'that day')ἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the far demonstrative points to the decisive day of the battle.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (start of merism)ἀπό: in the merism ἀπὸ ἀνδρὸς καὶ ἕως γυναικός ('from man to woman'), expressing total inclusiveness.
ἀνδρὸςmanGenitivegenitive (start of merism, governed by ἀπό)ἀνήρ (gen. ἀνδρός): 'man'; the first pole of the merism 'from man to woman' = everyone.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the merism)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἕωςto / untilpreposition + genitive (end of merism)ἕως: 'to / until'; the end-pole of the merism.
γυναικὸςwomanGenitivegenitive (end of merism, governed by ἕως)γυνή (gen. γυναικός): 'woman'; the second pole of the merism — the death-toll spared neither sex; the whole population perished.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable numeral (with χιλιάδες: 'twelve thousand')δώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable cardinal; the total slain at Ai — twelve thousand.
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐγενήθησαν: 'were twelve thousand')χιλιάς (nom. pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand'; renders אֶלֶף; the predicate of the casualty-tally.
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective (loose apposition: 'all the inhabitants')πᾶς: 'all'; the accusative in loose apposition (a Hebraizing construction) sums up the fallen as the entire population of Ai.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing κατοικοῦντας)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitantsPres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (in apposition: 'the inhabitants')→ durative present participle (the settled inhabitants)κατοικέω (ptc. κατοικοῦντας): 'dwell / inhabit'; οἱ κατοικοῦντες Γαι ('the inhabitants of Ai', cf. v.5) — the whole settled population, now entirely destroyed.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (object of κατοικοῦντας: 'inhabiting Ai')Γαι: indeclinable; the city whose entire population fell.
27

πλὴν τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ τῶν σκύλων τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει πάντα ἃ ἐπρονόμευσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ κατὰ πρόσταγμα κυρίου ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Ἰησοῖ

Except the cattle and the spoils that were in the city — all that the sons of Israel plundered for themselves, according to the command of the LORD, just as the LORD had ordered Joshua. (There is no verse 26 in the LXX.)

Narrative qualification: the spoil exempted from the ban (main narrative); NO verse 26 precedesπλὴν τῶν κτηνῶν
The numbering jumps from 25 to 27 (NO verse 26 in the LXX). The exceptive πλήν ('except') marks the one thing spared from the total destruction: the livestock and spoil, which Israel takes as plunder — exactly the concession YHWH granted at v.2. The double obedience-formula (κατὰ πρόσταγμα κυρίου ... ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος, 'according to the command of the LORD, just as the LORD ordered') stresses that even the taking of spoil is an act of obedience, not greed (contrast Achan, ch. 7).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
πλὴνexceptexceptive particle / improper preposition + genitive ('except')πλήν: 'except / only / however'; here governing the genitive (τῶν κτηνῶν), marking the spoil as the single exception to the total ban — recalling the divine concession of v.2 and pointedly contrasting Achan's unlawful taking of devoted spoil in ch. 7.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνcattle / livestockGenitivegenitive (governed by πλήν: 'except the cattle')κτῆνος (gen. pl. κτηνῶν): 'cattle / livestock'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the animals spared as plunder, per the concession of v.2 (τὴν προνομὴν τῶν κτηνῶν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκύλωνspoils / plunderGenitivegenitive (governed by πλήν: 'and the spoils')σκῦλον (gen. pl. σκύλων): 'spoil / booty (stripped from the slain)'; renders שָׁלָל; the movable plunder of Ai, lawfully taken by Israel.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (attributive, with the locative phrase)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative of place (the attributive phrase 'that were in the city')πόλις: 'city'; the spoil that had been in Ai.
πάνταallAccusativeaccusative (loose apposition / object: 'all that')πᾶς (acc. neut. pl. πάντα): 'all'; sums up the spoil — all of it taken by Israel; the case-shift to accusative is a loose Hebraizing apposition.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπρονόμευσαν)ὅς (acc. neut. pl. ἅ): relative 'which'; introduces the relative clause specifying what Israel plundered.
ἐπρονόμευσανthey plundered / took as spoilAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προνομεύωverb of the relative clause (the lawful plundering)→ constative aorist (the completed taking of spoil)προνομεύω: 'plunder / take as booty'; the same verb commanded at v.2 (προνομεύσεις); its recurrence confirms that Israel did exactly as YHWH permitted — lawful spoil, in obedience.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ)υἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the people who take the spoil.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'sons of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; in genitival relation to υἱοί.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm: 'according to the command')κατά + acc.: 'according to / in conformity with'; introduces the standard — YHWH's command — by which the spoil was taken.
πρόσταγμαcommand / ordinanceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the norm)πρόσταγμα: 'command / ordinance / decree'; renders מִצְוָה / דָּבָר; κατὰ πρόσταγμα κυρίου ('according to the command of the LORD') frames the plundering as obedient, sanctioned action.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (source of the command: 'of the LORD')κύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the command spared the spoil belongs to YHWH — Israel acts in obedience, not avarice.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in which manner')ὅς: relative; ὃν τρόπον ('just as') introduces the confirming comparison to YHWH's prior order.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative of manner ('just as')τρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν ('just as he ordered') doubles the obedience-formula, sealing Israel's conformity to the divine command.
συνέταξενordered / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of the comparative clause (referring to the divine order)→ constative aorist (the prior divine command, cf. v.2)συντάσσω: 'arrange / order / command'; renders צִוָּה; refers back to the divine instruction of v.2; the aorist looks back to the command now fulfilled.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of συνέταξενκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the source of the order Israel obeys.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Ἰησοῖ, marking dative)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἸησοῖJoshuaDativedative indirect object (to whom YHWH gave the command)Ἰησοῦς (dat. Ἰησοῖ): the contracted dative of the declinable name; Joshua, the recipient of YHWH's command — hence treated as declinable (kind 'n').
28

καὶ ἐνεπύρισεν Ἰησοῦς τὴν πόλιν ἐν πυρί χῶμα ἀοίκητον εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἔθηκεν αὐτὴν ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

And Joshua burned the city with fire; a desolate mound forever he made it, until this day.

Narrative: the permanent desolation of Ai (main narrative)καὶ ἐνεπύρισεν Ἰησοῦς
Joshua burns the city and reduces it to a χῶμα ἀοίκητον εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('a desolate mound forever'). The closing ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('until this day') is a narrator's aetiological formula — the ruin-heap of Ai was still visible at the time of writing; the very name Ai (הָעַי, 'the ruin/heap') is thereby fulfilled in its fate.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνεπύρισενburnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπυρίζωmain verb (the burning of the city)→ constative aorist (the completed burning)ἐμπυρίζω: 'set on fire / burn up'; renders שָׂרַף; a near-synonym of ἐμπίμπρημι (v.19); Joshua completes the city's destruction by fire.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of ἐνεπύρισενπόλις: 'city'; Ai, burned to the ground.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')ἐν + dat.: instrumental ('with fire'), rendering בָּאֵשׁ.
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument (ἐν πυρί: 'with fire')πῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; the instrument of the city's final destruction.
χῶμαmound / heapAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement: 'made it a mound')χῶμα: 'mound / heap of earth / ruin-heap'; renders תֵּל ('tell, ruin-mound'); the reduction of Ai to a perpetual χῶμα fulfils the irony of its name (הָעַי, 'the ruin/heap').
ἀοίκητονuninhabited / desolateAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χῶμα: 'a desolate mound')ἀοίκητος: 'uninhabited / desolate'; the alpha-privative + οἰκέω ('dwell'); Ai becomes a heap where no one dwells — permanent desolation.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (idiom εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα: 'forever')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative (idiom εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα: 'forever / perpetually')αἰών: 'age / eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever / for all time'), rendering לְעוֹלָם; the desolation of Ai is to be permanent.
ἔθηκενmade / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (predicate-object construction: 'made it a mound')→ constative aorist (the act of rendering it a ruin)τίθημι (aor. ἔθηκεν): 'place / set / make (into)'; with the predicate accusative χῶμα, 'he made it a mound'; renders שִׂים / נָתַן in the sense of constituting something into a state.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν (the city)αὐτός (acc. fem. αὐτήν): the city Ai, made a desolate mound.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal: 'until this day')ἕως: 'until'; in the aetiological formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day').
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως: 'until the day')ἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day'), the narrator's aetiological note (rendering עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה) — the ruin of Ai still stood at the time of writing.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρας: 'this day')οὗτος (gen. fem. ταύτης): 'this'; points to the writer's own day, when the desolate mound of Ai remained a visible witness.
29

καὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῆς Γαι ἐκρέμασεν ἐπὶ ξύλου διδύμου καὶ ἦν ἐπὶ τοῦ ξύλου ἕως ἑσπέρας καὶ ἐπιδύνοντος τοῦ ἡλίου συνέταξεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ καθείλοσαν αὐτοῦ τὸ σῶμα ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου καὶ ἔρριψαν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν βόθρον καὶ ἐπέστησαν αὐτῷ σωρὸν λίθων ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

And the king of Ai he hanged on a double tree; and he was upon the tree until evening, and at the going down of the sun Joshua gave orders, and they took his body down from the tree and threw him into the pit, and they set upon him a heap of stones, until this day.

Narrative conclusion: the king hanged and buried — Deut 21:22–23 fulfilled (main narrative)καὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῆς Γαι ἐκρέμασεν
The chapter closes with the king's execution, narrated in deliberate conformity to the law of Deut 21:22–23: the king is hanged on a tree (ἐκρέμασεν ἐπὶ ξύλου), but the body is not left overnight — at sunset (ἐπιδύνοντος τοῦ ἡλίου) Joshua orders it taken down, cast into the pit, and covered with a heap of stones (σωρὸν λίθων). The closing ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('until this day') is again the aetiological formula. In Rahlfs the Ebal covenant-renewal (MT 8:30–35; fulfilling Deut 27) does not follow here but stands after 9:2.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα, fronted object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of ἐκρέμασεν (fronted for emphasis)βασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; the captured king of Ai (v.23), now executed — the fulfilment of the divine gift-formula of v.1.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with indeclinable Γαι (genitival: 'of Ai')τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαιAiindeclinable place-name (genitival, case by article)Γαι: indeclinable; 'the king of Ai', genitive supplied by τῆς.
ἐκρέμασενhangedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρεμάννυμιmain verb (the execution)→ constative aorist (the act of hanging)κρεμάννυμι (aor. ἐκρέμασεν): 'hang / suspend'; renders תָּלָה; the hanging of the king's body on a tree directly invokes the law of Deut 21:22–23 (a body hanged on a tree, not to remain overnight); cf. the kings of 10:26.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position: 'on a tree')ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ξύλουtree / woodGenitivegenitive (governed by ἐπί: 'on a tree')ξύλον: 'wood / tree / gallows-pole'; renders עֵץ; the same ξύλον of Deut 21:22–23 LXX ('if a man be hanged ἐπὶ ξύλου'), echoed in the NT (Gal 3:13; Acts 5:30) of the cross.
διδύμουdouble / forkedGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ξύλου: 'a double/forked tree')δίδυμος: 'double / twin / forked'; ξύλον δίδυμον ('a double/forked tree') is the LXX's distinctive rendering — perhaps a forked pole or twin beam; a detail not in the MT, peculiar to the Greek.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (durative: 'he remained')→ durative imperfect (the body remaining on the tree)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; the imperfect 'he was / remained' on the tree — but only until evening, in pointed obedience to Deut 21:23 (the body not to remain overnight).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλουtreeGenitivegenitive (governed by ἐπί: 'on the tree')ξύλον: 'tree / pole'; the gallows-tree on which the king hung.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal: 'until evening')ἕως: 'until'; the body remains only ἕως ἑσπέρας ('until evening') — the precise limit set by Deut 21:23.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως: 'until evening')ἑσπέρα: 'evening'; renders עֶרֶב; the body is removed by evening, in obedience to the law forbidding an executed body to remain on the tree overnight (Deut 21:23).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπιδύνοντοςgoing down / settingPres Act Ptc Gen Masc Sg · ἐπιδύνωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'as the sun was setting')→ durative present participle (the ongoing setting of the sun)ἐπιδύνω: 'set / go down (of the sun)'; the genitive-absolute ἐπιδύνοντος τοῦ ἡλίου ('as the sun was setting') marks the precise moment of compliance with Deut 21:23; the same verb is echoed in Eph 4:26 ('let not the sun go down on your anger').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἡλίου, in the genitive absolute)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλίουsunGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with ἐπιδύνοντος: 'the sun setting')ἥλιος: 'sun'; renders שֶׁמֶשׁ; the setting sun marks the deadline for removing the body, in obedience to the law.
συνέταξενordered / gave ordersAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωmain verb (Joshua's command)→ constative aorist (the act of ordering)συντάσσω: 'order / give command'; Joshua orders the body taken down — his obedience to the Mosaic law is deliberate and exact (cf. the same verb at v.27 of YHWH's command to Joshua).
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
καθείλοσανthey took downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καθαιρέωmain verb (removal of the body)→ constative aorist (the act of taking down)καθαιρέω (aor. καθείλοσαν, Hellenistic -οσαν ending): 'take down / pull down'; renders הוֹרִיד / יָרַד (Hiphil); the removal of the body before nightfall fulfils Deut 21:23; the same verb is used of taking Jesus down from the cross (Mark 15:46; Luke 23:53).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τὸ σῶμα: 'his body')αὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of καθείλοσανσῶμα: 'body / corpse'; renders גְּוִיָּה / נְבֵלָה; the king's body, taken down from the tree at sunset.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the tree')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλουtreeGenitivegenitive of separation (ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου: 'from the tree')ξύλον: 'tree / pole'; the gallows from which the body is removed.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔρριψανthey threwAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ῥίπτωmain verb (casting the body into the pit)→ constative aorist (the act of throwing)ῥίπτω (aor. ἔρριψαν): 'throw / cast'; renders הִשְׁלִיךְ / שָׁלַךְ; the body is cast into the pit at the city gate — a dishonorable burial, yet still removed before nightfall per the law.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔρριψαν (the king's body)αὐτὸν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βόθρονpitAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the burial-pit)βόθρος: 'pit / hole / trench'; renders שַׁחַת / בּוֹר; the pit at the city gate into which the king's body is cast, then covered with stones.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπέστησανthey set up / placed overAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐφίστημιmain verb (raising the cairn over the body)→ constative aorist (the act of setting over)ἐφίστημι (aor. ἐπέστησαν): 'set/place upon, raise over'; here the transitive aorist 'they set over (him)'; the heaping of stones over the grave (cf. the cairn over Achan, 7:26).
αὐτῷover himDativedative (with ἐπέστησαν: 'set over him')αὐτός (dat. αὐτῷ): 'over/upon him'; the dative of the object over which the cairn is raised.
σωρὸνheapAccusativedirect object of ἐπέστησαν (the cairn)σωρός: 'heap / pile'; σωρὸν λίθων ('a heap of stones', rendering גַּל אֲבָנִים) — the memorial cairn, paralleling that raised over Achan (7:26) and the kings of 10:27; a permanent marker of judgment.
λίθωνof stonesGenitivegenitive (with σωρόν: 'a heap of stones')λίθος (gen. pl. λίθων): 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the stones of the cairn — the enduring monument over the king's grave.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal: 'until this day')ἕως: 'until'; in the aetiological formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως: 'until the day')ἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day') — the cairn over the king of Ai still stood at the time of writing, an enduring aetiological witness (rendering עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה).
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρας: 'this day')οὗτος (gen. fem. ταύτης): 'this'; points to the narrator's own day, closing the chapter as it closed v.28 — with the abiding memorial of judgment.