Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Judges, Chapter 7ΚΡΙΤΑΙ Ζ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The Lord reduces Gideon's army so the victory over Midian is unmistakably his own.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Judges 7 follows the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition of the Septuagint (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Judges is unusual within the Greek Old Testament in that it survives in two substantially divergent text-forms — conventionally designated A (the Alexandrinus-type, often closer to the kaige/Theodotionic revision) and B (the Vaticanus-type, the so-called Old Greek). Rahlfs prints the two forms in parallel for much of the book; the reference annotated here reproduces the verbatim Rahlfs text supplied, with its characteristic transliterations (e.g. Ιαρβαλ in v. 1, identifying Gideon with his alternate name Jerubbaal; the toponyms Βηθσεεδτα, Γαραγαθα, Αβωμεουλα at v. 22). Chapter 7 is the dramatic centre of the Gideon cycle (chs. 6–8): the deliberate reduction of Israel's militia from 32,000 to 300 so that 'Israel may not boast against me, saying, My own hand has saved me' (v. 2). The narrative unfolds in two divine reductions — the dismissal of the fearful (ἐπιστρεφέτω καὶ ἐκχωρείτω, v. 3) and the test at the water, where those who lap with the tongue like a dog (λάψῃ τῇ γλώσσῃ αὐτοῦ … ὡς ἐὰν λάψῃ ὁ κύων, v. 5) are separated from those who kneel (κλίνῃ ἐπὶ τὰ γόνατα, v. 5). The LXX preserves the Hebraising paratactic καί-chains throughout, the cognate idiom ἐγείροντες ἤγειραν ('rousing they roused', v. 19) rendering an emphatic Hebrew infinitive absolute, and the distributive collective ἀνήρ ('each man', vv. 21, 22, 23). The overheard Midianite dream of the barley loaf (μαγὶς ἄρτου κριθίνου, v. 13) and its interpretation as 'nothing but the sword of Gideon' (οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη εἰ μὴ ῥομφαία Γεδεων, v. 14) supply the human confirmation of the divine παρέδωκα ('I have given', v. 9). The night attack, with its trumpets (κερατίναι), torches in empty jars (λαμπάδες … ἐν ταῖς ὑδρίαις), and the war-cry ῥομφαία τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τῷ Γεδεων ('a sword for the LORD and for Gideon', v. 20), turns Midian's vast horde — countless as the sand and the locust (ὡσεὶ ἀκρὶς εἰς πλῆθος, v. 12) — into a self-slaughtering rout (ἔθηκεν κύριος τὴν ῥομφαίαν ἀνδρὸς ἐν τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ, v. 22). The chapter ends with the tribal pursuit and the capture and execution of the Midianite princes Oreb and Zeeb (vv. 23–25).

1

καὶ ὤρθρισεν Ιαρβαλ αὐτός ἐστιν Γεδεων καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ πηγὴν Αραδ καὶ παρεμβολὴ Μαδιαμ ἦν αὐτῷ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ ἀπὸ Γαβααθ Αμωρα ἐν κοιλάδι

And Jerubbaal — he is Gideon — rose early, and all the people with him, and they encamped at the spring of Harad; and the camp of Midian was to the north of him, from Gabaath-Amora, in the valley.

Scene-setting narrative opening (military staging)καὶ ὤρθρισεν Ιαρβαλ
The chapter opens with the Hebraising καί-parataxis and the verb ὤρθρισεν ('rose early'), conventional in OT battle narratives for the start of a decisive day. The narrator's parenthetical αὐτός ἐστιν Γεδεων glosses the name Ιαρβαλ (Jerubbaal, 'let Baal contend', given at 6:32) with the hero's primary name. Two opposing camps (παρεμβολή) are positioned: Israel at the spring, Midian to the north in the valley.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὤρθρισενrose earlyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀρθρίζωmain verb (narrative aorist opening the day)→ ingressive aorist (the decisive day begins)ὀρθρίζω: 'rise early / do early in the morning'; denominative from ὄρθρος ('dawn'); renders Hebrew הִשְׁכִּים; a stock verb in battle and pilgrimage narratives marking purposeful, early action at the start of a momentous day.
ΙαρβαλJerubbaalsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Ιαρβαλ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרֻבַּעַל (Jerubbaal, 'let Baal contend'), the name given to Gideon at 6:32 after he tore down the Baal altar; indeclinable in the LXX; the narrator immediately equates it with the hero's primary name Gideon.
αὐτόςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject of ἐστιν in the gloss-clause)αὐτός: here intensive ('he himself'), introducing the narrator's identifying gloss αὐτός ἐστιν Γεδεων ('that is, Gideon').
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (equative: in the narrator's identifying gloss)→ gnomic/timeless present (statement of identity)εἰμί: copula; the present-tense identifying clause αὐτός ἐστιν Γεδεων is a narratorial aside equating the two names; such glosses are typical of the LXX where a transliterated Semitic name needs clarification.
ΓεδεωνGideonpredicate nominative (indeclinable proper noun)Γεδεων: transliteration of Hebrew גִּדְעוֹן ('hewer / hacker'); indeclinable in the LXX; the principal protagonist of chs. 6–8, the fifth major judge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)πᾶς: 'all / every'; with ὁ λαός denotes the entire militia mustered with Gideon, soon to be drastically reduced.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (of παρενέβαλον)λαός: 'people'; renders עַם; here the assembled Israelite fighting force, numbered at 32,000 (cf. v. 3).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)μετ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά (accompaniment)αὐτοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (military positioning)→ constative aorist (completed deployment)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / draw up in battle array'; the cognate noun παρεμβολή ('camp') recurs throughout the chapter as a structural keyword for the two opposing forces.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (location at)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πηγὴνspringAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (place of encampment)πηγή: 'spring / fountain'; renders עַיִן; the spring of Harod, whose water becomes the site of the second reduction-test (vv. 4–6).
ΑραδHaradgenitive of place in apposition (indeclinable toponym)Αραδ: transliteration of Hebrew חֲרֹד (the spring of Harod, 'trembling'); indeclinable; the place-name resonates with the theme of fear and trembling that governs the reductions of vv. 3–6.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the opposing camp)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρεμβολὴcampNominativesubject (of ἦν)παρεμβολή: 'camp / army in array'; the keyword of the chapter; here the Midianite host opposite Israel.
Μαδιαμof Midiangenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'camp of Midian')Μαδιαμ: transliteration of Hebrew מִדְיָן; indeclinable in the LXX; the Midianites, a marauding nomadic confederacy (with Amalek and the bene-qedem, v. 12), are the oppressors of the Gideon cycle.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (locative description)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing situation)εἰμί (impf.): the imperfect ἦν gives the static positional description of the enemy camp as background to the action.
αὐτῷof himDativedative of reference ('to the north of him')the dative αὐτῷ with ἀπὸ βορρᾶ functions as a point of reference: Midian lay 'north of him' (Gideon/Israel).
ἀπὸfrom / on (the side of)preposition + genitive (direction: 'on the north side')ἀπό: with βορρᾶ a directional idiom 'on the north side, to the north'.
βορρᾶnorthGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (compass direction)βορρᾶς: 'the north / north wind'; renders צָפוֹן; locates the Midianite camp on the northern side, in the valley below Israel.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (place of origin/extent)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓαβααθGabaathgenitive object of ἀπό (indeclinable toponym)Γαβααθ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּבְעַת ('hill of'); indeclinable; here the first element of the compound place-name Gabaath-Amora ('the hill of Moreh', גִּבְעַת הַמּוֹרֶה).
ΑμωραAmoragenitive in apposition (indeclinable toponym)Αμωρα: transliteration of Hebrew הַמּוֹרֶה (Moreh); indeclinable; with Γαβααθ forms the hill of Moreh, by which the Midianite host was encamped in the valley of Jezreel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
κοιλάδιvalleyDativedative of place (locative: 'in the valley')κοιλάς: 'hollow / valley / plain'; renders עֵמֶק; the valley (of Jezreel) where Midian's vast host spreads out — recurring at vv. 8, 12 as the theatre of the rout.
2

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Γεδεων πολὺς ὁ λαὸς ὁ μετὰ σοῦ ὥστε μὴ παραδοῦναί με τὴν Μαδιαμ ἐν χειρὶ αὐτῶν μήποτε καυχήσηται Ισραηλ ἐπ᾿ ἐμὲ λέγων ἡ χείρ μου ἔσωσέν με

And the LORD said to Gideon, 'The people who are with you are too many for me to give Midian into their hand, lest Israel boast against me, saying, My own hand has saved me.'

Divine speech-act (theological rationale for the reduction)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
The first of the chapter's chain of YHWH-to-Gideon speeches (cf. vv. 4, 5, 7, 9). The verse states the governing theology of the whole episode: the army is reduced so that the victory cannot be claimed as human achievement (ἡ χείρ μου ἔσωσέν με), securing YHWH's exclusive glory. The ὥστε + infinitive expresses result ('so many that…'), and μήποτε introduces the negative purpose.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces direct divine speech; the formula εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Γεδεων structures the chapter's revelation-units.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubjectκύριος: standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech to Gideon.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓεδεωνGideonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)Γεδεων: indeclinable; the addressee of the divine commission throughout the chapter.
πολὺςtoo manyNominativepredicate adjective ('the people are many/too many')πολύς: 'much / many'; renders רַב; here predicative with an excessive nuance ('too many'), the problem the divine reduction will solve.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (of the predicate πολύς)λαός: the militia, here judged numerically excessive for the theological purpose.
the (who is)Nominativearticle (attributive, introducing the prepositional phrase μετὰ σοῦ)the second article ὁ converts the phrase μετὰ σοῦ into an attributive modifier of λαός: 'the people, the one with you'.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)μετὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά (2nd person singular)σοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ὥστεso as / so thatresult conjunction (introducing infinitive of result)ὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; with the infinitive παραδοῦναί expresses result — the people are so many that handing Midian over to them would compromise the divine purpose.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive)μή: the negative proper to non-indicative moods; negates the infinitive παραδοῦναι within the ὥστε-clause.
παραδοῦναίto give overAor Act Inf · παραδίδωμιinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive (content of the oath)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders נָתַן (in the war sense 'give into the hand'); the leitmotif verb of holy-war victory (cf. παρέδωκα v. 9, παρέδωκεν v. 15), here negated: YHWH will not give Midian to so large a force.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive (YHWH as agent)the accusative-with-infinitive construction makes YHWH himself the would-be agent of the παράδοσις, underlining that the gift of victory is his to give or withhold.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Μαδιαμ as feminine collective)the feminine article τήν treats the indeclinable Μαδιαμ as a feminine collective (sc. ἡ παρεμβολή / ἡ χώρα).
ΜαδιαμMidiandirect object of παραδοῦναι (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the object to be given into Israel's hand — but only by a force small enough to exclude human boasting.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (idiom: 'into the hand')ἐν χειρί: a Hebraism (בְּיַד) for handing over to someone's power; the recurring holy-war idiom (cf. vv. 7, 9, 14, 15).
χειρὶhandDativedative with ἐν (idiom of power/possession)χείρ: 'hand'; metonymy for power; the 'hand' motif structures the chapter — the people's hand (here), Gideon's hand (vv. 7, 9), God's act, and finally 'my own hand has saved me'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the people's hand)αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
μήποτεlestconjunction of negative purpose (with subjunctive)μήποτε: 'lest / so that not'; introduces the divine motive — to forestall Israelite self-glorification; takes the subjunctive καυχήσηται.
καυχήσηταιshould boastAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · καυχάομαιverb of negative-purpose clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the danger to be averted)καυχάομαι: 'boast / glory / exult'; renders הִתְפָּאֵר; the very danger Paul will echo theologically (1 Cor 1:29: ὅπως μὴ καυχήσηται πᾶσα σὰρξ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ) — God arranges the victory so no flesh may boast before him.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject of καυχήσηται (indeclinable)Ισραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; here personified as the corporate boaster against YHWH.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'boast against', elided)ἐπί + acc.: here in the hostile/competitive sense 'against me' — the boast would set Israel's hand over against YHWH's saving act.
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (emphatic 1st person)ἐμέ: the emphatic accusative form, stressing that the boast would be aimed directly against YHWH.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ imperfective participle (manner: in the act of saying)λέγω (ptc.): the participle λέγων is the standard LXX device (rendering לֵאמֹר) for introducing the quoted content of a boast or proclamation.
theNominativearticle (with χείρ)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείρhandNominativesubject of ἔσωσεν (the boast's claim)χείρ: here the emphatic 'my own hand' — the would-be boast that human strength, not YHWH, achieved the deliverance; the climactic occurrence of the hand-motif.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (1st person)μου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἔσωσένhas savedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb of the quoted boast→ constative aorist (claimed accomplished deliverance)σῴζω: 'save / deliver / rescue'; renders יָשַׁע / הוֹשִׁיעַ; the contested verb — Israel might claim 'my hand saved me', whereas v. 7 has YHWH say σώσω ὑμᾶς ('I will save you'), reasserting the true agent of salvation.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἔσωσενμε: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
3

καὶ νῦν λάλησον δὴ ἐν ὠσὶν τοῦ λαοῦ λέγων τίς ὁ φοβούμενος καὶ δειλός ἐπιστρεφέτω καὶ ἐκχωρείτω ἀπὸ ὄρους Γαλααδ καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο χιλιάδες καὶ δέκα χιλιάδες ὑπελείφθησαν

Now therefore speak in the ears of the people, saying, 'Whoever is fearful and faint-hearted, let him return and withdraw from Mount Gilead.' And there returned from the people twenty-two thousand, and ten thousand were left.

Imperatival application of v. 2 (the first reduction enacted)καὶ νῦν λάλησον δὴ
καὶ νῦν ('and now') draws the practical command from the rationale of v. 2; the particle δή lends urgency to the imperative λάλησον. The proclamation formula 'in the ears of the people' (ἐν ὠσὶν τοῦ λαοῦ) is a Hebraism for public announcement. The result is given in round numbers: 22,000 depart, 10,000 remain — the first of the two reductions.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandconjunction (with νῦν: transitional)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
νῦνnowtemporal/inferential adverb ('now therefore')νῦν: 'now'; with καί forms the transitional καὶ νῦν ('and now / now therefore', Hebrew וְעַתָּה) introducing the practical directive that follows from the preceding rationale.
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Gideon)→ ingressive aorist imperative (make the proclamation)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר; the aorist imperative commands a single decisive proclamation to the assembled militia.
δὴnow / prayemphatic/hortatory particle (with the imperative)δή: an enclitic intensifying particle; with the imperative it adds urgency or entreaty ('do speak now'), rendering the Hebrew נָא.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in the ears')ἐν ὠσίν: Hebraism (בְּאָזְנֵי) for making a public, audible proclamation.
ὠσὶνearsDativedative with ἐν (idiom of public address)οὖς (dat. pl. ὠσίν): 'ear'; the idiom λαλέω ἐν ὠσὶν τοῦ λαοῦ means to proclaim openly so all hear.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (the audience of the proclamation)λαός: the militia about to be reduced by self-selection.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the proclamation)→ imperfective participle (manner)λέγω (ptc.): introduces the content of the proclamation (rendering לֵאמֹר).
τίςwho(ever)Nominativeinterrogative/indefinite pronoun (subject of the conditional clause)τίς: interrogative pronoun functioning here as a generalizing 'whoever is…'; introduces the self-selecting condition for departure.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φοβούμενοςfearing / afraidPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · φοβέομαιsubstantival participle ('the one who is afraid')→ imperfective participle (state of fear)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; renders יָרֵא; the participle ὁ φοβούμενος marks the fearful soldier, echoing the Deuteronomic war-law (Deut 20:8) permitting the frightened to go home lest they demoralize the rest.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
δειλόςfaint-heartedNominativepredicate adjective (coordinate with φοβούμενος)δειλός: 'cowardly / timid / faint-hearted'; renders חָרֵד ('trembling'); paired with ὁ φοβούμενος to define those exempted from the battle.
ἐπιστρεφέτωlet him returnPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (third-person permissive imperative)→ imperfective imperative (let him turn back)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; the third-person imperative grants permission to the fearful to leave; with ἐκχωρείτω forms a doublet of dismissal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκχωρείτωlet him withdrawPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἐκχωρέωmain verb (third-person permissive imperative)→ imperfective imperativeἐκχωρέω: 'depart / withdraw / make room by leaving'; intensifies ἐπιστρεφέτω — the fearful are to clear out from the mustering-ground.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ὄρουςmountGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (place of departure)ὄρος: 'mountain / hill'; renders הַר; the dismissed are to withdraw from the muster on the mountain.
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive in apposition (indeclinable toponym)Γαλααδ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְעָד (Gilead); indeclinable; the MT reads 'Mount Gilead', a textual crux since the action is west of the Jordan — the LXX faithfully renders its Vorlage.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the result)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (result of the proclamation; singular with collective subject)→ constative aorist (completed departure)ἐπιστρέφω: the same verb now in the narrative aorist; the singular verb agrees ad sensum with the collective numeral subject (a Hebraizing/koine concord).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from the people')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivepartitive genitive (those who left were 'of the people')λαοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with χιλιάδες: 'twenty thousand')εἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; with δύο and χιλιάδες forms 'twenty-two thousand', the number of those dismissed.
καὶandconjunction (in the compound numeral)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
δύοtwonumeral (with εἴκοσι and χιλιάδες)δύο: 'two'; indeclinable in this case; completing 'twenty-two'.
χιλιάδεςthousand(s)Nominativesubject of ἐπέστρεψεν (collective numeral noun)χιλιάς: 'a thousand (as a unit)'; renders אֶלֶף; the count of those who departed — leaving the militia drastically thinned.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (contrastive: those who remained)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
δέκαtennumeral (with χιλιάδες: 'ten thousand')δέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal; with χιλιάδες = the 10,000 who remained after the first reduction.
χιλιάδεςthousand(s)Nominativesubject of ὑπελείφθησανχιλιάς: the thousands left — themselves still too many for the divine purpose, prompting the second test (vv. 4–6).
ὑπελείφθησανwere leftAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ὑπολείπωmain verb (passive: the remnant)→ constative aorist passive (those left behind)ὑπολείπω (pass.): 'be left over / remain'; renders שָׁאַר / נִשְׁאַר; the 'remnant' verb — here the 10,000 who stay, soon to be reduced to 300.
4

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Γεδεων ἔτι ὁ λαὸς πολύς κατένεγκον αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ ἐκκαθαρῶ σοι αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἔσται ὃν ἐὰν εἴπω πρὸς σέ οὗτος πορεύσεται σὺν σοί αὐτὸς πορεύσεται σὺν σοί καὶ πᾶν ὃν ἐὰν εἴπω πρὸς σέ οὗτος οὐ πορεύσεται μετὰ σοῦ αὐτὸς οὐ πορεύσεται μετὰ σοῦ

And the LORD said to Gideon, 'The people are still too many; bring them down to the water, and I will sift them for you there; and it shall be that of whomever I say to you, This one shall go with you, he shall go with you; and everyone of whom I say to you, This one shall not go with you, he shall not go with you.'

Second divine speech-act (commission of the water-test)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
A new YHWH-speech opens the second reduction. ἔτι ('still') signals that even 10,000 is excessive. The verb ἐκκαθαρῶ ('I will sift / purge clean') frames the test metallurgically/agriculturally as a refining. The doubled relative constructions (ὃν ἐὰν εἴπω … οὗτος … αὐτός) are emphatic Hebraizing repetitions stressing that selection rests entirely on the divine word, not human criteria.
Word-by-word analysis· 51 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the second divine commission, opening the water-test.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubjectκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; YHWH directs each stage of the reduction personally.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓεδεωνGideonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)Γεδεων: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
ἔτιstilladverb (temporal/continuative)ἔτι: 'still / yet'; renders עוֹד; even after the first reduction the people remain 'still too many', requiring a second sifting.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (of implied copula with πολύς)λαός: the remaining 10,000.
πολύςtoo manyNominativepredicate adjective ('the people are still many')πολύς: again predicative with excessive force, echoing v. 2 — the numerical problem persists.
κατένεγκονbring downAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταφέρωmain verb (divine imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαταφέρω: 'bring/carry down'; renders הוֹרֵד; Gideon is to lead the people down from the hill to the water for the test (enacted in v. 5: κατήνεγκεν).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κατένεγκοναὐτοὺς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the test-site)ὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; the water of the spring of Harod, where the manner of drinking sorts the soldiers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκκαθαρῶI will sift / purgeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐκκαθαίρωmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future (the divine sifting)ἐκκαθαίρω: 'cleanse out / purge / refine'; renders צָרַף ('smelt, refine'); the metaphor presents the test as a metallurgical purification of the army down to its tested core; the same image of refining recurs in prophetic contexts (cf. Mal 3:3).
σοιfor youDativedative of advantagethe dative σοι ('for you') marks Gideon as beneficiary of the divine sifting.
αὐτὸνit / himAccusativedirect object of ἐκκαθαρῶ (the people as masc. collective)αὐτόν refers back to ὁ λαός (masc.), the object being refined.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (at the water)ἐκεῖ: 'there'; locates the sifting at the water.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis-introducing formula)→ predictive future (Hebraizing 'and it shall come to pass')εἰμί (fut.): καὶ ἔσται renders the Hebrew וְהָיָה, a formulaic future setting up the conditional selections that follow.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἴπω; head of conditional relative clause)ὅς: relative pronoun; with ἐάν forms a generalizing conditional relative ('whomever').
ἐὰνeverconditional particle (with subjunctive, generalizing the relative)ἐάν: with the relative ὅν it generalizes ('whomever I say'); takes the subjunctive εἴπω.
εἴπωI sayAor Act Subj 1 Sg · λέγωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent divine designation)λέγω (subj.): the divine word alone designates who goes — the selection criterion is YHWH's spoken choice, not military fitness.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (emphatic 2nd person)σέ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive subject)οὗτος: resumptive demonstrative ('this one'), a Hebraizing pleonastic resumption of the relative ὅν.
πορεύσεταιshall goFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (apodosis: the chosen go)→ predictive future (settled designation)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; renders הָלַךְ; designates the one chosen to accompany Gideon into battle.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)σὺν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σοίyouDativedative object of σύνσοί: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic restatement of subject)αὐτός: intensive; the emphatic repetition αὐτὸς πορεύσεται σὺν σοί underscores the certainty of the divine designation (a Hebraizing doubling).
πορεύσεταιshall goFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (emphatic restatement)→ predictive futureπορεύομαι: the repeated verb intensifies the affirmation of the chosen man's participation.
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσὺν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σοίyouDativedative object of σύνσοί: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the negative counterpart)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶνeveryoneNominativesubstantival adjective ('everyone of whom')πᾶς: 'all / everyone'; the neuter πᾶν generalizes the negative selection — all those YHWH rejects.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἴπω)ὃν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalizing the relative)ἐὰν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴπωI sayAor Act Subj 1 Sg · λέγωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent designation)λέγω (subj.): the divine word again decides — here marking the rejected.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρόςσέ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive subject)οὗτος: resumptive demonstrative for the rejected man.
οὐnotnegative particle (with the indicative future)οὐ: the negative proper to the indicative; negates πορεύσεται — this one shall not go.
πορεύσεταιshall goFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (negated apodosis)→ predictive futureπορεύομαι: negated — the rejected do not accompany Gideon.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)μετὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετάσοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic restatement)αὐτός: intensive; the Hebraizing emphatic doubling of the negative clause.
οὐnotnegative particleοὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύσεταιshall goFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (emphatic negated restatement)→ predictive futureπορεύομαι: the doubled negation seals the exclusion of the rejected.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitiveμετὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετάσοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
5

καὶ κατήνεγκεν τὸν λαὸν πρὸς τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Γεδεων πᾶς ὃς ἂν λάψῃ τῇ γλώσσῃ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος ὡς ἐὰν λάψῃ ὁ κύων στήσεις αὐτὸν κατὰ μόνας καὶ πᾶς ὃς ἐὰν κλίνῃ ἐπὶ τὰ γόνατα αὐτοῦ πιεῖν

And he brought the people down to the water; and the LORD said to Gideon, 'Everyone who laps of the water with his tongue, as a dog laps, you shall set apart by himself; and everyone who kneels upon his knees to drink, set apart by himself.'

Execution of v. 4 and the test-criterion (divine speech embedded in narrative)καὶ κατήνεγκεν τὸν λαὸν
Gideon carries out the command (κατήνεγκεν fulfils κατένεγκον of v. 4), and YHWH states the sorting criterion: those who lap with the tongue 'as a dog laps' versus those who kneel to drink. The simile ὡς ἐὰν λάψῃ ὁ κύων ('as a dog might lap') is vivid and slightly demeaning, yet the lappers are the ones chosen — divine election overturns natural expectation.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατήνεγκενhe brought downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταφέρωmain verb (Gideon's obedience to v. 4)→ constative aorist (completed action)καταφέρω: 'bring down'; the narrative aorist fulfilling the imperative κατένεγκον of v. 4 — Gideon leads the militia down to the water.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of κατήνεγκενλαός: the 10,000 brought to the water for the test.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative object of πρόςὕδωρ: the water of the spring, the instrument of the second sifting.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the divine statement of the sorting criterion.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubjectκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; YHWH defines the test.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓεδεωνGideonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)Γεδεων: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubstantival adjective (head of relative clause: 'everyone who')πᾶς: 'everyone'; with the relative ὃς ἄν generalizes the sorting rule to each individual soldier.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of λάψῃ)ὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive forms a generalizing conditional relative ('whoever laps').
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)ἄν: modal particle generalizing the relative clause; with the subjunctive λάψῃ.
λάψῃlapsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λάπτωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (the test-act)λάπτω: 'lap (with the tongue) / lick up'; an onomatopoeic verb describing how a dog drinks; the defining act of the chosen 300 (cf. the participle οἱ λάψαντες, v. 6).
τῇthe / hisDativearticle (with γλώσσῃ)τῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλώσσῃtongueDativedative of instrument ('with the tongue')γλῶσσα: 'tongue'; renders לָשׁוֹן; the instrumental dative specifies the manner of drinking that marks the chosen.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the water')ἀπό: here partitive, 'some of the water'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)ὕδωρ (gen. ὕδατος): the water lapped up in the test.
ὡςascomparative particle (introducing simile)ὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the canine simile.
ἐὰνif / -everconditional particle (in the comparative clause)ἐάν: with ὡς forms ὡς ἐάν ('just as'), a comparative-conditional introducing the dog's manner of drinking; takes the subjunctive λάψῃ.
λάψῃlapsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λάπτωverb of comparative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generic comparison)λάπτω: repeated in the simile — 'as a dog laps'; the comparison fixes the image of stooping quickly and lapping rather than kneeling to drink.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύωνdogNominativesubject of λάψῃ (in the simile)κύων: 'dog'; renders כֶּלֶב; in the ancient Near East a generally contemptible animal — yet the way of drinking it models marks the elect remnant, a deliberate divine inversion of human valuation.
στήσειςyou shall setFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (instruction to Gideon; future as imperative)→ imperatival future (directive)ἵστημι: 'set / place / cause to stand'; the future στήσεις functions as a command — Gideon is to set the lappers apart in their own group.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of στήσεις (each lapper)αὐτὸν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
κατὰbypreposition + accusative (idiom: 'by himself / apart')κατὰ μόνας: idiom 'alone / by oneself / separately'; the lappers form a distinct company.
μόναςaloneAccusativesubstantival adjective in the idiom κατὰ μόναςμόνος: 'alone'; the feminine plural μόνας in the fixed adverbial phrase κατὰ μόνας ('apart, by oneself').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (the contrasting group)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubstantival adjective (head of second relative clause)πᾶς: introduces the contrasting category — those who kneel.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of κλίνῃ)ὅς: relative pronoun; with ἐάν generalizing.
ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalizing the relative)ἐὰν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίνῃkneelsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · κλίνωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (the alternative act)κλίνω: 'bend / bow down / kneel'; renders כָּרַע; describes those who go down on their knees to drink — the rejected majority (cf. v. 6).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὰtheAccusativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γόναταkneesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('upon the knees')γόνυ (pl. γόνατα): 'knee'; renders בֶּרֶךְ; kneeling to drink marks the second, rejected group.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωinfinitive of purpose ('in order to drink')→ aorist infinitive (the act of drinking)πίνω: 'drink'; the aorist infinitive of purpose — those who knelt down in order to drink, contrasted with the standing lappers.
6

καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ ἀριθμὸς τῶν λαψάντων ἐν χειρὶ αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν τριακόσιοι ἄνδρες καὶ πᾶν τὸ κατάλοιπον τοῦ λαοῦ ἔκλιναν ἐπὶ τὰ γόνατα αὐτῶν πιεῖν ὕδωρ

And the number of those who lapped, with their hand to their mouth, was three hundred men; and all the rest of the people knelt upon their knees to drink water.

Narrative result of the test (the count of the chosen)καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ ἀριθμὸς
The result is tallied: the lappers — described as bringing the water with the hand to the mouth — number 300, while all the rest knelt to drink. The number 300 (τριακόσιοι ἄνδρες) becomes the chapter's emblem of the deliberately minimized force through whom YHWH will save.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγένετοwas / came to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (copular: 'the number was')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; renders הָיָה; here introduces the resulting tally of the lappers.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριθμὸςnumberNominativesubject of ἐγένετοἀριθμός: 'number / count'; renders מִסְפָּר; the tally of those who passed the test.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with the participle)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαψάντωνthose who lappedAor Act Ptc Gen Masc Pl · λάπτωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'of the lappers')→ constative aorist participle (the completed test-act)λάπτω (ptc.): the substantival aorist participle 'those who lapped' designates the chosen 300 by their characteristic action.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means: 'with their hand')ἐν χειρί: here instrumental, describing the lappers as scooping water in the hand to the mouth.
χειρὶhandDativedative of meansχείρ: the lappers brought water in the hand to the mouth — alert, still standing, rather than kneeling face-down.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'to the mouth')πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthAccusativeaccusative object of πρόςστόμα: 'mouth'; renders פֶּה; completes the picture of the lappers raising water by hand to the mouth.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τριακόσιοιthree hundredNominativepredicate numeral (with ἄνδρες)τριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; the emblematic number of Gideon's reduced force, through whom the LORD will rout a host as numberless as the sand (v. 12).
ἄνδρεςmenNominativepredicate noun (the count: 'three hundred men')ἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): 'man / warrior'; renders אִישׁ; the 300 chosen fighting men.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (the contrasting remainder)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶνallNominativeattributive adjective (with τὸ κατάλοιπον)πᾶς: 'all'; with τὸ κατάλοιπον emphasizes the totality of the rejected majority.
τὸtheNominativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιπονremainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest')κατάλοιπος: 'remaining / left over'; substantivized as 'the remainder'; renders יֶתֶר; the 9,700 who knelt and were sent home.
τοῦof theGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivepartitive genitive ('the rest of the people')λαοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἔκλινανkneltAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κλίνωmain verb (the rejected group's action)→ constative aoristκλίνω: 'bend / kneel'; the narrative aorist of the majority who knelt to drink — disqualifying them from the chosen company.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὰtheAccusativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γόναταkneesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίγόνυ (pl. γόνατα): the kneeling posture of the rejected.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωinfinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitive (the act of drinking)πίνω: 'drink'; the aorist infinitive of purpose, 'in order to drink water'.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of πιεῖνὕδωρ: the water drunk by the kneeling majority.
7

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Γεδεων ἐν τοῖς τριακοσίοις ἀνδράσιν τοῖς λάψασιν σώσω ὑμᾶς καὶ δώσω τὴν Μαδιαμ ἐν χειρί σου καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς πορεύσονται ἀνὴρ εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ

And the LORD said to Gideon, 'By the three hundred men who lapped I will save you, and I will give Midian into your hand; and let all the people go, each man to his own place.'

Divine declaration of victory through the 300καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
The decisive divine word: the 300 lappers are the instrument by which YHWH (emphatic first person σώσω … δώσω) will save Israel and deliver Midian. The verb σώσω directly counters the feared boast ἡ χείρ μου ἔσωσέν με of v. 2 — it is YHWH, not Israel's hand, who saves. The rest are dismissed home (ἀνὴρ εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the divine verdict on the test.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubjectκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the saving agent named emphatically against the boast of v. 2.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓεδεωνGideonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)Γεδεων: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means/instrument)ἐν: here instrumental ('by means of the three hundred'); the small force is the divine instrument of salvation.
τοῖςtheDativearticleτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριακοσίοιςthree hundredDativeattributive numeral (with ἀνδράσιν)τριακόσιοι (dat. τριακοσίοις): the 300 named as the means of victory.
ἀνδράσινmenDativedative of means (with ἐν)ἀνήρ (dat. pl. ἀνδράσιν): the men through whom YHWH will act.
τοῖςthe (who)Dativearticle (substantivizing the participle attributively)τοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λάψασινwho lappedAor Act Ptc Dat Masc Pl · λάπτωattributive participle (modifying ἀνδράσιν)→ constative aorist participleλάπτω (ptc.): the attributive participle 'who lapped' re-identifies the 300 by their test-action; the third occurrence of the λάπτω root in three verses, binding the selection narrative together.
σώσωI will saveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future (assured divine deliverance)σῴζω: 'save / deliver'; renders יָשַׁע / הוֹשִׁיעַ; the emphatic first-person σώσω directly answers and refutes the feared human boast ἡ χείρ μου ἔσωσέν με (v. 2) — the salvation is YHWH's, not Israel's.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object (2nd person plural: all Israel)ὑμᾶς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future (assured handover)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the holy-war idiom 'give into the hand' (cf. παρέδωκα v. 9) — Midian's defeat is a divine gift, paralleling σώσω.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with feminine collective Μαδιαμ)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαδιαμMidiandirect object of δώσω (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the enemy to be given into Gideon's hand.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (idiom: 'into the hand')ἐν χειρί: the holy-war idiom for handing over to power.
χειρίhandDativedative with ἐν (idiom of power)χείρ: 'hand'; now Gideon's hand — but only because YHWH gives, reasserting the hand-motif under divine control.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person)σου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (the dismissal command)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with ὁ λαός)πᾶς: 'all'; the whole rejected remainder.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (of πορεύσονται; constructio ad sensum)λαός: the rest, sent home; the collective subject takes a plural verb by sense-construction.
πορεύσονταιlet them goFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (future as directive; plural ad sensum)→ imperatival future (dismissal)πορεύομαι: 'go'; the future here functions as a command of dismissal — the rest are to disperse home.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativedistributive apposition ('each man')ἀνήρ: here the distributive singular 'each man' (rendering אִישׁ in the sense 'each'), a recurring idiom in the chapter (cf. vv. 21, 22, 23).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸνthe / hisAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)τόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; each dismissed man returns to his own home/place.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
8

καὶ ἔλαβον τὸν ἐπισιτισμὸν τοῦ λαοῦ ἐν χειρὶ αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς κερατίνας αὐτῶν καὶ τὸν πάντα ἄνδρα Ισραηλ ἐξαπέστειλεν ἄνδρα εἰς σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς τριακοσίους ἄνδρας κατίσχυσεν καὶ ἡ παρεμβολὴ Μαδιαμ ἦσαν αὐτοῦ ὑποκάτω ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι

And they took the provision of the people in their hand, and their trumpets; and he sent away every man of Israel, each to his tent, but the three hundred men he kept; and the camp of Midian was below him in the valley.

Transitional summary (the 300 retained, the rest dismissed)καὶ ἔλαβον τὸν ἐπισιτισμὸν
The verse completes the reduction and sets up the night attack: the 300 take the provisions and the trumpets (κερατίνας — the war-horns that will be decisive in vv. 16–22). The rest are dismissed to their tents, while Gideon 'strengthens / keeps' (κατίσχυσεν) the 300. The closing clause re-establishes the spatial tableau of v. 1: Midian's camp lies below in the valley.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔλαβονthey tookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (the 300 take supplies)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the 300 take over the provisions and trumpets of the dismissed army.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπισιτισμὸνprovisionAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβονἐπισιτισμός: 'provisions / food-supply for a journey or campaign'; renders צֵדָה; the 300 retain the rations the whole army had brought.
τοῦof theGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession ('the people's provision')λαός: the dismissed army, whose stores pass to the 300.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in their hand')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χειρὶhandDativedative with ἐν (possession/control)χείρ: the hand-motif again — now the 300 hold the supplies and horns in hand for the coming attack.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίναςtrumpetsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον (coordinate with ἐπισιτισμόν)κερατίνη: 'horn-trumpet / shofar'; lit. 'made of horn'; renders שׁוֹפָר; the war-horns retained by the 300 become the central weapon of the night attack (vv. 16, 18–20, 22).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πάντα ἄνδρα)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἄνδρα)πᾶς: 'every'; τὸν πάντα ἄνδρα Ισραηλ = 'every man of Israel', the dismissed majority.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέστειλενἀνήρ: collective 'man of Israel' = the Israelite militiamen sent home.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'man of Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; qualifies ἄνδρα — 'every man of Israel'.
ἐξαπέστειλενhe sent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (Gideon dismisses the rest)→ constative aorist (completed dismissal)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / dismiss'; the compound ἐξαπο- intensifies the dismissal; Gideon releases the rejected majority to their homes.
ἄνδραeach manAccusativedistributive apposition ('each man')ἀνήρ: distributive 'each man' (rendering אִישׁ), parallel to ἀνὴρ εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ of v. 7.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)σκηνή: 'tent / dwelling'; renders אֹהֶל; the idiom 'each to his tent' (אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו) is the standard OT formula for dispersing an army home.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (mildly contrastive: the retained 300)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticleτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριακοσίουςthree hundredAccusativeattributive numeral (with ἄνδρας)τριακόσιοι (acc. τριακοσίους): the retained company, set in contrast to the dismissed majority.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of κατίσχυσενἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): the 300 kept back for the attack.
κατίσχυσενhe kept / strengthenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατισχύωmain verb (Gideon retains the 300)→ constative aoristκατισχύω: 'be strong / prevail / hold fast'; here transitively 'kept hold of / retained' the 300 (rendering הֶחֱזִיק, 'held fast'); the same root that will describe the strengthening of Gideon's hands in the dream-episode (ἰσχύσουσιν, v. 11).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (re-establishing the tableau)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴcampNominativesubject (of ἦσαν)παρεμβολή: the Midianite camp, restated as background for the night descent (vv. 9–11).
Μαδιαμof Midiangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the enemy host.
ἦσανwas / wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (plural ad sensum with collective subject)→ descriptive imperfect (background position)εἰμί (impf.): the plural ἦσαν with the collective singular ἡ παρεμβολή is a constructio ad sensum (the camp = its many men); describes the enemy's position.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of reference (with ὑποκάτω: 'below him')αὐτοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ὑποκάτωbelowadverb/improper preposition + genitive ('beneath him')ὑποκάτω: 'underneath / below'; renders מִתַּחַת; locates Midian downhill from Gideon, in the valley — the strategic high-ground advantage of the night attack.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλάδιvalleyDativedative of place (locative)κοιλάς: 'valley / plain'; the valley of Jezreel, recurring locus of Midian's encampment (vv. 1, 8, 12).
9

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν κύριος ἀναστὰς κατάβηθι ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ ὅτι παρέδωκα αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ χειρί σου

And it came to pass on that night that the LORD said to him, 'Arise, go down into the camp, for I have given it into your hand.'

Temporal frame opening the night-reconnaissance sceneκαὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ
The temporal formula καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ ('and it came to pass on that night') opens the second movement of the chapter. YHWH commands the descent with the perfect παρέδωκα ('I have already given'), a prophetic perfect declaring the victory accomplished before the battle — the basis for Gideon's courage.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (with temporal formula)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal formula)→ constative aorist (Hebraizing 'and it came to pass')γίνομαι (aor. pass.): καὶ ἐγενήθη renders the Hebrew וַיְהִי, the stock narrative formula introducing a new temporally-marked episode.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νυκτὶnightDativedative of time ('on that night')νύξ: 'night'; renders לַיְלָה; the nocturnal setting of the reconnaissance and, soon, the attack.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with νυκτί)ἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the demonstrative fixes the specific night following the reduction.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis of the temporal frame)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the nocturnal divine command.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Gideon)αὐτὸν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubjectκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the divine speaker reassuring Gideon.
ἀναστὰςarise / arisingAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἀνίστημιcircumstantial participle (attendant: 'arise and…')→ ingressive aorist participle (preparatory action)ἀνίστημι (ptc.): 'rise up / arise'; the participle ἀναστάς + imperative is a Hebraizing idiom (rendering קוּם) in which the participle carries imperatival force ('get up and go down').
κατάβηθιgo downAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (divine imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the commanded descent)καταβαίνω: 'go down / descend'; renders יָרַד; Gideon is to descend from the high ground into the enemy camp — the verb that drives vv. 9–11.
ἐνinto / inpreposition + dative (locative used for goal: 'down into the camp')ἐν: with καταβαίνω here marks the goal of the descent ('into the camp'), a koine/Hebraizing use of ἐν for εἰς.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativedative with ἐν (goal of descent)παρεμβολή: the Midianite camp into which Gideon is to descend.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (giving the ground of the command)ὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the reassurance grounding the dangerous command — the victory is already granted.
παρέδωκαI have given overAor Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb of causal clause (prophetic perfect)→ constative/prophetic aorist (accomplished gift of victory)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver'; renders נָתַן (perfect of certainty); the aorist παρέδωκα functions as a prophetic perfect — the deliverance is so certain it is spoken as already done; the keyword of holy-war victory (cf. v. 2 παραδοῦναι, v. 15 παρέδωκεν).
αὐτὴνit / herAccusativedirect object of παρέδωκα (the camp as fem.)αὐτήν refers to ἡ παρεμβολή (fem.), the Midianite camp given into Gideon's hand.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (idiom: 'into the hand')ἐν χειρί: the holy-war idiom of delivering to one's power.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative with ἐν (idiom of power)χείρ: 'hand'; the recurring hand-motif — the victory placed in Gideon's hand by divine gift.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person)σου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
10

καὶ εἰ φοβῇ σὺ καταβῆναι κατάβηθι σὺ καὶ Φαρα τὸ παιδάριόν σου εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν

But if you are afraid to go down, go down, you and Phara your servant, to the camp;

Conditional concession (provision for Gideon's fear)καὶ εἰ φοβῇ σὺ καταβῆναι
A gracious accommodation to Gideon's fear: the real condition (εἰ φοβῇ, 'if you are afraid') tacitly acknowledges his timidity, already evident in the fleece episodes of ch. 6. YHWH provides the servant Phara as a companion, so that the overheard dream (vv. 13–14) will dispel the fear.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (introducing the conditional)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰifconditional conjunction (with indicative: real condition)εἰ: 'if'; with the indicative φοβῇ introduces a real/open condition acknowledging Gideon's actual fear.
φοβῇyou are afraidPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · φοβέομαιverb of the protasis (condition)→ imperfective present (ongoing state of fear)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; renders יָרֵא; the divine word gently names Gideon's timidity, the same fear-theme that governed the dismissal of the δειλοί in v. 3.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounσύ: emphatic 'you', highlighting Gideon's personal fear and personal commission.
καταβῆναιto go downAor Act Inf · καταβαίνωcomplementary infinitive (with φοβῇ)→ aorist infinitive (the moment of the messenger's arrival)καταβαίνω (inf.): complements φοβῇ — 'afraid to go down'; the descent of v. 9 is the feared act.
κατάβηθιgo downAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (imperative of the apodosis)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαταβαίνω: the imperative repeats the command of v. 9, now with the provision of a companion.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject (in apposition to the imperative's subject)σύ: emphatic 'you (yourself)', paired with the named servant.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΦαραPharasubject (in apposition, indeclinable proper noun)Φαρα: transliteration of Hebrew פֻּרָה (Purah), Gideon's personal attendant; indeclinable; provided as a companion to embolden the fearful Gideon.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with παιδάριον in apposition to Φαρα)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριόνservant / ladNominativeappositive to Φαρα ('Phara your servant')παιδάριον: 'young man / servant-lad / attendant'; diminutive of παῖς; renders נַעַר; an armor-bearer or personal servant, here identifying Phara's role.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possessionσου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination of descent)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of descent)παρεμβολή: the enemy camp, goal of the nocturnal reconnaissance.
11

καὶ ἀκούσῃ τί λαλήσουσιν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἰσχύσουσιν αἱ χεῖρές σου καὶ καταβήσῃ ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ καὶ κατέβη αὐτὸς καὶ Φαρα τὸ παιδάριον αὐτοῦ πρὸς ἀρχὴν τῶν πεντήκοντα οἳ ἦσαν ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ

and you shall hear what they say, and afterward your hands shall be strengthened, and you shall go down into the camp. And he went down, he and Phara his servant, to the edge of the company of fifty who were in the camp.

Promise of confirmation + narrative execution of the descentκαὶ ἀκούσῃ τί λαλήσουσιν
YHWH promises that overhearing the enemy's talk will strengthen Gideon's hands (ἰσχύσουσιν αἱ χεῖρές σου — yet another hand-image, now of courage). The second half narrates the obedient descent: Gideon and Phara reach the outpost of fifty. The verse pivots from divine promise (subjunctive/future) to narrative fulfilment (aorist κατέβη).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀκούσῃyou shall hearFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (divine promise of confirmation)→ predictive futureἀκούω: 'hear / listen'; renders שָׁמַע; the promise that overheard enemy speech will provide the confirming sign — auditory confirmation replacing the earlier fleece-signs.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of λαλήσουσιν, indirect question)τίς: interrogative 'what'; introduces the indirect question 'what they will say'.
λαλήσουσινthey will sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λαλέωverb of indirect question→ predictive futureλαλέω: 'speak'; the future of the indirect question — the Midianites' speech (the dream and its interpretation, vv. 13–14) is the divinely-arranged confirmation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)μετὰ τοῦτο: 'after this', a standard temporal formula.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of μετά)οὗτος: the demonstrative refers to the act of hearing; 'after this' = once Gideon has heard.
ἰσχύσουσινshall be strengthenedFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἰσχύωmain verb (promise of emboldenment)→ predictive future (resultant courage)ἰσχύω: 'be strong / prevail'; renders חָזַק; 'your hands shall be strong' is an idiom for renewed courage and resolve (cf. 2 Sam 2:7); the hand-motif turned to the theme of fortified nerve.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖρέςhandsNominativesubject of ἰσχύσουσινχείρ (pl. χεῖρες): 'hands'; the idiom 'the hands are strengthened' = the person is emboldened; another turn of the chapter's hand-motif, now of courage rather than power.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possessionσου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
καταβήσῃyou shall go downFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (renewed promise/command of descent)→ predictive/imperatival futureκαταβαίνω: the descent-verb again, sealing the promise — once emboldened, Gideon will press the attack down into the camp.
ἐνinto / inpreposition + dative (goal, Hebraizing use)ἐν: with καταβαίνω marks the goal ('down into the camp').
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativedative with ἐν (goal of descent)παρεμβολή: the Midianite camp.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (shift to fulfilment)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατέβηhe went downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (narrative fulfilment of the command)→ constative aorist (completed descent)καταβαίνω: the narrative aorist κατέβη enacts the repeatedly-commanded descent; Gideon obeys, going down to the enemy outpost.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: intensive 'he himself', paired with the named servant in the descent.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΦαραPharasubject (coordinate, indeclinable proper noun)Φαρα: indeclinable; Gideon's servant, accompanying him as provided in v. 10.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with παιδάριον in apposition)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονservantNominativeappositive to Φαραπαιδάριον: 'servant-lad / attendant'; identifies Phara's role as Gideon's personal servant.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (goal: 'to the edge of')πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀρχὴνedge / outpostAccusativeaccusative object of πρόςἀρχή: 'beginning / outermost part / edge'; here the outer edge of the armed company — the forward outpost Gideon approaches under cover of night (cf. ἀρχὴ τῆς παρεμβολῆς, vv. 17, 19).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with the numeral)τῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντήκονταfiftyGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive numeral ('of the fifty')πεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable cardinal; a military unit of fifty men (cf. the 'captains of fifty' elsewhere in the OT); the outpost at whose edge Gideon arrives.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦσαν)ὅς: relative pronoun introducing the descriptive clause locating the fifty in the camp.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula of relative clause (descriptive)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (impf.): the imperfect locates the company of fifty within the camp as background to Gideon's approach.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativedative of place (locative)παρεμβολή: the camp where the outpost of fifty was stationed.
12

καὶ Μαδιαμ καὶ Αμαληκ καὶ πάντες υἱοὶ ἀνατολῶν βεβλημένοι ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι ὡσεὶ ἀκρὶς εἰς πλῆθος καὶ ταῖς καμήλοις αὐτῶν οὐκ ἦν ἀριθμός ἀλλὰ ἦσαν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος ἡ ἐπὶ χείλους τῆς θαλάσσης εἰς πλῆθος

And Midian and Amalek and all the sons of the east lay spread out in the valley like locusts in multitude; and their camels were without number, but were as the sand that is on the seashore for multitude.

Descriptive parenthesis (the immensity of the enemy host)καὶ Μαδιαμ καὶ Αμαληκ
A descriptive aside magnifying the enemy: Midian, Amalek, and the bene-qedem ('sons of the east') fill the valley like locusts (ὡσεὶ ἀκρίς), their camels innumerable as the sand on the seashore. The two stock similes of countlessness (locust; sand) heighten the miracle: 300 men will rout a host beyond reckoning, ensuring the glory is YHWH's alone (v. 2).
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜαδιαμMidiansubject (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the principal enemy nation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑμαληκAmaleksubject (coordinate, indeclinable)Αμαληκ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲמָלֵק; indeclinable; the ancient desert enemy of Israel (Exod 17), here allied with Midian.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with υἱοί)πᾶς: 'all'; the whole confederacy of eastern peoples.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (coordinate, with attributive genitive ἀνατολῶν)υἱός (pl. υἱοί): 'sons'; the idiom υἱοὶ ἀνατολῶν ('sons of the east') renders בְּנֵי קֶדֶם, a collective for the nomadic peoples of the eastern desert.
ἀνατολῶνof the eastGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱοί)ἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολῶν): 'rising (of the sun) / east'; renders קֶדֶם; the 'sons of the east' are the eastern bedouin allied with Midian and Amalek.
βεβλημένοιlying spread outPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Nom Masc Pl · βάλλωperiphrastic/predicative participle (the host encamped at length)→ perfect participle (settled, sprawled state)βάλλω (perf. ptc.): 'throw / cast'; the perfect middle-passive participle βεβλημένοι ('thrown down / sprawled / lying') vividly depicts the vast horde reclining at ease across the valley floor — a picture of complacent numerical security.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλάδιvalleyDativedative of place (locative)κοιλάς: the valley filled by the enemy host.
ὡσεὶlikecomparative particle (introducing simile)ὡσεί: 'as / like / about'; renders כְּ; introduces the locust-simile of innumerability.
ἀκρὶςlocustNominativepredicate of comparison (collective singular)ἀκρίς: 'locust'; renders אַרְבֶּה; the collective singular ('like the locust') is a stock image for vast, devouring multitudes (cf. Judg 6:5; Joel 1–2).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (respect: 'as to multitude')εἰς πλῆθος: idiom 'in / for multitude', a Hebraizing phrase (לָרֹב) specifying the respect in which the comparison holds — sheer numbers.
πλῆθοςmultitudeAccusativeaccusative of respect (with εἰς)πλῆθος: 'multitude / great number'; renders רֹב; the term of countlessness applied first to the men, then to the camels.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (the camels)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with καμήλοις)ταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καμήλοιςcamelsDativedative of possession ('their camels had no number')κάμηλος (dat. pl. καμήλοις): 'camel'; renders גָּמָל; the Midianite camel-cavalry, a hallmark of their raiding (Judg 6:5); the dative of possession with οὐκ ἦν ἀριθμός = 'their camels had no number'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
οὐκnot / nonegative particle (with ἦν)οὐ: negates the existence-statement 'there was no number'.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existential: 'there was no number')→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (impf.): the existential 'there was no number' (οὐκ ἦν ἀριθμός), an idiom for innumerability.
ἀριθμόςnumberNominativesubject of ἦν (existential)ἀριθμός: 'number / count'; renders מִסְפָּר; 'no number' = beyond counting — pointedly contrasted with the precise ἀριθμός of the 300 in v. 6.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; introduces the second simile, intensifying the picture of countlessness.
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (with the sand-simile)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (impf.): introduces the comparison of the camels (or the whole host) to the sand of the seashore.
ὡςascomparative particle (introducing simile)ὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the sand-simile.
theNominativearticle (with ἄμμος)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμμοςsandNominativepredicate of comparisonἄμμος: 'sand'; renders חוֹל; 'the sand on the seashore' is the classic biblical simile of innumerability (Gen 22:17; 32:12), here applied to the enemy host.
the (that is)Nominativearticle (attributive, introducing the locative phrase)the article ἡ turns ἐπὶ χείλους τῆς θαλάσσης into an attributive modifier of ἄμμος ('the sand, that on the seashore').
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χείλουςshore / lipGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location)χεῖλος: 'lip / edge / shore'; renders שָׂפָה; the 'lip of the sea' = the seashore, the proverbial site of innumerable sand-grains.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive of relationship ('shore of the sea')θάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם; completes the sand-of-the-seashore image.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (respect: 'as to multitude')εἰς πλῆθος: repeated from earlier in the verse, framing both similes — the host and its camels are alike beyond number.
πλῆθοςmultitudeAccusativeaccusative of respect (with εἰς)πλῆθος: the repeated 'in multitude' brackets the verse's two similes, sealing the picture of an innumerable enemy soon to be routed by 300.
13

καὶ ἦλθεν Γεδεων καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνὴρ ἐξηγούμενος τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ ἐνύπνιον καὶ εἶπεν ἐνύπνιον ἰδοὺ ἐνυπνιασάμην καὶ ἰδοὺ μαγὶς ἄρτου κριθίνου στρεφομένη ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ Μαδιαμ καὶ ἦλθεν ἕως τῆς σκηνῆς καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτήν καὶ ἔπεσεν καὶ ἀνέστρεψεν αὐτὴν ἄνω καὶ ἔπεσεν ἡ σκηνή

And Gideon came, and behold, a man was recounting a dream to his neighbor, and he said, 'A dream! Behold, I dreamed, and behold, a barley loaf was rolling through the camp of Midian, and it came as far as the tent and struck it, and it fell, and it overturned it upside down, and the tent fell.'

The overheard dream (the promised confirmation of v. 11)καὶ ἦλθεν Γεδεων καὶ ἰδοὺ
The presentational ἰδού ('behold') twice marks Gideon's vantage point: he arrives to overhear a Midianite recounting his dream. The dream-image — a barley loaf (μαγὶς ἄρτου κριθίνου) tumbling into the camp and flattening a tent — is freighted with meaning: barley is the poor man's grain and Israel's agricultural staple, the loaf a humble image of Gideon's despised little force overturning Midian's mighty encampment.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (Gideon arrives at the outpost)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the narrative aorist; Gideon arrives at the precise moment of the dream-telling — a providential timing.
ΓεδεωνGideonsubject (indeclinable)Γεδεων: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
καὶandconjunction (with ἰδού: presentational)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentational particle (drawing attention to the scene)ἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentational particle marks Gideon's viewpoint, drawing the reader into what he overhears.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject (of the participial clause)ἀνήρ: 'man'; one of the Midianite soldiers, recounting his dream.
ἐξηγούμενοςrecountingPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἐξηγέομαιpredicative participle (in the ἰδού-clause: 'a man recounting')→ imperfective participle (in the act of telling)ἐξηγέομαι: 'narrate / recount / explain / expound'; cognate with ἐξήγησις ('the telling', v. 15); the participle pictures the man in the very act of relating his dream to his comrade.
τῷto theDativearticle (with πλησίον)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighbor / comradeDativedative indirect object (the one to whom the dream is told)πλησίον: substantivized adverb 'neighbor / fellow'; renders רֵעַ; here the man's fellow-soldier; the same word denotes 'one's comrade' against whom Midian's swords will turn in v. 22.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐνύπνιονa dreamAccusativedirect object of ἐξηγούμενοςἐνύπνιον: 'dream'; renders חֲלוֹם; in the OT a recognized channel of divine communication (cf. Joseph, Gen 37; Dan 2); here the dream God sends into the enemy camp to confirm Gideon.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing the dream-report)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the man's direct speech relating the dream.
ἐνύπνιονa dream!Accusativeexclamatory accusative (opening the report)ἐνύπνιον: the repeated word, here exclamatory ('A dream!'), opening the man's excited account.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentational particle (within the dream-report)ἰδού: 'behold'; the first of three ἰδού's structuring the dream-narration, lending vividness.
ἐνυπνιασάμηνI dreamedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐνυπνιάζομαιmain verb (first-person dream-report)→ constative aoristἐνυπνιάζομαι: 'dream / have a dream'; denominative from ἐνύπνιον; renders חָלַם; the verb introduces the content of the divinely-sent dream.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (within the report)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentational particle (introducing the dream-image)ἰδού: the second 'behold', introducing the central image of the loaf.
μαγὶςloaf / cakeNominativesubject (the dream's central image)μαγίς: 'kneaded mass / cake / round loaf'; a rare word rendering Hebrew צְלִיל / צְלוֹל (a debated term, perhaps 'round cake'); the humble loaf symbolizes Gideon's lowly force.
ἄρτουof breadGenitivegenitive of material/content (with μαγίς)ἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; specifies the loaf's substance.
κριθίνουof barleyGenitiveattributive adjective (with ἄρτου)κρίθινος: 'made of barley'; renders שְׂעֹרִים; barley was the cheap grain of the poor and of fodder — a fitting emblem of Israel's despised, agrarian, vastly outnumbered militia.
στρεφομένηrolling / turningPres Mid/Pass Ptc Nom Fem Sg · στρέφωpredicative participle (with μαγίς: 'a loaf rolling')→ imperfective participle (continuous tumbling motion)στρέφω (ptc.): 'turn / roll'; the middle-passive participle στρεφομένη depicts the loaf tumbling/rolling through the camp — an absurd, almost comic image of unstoppable downhill momentum crashing into the tents.
ἐνin / throughpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativedative of place (locative)παρεμβολή: the Midianite camp through which the loaf rolls.
Μαδιαμof Midiangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; 'the camp of Midian'.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἦλθενit cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the loaf's progress)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the loaf 'came' all the way to the tent — the verb traces its destructive course.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent: 'up to the tent')ἕως: 'until / as far as'; marks the end-point of the loaf's roll.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςσκηνή: 'tent'; renders אֹהֶל; the chief tent of the camp, struck and flattened by the loaf — symbol of Midian's collapse.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the loaf strikes the tent)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה; the loaf 'struck' the tent — a martial verb (used of slaying enemies) ironically applied to a tumbling loaf, foreshadowing the real slaughter.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (the tent)αὐτήν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔπεσενit fellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (the tent falls)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; the tent's collapse; πίπτω recurs (here and at verse-end) framing the dream's destructive climax.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνέστρεψενoverturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (the loaf overturns the tent)→ constative aoristἀναστρέφω: 'turn over / overturn'; renders הָפַךְ; the loaf flips the tent 'upside down' — total overthrow, prefiguring Midian's rout.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἀνέστρεψεν (the tent)αὐτὴν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἄνωupside down / upwardadverb of direction (with ἀνέστρεψεν)ἄνω: 'up / upward'; with ἀνέστρεψεν conveys the tent being turned completely over ('topside up / inverted'), the picture of utter collapse.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (final clause)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (concluding the dream-image)→ constative aorist (resultant collapse)πίπτω: the repeated 'fell' seals the dream — 'and the tent fell'; the doubled πίπτω drives home the totality of the overthrow Midian's host will suffer.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνήtentNominativesubject of ἔπεσενσκηνή: the tent whose final collapse closes the dream — the omen of Midian's fall.
14

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ πλησίον αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη εἰ μὴ ῥομφαία Γεδεων υἱοῦ Ιωας ἀνδρὸς Ισραηλ παρέδωκεν ὁ θεὸς ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ τὴν Μαδιαμ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν παρεμβολήν

And his neighbor answered and said, 'This is nothing other than the sword of Gideon son of Joash, a man of Israel; God has given Midian and all the camp into his hand.'

Interpretation of the dream (the human confirmation of the divine word)καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ πλησίον αὐτοῦ
The comrade's interpretation supplies the divine confirmation Gideon was promised (v. 11): the loaf 'is nothing other than the sword of Gideon', and God has given (παρέδωκεν — echoing YHWH's παρέδωκα of v. 9) Midian into his hand. That Israel's God-given victory is confessed by the enemy himself makes the omen irresistible; Gideon needs no further sign.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (the comrade responds)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply'; renders עָנָה; the deponent aorist passive form ἀπεκρίθη is standard in koine; the comrade interprets the dream.
theNominativearticle (with πλησίον)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighbor / comradeNominativesubject (the fellow-soldier)πλησίον: substantivized 'neighbor / comrade'; the man's fellow, now the unwitting interpreter of God's omen.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing the interpretation)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the comrade's interpretive speech (the doublet ἀπεκρίθη … καὶ εἶπεν is a Hebraism rendering וַיַּעַן … וַיֹּאמֶר).
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)οὐ: negates ἔστιν; with εἰ μή forms the exclusive idiom 'is nothing other than'.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (identifying the dream)→ gnomic present (interpretive identification)εἰμί: the copula in the identifying formula οὐκ ἔστιν … εἰ μή ('this is nothing but…'), the comrade's confident decoding of the omen.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject: 'this [dream/loaf]')οὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; refers to the dream-image (the loaf, μαγίς, fem.), now identified as Gideon's sword.
εἰifconjunction (in the idiom εἰ μή: 'except')εἰ: with μή forms εἰ μή ('except / other than'), the exclusive construction.
μὴnotnegative particle (in εἰ μή)μή: completes εἰ μή ('nothing but'); the whole idiom asserts the single, exclusive meaning of the dream.
ῥομφαίαswordNominativepredicate nominative (the dream's meaning)ῥομφαία: 'sword / large broadsword'; renders חֶרֶב; the loaf = Gideon's sword; ῥομφαία becomes the war-cry's keyword in vv. 20, 22 (ῥομφαία τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τῷ Γεδεων).
Γεδεωνof Gideongenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'sword of Gideon')Γεδεων: indeclinable; the enemy names Gideon as the agent of their doom — confirmation straight from Midianite lips.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Γεδεων ('son of Joash')υἱός: 'son'; the patronymic identifies Gideon precisely as the well-known son of Joash (cf. 6:11).
ΙωαςJoashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: Gideon's father)Ιωας: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָשׁ (Joash); indeclinable; Gideon's father, of the clan of Abiezer in Manasseh.
ἀνδρὸςa manGenitivegenitive in apposition to Γεδεων ('a man of Israel')ἀνήρ: 'man'; ἀνδρὸς Ισραηλ ('a man of Israel') marks Gideon's national identity — the enemy recognizes the threat as specifically Israelite.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; Gideon as the representative champion of Israel.
παρέδωκενhas given overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (the theological core of the interpretation)→ constative/prophetic aorist (accomplished gift)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver'; the enemy's mouth confesses the very thing YHWH told Gideon — God παρέδωκεν Midian into his hand (cf. παρέδωκα, v. 9); the divine and human words converge.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of παρέδωκενθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the Midianite attributes the coming defeat to Israel's God — a striking confession of divine sovereignty from a pagan mouth.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (idiom: 'into the hand')ἐν χειρί: the holy-war idiom; here on the enemy's own lips.
χειρὶhandDativedative with ἐν (idiom of power)χείρ: 'hand'; the hand-motif — Midian given into Gideon's hand, confirmed by Midian itself.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Gideon's hand)αὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with feminine collective Μαδιαμ)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαδιαμMidiandirect object of παρέδωκεν (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the nation given over to Gideon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with παρεμβολήν)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; the entire camp, not merely Midian, is given over — totality of victory.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολήνcampAccusativedirect object of παρέδωκεν (coordinate with Μαδιαμ)παρεμβολή: the whole host given into Gideon's hand — the climactic object of the divine handover.
15

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν Γεδεων τὴν ἐξήγησιν τοῦ ἐνυπνίου καὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν αὐτοῦ καὶ προσεκύνησεν κυρίῳ καὶ ὑπέστρεψεν εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν ἀνάστητε ὅτι παρέδωκεν κύριος ἐν χειρὶ ἡμῶν τὴν παρεμβολὴν Μαδιαμ

And it came to pass, when Gideon heard the telling of the dream and its interpretation, that he worshiped the LORD, and returned to the camp of Israel, and said, 'Arise, for the LORD has given the camp of Midian into our hand.'

Gideon's response: worship and the call to battleκαὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν Γεδεων
The overheard confirmation produces Gideon's twofold response: he worships (προσεκύνησεν) — the first act, acknowledging the victory as God's — and then rallies Israel (ἀνάστητε). His declaration παρέδωκεν κύριος ἐν χειρὶ ἡμῶν echoes the divine παρέδωκα (v. 9) and the comrade's παρέδωκεν (v. 14), now appropriated in the first person plural ('into our hand').
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (temporal formula)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal formula)→ constative aorist (Hebraizing 'it came to pass')γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς renders וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר, framing the temporal clause.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction ('when / as')ὡς: 'when / as'; introduces the temporal clause of Gideon's hearing.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; fulfils the promise of v. 11 (ἀκούσῃ τί λαλήσουσιν) — Gideon has now heard the confirming word.
ΓεδεωνGideonsubject (indeclinable)Γεδεων: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐξήγησιν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξήγησινtelling / narrationAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσενἐξήγησις: 'narration / account / telling'; cognate with ἐξηγούμενος (v. 13); the recounting of the dream itself, as distinct from its interpretation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνυπνίουdreamGenitiveobjective genitive (with ἐξήγησιν)ἐνύπνιον: 'dream'; the dream whose telling and interpretation Gideon overheard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σύγκρισιν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύγκρισινinterpretationAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν (coordinate with ἐξήγησιν)σύγκρισις: 'comparison / interpretation (of a dream)'; the technical LXX term for dream-interpretation (cf. Gen 40:8; Dan 2 OG); paired with ἐξήγησις to denote both the dream's report and its decoding.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of reference (the dream's interpretation)αὐτοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
προσεκύνησενhe worshipedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (Gideon's act of worship)→ constative aorist (decisive act of homage)προσκυνέω: 'do obeisance / worship / bow down'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; Gideon's first response to the confirmed promise is worship — acknowledging the victory as God's before lifting a weapon.
κυρίῳthe LORDDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν (the one worshiped)κύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): the Tetragrammaton; the object of Gideon's worship — the God who gives the victory.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὑπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποστρέφωmain verb (Gideon goes back to muster)→ constative aoristὑποστρέφω: 'return / go back'; renders שׁוּב; Gideon returns from the enemy outpost to his own camp to rouse the 300.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)παρεμβολή: here Israel's camp, in contrast to Midian's; the same keyword used for both forces.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; 'the camp of Israel', i.e. the 300.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Gideon's rallying command)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Gideon's battle-summons to his men.
ἀνάστητεariseAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀνίστημιmain verb (imperative: the call to action)→ ingressive aorist imperative (rally to battle)ἀνίστημι: 'rise up / arise'; renders קוּם; the battle-summons — 'Up! For the LORD has given…' — galvanizing the 300 for the night attack.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (ground of the summons)ὅτι: 'for / because'; gives the basis for the call to arms — the victory is already granted.
παρέδωκενhas given overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb of causal clause→ constative/prophetic aoristπαραδίδωμι: the third occurrence of the handover-verb (cf. vv. 9, 14); Gideon now proclaims to Israel what God told him and the enemy confessed — the LORD has given Midian's camp into 'our' hand.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of παρέδωκενκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; named by Gideon as the giver of victory — not Israel's hand (cf. v. 2).
ἐνintopreposition + dative (idiom: 'into the hand')ἐν χειρί: the holy-war idiom, now in the first person plural ('our hand').
χειρὶhandDativedative with ἐν (idiom of power)χείρ: 'hand'; the hand-motif appropriated corporately — 'into our hand' — yet still by the LORD's gift.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (1st person plural)ἡμῶν: 'our'; the shift to first-person plural draws the 300 into the divine promise.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampAccusativedirect object of παρέδωκενπαρεμβολή: the Midianite camp given into Israel's hand.
Μαδιαμof Midiangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the camp of Midian, object of the promised handover.
16

καὶ διεῖλεν τοὺς τριακοσίους ἄνδρας εἰς τρεῖς ἀρχὰς καὶ ἔδωκεν κερατίνας ἐν χειρὶ πάντων καὶ ὑδρίας κενὰς καὶ λαμπάδας ἐν ταῖς ὑδρίαις

And he divided the three hundred men into three companies, and put trumpets in the hand of all of them, and empty jars, and torches inside the jars.

The battle-plan: division and equipping of the 300καὶ διεῖλεν τοὺς τριακοσίους
Gideon's tactical preparation: he divides the 300 into three companies (τρεῖς ἀρχάς) and arms each man not with conventional weapons but with a trumpet, an empty jar, and a torch concealed within it. The unconventional 'weaponry' — noise and light, not blades — underscores that the rout (v. 22) will be God's doing, achieved by terror and confusion rather than Israelite force.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεῖλενdividedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαιρέωmain verb (Gideon organizes the force)→ constative aoristδιαιρέω: 'divide / distribute / split up'; renders חָצָה; Gideon splits the 300 into three units for a coordinated, encircling attack.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticleτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριακοσίουςthree hundredAccusativeattributive numeral (with ἄνδρας)τριακόσιοι (acc. τριακοσίους): the 300, now deployed for battle.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of διεῖλενἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): the 300 fighting men.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (result of division)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τρεῖςthreeAccusativeattributive numeral (with ἀρχάς)τρεῖς: 'three'; the three companies (each of 100, cf. v. 19) for the three-pronged encirclement.
ἀρχὰςcompaniesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the resulting units)ἀρχή: here 'company / division / band' (a 'beginning / command-unit'); the three tactical detachments that will surround the camp (cf. αἱ τρεῖς ἀρχαί, v. 20).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενput / gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Gideon arms the men)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / put / place'; renders נָתַן; Gideon distributes the equipment — trumpets, jars, torches — to each man.
κερατίναςtrumpetsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενκερατίνη: 'horn-trumpet / shofar'; the war-horns retained in v. 8, now the chief instrument of the attack — their blast multiplies the apparent size of the force.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the hand')ἐν χειρί: 'in the hand', the recurring idiom — here literal, the equipment held in hand.
χειρὶhandDativedative with ἐν (each man's hand)χείρ: the hand-motif, here distributive ('in the hand of all') — every one of the 300 armed identically.
πάντωνof allGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive ('the hand of all')πᾶς: 'all'; each of the 300 receives a trumpet — universal, identical equipping.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ὑδρίαςjarsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (coordinate with κερατίνας)ὑδρία: 'water-jar / pitcher'; renders כַּד; the empty clay jars used to conceal the torches and, when smashed (v. 19), to startle the enemy with sudden noise and light.
κενὰςemptyAccusativeattributive adjective (with ὑδρίας)κενός: 'empty / hollow'; the jars are empty so as to hide the torches and shatter loudly — the emptiness is tactically essential.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
λαμπάδαςtorchesAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (coordinate)λαμπάς: 'torch / lamp'; renders לַפִּיד; the torches hidden in the jars, to blaze out suddenly when the jars are smashed — light and noise together simulating a vast attacking army.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'inside the jars')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ταῖςtheDativearticleταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑδρίαιςjarsDativedative of place (the torches placed inside)ὑδρία: the jars within which the torches are concealed, so the light is hidden until the decisive moment (v. 19).
17

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ὄψεσθε καὶ οὕτως ποιήσετε καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ εἰσπορεύομαι ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς παρεμβολῆς καὶ ἔσται καθὼς ἂν ποιήσω οὕτως ποιήσετε

And he said to them, 'Watch me, and do likewise; and behold, when I enter the edge of the camp, it shall be that as I do, so you shall do.'

Gideon's battle instructions (imitation command)καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς
Gideon gives the operational order: the men are to watch him and replicate his actions exactly (καθὼς … ποιήσω οὕτως ποιήσετε). The plan hinges on synchronized imitation; the leader's signal — sounding the trumpet at the camp's edge — triggers the simultaneous action of all three companies, magnifying the effect.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Gideon's instructions to the 300.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the 300)αὐτούς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source: 'watch from me', elided)ἀπό: 'from'; ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ὄψεσθε = 'look to me / take your cue from me' — a Hebraizing idiom (מִמֶּנִּי תִרְאוּ) for imitative observation.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source of the example)ἐμοῦ: emphatic 'me'; Gideon makes himself the model the men must watch and copy.
ὄψεσθεyou shall watchFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (command via future)→ imperatival future (directive)ὁράω: 'see / look / watch'; the future ὄψεσθε functions as a command — keep your eyes on me.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὕτωςlikewise / soadverb of manner ('in the same way')οὕτως: 'thus / so / in this manner'; the men are to act exactly as Gideon does.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (command via future)→ imperatival future (directive)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the imitative command — 'do likewise'; repeated at verse-end to frame the instruction.
καὶandconjunction (with ἰδού: presentational)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentational particleἰδού: 'behold'; draws attention to Gideon's own movement as the trigger-signal.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronounἐγώ: emphatic 'I', marking Gideon as the one whose action sets the pattern.
εἰσπορεύομαιI enterPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb (futuristic present: 'I am about to enter')→ futuristic present (imminent action)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; the present in a future sense ('I am about to enter') marks the imminent signal-action — Gideon's approach to the camp's edge.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'at the edge')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀρχῇedgeDativedative of place (the outermost part of the camp)ἀρχή: here 'edge / outermost extremity'; ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς παρεμβολῆς = 'at the outer edge of the camp', the point of attack (cf. v. 19).
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἀρχῇ)παρεμβολή: the Midianite camp, at whose edge Gideon will give the signal.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Hebraizing apodosis-formula)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, the formulaic future introducing the imitation-instruction.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction ('just as')καθώς: 'just as / according as'; correlative with οὕτως, establishing the exact-imitation rule.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)ἄν: with the subjunctive ποιήσω generalizes the comparison ('whatever I do').
ποιήσωI doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωverb of comparative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent model-action)ποιέω: 'do'; Gideon's action is the contingent model the men must replicate.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (correlative with καθώς)οὕτως: completes the καθὼς … οὕτως construction — 'as I do, so you do'.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (the imitation command repeated)→ imperatival futureποιέω: the repeated 'you shall do', closing the instruction with emphasis on exact imitation.
18

καὶ σαλπιῶ ἐν τῇ κερατίνῃ ἐγώ καὶ πάντες μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ σαλπιεῖτε ἐν ταῖς κερατίναις κύκλῳ ὅλης τῆς παρεμβολῆς καὶ ἐρεῖτε τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τῷ Γεδεων

When I sound the trumpet, I and all who are with me, you also shall sound the trumpets all around the whole camp, and shall cry, 'For the LORD and for Gideon!'

The signal and the war-cry (completing the battle plan)καὶ σαλπιῶ ἐν τῇ κερατίνῃ ἐγώ
Gideon specifies the trigger (his own trumpet-blast) and the response (all 300 blowing around the camp) plus the war-cry. The shout τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τῷ Γεδεων ('for the LORD and for Gideon') links divine and human agency — though v. 20 expands it with ῥομφαία ('a sword for…'); the encirclement (κύκλῳ ὅλης τῆς παρεμβολῆς) creates the illusion of an overwhelming surrounding host.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶand / whennarrative conjunction (introducing the protasis-like clause)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
σαλπιῶI shall sound the trumpetFut Act Indic 1 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb (Gideon's signal-blast)→ predictive future (the trigger-signal)σαλπίζω: 'sound a trumpet / give a trumpet-signal'; renders תָּקַע; Gideon's blast is the signal that launches the coordinated attack; the verb recurs in vv. 19, 20, 22.
ἐνon / withpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with the trumpet')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίνῃtrumpetDativedative of instrument (with σαλπιῶ)κερατίνη: 'horn-trumpet'; the instrument of Gideon's signal-blast.
ἐγώINominativeemphatic subject pronounἐγώ: emphatic 'I' (with all with me) — the leader and his company give the signal first.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάντεςallNominativesubstantival adjective (coordinate subject: 'all with me')πᾶς: 'all'; Gideon's own company (the hundred of v. 19) who blow with him.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)μετ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of μετάἐμοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
σαλπιεῖτεyou shall sound the trumpetFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (the responsive blast of all the men)→ imperatival future (directive)σαλπίζω: the plural future — all 300 are to blow in response to Gideon's signal, creating the deafening illusion of a vast army.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ταῖςtheDativearticleταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίναιςtrumpetsDativedative of instrument (with σαλπιεῖτε)κερατίνη (dat. pl.): the trumpets of all the men, sounded simultaneously.
κύκλῳall aroundadverb / improper preposition + genitive ('round about')κύκλῳ: 'in a circle / round about'; renders סָבִיב; the 300, in three companies, surround the camp on all sides, so the trumpet-blasts seem to come from everywhere.
ὅληςwholeGenitiveattributive adjective (with παρεμβολῆς)ὅλος: 'whole / entire'; the encirclement embraces the entire camp.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive with κύκλῳ ('around the camp')παρεμβολή: the entire Midianite camp encircled by the 300.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐρεῖτεyou shall cryFut Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the war-cry command)→ imperatival future (directive)λέγω (fut. ἐρεῖτε): 'say / cry out'; here the war-shout that accompanies the trumpets and the breaking of the jars.
τῷfor theDativearticle (dative of advantage/battle-cry)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳthe LORDDativedative of advantage (the war-cry: 'for the LORD')κύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): the Tetragrammaton; the war-cry 'for the LORD and for Gideon' confesses YHWH first as the true warrior, with Gideon his instrument; expanded with ῥομφαία ('a sword for…') in v. 20.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷforDativearticle (with Γεδεων)the article τῷ governs the indeclinable Γεδεων, marking it dative ('for Gideon').
ΓεδεωνGideondative (war-cry: 'for Gideon', indeclinable)Γεδεων: indeclinable; named in the war-cry alongside the LORD — the human leader joined to the divine warrior.
19

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Γεδεων καὶ οἱ ἑκατὸν ἄνδρες οἱ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς φυλακῆς μέσης καὶ ἐγείροντες ἤγειραν τοὺς φυλάσσοντας καὶ ἐσάλπισαν ἐν ταῖς κερατίναις καὶ ἐξετίναξαν τὰς ὑδρίας τὰς ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν

And Gideon and the hundred men who were with him came to the edge of the camp at the beginning of the middle watch, just as they had posted the guards; and they sounded the trumpets and dashed in pieces the jars that were in their hands.

Execution of the attack (the first company strikes)καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Γεδεων
The attack begins precisely at the start of the middle watch (ἀρχῇ τῆς φυλακῆς μέσης — c. 10 p.m.–2 a.m.), when the guard had just been changed and the camp was disoriented. The cognate-dative idiom ἐγείροντες ἤγειραν ('rousing they roused', a Hebraism for the infinitive absolute) intensifies the sudden waking of the sentries. Trumpets blare and jars shatter in synchrony.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰσῆλθενcame / enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (the first company reaches the camp)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / come in'; renders בּוֹא; Gideon's company reaches the camp's edge — the attack proper begins.
ΓεδεωνGideonsubject (indeclinable)Γεδεων: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄνδρες)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκατὸνhundredattributive numeral (with ἄνδρες)ἑκατόν: 'hundred'; indeclinable cardinal; Gideon's own company of 100 — one of the three units of 100 (v. 16).
ἄνδρεςmenNominativecoordinate subject (with Γεδεων)ἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): the hundred with Gideon.
οἱwhoNominativearticle (attributive, with the phrase μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ)the article οἱ converts μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ into an attributive modifier ('the men, the ones with him').
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)μετ᾿: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετάαὐτοῦ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative: 'at the edge')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀρχῇedgeDativedative of place (outermost part of the camp)ἀρχή: 'edge / outermost part'; the perimeter of the camp where the assault is launched.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἀρχῇ)παρεμβολή: the Midianite camp.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at the beginning of the watch')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀρχῇbeginningDativedative of time (the onset of the watch)ἀρχή: here temporal 'beginning / onset'; ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς φυλακῆς μέσης = 'at the start of the middle watch', the moment of maximum enemy disorientation.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλακῆςwatchGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἀρχῇ)φυλακή: 'watch / guard-period of the night'; renders אַשְׁמֹרֶת; the night was divided into watches; the 'middle watch' (c. 10 p.m.–2 a.m.) was chosen for the surprise attack.
μέσηςmiddleGenitiveattributive adjective (with φυλακῆς)μέσος: 'middle'; the middle of the three night-watches, the darkest, deepest-sleep hours.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγείροντεςrousingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἐγείρωparticiple in cognate construction (Hebraism with ἤγειραν)→ imperfective participle reinforcing the finite verb (intensive)ἐγείρω (ptc.): 'wake / rouse / raise'; the construction ἐγείροντες ἤγειραν ('rousing they roused') is a cognate participle + finite verb rendering the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute (הָקֵם הֵקִימוּ vel sim.), intensifying: they thoroughly/suddenly roused the guards.
ἤγειρανthey rousedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐγείρωmain verb (cognate construction with ἐγείροντες)→ constative aorist intensified by the cognate participleἐγείρω: the finite verb of the emphatic cognate construction; the abrupt rousing of the sentries at the watch-change throws the camp into confusion.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the participle)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάσσονταςthe guardsPres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · φυλάσσωsubstantival participle (object of ἤγειραν: 'those keeping watch')→ imperfective participle (those on guard duty)φυλάσσω (ptc.): 'guard / keep watch'; the substantival participle 'the watchmen / sentries' (cognate with φυλακή); the very guards just posted are startled awake.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐσάλπισανthey sounded the trumpetsAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (the trumpet-blast)→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the planned signal-blast (v. 18) now executed by Gideon's company.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ταῖςtheDativearticleταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίναιςtrumpetsDativedative of instrumentκερατίνη (dat. pl.): the war-horns blown to terrify and disorient the enemy.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξετίναξανthey dashed to piecesAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκτινάσσωmain verb (smashing the jars)→ constative aoristἐκτινάσσω: 'shake out / dash / shatter'; here of smashing the jars so the torches blaze out suddenly and the crash adds to the terror — light and noise unleashed together.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑδρίαςjarsAccusativedirect object of ἐξετίναξανὑδρία: the empty clay jars (v. 16), now smashed to reveal the torches.
τὰςthat (were)Accusativearticle (attributive, introducing the locative phrase)the article τάς converts ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν into an attributive modifier ('the jars, those in their hands').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ταῖςtheDativearticleταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of place (the jars held in hand)χείρ (dat. pl. χερσίν): 'hands'; the hand-motif again — the jars held in the men's hands, smashed at the signal.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
20

καὶ ἐσάλπισαν αἱ τρεῖς ἀρχαὶ ἐν ταῖς κερατίναις καὶ συνέτριψαν τὰς ὑδρίας καὶ ἐκράτησαν ἐν χερσὶν ἀριστεραῖς αὐτῶν τὰς λαμπάδας καὶ ἐν χερσὶν δεξιαῖς αὐτῶν τὰς κερατίνας τοῦ σαλπίζειν καὶ ἀνέκραξαν ῥομφαία τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τῷ Γεδεων

And the three companies sounded the trumpets and broke the jars, and held the torches in their left hands and in their right hands the trumpets to sound, and they cried out, 'A sword for the LORD and for Gideon!'

The synchronized assault of all three companies (climax)καὶ ἐσάλπισαν αἱ τρεῖς ἀρχαὶ
All three companies act in unison: trumpets sounded, jars broken, torches in the left hand, trumpets in the right, and the full war-cry ῥομφαία τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τῷ Γεδεων ('a sword for the LORD and for Gideon'). The detail of left torch / right trumpet shows the men's hands are full of light and noise, not weapons — the rout will be God's. The cry expands v. 18 with ῥομφαία, naming the sword that the dream foretold (v. 14).
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐσάλπισανthey sounded the trumpetsAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (all companies blow together)→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: now all three companies blow simultaneously, the synchronized signal exploding around the camp.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀρχαί)αἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeNominativeattributive numeral (with ἀρχαί)τρεῖς: 'three'; the three companies of v. 16, now acting in concert.
ἀρχαὶcompaniesNominativesubject of ἐσάλπισανἀρχή (pl. ἀρχαί): 'companies / divisions'; the three detachments of 100 encircling the camp.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ταῖςtheDativearticleταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίναιςtrumpetsDativedative of instrumentκερατίνη (dat. pl.): the trumpets of all 300.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
συνέτριψανthey broke / shatteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συντρίβωmain verb (breaking the jars)→ constative aoristσυντρίβω: 'shatter / break in pieces'; renders שָׁבַר; the jars are smashed (synonymous with ἐξετίναξαν, v. 19), releasing the torchlight all at once.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑδρίαςjarsAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψανὑδρία: the clay jars broken to bare the torches.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκράτησανthey heldAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κρατέωmain verb (holding torches and trumpets)→ constative aoristκρατέω: 'grasp / hold firmly'; renders אָחַז / חָזַק; the men grip torch in one hand and trumpet in the other — no hand free for a sword, dramatizing that the victory is not by human arms.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in their left hands')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of place (locative)χείρ (dat. pl. χερσίν): 'hands'; the hand-motif — left hands holding light.
ἀριστεραῖςleftDativeattributive adjective (with χερσίν)ἀριστερός: 'left (hand)'; renders שְׂמֹאל; the torches held in the left hand, the trumpets in the right.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαμπάδαςtorchesAccusativedirect object of ἐκράτησαν (in the left hand)λαμπάς: 'torch'; the torches now blazing, held aloft in the left hand to look like a vast army of torch-bearers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in their right hands')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of place (locative)χείρ (dat. pl.): right hands holding the trumpets.
δεξιαῖςrightDativeattributive adjective (with χερσίν)δεξιός: 'right (hand)'; renders יָמִין; the trumpets held in the right hand — both hands occupied with signal-instruments.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίναςtrumpetsAccusativedirect object of ἐκράτησαν (in the right hand)κερατίνη (acc. pl.): the trumpets held in the right hand, ready to sound.
τοῦto / for theGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαλπίζεινto soundPres Act Inf · σαλπίζωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.)σαλπίζω (artic. inf.): the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ σαλπίζειν expresses purpose — the trumpets held 'for sounding'; the construction renders a Hebrew purpose-infinitive (לִתְקֹעַ).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνέκραξανthey cried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνακράζωmain verb (the war-cry)→ constative aorist (sudden shout)ἀνακράζω: 'cry out / shout aloud'; the compound ἀνα- marks a sudden, loud outburst — the war-shout erupting with the trumpets and shattering jars.
ῥομφαίαa swordNominativenominative of exclamation (the war-cry: 'a sword for…')ῥομφαία: 'sword'; the war-cry ῥομφαία τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τῷ Γεδεων ('a sword for the LORD and for Gideon') names the very sword the dream-interpretation foretold (v. 14); the nominative stands as an exclamatory cry.
τῷfor theDativearticle (dative of advantage)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳthe LORDDativedative of advantage ('for the LORD')κύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): the Tetragrammaton; the sword belongs first to the LORD, the true warrior, and only then to Gideon his agent.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷforDativearticle (with Γεδεων)the article τῷ marks the indeclinable Γεδεων as dative ('for Gideon').
ΓεδεωνGideondative (war-cry: 'for Gideon', indeclinable)Γεδεων: indeclinable; named in the war-cry as the LORD's human instrument.
21

καὶ ἔστησαν ἀνὴρ ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτῷ κύκλῳ τῆς παρεμβολῆς καὶ ἔδραμεν πᾶσα ἡ παρεμβολὴ καὶ ἐσήμαναν καὶ ἔφυγαν

And they stood, each man in his own place, around the camp; and all the camp ran, and they sounded the alarm, and fled.

The result: panic and flight of Midianκαὶ ἔστησαν ἀνὴρ ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτῷ
The 300 simply stand fast (ἔστησαν), each in his fixed position around the camp — they do not even charge. The enemy panic is entirely self-generated: the whole camp runs, raises the alarm, and flees. The contrast between Israel's stillness and Midian's frenzied flight underlines that YHWH, not Israel's hand, achieves the rout.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔστησανthey stoodAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (the 300 hold their positions)→ constative aorist (took and held their stand)ἵστημι: 'stand / take a stand'; the 300 merely stand firm around the camp — they hold position rather than attack, so the victory is manifestly God's doing.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativedistributive apposition ('each man in his place')ἀνήρ: distributive singular 'each man' (rendering אִישׁ), here 'each man stood in his own spot' — disciplined, fixed encirclement.
ἐφ᾿in / atpreposition + dative (position: 'at his own place', elided)ἐπί + dat.: 'at / upon'; ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτῷ = 'each in his own position', a reflexive idiom for holding one's assigned spot.
ἑαυτῷhis own placeDativereflexive pronoun (in the idiom ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτῷ)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'himself / his own'; the men each remain in their own assigned position, not breaking formation.
κύκλῳall aroundadverb / improper preposition + genitive ('round about')κύκλῳ: 'round about'; the encirclement of the camp by the three companies.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive with κύκλῳ ('around the camp')παρεμβολή: the Midianite camp ringed by the standing 300.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the enemy's reaction)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδραμενranAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τρέχωmain verb (the camp panics; singular with collective subject)→ ingressive aorist (broke into flight)τρέχω: 'run'; renders רוּץ; the whole camp 'ran' — broke into panicked motion; the singular verb agrees with the collective ἡ παρεμβολή.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with ἡ παρεμβολή)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; the entire host, en masse, dissolves into flight.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴcampNominativesubject of ἔδραμεν (collective)παρεμβολή: the enemy host, now in chaotic flight.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐσήμανανthey raised the alarmAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σημαίνωmain verb (the camp signals/cries out in alarm)→ constative aoristσημαίνω: 'give a signal / make a sound / raise a cry'; here the Midianites' own alarmed shouting amid the confusion — adding to the self-inflicted chaos.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔφυγανthey fledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (the flight of Midian)→ constative aorist (the rout begins)φεύγω: 'flee'; renders נוּס; the aorist (with the koine α-ending ἔφυγαν for ἔφυγον) marks the onset of the full rout, developed in v. 22.
22

καὶ ἐσάλπισαν ἐν ταῖς τριακοσίαις κερατίναις καὶ ἔθηκεν κύριος τὴν ῥομφαίαν ἀνδρὸς ἐν τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ παρεμβολῇ καὶ ἔφυγεν ἡ παρεμβολὴ ἕως Βηθσεεδτα Γαραγαθα ἕως χείλους Αβωμεουλα ἐπὶ Ταβαθ

And they sounded with the three hundred trumpets, and the LORD set every man's sword against his neighbor throughout all the camp; and the camp fled as far as Bethseedta-Garagatha, to the edge of Abelmeholah, by Tabath.

The divine rout: Midian turns its swords on itselfκαὶ ἐσάλπισαν ἐν ταῖς τριακοσίαις κερατίναις
The climax: at the blast of the 300 trumpets, YHWH himself (ἔθηκεν κύριος) sets each Midianite's sword against his fellow — the enemy slaughters itself in the dark confusion. The ῥομφαία of the war-cry (v. 20) and the dream (v. 14) is now wielded by God against Midian. The flight is traced to distant toponyms (here transliterated in the Rahlfs text), marking the extent of the rout.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐσάλπισανthey sounded the trumpetsAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (the decisive trumpet-blast)→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the renewed blast of all 300 horns is the immediate occasion of the divine intervention that follows.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ταῖςtheDativearticleταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριακοσίαιςthree hundredDativeattributive numeral (with κερατίναις)τριακόσιοι (fem. dat. τριακοσίαις): 'three hundred'; the full complement of trumpets — one per man — sounding together; the emblematic number recurs at the moment of victory.
κερατίναιςtrumpetsDativedative of instrumentκερατίνη (dat. pl.): the 300 war-horns whose blast triggers the divine rout.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the divine act)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔθηκενset / putAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (YHWH the agent of the rout)→ constative aorist (decisive divine act)τίθημι: 'set / place / put'; renders שִׂים / נָתַן; the subject is κύριος — YHWH himself turns the enemy's swords inward; the verb makes God the direct agent of the self-slaughter, the heart of the holy-war theology.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἔθηκενκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; explicitly named as the cause of the rout — fulfilling σώσω (v. 7) and refuting the boast 'my hand saved me' (v. 2).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ῥομφαίαν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκενῥομφαία: 'sword'; the sword of the war-cry (v. 20) and the dream (v. 14), now turned by God against Midian itself — each man's sword set against his comrade.
ἀνδρὸςof each manGenitivegenitive of possession (distributive: 'every man's sword')ἀνήρ: distributive 'each man's' — the sword of every Midianite turned against his fellow; the self-destruction motif (cf. 1 Sam 14:20).
ἐνagainstpreposition + dative (hostile: 'against his neighbor')ἐν: here in a hostile sense ('against'), governing τῷ πλησίον — each sword set against the comrade.
τῷthe / hisDativearticle (with πλησίον)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighbor / comradeDativedative with ἐν (the object of the turned sword)πλησίον: 'neighbor / fellow'; the same word for the dream-teller's comrade (vv. 13–14) — now each Midianite's sword falls upon his own fellow in the dark.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'throughout the camp')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (with τῇ παρεμβολῇ)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; the self-slaughter spreads through the entire camp — total panic.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativedative of place (locative)παρεμβολή: the whole Midianite camp, the arena of the self-inflicted carnage.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (the camp's flight; singular with collective subject)→ constative aorist (the full rout)φεύγω: 'flee'; the camp flees en masse toward the Jordan valley; the singular verb agrees with the collective ἡ παρεμβολή.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴcampNominativesubject of ἔφυγεν (collective)παρεμβολή: the fleeing enemy host.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent of flight)ἕως: 'as far as / up to'; traces the direction and extent of the rout.
ΒηθσεεδταBethseedtagenitive of place (indeclinable toponym)Βηθσεεδτα: a transliterated place-name in the Rahlfs text (corresponding to MT בֵּית הַשִּׁטָּה, Beth-shittah); indeclinable; one of the points to which Midian fled.
ΓαραγαθαGaragathagenitive of place in apposition (indeclinable toponym)Γαραγαθα: a transliterated toponym in the Greek text (corresponding to MT צְרֵרָתָה / צְרֵדָתָה); indeclinable; part of the route of the flight.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χείλουςedge / lipGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('to the edge of')χεῖλος: 'lip / edge / bank'; renders שָׂפָה; here 'the edge / bank of' Abelmeholah, marking a boundary of the flight.
ΑβωμεουλαAbelmeholahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable toponym)Αβωμεουλα: transliteration corresponding to MT אָבֵל מְחוֹלָה (Abel-meholah); indeclinable; a town in the Jordan valley, the limit of Midian's flight.
ἐπὶby / atpreposition + accusative (location: 'near Tabath')ἐπί + acc.: here 'by / near'; locates Abel-meholah in relation to Tabath.
ΤαβαθTabathaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable toponym)Ταβαθ: transliteration of MT טַבָּת (Tabbath); indeclinable; the final toponym marking the extent of the rout toward the Jordan.
23

καὶ ἐβόησαν ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ ἀπὸ Νεφθαλι καὶ ἀπὸ Ασηρ καὶ ἀπὸ παντὸς Μανασση καὶ ἐδίωξαν ὀπίσω Μαδιαμ

And the men of Israel were called out from Naphtali and from Asher and from all Manasseh, and they pursued after Midian.

Tribal mobilization for the pursuitκαὶ ἐβόησαν ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ
With Midian in flight, the wider tribal levy is summoned for the pursuit: Naphtali, Asher, and all Manasseh (the dismissed thousands, now recalled to finish the rout). The collective ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ ('the men of Israel', a Hebraizing singular) and the verb ἐδίωξαν ('pursued') open the mopping-up phase that runs through chapter 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐβόησανwere called out / shoutedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βοάωmain verb (the muster/rally of the tribes)→ constative aoristβοάω: 'shout / cry out / be summoned by a cry'; renders צָעַק (Niphal, 'be called out, mustered'); the men of the northern tribes are summoned with a war-cry to join the pursuit (cf. v. 24, ἐβόησεν of Ephraim).
ἀνὴρthe menNominativecollective subject ('the men of Israel', Hebraizing singular)ἀνήρ: collective singular 'the man/men of Israel' (rendering אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל), a Hebraism for the assembled fighting men of the tribes.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; 'the men of Israel', the tribal militia.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/origin)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΝεφθαλιNaphtaligenitive object of ἀπό (indeclinable tribal name)Νεφθαλι: transliteration of Hebrew נַפְתָּלִי (Naphtali); indeclinable; a northern tribe near the battlefield, summoned to the pursuit.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑσηρAshergenitive object of ἀπό (indeclinable tribal name)Ασηρ: transliteration of Hebrew אָשֵׁר (Asher); indeclinable; the western coastal tribe, likewise mustered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (with Μανασση)πᾶς: 'all'; the whole tribe of Manasseh — Gideon's own tribe — joins the pursuit.
ΜανασσηManassehgenitive of source (indeclinable tribal name)Μανασση: transliteration of Hebrew מְנַשֶּׁה (Manasseh); indeclinable here; Gideon's own tribe (of the clan of Abiezer), now fully called out.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐδίωξανthey pursuedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb (the pursuit of Midian)→ constative aoristδιώκω: 'pursue / chase'; renders רָדַף; the tribal levy chases the fleeing Midianites — the rout becomes a pursuit (continued in v. 25, κατεδίωξαν).
ὀπίσωafteradverb / improper preposition + genitive ('after Midian')ὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; with διώκω forms 'pursued after', the standard idiom for a military chase.
ΜαδιαμMidiangenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the fleeing enemy being pursued.
24

καὶ ἀγγέλους ἀπέστειλεν Γεδεων ἐν παντὶ ὄρει Εφραιμ λέγων κατάβητε εἰς συνάντησιν Μαδιαμ καὶ καταλάβετε ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ὕδωρ ἕως Βαιθηρα καὶ τὸν Ιορδάνην καὶ ἐβόησεν πᾶς ἀνὴρ Εφραιμ καὶ προκατελάβοντο τὸ ὕδωρ ἕως Βαιθηρα καὶ τὸν Ιορδάνην

And Gideon sent messengers throughout all the hill country of Ephraim, saying, 'Come down to meet Midian, and seize for yourselves the waters as far as Baithēra and the Jordan.' And every man of Ephraim was called out, and they seized the waters as far as Baithēra and the Jordan.

Ephraim summoned to cut off the fordsκαὶ ἀγγέλους ἀπέστειλεν Γεδεων
Gideon extends the pursuit strategically: messengers summon Ephraim to seize the water-crossings (the fords of the Jordan and the streams up to Baithēra) so the fleeing Midianites cannot escape across the river. The command καταλάβετε … τὸ ὕδωρ and its fulfilment προκατελάβοντο τὸ ὕδωρ frame the verse, with the toponyms repeated for emphasis on the completeness of the interdiction.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλενἄγγελος: 'messenger / envoy'; renders מַלְאָךְ; here human messengers (not angels) sent to rouse Ephraim to the pursuit.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (Gideon dispatches messengers)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch (with a commission)'; renders שָׁלַח; Gideon coordinates the wider tribal pursuit by sending envoys to Ephraim.
ΓεδεωνGideonsubject (indeclinable)Γεδεων: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this oracle.
ἐνthroughoutpreposition + dative (locative: 'in/throughout the hill country')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
παντὶallDativeattributive adjective (with ὄρει)πᾶς: 'all'; the messengers cover the whole hill country of Ephraim.
ὄρειhill countryDativedative of place (locative)ὄρος: 'mountain / hill country'; renders הַר; 'the hill country of Ephraim', the tribal highland region whose men are summoned.
Εφραιμof Ephraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)Εφραιμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶפְרַיִם (Ephraim); indeclinable; the powerful central tribe, summoned to block the fords (later resentful of late involvement, 8:1).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the message)→ imperfective participle (manner)λέγω (ptc.): introduces the content of Gideon's summons (rendering לֵאמֹר).
κατάβητεcome downAor Act Impv 2 Pl · καταβαίνωmain verb (the command to Ephraim)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαταβαίνω: 'come/go down'; the men of the Ephraimite highlands are to descend toward the Jordan valley to intercept the fleeing enemy.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
συνάντησινa meeting / to meetAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς: 'to meet Midian')συνάντησις: 'meeting / encounter'; εἰς συνάντησιν (rendering לִקְרַאת) is the idiom 'to meet / intercept', here in the hostile sense of cutting off the enemy.
ΜαδιαμMidiangenitive/objective of συνάντησιν (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the fleeing enemy to be intercepted.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
καταλάβετεseizeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (the command to take the fords)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαταλαμβάνω: 'seize / take possession of / capture'; renders לָכַד; Ephraim is to seize the water-crossings before Midian can reach them — cutting off the escape over the Jordan.
ἑαυτοῖςfor yourselvesDativereflexive dative of advantageἑαυτοῦ (dat. pl. ἑαυτοῖς): reflexive 'for yourselves'; the men are to take and hold the fords to their own advantage.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwatersAccusativedirect object of καταλάβετεὕδωρ: 'water'; here the water-courses and fords (collective singular) which, if seized, trap the fleeing enemy against the river.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: 'as far as'; marks the extent of the fords to be seized.
ΒαιθηραBaithēragenitive of place (indeclinable toponym)Βαιθηρα: a transliterated place-name in the Greek text (MT בֵּית בָּרָה, Beth-barah); indeclinable; the limit of the water-crossings to be seized.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιορδάνην)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativedirect object (coordinate with τὸ ὕδωρ: the river to be seized)Ιορδάνης: the Jordan river; unlike the indeclinable Semitic names, Ιορδάνης is fully declined as a first-declension Greek noun (acc. Ιορδάνην); the river-fords are the key to trapping Midian.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the response of Ephraim)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐβόησενwas called outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (the muster of Ephraim; collective)→ constative aoristβοάω: 'be summoned with a shout / be mustered'; the same verb as v. 23; every man of Ephraim is called out to seize the fords.
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (with ἀνήρ)πᾶς: 'every / all'; the full Ephraimite levy responds.
ἀνὴρmanNominativecollective subject ('every man of Ephraim')ἀνήρ: collective 'every man of Ephraim' (Hebraizing singular for the tribal militia).
Εφραιμof Ephraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Εφραιμ: indeclinable; the responding tribe.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
προκατελάβοντοthey seized beforehandAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · προκαταλαμβάνωmain verb (Ephraim secures the fords ahead of Midian)→ constative aorist (preemptive seizure)προκαταλαμβάνω: 'seize in advance / occupy beforehand'; the compound προ- stresses that Ephraim took the fords before the Midianites could cross — a decisive preemptive interdiction; the middle voice marks action in their own interest.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwatersAccusativedirect object of προκατελάβοντοὕδωρ: the water-crossings seized by Ephraim, sealing the enemy's fate.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΒαιθηραBaithēragenitive of place (indeclinable toponym)Βαιθηρα: indeclinable; the repeated toponym, marking the full extent of the fords secured.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιορδάνην)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativedirect object (the river-fords seized)Ιορδάνης (acc. Ιορδάνην): the Jordan; its fords, now held by Ephraim, complete the encirclement of the fleeing Midianites.
25

καὶ συνέλαβον τοὺς ἄρχοντας Μαδιαμ καὶ τὸν Ωρηβ καὶ τὸν Ζηβ καὶ ἀπέκτειναν τὸν Ωρηβ ἐν Σουρ καὶ τὸν Ζηβ ἀπέκτειναν ἐν Ιακεφζηφ καὶ κατεδίωξαν Μαδιαμ καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν Ωρηβ καὶ Ζηβ ἤνεγκαν πρὸς Γεδεων ἀπὸ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου

And they captured the princes of Midian, both Oreb and Zeeb; and they killed Oreb at Sur, and Zeeb they killed at Iakephzēph; and they pursued Midian, and brought the head of Oreb and Zeeb to Gideon from beyond the Jordan.

Capture and execution of the Midianite princes (closure)καὶ συνέλαβον τοὺς ἄρχοντας Μαδιαμ
The chapter closes with the capture and execution of the two Midianite princes, Oreb ('Raven') and Zeeb ('Wolf'), at the places later named for them (the rock of Oreb, the winepress of Zeeb). Their heads are brought to Gideon across the Jordan — the trophy confirming the completeness of the victory and setting up the trans-Jordan pursuit of chapter 8. The whole episode vindicates the theology of v. 2: the LORD alone has saved.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
συνέλαβονthey capturedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συλλαμβάνωmain verb (capture of the princes)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: 'seize / arrest / capture'; renders לָכַד / תָּפַשׂ; the Ephraimites capture the two Midianite chieftains as they attempt to escape across the river.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρχοντας)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταςprinces / commandersAccusativedirect object of συνέλαβονἄρχων: 'ruler / prince / commander'; renders שַׂר; the two captured leaders of Midian, named in apposition as Oreb and Zeeb.
Μαδιαμof Midiangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; 'the princes of Midian'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the named princes)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ωρηβ, governing the indeclinable name)the article τόν marks the indeclinable Ωρηβ as accusative, in apposition to ἄρχοντας.
ΩρηβOrebaccusative in apposition (indeclinable proper noun)Ωρηβ: transliteration of Hebrew עֹרֵב (Oreb, 'raven'); indeclinable; one of the two Midianite princes, executed at the place thereafter called 'the rock of Oreb' (cf. Isa 10:26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ζηβ)the article τόν marks the indeclinable Ζηβ as accusative.
ΖηβZeebaccusative in apposition (indeclinable proper noun)Ζηβ: transliteration of Hebrew זְאֵב (Zeeb, 'wolf'); indeclinable; the second Midianite prince, executed at the 'winepress of Zeeb'.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέκτεινανthey killedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (execution of Oreb)→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; renders הָרַג; the princes are executed at the spots that bear their names.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ωρηβ)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΩρηβOrebdirect object of ἀπέκτειναν (indeclinable)Ωρηβ: indeclinable; killed 'at Sur' (the rock of Oreb).
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative: place of execution)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΣουρSurdative of place (indeclinable toponym)Σουρ: a transliterated place-name (corresponding to MT צוּר, 'the rock [of Oreb]', צוּר עוֹרֵב); indeclinable; the site of Oreb's death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ζηβ)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΖηβZeebdirect object of ἀπέκτειναν (fronted, indeclinable)Ζηβ: indeclinable; object placed before its verb for emphasis ('and Zeeb they killed at…').
ἀπέκτεινανthey killedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (execution of Zeeb)→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: the repeated verb for Zeeb's execution, the object fronted for parallel emphasis with the killing of Oreb.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative: place of execution)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΙακεφζηφIakephzēphdative of place (indeclinable toponym)Ιακεφζηφ: a transliterated place-name in the Greek text (corresponding to MT יֶקֶב זְאֵב, 'the winepress of Zeeb'); indeclinable; the site of Zeeb's death.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατεδίωξανthey pursued hardAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταδιώκωmain verb (continued pursuit of Midian)→ constative aorist (relentless pursuit)καταδιώκω: 'pursue closely / chase down'; the compound κατα- intensifies διώκω (v. 23) — a relentless pursuit, setting up the trans-Jordan chase of ch. 8.
ΜαδιαμMidiandirect object of κατεδίωξαν (indeclinable)Μαδιαμ: indeclinable; the fleeing remnant of the enemy.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κεφαλήν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect object of ἤνεγκανκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the severed heads of the princes brought as trophies of victory — proof of the slain commanders.
Ωρηβof Orebgenitive of possession (indeclinable)Ωρηβ: indeclinable; 'the head of Oreb'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
Ζηβof Zeebgenitive of possession (indeclinable)Ζηβ: indeclinable; 'and of Zeeb' — the heads of both princes.
ἤνεγκανthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φέρωmain verb (the trophies brought to Gideon)→ constative aoristφέρω: 'carry / bring'; the suppletive aorist ἤνεγκαν; the Ephraimites bring the princes' heads to Gideon as proof of the completed victory.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓεδεωνGideonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)Γεδεων: indeclinable; the victorious leader to whom the trophies are delivered.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/location)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πέρανbeyond / the other sideadverb / improper preposition + genitive ('from beyond')πέραν: 'across / on the other side'; renders עֵבֶר; ἀπὸ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου = 'from beyond the Jordan', situating the closing scene and anticipating the trans-Jordan pursuit of ch. 8.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive with πέραν ('beyond the Jordan')Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan, declined as a Greek noun; 'beyond the Jordan' closes the chapter and bridges to the trans-Jordan campaign of ch. 8.