1
πῶς ἐκάθισεν μόνη ἡ πόλις ἡ πεπληθυμμένη λαῶν ἐγενήθη ὡς χήρα πεπληθυμμένη ἐν ἔθνεσιν ἄρχουσα ἐν χώραις ἐγενήθη εἰς φόρον
How she sits alone, the city once filled with people! She has become like a widow, once great among the nations; the princess among the provinces has become subject to tribute.
The opening cry names the fundamental reversal: the populous royal city is reduced to widowhood, solitude, and forced tribute.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐκάθισενsatVAI AAI3S · ἵζω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἵζω + κατα: meaning 'sat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
μόνηalone / onlyA1 NSF · μόνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceμόνος: meaning 'alone'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεπληθυμμένηfilled fullVM · χμπνσφ πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνσφ πληθύνω: meaning 'filled full'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λαῶνpeopleN2 GPM · λαόςgenitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or description→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χήραwidowN1A NSF · χήραnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceχήρα: meaning 'widow'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
πεπληθυμμένηfilled fullVM · χμπνσφ πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνσφ πληθύνω: meaning 'filled full'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ἄρχουσαrulingV1 · παπνσφ ἄρχωfinite verbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ ἄρχω: meaning 'ruling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χώραιςcountriesN1A DPF · χώραsecond group of recipients→ sphere or referenceχώρα: meaning 'countries'; it serves as second group of recipients.
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
φόρονtributeN2 ASM · φόροςaccusative element functioning as object or goalφόρος: meaning 'tribute'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
2
κλαίουσα ἔκλαυσεν ἐν νυκτί καὶ τὰ δάκρυα αὐτῆς ἐπὶ τῶν σιαγόνων αὐτῆς καὶ οὐχ ὑπάρχει ὁ παρακαλῶν αὐτὴν ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἀγαπώντων αὐτήν πάντες οἱ φιλοῦντες αὐτὴν ἠθέτησαν ἐν αὐτῇ ἐγένοντο αὐτῇ εἰς ἐχθρούς
Weeping she weeps in the night, and her tears are upon her cheeks; among all her lovers she has none to comfort her. All her friends have dealt faithlessly with her; they have become her enemies.
Former alliances and loves yield no comfort; betrayal by intimates intensifies the city's grief.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
κλαίουσαweepingV1 · παπνσφ κλαίωparticipial verbal form qualifying or advancing the action→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ κλαίω: meaning 'weeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form qualifying or advancing the action.
ἔκλαυσενweptVAI AAI3S · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a wholeκλαίω: meaning 'wept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
νυκτίnightN3 DSF · νύξdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ eliphaz: repentance and divine healingνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκρυαtearsN2N APN · δάκρυaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationδάκρυ: meaning 'tears'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σιαγόνωνcheeksN3N GPF · σιαγώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityσιαγών: meaning 'cheeks'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπάρχειthere isV1 PAI3S · ἄρχω + ὑποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ integrity, generosity, and social orderἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρακαλῶνencouragingV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + παραparticiple functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipπαπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαπώντωνof those lovingV3 · παπγπμ ἀγαπάωsubstantival participle dependent on ῥομφαίᾳ→ present participleπαπγπμ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'of those loving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival participle dependent on ῥομφαίᾳ.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φιλοῦντεςloveV2 · παπνπμ φιλέωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπνπμ φιλέω: meaning 'love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing attendant action, manner, or state.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἠθέτησανact faithlesslyVAI AAI3P · ἀθετέωmain verbal predicate→ aorist indicative summaryἀθετέω: meaning 'act faithlessly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal predicate.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐχθρούςenemiesA1A APM · ἐχθρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
μετῳκίσθη ἡ Ιουδαία ἀπὸ ταπεινώσεως αὐτῆς καὶ ἀπὸ πλήθους δουλείας αὐτῆς ἐκάθισεν ἐν ἔθνεσιν οὐχ εὗρεν ἀνάπαυσιν πάντες οἱ καταδιώκοντες αὐτὴν κατέλαβον αὐτὴν ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν θλιβόντων
Judah has gone into exile because of her affliction and the greatness of her servitude; she dwells among the nations and finds no rest. All her pursuers overtook her in the midst of distress.
Judah's exile is described both politically and existentially: among the nations there is no resting place.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
μετῳκίσθηwas carried awayVSI API3S · οἰκίζω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκίζω + μετα: meaning 'was carried away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίαἸουδαίαN1A NSF · Ἰουδαίαproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting→ participant identificationΙουδαία: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταπεινώσεωςafflictionN3I GSF · ταπείνωσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ qualification or source relationταπείνωσις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'plethos'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
δουλείαςslaveryN1A GSF · δουλείαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification→ relational specificationδουλεία: meaning 'slavery'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐκάθισενsatVAI AAI3S · ἵζω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἵζω + κατα: meaning 'sat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὗρενfindVB AAI3S · εὑρίσκωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἀνάπαυσινrestN3I ASF · ἀνάπαυσιςaccusative substantive functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationἀνάπαυσις: meaning 'rest'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object, extent, or complement.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταδιώκοντεςpursuingV1 · παπνπμ διώκω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ διώκω + κατα: meaning 'pursuing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
κατέλαβονλαμβάνωVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + κατα: meaning 'λαμβάνω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θλιβόντωνthliboV1 · παπγπμ θλίβωparticipial verbal form modifying or elaborating the surrounding clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ θλίβω: meaning 'thlibo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying or elaborating the surrounding clause.
4
ὁδοὶ Σιων πενθοῦσιν παρὰ τὸ μὴ εἶναι ἐρχομένους ἐν ἑορτῇ πᾶσαι αἱ πύλαι αὐτῆς ἠφανισμέναι οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτῆς ἀναστενάζουσιν αἱ παρθένοι αὐτῆς ἀγόμεναι καὶ αὐτὴ πικραινομένη ἐν ἑαυτῇ
The roads of Zion mourn because none come to the feast; all her gates are desolate, her priests groan, her virgins are led away, and she herself is embittered within.
The whole liturgical landscape mourns with the city, from roads and gates to priests and maidens.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὁδοὶwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ΣιωνZionN GS · Σιωνproper name in apposition to ὄρος→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in apposition to ὄρος.
πενθοῦσινmourningV2 PAI3P · πενθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπενθέω: meaning 'mourning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
ἐρχομένουςcomingV1 · πμπαπμ ἔρχομαιparticiple modifying αὐτοὺς→ present participle of ongoing approachπμπαπμ ἔρχομαι: meaning 'coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying αὐτοὺς.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἑορτῇfeastN1 DSF · ἑορτήdative complement within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: meaning 'feast'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πύλαιgateN1 NPF · πύληnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἠφανισμέναιmade desolateVAI AMPNPFI(/ZW · ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'made desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἀναστενάζουσινgroan deeplyV1 PAI3P · στενάζω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseστενάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'groan deeply'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
παρθένοιvirginsN2 NPF · παρθένοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgins'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἀγόμεναιbeing ledV1 · πμπνπφ ἄγωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπνπφ ἄγω: meaning 'being led'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὴhe, she, itRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτὴ: meaning 'he, she, it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
πικραινομένηembitteredV1 · πμπνσφ πικραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνσφ πικραίνω: meaning 'embittered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἑαυτῇεαυτουRD DSF · ἑαυτοῦdative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or means→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'εαυτου'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
5
ἐγένοντο οἱ θλίβοντες αὐτὴν εἰς κεφαλήν καὶ οἱ ἐχθροὶ αὐτῆς εὐθηνοῦσαν ὅτι κύριος ἐταπείνωσεν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἀσεβειῶν αὐτῆς τὰ νήπια αὐτῆς ἐπορεύθησαν ἐν αἰχμαλωσίᾳ κατὰ πρόσωπον θλίβοντος
Her oppressors have become the head, and her enemies prosper, because the Lord has humbled her for the multitude of her impieties; her children went away into captivity before the oppressor.
The enemies' success is not random fortune but the Lord's judicial humbling of Jerusalem for her many impieties.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θλίβοντεςafflictingV1 · παπνπμ θλίβωparticiple modifying the surrounding clause or participant→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ θλίβω: meaning 'afflicting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the surrounding clause or participant.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κεφαλήνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροὶenemiesA1A NPM · ἐχθρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ speech, worship, and inward dispositionἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
εὐθηνοῦσανprosperingV2 · παπασφ εὐθηνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπασφ εὐθηνέω: meaning 'prospering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐταπείνωσενhumbledVAI AAI3S · ταπεινόωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist indicative presenting the action as a completed wholeταπεινόω: meaning 'humbled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative object or complement→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβειῶνimpietiesN1A GPF · ἀσέβειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ nominal, pronominal, or adjectival contribution to the oracle's imagery and argumentἀσέβεια: meaning 'impieties'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νήπιαinfantsA1A APN · νήπιοςfronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις→ object specificationνήπιος: meaning 'infants'; it serves as fronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐπορεύθησανgoVCI API3P · πορεύομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aorist passive-form deponentπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίᾳcaptivity / captivesN1A DSF · αἰχμαλωσίαsubject in apposition (the captives also purified)→ sphere or referenceαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as subject in apposition (the captives also purified).
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
θλίβοντοςoppressorV1 · παπγσμ θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ θλίβω: meaning 'oppressor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ θυγατρὸς Σιων πᾶσα ἡ εὐπρέπεια αὐτῆς ἐγένοντο οἱ ἄρχοντες αὐτῆς ὡς κριοὶ οὐχ εὑρίσκοντες νομὴν καὶ ἐπορεύοντο ἐν οὐκ ἰσχύι κατὰ πρόσωπον διώκοντος
From daughter Zion all her beauty has gone out; her rulers have become like rams finding no pasture, and they went away in weakness before the pursuer.
Zion's regal beauty and leadership have collapsed; the rulers are like starved animals fleeing without strength.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΣιωνZionN GS · Σιωνproper name in apposition to ὄρος→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in apposition to ὄρος.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐπρέπειαbeautyN1A NSF · εὐπρέπειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐπρέπεια: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
κριοὶramsN2 NPM · κριόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant prominenceκριός: meaning 'rams'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὑρίσκοντεςfindingV1 · παπνπμ εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ εὑρίσκω: meaning 'finding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νομὴνpastureN1 ASF · νομήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνομή: meaning 'pasture'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύοντοthey marched onV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαιmain verb describing continued movement→ imperfect middle/passive-formπορεύομαι: meaning 'they marched on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb describing continued movement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἰσχύιstrengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
διώκοντοςπαπγσμ διώκωV1 · παπγσμ διώκωverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ διώκω: meaning 'παπγσμ διώκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
7
ἐμνήσθη Ιερουσαλημ ἡμερῶν ταπεινώσεως αὐτῆς καὶ ἀπωσμῶν αὐτῆς πάντα τὰ ἐπιθυμήματα αὐτῆς ὅσα ἦν ἐξ ἡμερῶν ἀρχαίων ἐν τῷ πεσεῖν τὸν λαὸν αὐτῆς εἰς χεῖρας θλίβοντος καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ βοηθῶν αὐτῇ ἰδόντες οἱ ἐχθροὶ αὐτῆς ἐγέλασαν ἐπὶ μετοικεσίᾳ αὐτῆς
Jerusalem remembered the days of her affliction and her rejection, all her desirable things that belonged to the days of old, when her people fell into the hand of an oppressor and there was no one to help her; her enemies saw and laughed at her exile.
Memory sharpens grief: the chapter contrasts treasured former delights with present helplessness and enemy laughter.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
ἐμνήσθηrememberedVSI API3S · μιμνήσκωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aorist passive-deponentμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remembered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN NSF · Ἰερουσαλήμindeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ταπεινώσεωςafflictionN3I GSF · ταπείνωσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ qualification or source relationταπείνωσις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπωσμῶνrejectionsN2 GPM · ἀπωσμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἀπωσμός: meaning 'rejections'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμήματαdesired thingsN3M APN · ἐπιθύμημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιθύμημα: meaning 'desired things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ὅσαas much asA1 APN · ὅσοςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationὅσος: meaning 'as much as'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἀρχαίωνancientA1A GPF · ἀρχαῖοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀρχαῖος: meaning 'ancient'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεσεῖνfallVB AAN · πίπτωinfinitive complement or purpose form within the clause→ infinitival complementπίπτω: meaning 'fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose form within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
θλίβοντοςoppressorV1 · παπγσμ θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ θλίβω: meaning 'oppressor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοηθῶνboethosN2 GPM · βοηθόςgenitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or description→ relational specificationβοηθός: meaning 'boethos'; it serves as genitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or description.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
ἰδόντεςseeVB · ααπνπμ ὁράωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description→ verbal action framed by the clause contextααπνπμ ὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροὶenemiesA1A NPM · ἐχθρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ speech, worship, and inward dispositionἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐγέλασανthey laughedVAI AAI3P · γελάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ eliphaz: accusations and promised restorationγελάω: meaning 'they laughed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μετοικεσίᾳexileN1A DSF · μετοικεσίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ dative element marking sphere, relation, or instrumentμετοικεσία: meaning 'exile'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
8
ἁμαρτίαν ἥμαρτεν Ιερουσαλημ διὰ τοῦτο εἰς σάλον ἐγένετο πάντες οἱ δοξάζοντες αὐτὴν ἐταπείνωσαν αὐτήν εἶδον γὰρ τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτῆς καί γε αὐτὴ στενάζουσα καὶ ἀπεστράφη ὀπίσω
Jerusalem sinned grievously; therefore she became a thing tossed about. All who honored her humbled her, for they saw her nakedness; and she herself groaned and turned backward.
The poem openly connects catastrophe to sin, yet the confession does not lessen the city's shame and exposure.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἁμαρτίανsinN1A ASF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἥμαρτενsinVBI AAI3S · ἁμαρτάνωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ aoristἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'sin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN NSF · Ἰερουσαλήμindeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σάλονa thing tossed aboutN2 ASM · σάλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσάλος: meaning 'a thing tossed about'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοξάζοντεςhonoringV1 · παπνπμ δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ δοξάζω: meaning 'honoring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐταπείνωσανthey humiliatedVAI AAI3P · ταπεινόωmain verb (the sexual violation)→ constative aoristταπεινόω: meaning 'they humiliated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the sexual violation).
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἶδονseeVBI AAI3P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσχημοσύνηνdishonorN1 ASF · ἀσχημοσύνηhead noun within the clause→ object specificationἀσχημοσύνη: meaning 'dishonor'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clause→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentγέ: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αὐτὴhe, she, itRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτὴ: meaning 'he, she, it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
στενάζουσαgroaningV1 · παπνσφ στενάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσφ στενάζω: meaning 'groaning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεστράφηturned awayVDI API3S · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turned away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion.
ὀπίσωafter / behindD · ὀπίσωproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
9
ἀκαθαρσία αὐτῆς πρὸς ποδῶν αὐτῆς οὐκ ἐμνήσθη ἔσχατα αὐτῆς καὶ κατεβίβασεν ὑπέρογκα οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ παρακαλῶν αὐτήν ἰδέ κύριε τὴν ταπείνωσίν μου ὅτι ἐμεγαλύνθη ἐχθρός
Her uncleanness was before her feet; she did not remember her end, and she came down astonishingly. There is none to comfort her. See, O Lord, my affliction, for the enemy has magnified himself.
Jerusalem failed to remember her end, and now her impurity is publicly visible; the verse turns into direct prayer.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἀκαθαρσίαuncleannessN1A NSF · ἀκαθαρσίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleanness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ποδῶνfootN3D GPM · πούςgenitive dependent→ relational specificationπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as genitive dependent.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐμνήσθηrememberedVSI API3S · μιμνήσκωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aorist passive-deponentμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remembered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἔσχαταfarthestA1 APN · ἔσχατοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἔσχατος: meaning 'farthest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεβίβασενbrought downVAI AAI3S · βιβάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβιβάζω + κατα: meaning 'brought down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπέρογκαastonishinglyA1B APN · ὑπέρογκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑπέρογκος: meaning 'astonishingly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρακαλῶνencouragingV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + παραparticiple functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipπαπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἰδέseeVB AAD2S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπείνωσίνafflictionN3I ASF · ταπείνωσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταπείνωσις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμεγαλύνθηgrew great / was magnifiedVCI API3S · μεγαλύνωmain verb (Samuel's growth)→ constative aoristμεγαλύνω: meaning 'grew great'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Samuel's growth).
ἐχθρόςenemyA1A NSM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant or predicate prominenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
10
χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐξεπέτασεν θλίβων ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ ἐπιθυμήματα αὐτῆς εἶδεν γὰρ ἔθνη εἰσελθόντα εἰς τὸ ἁγίασμα αὐτῆς ἃ ἐνετείλω μὴ εἰσελθεῖν αὐτὰ εἰς ἐκκλησίαν σου
The oppressor stretched out his hand over all her desirable things, for she saw nations enter into her sanctuary, those whom you commanded not to enter into your assembly.
The outrage reaches the sanctuary itself: foreign nations enter the space once barred to them.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξεπέτασενstretched outVAI AAI3S · πετάζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπετάζω + ἐκ: meaning 'stretched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θλίβωνoppressorV1 · παπνσμ θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ living God and the vanity of idolsπαπνσμ θλίβω: meaning 'oppressor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμήματαdesired thingsN3M APN · ἐπιθύμημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιθύμημα: meaning 'desired things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
εἰσελθόνταhaving enteredVB · ααπαπν ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseααπαπν ἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'having entered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίασμαsanctuaryN3M ASN · ἁγίασμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἁγίασμα: meaning 'sanctuary'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςcommon noun within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
ἐνετείλωinVAI AMI2S · τέλλομαι + ἐνfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ constative aoristτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσελθεῖνenterVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + εἰςfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aorist (marital approach notice)ἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐκκλησίανassemblyN1A ASF · ἐκκλησίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ object specificationἐκκλησία: meaning 'assembly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
11
πᾶς ὁ λαὸς αὐτῆς καταστενάζοντες ζητοῦντες ἄρτον ἔδωκαν τὰ ἐπιθυμήματα αὐτῆς ἐν βρώσει τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι ψυχήν ἰδέ κύριε καὶ ἐπίβλεψον ὅτι ἐγενήθην ἠτιμωμένη
All her people groan, seeking bread; they gave their precious things for food to restore life. See, O Lord, and look, for I have become dishonored.
Hunger strips the city of its valuables, and Jerusalem asks the Lord to see the disgrace famine has produced.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καταστενάζοντεςgroaning heavilyV1 · παπνπμ στενάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ στενάζω + κατα: meaning 'groaning heavily'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζητοῦντεςseekingV2 · παπνπμ ζητέωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ζητέω: meaning 'seeking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἄρτονbreadN2 ASM · ἄρτοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of allotment or gift→ aorist summary statementδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of allotment or gift.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμήματαdesired thingsN3M APN · ἐπιθύμημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιθύμημα: meaning 'desired things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
βρώσειfoodN3I DSF · βρῶσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβρῶσις: meaning 'food'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιστρέψαιturn backVA AAN · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist infinitiveστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turn back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ψυχήνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἰδέseeVB AAD2S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίβλεψονlookVA AAD2S · βλέπω + ἐπιmain verb (command)→ verbal action or stateβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (command).
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηνhave becomeVCI API1S · γίγνομαιmain verb of the contrast clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'have become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the contrast clause.
ἠτιμωμένηdishonoredVM · χμπνσφ ἀτιμόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνσφ ἀτιμόω: meaning 'dishonored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
οὐ πρὸς ὑμᾶς πάντες οἱ παραπορευόμενοι ὁδόν ἐπιστρέψατε καὶ ἴδετε εἰ ἔστιν ἄλγος κατὰ τὸ ἄλγος μου ὃ ἐγενήθη φθεγξάμενος ἐν ἐμοὶ ἐταπείνωσέν με κύριος ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς θυμοῦ αὐτοῦ
Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by on the road? Turn and see whether there is any pain like my pain, which has come upon me, with which the Lord has humbled me in the day of his fierce anger.
The speaking city summons passersby to witness the uniqueness of her pain as an expression of the Lord's anger.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραπορευόμενοιpassing byV1 · πμπνπμ πορεύομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ πορεύομαι + παρα: meaning 'passing by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδόνroadN2 ASF · ὁδόςnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
ἐπιστρέψατεturned backVA AAD2P · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδετεseeVB AAD2P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist imperative issuing a direct commandὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἄλγοςalgosN3E ASN · ἄλγοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄλγος: meaning 'algos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλγοςalgosN3E ASN · ἄλγοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄλγος: meaning 'algos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὃwhichRR NSN · ὅςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
φθεγξάμενοςhaving spokenVA · αμπνσμ φθέγγομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseαμπνσμ φθέγγομαι: meaning 'having spoken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐμοὶmeRP DS · ἐγώpronoun→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
ἐταπείνωσένhumbledVAI AAI3S · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseταπεινόω: meaning 'humbled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
θυμοῦangerN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive modifier→ relational specificationθυμός: meaning 'anger'; it serves as genitive modifier.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
13
ἐξ ὕψους αὐτοῦ ἀπέστειλεν πῦρ ἐν τοῖς ὀστέοις μου κατήγαγεν αὐτό διεπέτασεν δίκτυον τοῖς ποσίν μου ἀπέστρεψέν με εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω ἔδωκέν με ἠφανισμένην ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ὀδυνωμένην
From on high he sent fire into my bones and brought it down; he spread a net for my feet, turned me back, and made me desolate, in pain all the day.
Divine affliction is pictured with fire, net, reversal, and desolation, making the suffering bodily and inescapable.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὕψουςof honorN3E GSN · ὕψοςgenitive coordinated with παρακλήσεως→ relational specificationὕψος: meaning 'of honor'; it serves as genitive coordinated with παρακλήσεως.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέοιςbonesN2N DPN · ὀστέονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κατήγαγενbrought downVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + κατα: meaning 'brought down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτό: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
διεπέτασενπετάζωVAI AAI3S · πετάζω + διαparticiple contributing circumstance, manner, or description→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπετάζω + δια: meaning 'πετάζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing circumstance, manner, or description.
δίκτυονnetN2N ASN · δίκτυονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκτυον: meaning 'net'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποσίνfeetN3D DPM · πούςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπούς: meaning 'feet'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀπέστρεψένturned backVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωafter / behindD · ὀπίσωproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἔδωκένgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ perfectiveδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἠφανισμένηνdesolateVAI AMPASFI(/ZW · ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅληνwholeA1 ASF · ὅλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅλος: meaning 'whole'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὀδυνωμένηνin painV3 · πμπασφ ὀδυνάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπασφ ὀδυνάω: meaning 'in pain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ἐγρηγορήθη ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσεβήματά μου ἐν χερσίν μου συνεπλάκησαν ἀνέβησαν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλόν μου ἠσθένησεν ἡ ἰσχύς μου ὅτι ἔδωκεν κύριος ἐν χερσίν μου ὀδύνας οὐ δυνήσομαι στῆναι
My transgressions were watched over; in his hands they were woven together, they came up upon my neck, and my strength failed. For the Lord has given into my hands pains; I shall not be able to stand.
Sin becomes a tightly bound burden laid upon the neck, and the city confesses its strength has failed beneath it.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐγρηγορήθηwas watched overVCI API3S · γρηγορέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseγρηγορέω: meaning 'was watched over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβήματάimpietiesN3M APN · ἀσέβημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἀσέβημα: meaning 'impieties'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χερσίνhandN3 DPF · χείρcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
συνεπλάκησανwere woven togetherVDI API3P · πλέκω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπλέκω + συν: meaning 'were woven together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνέβησανwent upVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράχηλόνneckN2 ASM · τράχηλοςaccusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτράχηλος: meaning 'neck'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἠσθένησενgrew weakVAI AAI3S · ἀσθενέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀσθενέω: meaning 'grew weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύςarmy / forceN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative term in clause/list→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'army'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χερσίνhandN3 DPF · χείρcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὀδύναςsorrowsN1 APF · ὀδύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ zophar: brief triumph and bitter endὀδύνη: meaning 'sorrows'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
δυνήσομαιbe ableVF FMI1S · δύναμαιmain finite verb of the clause→ future / prospective force looking ahead from the speech momentδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main finite verb of the clause.
στῆναιset up / placeVH AAN · ἵστημιfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ infinitival complementἵστημι: meaning 'set up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
15
ἐξῆρεν πάντας τοὺς ἰσχυρούς μου ὁ κύριος ἐκ μέσου μου ἐκάλεσεν ἐπ' ἐμὲ καιρὸν τοῦ συντρῖψαι ἐκλεκτούς μου ληνὸν ἐπάτησεν κύριος παρθένῳ θυγατρὶ Ιουδα ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐγὼ κλαίω
The Lord has taken away all my mighty men from my midst; he called an appointed time against me to crush my chosen men. The Lord trod a winepress for the virgin daughter of Judah.
The Lord himself is the treader of the winepress; the martial defeat is interpreted as deliberate judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐξῆρενtook awayVBI AAI3S · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'took away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχυρούςmighty menA1A APM · ἰσχυρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty men'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσουthe midstA1 GSM · μέσοςsubstantival genitive after διά→ relational specificationμέσος: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as substantival genitive after διά.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐκάλεσενcalledVAI AAI3S · καλέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeκαλέω: meaning 'called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐμὲmeRP AS · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καιρὸνappointed time / seasonN2 ASM · καιρόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationκαιρός: meaning 'appointed time'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συντρῖψαιto crushVA AAN · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτρίβω + συν: meaning 'to crush'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκλεκτούςchosen menA1 APM · ἐκλεκτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen men'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ληνὸνwinepressN2 ASF · ληνόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalληνός: meaning 'winepress'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπάτησενtrodVAI AAI3S · πατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπατέω: meaning 'trod'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
παρθένῳvirginN2 DSF · παρθένοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgin'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θυγατρὶthygatriN3 DSF · θυγάτηρnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'thygatri'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαproper name functioning within the prophetic scene→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the prophetic scene.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τούτοιςtheseRD DPM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κλαίωI weepV1 PAI1S · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκλαίω: meaning 'I weep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
ὁ ὀφθαλμός μου κατήγαγεν ὕδωρ ὅτι ἐμακρύνθη ἀπ' ἐμοῦ ὁ παρακαλῶν με ὁ ἐπιστρέφων ψυχήν μου ἐγένοντο οἱ υἱοί μου ἠφανισμένοι ὅτι ἐκραταιώθη ὁ ἐχθρός
For these things I weep; my eye runs down with water, because far from me is the comforter who restores my soul. My children have become desolate because the enemy prevailed.
The lack of a comforter returns, now joined to the desolation of the children because the enemy has prevailed.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμόςeyeN2 NSM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κατήγαγενbrought downVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + κατα: meaning 'brought down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμακρύνθηwas far removedVCI API3S · μακρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμακρύνω: meaning 'was far removed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρακαλῶνencouragingV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + παραparticiple functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipπαπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιστρέφωνπαπνσμ στρεφω + επιV1 · παπνσμ στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ στρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'παπνσμ στρεφω + επι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ψυχήνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοίsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἠφανισμένοιdesolateVAI AMPNPMI(/ZW · ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκραταιώθηgrow strong / prevailVCI API3S · κραταιόωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristκραταιόω: meaning 'grow strong'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρόςenemyA1A NSM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant or predicate prominenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
17
διεπέτασεν Σιων χεῖρας αὐτῆς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ παρακαλῶν αὐτήν ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Ιακωβ κύκλῳ αὐτοῦ οἱ θλίβοντες αὐτόν ἐγενήθη Ιερουσαλημ εἰς ἀποκαθημένην ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν
Zion spread out her hands, but there was none to comfort her. The Lord commanded concerning Jacob that those around him should be his oppressors; Jerusalem became like an unclean woman among them.
Zion's outstretched hands find no answering helper; Jerusalem stands among the nations like an unclean outcast.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
διεπέτασενπετάζωVAI AAI3S · πετάζω + διαparticiple contributing circumstance, manner, or description→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπετάζω + δια: meaning 'πετάζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing circumstance, manner, or description.
ΣιωνZionN NS · Σιωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΣιων: meaning 'Zion'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρακαλῶνencouragingV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + παραparticiple functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipπαπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverbal element advancing the clause→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element advancing the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβIakobN DSM · Ἰακώβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'around'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θλίβοντεςafflictingV1 · παπνπμ θλίβωparticiple modifying the surrounding clause or participant→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ θλίβω: meaning 'afflicting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the surrounding clause or participant.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN NSF · Ἰερουσαλήμindeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀποκαθημένηνan unclean womanV5 · πμπασφ ἧμαι + ἀπο + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασφ ἧμαι + ἀπο + κατα: meaning 'an unclean woman'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
18
δίκαιός ἐστιν κύριος ὅτι τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ παρεπίκρανα ἀκούσατε δή πάντες οἱ λαοί καὶ ἴδετε τὸ ἄλγος μου παρθένοι μου καὶ νεανίσκοι μου ἐπορεύθησαν ἐν αἰχμαλωσίᾳ
The Lord is righteous, because I provoked his mouth. Hear now, all you peoples, and see my pain: my virgins and my young men have gone into captivity.
The city explicitly acknowledges the Lord's righteousness even while inviting the peoples to behold her pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
δίκαιόςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ companionship, resilience, and diligent stewardshipδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
παρεπίκραναI provoked bitterlyVAI AAI1S · πικραίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπικραίνω + παρα: meaning 'I provoked bitterly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δήdeX · δήnominal term functioning within the local clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: meaning 'de'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοίpeopleN2 NPM · λαόςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδετεseeVB AAD2P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist imperative issuing a direct commandὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλγοςalgosN3E ASN · ἄλγοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄλγος: meaning 'algos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
παρθένοιvirginsN2 NPF · παρθένοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgins'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπορεύθησανgoVCI API3P · πορεύομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aorist passive-form deponentπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίᾳcaptivity / captivesN1A DSF · αἰχμαλωσίαsubject in apposition (the captives also purified)→ sphere or referenceαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as subject in apposition (the captives also purified).
19
ἐκάλεσα τοὺς ἐραστάς μου αὐτοὶ δὲ παρελογίσαντό με οἱ ἱερεῖς μου καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροί μου ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐξέλιπον ὅτι ἐζήτησαν βρῶσιν αὐτοῖς ἵνα ἐπιστρέψωσιν ψυχὰς αὐτῶν καὶ οὐχ εὗρον
I called to my lovers, but they deceived me; my priests and my elders perished in the city, because they sought food for themselves to restore their life and did not find it.
Lovers deceive, priests and elders perish, and even the search for food ends in failure.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐκάλεσαyou have invited / calledVAI AAI1S · καλέωmain verb of the rhetorical question (perfect)→ aoristκαλέω: meaning 'you have invited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the rhetorical question (perfect).
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐραστάςloversN1M APM · ἐραστήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐραστής: meaning 'lovers'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρελογίσαντόthey deceivedVAI AMI3P · λογίζομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλογίζομαι + παρα: meaning 'they deceived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροίeldersA1A NPMC · πρεσβύτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elders'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ἐξέλιπονvanishVBI AAI3P · λείπω + ἐκparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ future force: projected action or resultλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'vanish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήτησανzeteoVAI AAI3P · ζητέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeζητέω: meaning 'zeteo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
βρῶσινfoodN3I ASF · βρῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationβρῶσις: meaning 'food'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστρέψωσινturned backVA AAS3P · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative object or complement→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὗρονfindVB AAI3P · εὑρίσκωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ aorist indicative summaryεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
20
ἰδέ κύριε ὅτι θλίβομαι ἡ κοιλία μου ἐταράχθη καὶ ἡ καρδία μου ἐστράφη ἐν ἐμοί ὅτι παραπικραίνουσα παρεπίκρανα ἔξωθεν ἠτέκνωσέν με μάχαιρα ὥσπερ θάνατος ἐν οἴκῳ
See, O Lord, that I am distressed: my belly is in turmoil and my heart is overturned within me, because in bitterness I rebelled. Outside the sword has bereaved me; inside the house it is like death.
The lament turns inward and outward at once: turmoil fills the body, while sword outside and death inside close every refuge.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἰδέseeVB AAD2S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θλίβομαιI am distressedV1 PMI1S · θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processθλίβω: meaning 'I am distressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλίαbelly / wombN1A NSF · κοιλίαcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκοιλία: meaning 'belly'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐταράχθηtroubleVQI API3S · ταράσσωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist passive event viewed as effected upon the subjectταράσσω: meaning 'trouble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐστράφηwas turnedVDI API3S · στρέφωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω: meaning 'was turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐμοίIRP DS · ἐγώpronominal element linking or specifying a noun phrase→ participant reference or interestἐμοί: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element linking or specifying a noun phrase.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραπικραίνουσαrebelling bitterlyV1 · παπνσφ πικραίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ πικραίνω + παρα: meaning 'rebelling bitterly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρεπίκραναI provoked bitterlyVAI AAI1S · πικραίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπικραίνω + παρα: meaning 'I provoked bitterly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔξωθενoutsideD · ἔξωθενadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἔξωθεν: meaning 'outside'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἠτέκνωσένhas bereavedVBI AAI3S · ἀτεκνόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀτεκνόω: meaning 'has bereaved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
μάχαιραswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
θάνατοςdeathN2 NSM · θάνατοςsubject of συναντήσῃ (first of two feared outcomes)→ participant prominenceθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as subject of συναντήσῃ (first of two feared outcomes).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
21
ἀκούσατε δὴ ὅτι στενάζω ἐγώ οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ παρακαλῶν με πάντες οἱ ἐχθροί μου ἤκουσαν τὰ κακά μου καὶ ἐχάρησαν ὅτι σὺ ἐποίησας ἐπήγαγες ἡμέραν ἐκάλεσας καιρόν καὶ ἐγένοντο ὅμοιοι ἐμοί
Hear now that I groan; there is none to comfort me. All my enemies heard of my evils and rejoiced that you have done it; you brought the day, you called the appointed time, and they became like me.
The enemies rejoice because they recognize the disaster as God's work, yet the city asks that the same appointed day reach them too.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στενάζωI groanV1 PAI1S · στενάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseστενάζω: meaning 'I groan'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρακαλῶνencouragingV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + παραparticiple functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipπαπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροίenemiesA1A NPM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἤκουσανhearVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακάevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχάρησανrejoiceVDI API3P · χαίρωmain finite verb of the clause→ aorist passive event viewed as effected upon the subjectχαίρω: meaning 'rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main finite verb of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐποίησαςdo / makeVAI AAI2S · ποιέωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ἐπήγαγεςyou brought onVBI AAI2S · ἄγω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ aorist indicative presenting the action as a completed wholeἄγω + ἐπι: meaning 'you brought on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐκάλεσαςyou calledVAI AAI2S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ assertion or appealκαλέω: meaning 'you called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καιρόνseasonN2 ASM · καιρόςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ὅμοιοιlikeA1A NPM · ὅμοιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅμοιος: meaning 'like'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐμοίIRP DS · ἐγώpronominal element linking or specifying a noun phrase→ participant reference or interestἐμοί: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element linking or specifying a noun phrase.
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εἰσέλθοι πᾶσα ἡ κακία αὐτῶν κατὰ πρόσωπόν σου καὶ ἐπιφύλλισον αὐτοῖς ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν ἐπιφυλλίδα περὶ πάντων τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων μου ὅτι πολλοὶ οἱ στεναγμοί μου καὶ ἡ καρδία μου λυπεῖται
Let all their evil come before your face, and deal with them as you dealt with me because of all my sins; for my groans are many and my heart grieves.
The poem closes with a plea that the Lord bring the evildoers before him and answer them according to their deeds.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
εἰσέλθοιlet enterVB AAO3S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'let enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίαwickedness / evilN1A NSF · κακίαcommon noun within the clause→ content focusκακία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιφύλλισονdeal withVA AAD2S · φυλλίζω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφυλλίζω + ἐπι: meaning 'deal with'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐπιφυλλίδαretributionN3D APF · ἐπιφυλλίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπιφυλλίς: meaning 'retribution'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πάντωνall / everyA3 GPN · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτημάτωνsinsN3M GPN · ἁμάρτημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ qualification or source relationἁμάρτημα: meaning 'sins'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative head term or subject complement→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative head term or subject complement.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στεναγμοίgroansN2 NPM · στεναγμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionστεναγμός: meaning 'groans'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
λυπεῖταιgrievesV2 PMI3S · λυπέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλυπέω: meaning 'grieves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.