1
πῶς ἐγνόφωσεν ἐν ὀργῇ αὐτοῦ κύριος τὴν θυγατέρα Σιων κατέρριψεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ εἰς γῆν δόξασμα Ισραηλ καὶ οὐκ ἐμνήσθη ὑποποδίου ποδῶν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ
How the Lord in his anger has darkened daughter Zion! He cast down from heaven to earth the glory of Israel, and he did not remember his footstool in the day of his anger.
Judgment appears first as a darkening from above: Zion's glory is thrown down by the Lord himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐγνόφωσενdarkenedVAI AAI3S · γνοφόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseγνοφόω: meaning 'darkened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀργῇwith angerN1 DSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterN3 ASF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
κατέρριψενcast downVAI AAI3S · ῥίπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseῥίπτω + κατα: meaning 'cast down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δόξασμαglory / adornmentN3M ASN · δόξασμαaccusative substantive within the clause→ object specificationδόξασμα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as accusative substantive within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐμνήσθηrememberedVSI API3S · μιμνήσκωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aorist passive-deponentμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remembered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὑποποδίουfootstoolN2N GSN · ὑποποδίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityὑποποδίον: meaning 'footstool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ποδῶνfootN3D GPM · πούςgenitive dependent→ relational specificationπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as genitive dependent.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
2
κατεπόντισεν κύριος οὐ φεισάμενος πάντα τὰ ὡραῖα Ιακωβ καθεῖλεν ἐν θυμῷ αὐτοῦ τὰ ὀχυρώματα τῆς θυγατρὸς Ιουδα ἐκόλλησεν εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐβεβήλωσεν βασιλέα αὐτῆς καὶ ἄρχοντας αὐτῆς
The Lord swallowed up, not sparing, all the beautiful things of Jacob; in his wrath he tore down the strongholds of the daughter of Judah, brought them to the ground, and profaned her king and her rulers.
Political and fortified strength alike collapse under divine anger, and royal authority is treated as profaned.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
κατεπόντισενswallowed upVAI AAI3S · ποντίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ deliverance, judgment, and redeemed praiseποντίζω + κατα: meaning 'swallowed up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
φεισάμενοςhaving sparedVA · αμπνσμ φείδομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseαμπνσμ φείδομαι: meaning 'having spared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὡραῖαbeautiful placesA1A APN · ὡραῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentὡραῖος: meaning 'beautiful places'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθεῖλενtore downVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + καταfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristαἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'tore down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
θυμῷwrathN2 DSM · θυμόςDative complement→ sphere or referenceθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as Dative complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματαstrongholdsN3M APN · ὀχύρωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: meaning 'strongholds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαproper name functioning within the prophetic scene→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the prophetic scene.
ἐκόλλησενbrought downVAI AAI3S · κολλάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκολλάω: meaning 'brought down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐβεβήλωσενprofaneVAI AAI3S · βεβηλόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationβεβηλόω: meaning 'profane'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρχονταςruler / chiefN3 APM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
3
συνέκλασεν ἐν ὀργῇ θυμοῦ αὐτοῦ πᾶν κέρας Ισραηλ ἀπέστρεψεν ὀπίσω δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ προσώπου ἐχθροῦ καὶ ἀνῆψεν ἐν Ιακωβ ὡς πῦρ φλόγα καὶ κατέφαγεν πάντα τὰ κύκλῳ
He broke off in the anger of his wrath every horn of Israel; he turned back his right hand from before the enemy and kindled in Jacob like a flaming fire that devoured everything around.
Israel's horn and right hand, symbols of strength and protection, are withdrawn in blazing judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
συνέκλασενbroke offVAI AAI3S · κλαίω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκλαίω + συν: meaning 'broke off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀργῇwith angerN1 DSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
θυμοῦangerN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive modifier→ relational specificationθυμός: meaning 'anger'; it serves as genitive modifier.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πᾶνallA3 NSN · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
κέραςhornN3T NSN · κέραςaccusative-like object in the idiom of strength or exaltation→ participant prominenceκέρας: meaning 'horn'; it serves as accusative-like object in the idiom of strength or exaltation.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἀπέστρεψενreturnedVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'returned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὀπίσωafter / behindD · ὀπίσωproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δεξιὰνto the rightA1A ASF · δεξιόςadverbial accusative in the idiom of directional deviation→ object specificationδεξιός: meaning 'to the right'; it serves as adverbial accusative in the idiom of directional deviation.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἐχθροῦenemyA1A GSM · ἐχθρόςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as adjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a genitive dependent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνῆψενkindledVAI AAI3S · ἅπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἅπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'kindled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΙακωβIakobN DSM · Ἰακώβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
φλόγαflameN3G ASF · φλόξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationφλόξ: meaning 'flame'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέφαγενconsumeVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'around'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
4
ἐνέτεινεν τόξον αὐτοῦ ὡς ἐχθρός ἐστερέωσεν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ὡς ὑπεναντίος καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν πάντα τὰ ἐπιθυμήματα ὀφθαλμῶν μου ἐν σκηνῇ θυγατρὸς Σιων ἐξέχεεν ὡς πῦρ τὸν θυμὸν αὐτοῦ
He bent his bow like an enemy, fixed his right hand like an adversary, and killed all the delights of my eyes; in the tent of daughter Zion he poured out his fury like fire.
The Lord is described with the posture of an attacking warrior, making the shock of judgment unmistakable.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐνέτεινενdraw / stretchVAI AAI3S · τείνω + ἐνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristτείνω + ἐν: meaning 'draw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τόξονbowN2N ASN · τόξονaccusative object or complement→ object specificationτόξον: meaning 'bow'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐχθρόςenemyA1A NSM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant or predicate prominenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστερέωσενpressedVAI AAI3S · στερεόωmain verb describing sustained combat→ aoristστερεόω: meaning 'pressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb describing sustained combat.
δεξιὰνto the rightA1A ASF · δεξιόςadverbial accusative in the idiom of directional deviation→ object specificationδεξιός: meaning 'to the right'; it serves as adverbial accusative in the idiom of directional deviation.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑπεναντίοςadversaryA1A NSM · ὑπεναντίοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑπεναντίος: meaning 'adversary'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέκτεινενkilledVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aorist (judgment notice)κτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'killed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμήματαdesired thingsN3M APN · ἐπιθύμημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιθύμημα: meaning 'desired things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesN2 GPM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive substantive after ἀπό→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as genitive substantive after ἀπό.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σκηνῇtentN1 DSF · σκηνήdative complement within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: meaning 'tent'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐξέχεενhe has shedV2I IAI3S · χέω + ἐκmain verb (declarative verdict)→ eventχέω + ἐκ: meaning 'he has shed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (declarative verdict).
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμὸνθυμόςN2 ASM · θυμόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'θυμός'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
5
ἐγενήθη κύριος ὡς ἐχθρός κατεπόντισεν Ισραηλ κατεπόντισεν πάσας τὰς βάρεις αὐτῆς διέφθειρεν τὰ ὀχυρώματα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπλήθυνεν τῇ θυγατρὶ Ιουδα ταπεινουμένην καὶ τεταπεινωμένην
The Lord became like an enemy. He swallowed up Israel, swallowed up all her palaces, destroyed his strongholds, and multiplied in the daughter of Judah humiliation and abasement.
The comparison “like an enemy” names the chapter's central terror: God appears against his own people.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐχθρόςenemyA1A NSM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant or predicate prominenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατεπόντισενswallowed upVAI AAI3S · ποντίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ deliverance, judgment, and redeemed praiseποντίζω + κατα: meaning 'swallowed up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
κατεπόντισενswallowed upVAI AAI3S · ποντίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ deliverance, judgment, and redeemed praiseποντίζω + κατα: meaning 'swallowed up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάρειςβάριςN3I APF · βάριςnominal element carrying the clause or phrase→ object specificationβάρις: meaning 'βάρις'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
διέφθειρενdestroyedV1I IAI3S · φθείρω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφθείρω + δια: meaning 'destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματαstrongholdsN3M APN · ὀχύρωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: meaning 'strongholds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλήθυνενincreased / grew greatV1I IAI3S · πληθύνωmain verb (intensifying continuation)→ ongoing verbal processπληθύνω: meaning 'increased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (intensifying continuation).
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὶthygatriN3 DSF · θυγάτηρnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'thygatri'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαproper name functioning within the prophetic scene→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the prophetic scene.
ταπεινουμένηνhumiliationV4 · πμπασφ ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπασφ ταπεινόω: meaning 'humiliation'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεταπεινωμένηνabasementVM · χμπασφ ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπασφ ταπεινόω: meaning 'abasement'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
καὶ διεπέτασεν ὡς ἄμπελον τὸ σκήνωμα αὐτοῦ διέφθειρεν ἑορτὴν αὐτοῦ ἐπελάθετο κύριος ὃ ἐποίησεν ἐν Σιων ἑορτῆς καὶ σαββάτου καὶ παρώξυνεν ἐμβριμήματι ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ βασιλέα καὶ ἱερέα καὶ ἄρχοντα
And he stretched out his booth like a vineyard and destroyed his appointed feast. The Lord made Zion forget festival and sabbath, and in the fury of his anger he spurned king and priest and ruler.
Sacred time itself is disrupted; feast and sabbath disappear under wrath.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεπέτασενπετάζωVAI AAI3S · πετάζω + διαparticiple contributing circumstance, manner, or description→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπετάζω + δια: meaning 'πετάζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing circumstance, manner, or description.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄμπελονvineN2 ASF · ἄμπελοςobject of ὑπὸ in the first security image→ object specificationἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as object of ὑπὸ in the first security image.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκήνωμαcampN3M ASN · σκήνωμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationσκήνωμα: meaning 'camp'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διέφθειρενdestroyedV1I IAI3S · φθείρω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφθείρω + δια: meaning 'destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑορτὴνfeastN1 ASF · ἑορτήdative complement within the clause or phrase→ object specificationἑορτή: meaning 'feast'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπελάθετοuponVBI AMI3S · λανθάνω + ἐπιverbal element carrying the clause action→ wild creatures and limits of masteryλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὃwhich / whoRR NSM · ὅςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΣιωνZionN DSF · Σιωνindeclinable particle shaping the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΣιων: meaning 'Zion'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑορτῆςa feastN1 GSF · ἑορτήobject of πρό→ relational specificationἑορτή: meaning 'a feast'; it serves as object of πρό.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαββάτουSabbathN2N GSN · σάββατονnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationσάββατον: meaning 'Sabbath'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρώξυνενspurnedVAI AAI3S · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'spurned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμβριμήματιfuryN3M DSN · ἐμβρίμημαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientἐμβρίμημα: meaning 'fury'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱερέαpriestN3V ASM · ἱερεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρχονταcommanderN3 ASM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'commander'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
7
ἀπώσατο κύριος θυσιαστήριον αὐτοῦ ἀπετίναξεν ἁγίασμα αὐτοῦ συνέτριψεν ἐν χειρὶ ἐχθροῦ τεῖχος βάρεων αὐτῆς φωνὴν ἔδωκαν ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἑορτῆς
The Lord rejected his altar, cast off his sanctuary, and handed over into the enemy's hand the wall of her palaces. They gave voice in the house of the Lord as on a feast day.
Altar and sanctuary are not merely overrun by foreigners but rejected by the Lord before they are handed over.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἀπώσατοrejectedVAI AMI3S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'rejected'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θυσιαστήριονaltarN2N ASN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπετίναξενcast offVAI AAI3S · τινάσσω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτινάσσω + ἀπο: meaning 'cast off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἁγίασμαsanctuaryN3M ASN · ἁγίασμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἁγίασμα: meaning 'sanctuary'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
συνέτριψενtore apart / crushedVAI AAI3S · τρίβω + συνmain verb (the deed)→ effective aorist (completed act of destruction)τρίβω + συν: meaning 'tore apart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the deed).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ἐχθροῦenemyA1A GSM · ἐχθρόςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as adjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a genitive dependent.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςnominal term functioning as an accusative complement→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as nominal term functioning as an accusative complement.
βάρεωνpalacesN3I GPF · βάριςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβάρις: meaning 'palaces'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήhead noun within the clause→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of allotment or gift→ aorist summary statementδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of allotment or gift.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἑορτῆςa feastN1 GSF · ἑορτήobject of πρό→ relational specificationἑορτή: meaning 'a feast'; it serves as object of πρό.
8
καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν κύριος τοῦ διαφθεῖραι τεῖχος θυγατρὸς Σιων ἐξέτεινεν μέτρον οὐκ ἀπέστρεψεν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ καταπατήματος καὶ ἐπένθησεν τὸ προτείχισμα καὶ τεῖχος ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἠσθένησεν
The Lord purposed to destroy the wall of daughter Zion; he stretched out the measuring line and did not turn back his hand from trampling. Rampart and wall mourned; together they grew weak.
The measuring line, usually used for building, is here turned toward systematic demolition.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενturned backVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαφθεῖραιto destroyVA AAN · φθείρω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφθείρω + δια: meaning 'to destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςnominal term functioning as an accusative complement→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as nominal term functioning as an accusative complement.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐξέτεινενstretched outVAI AAI3S · τείνω + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeτείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'stretched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀπέστρεψενreturnedVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'returned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
καταπατήματοςtramplingN3M GSN · καταπάτημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityκαταπάτημα: meaning 'trampling'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπένθησενmournedVAI AAI3S · πενθέωmain verb of mourning→ aorist summary statementπενθέω: meaning 'mourned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of mourning.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προτείχισμαouter wallN3M ASN · προτείχισμαnominal element carrying the clause or phrase→ object specificationπροτείχισμα: meaning 'outer wall'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςnominal term functioning as an accusative complement→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as nominal term functioning as an accusative complement.
ὁμοθυμαδὸνwith one accordD · ὁμοθυμαδόνparticle or discourse marker shaping the flow of the clause→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningὁμοθυμαδὸν: meaning 'with one accord'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠσθένησενgrew weakVAI AAI3S · ἀσθενέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀσθενέω: meaning 'grew weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
ἐνεπάγησαν εἰς γῆν πύλαι αὐτῆς ἀπώλεσεν καὶ συνέτριψεν μοχλοὺς αὐτῆς βασιλέα αὐτῆς καὶ ἄρχοντας αὐτῆς ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν οὐκ ἔστιν νόμος καί γε προφῆται αὐτῆς οὐκ εἶδον ὅρασιν παρὰ κυρίου
Her gates sank into the ground; he destroyed and broke her bars. Her king and rulers are among the nations; there is no law, and even her prophets saw no vision from the Lord.
With gates ruined, rulers exiled, law absent, and prophecy silent, the civic and covenant order has collapsed together.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐνεπάγησανsank inVAI AAI3P · παγάομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαγάομαι + ἐν: meaning 'sank in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πύλαιgateN1 NPF · πύληnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέτριψενtore apart / crushedVAI AAI3S · τρίβω + συνmain verb (the deed)→ effective aorist (completed act of destruction)τρίβω + συν: meaning 'tore apart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the deed).
μοχλοὺςbars / crossbarsN2 APM · μοχλόςaccusative (object of ἤνεγκαν)→ object specificationμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as accusative (object of ἤνεγκαν).
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρχονταςruler / chiefN3 APM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clause→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentγέ: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
προφῆταιprophetN1M NPM · προφήτηςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶδονseeVBI AAI3P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὅρασινvisionN3I ASF · ὅρασιςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
10
ἐκάθισαν εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐσιώπησαν πρεσβύτεροι θυγατρὸς Σιων ἀνεβίβασαν χοῦν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτῶν περιεζώσαντο σάκκους κατήγαγον εἰς γῆν ἀρχηγοὺς παρθένους ἐν Ιερουσαλημ
The elders of daughter Zion sat on the ground in silence; they cast dust upon their heads and girded themselves with sackcloth. The virgin leaders in Jerusalem bowed their heads to the ground.
The communal response is total mourning, from elders to Jerusalem's maidens.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐκάθισανsettle / dwellVAI AAI3P · ἵζω + καταfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ constative aoristἵζω + κατα: meaning 'settle'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐσιώπησανthey were silentVAI AAI3P · σιωπάωmain or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeσιωπάω: meaning 'they were silent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersA1A NPMC · πρεσβύτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elders'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἀνεβίβασανβιβάζωVAI AAI3P · βιβάζω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clauseβιβάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'βιβάζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
χοῦνdustN3 ASM · χοῦςaccusative noun naming mortal origin and end→ object specificationχοῦς: meaning 'dust'; it serves as accusative noun naming mortal origin and end.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
περιεζώσαντοgirded themselvesVAI AMI3P · ζώννυμι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ gnomic aorist (characteristic reversal)ζώννυμι + περι: meaning 'girded themselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 APM · σάκκοςdirect object of περιζώσασθε→ object specificationσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as direct object of περιζώσασθε.
κατήγαγονI brought downVBI AAI3P · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + κατα: meaning 'I brought down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἀρχηγοὺςarchegosN2 APM · ἀρχηγόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀρχηγός: meaning 'archegos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
παρθένουςvirginsN2 APF · παρθένοςdirect object of περιποιήσεσθεπαρθένος: meaning 'virgins'; it serves as direct object of περιποιήσεσθε.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
11
ἐξέλιπον ἐν δάκρυσιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου ἐταράχθη ἡ καρδία μου ἐξεχύθη εἰς γῆν ἡ δόξα μου ἐπὶ τὸ σύντριμμα τῆς θυγατρὸς τοῦ λαοῦ μου ἐν τῷ ἐκλιπεῖν νήπιον καὶ θηλάζοντα ἐν πλατείαις πόλεως
My eyes failed with tears, my heart was troubled, my glory was poured out upon the earth because of the destruction of the daughter of my people, when infant and nursing child fainted in the squares of the city.
The poet's inner organs fail as he watches children collapse in the city's public spaces.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐξέλιπονvanishVBI AAI3P · λείπω + ἐκparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ future force: projected action or resultλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'vanish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δάκρυσινtearsN3 DPN · δάκρυdative element functioning within the clause→ sphere or referenceδάκρυ: meaning 'tears'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοίeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐταράχθηtroubleVQI API3S · ταράσσωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist passive event viewed as effected upon the subjectταράσσω: meaning 'trouble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐξεχύθηwas poured outVCI API3S · χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristχέω + ἐκ: meaning 'was poured out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύντριμμαruinN3M ASN · σύντριμμαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationσύντριμμα: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκλιπεῖνto make failVB AAN · λείπω + ἐκinfinitive complement or verbal noun within the clause→ infinitival complementλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'to make fail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or verbal noun within the clause.
νήπιονinfantA1A NPN · νήπιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionνήπιος: meaning 'infant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θηλάζονταnursing childV1 · παπνπν θηλάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπν θηλάζω: meaning 'nursing child'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πλατείαιςstreetsA3U DPF · πλατύςDative complement→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'streets'; it serves as Dative complement.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
12
ταῖς μητράσιν αὐτῶν εἶπαν ποῦ σῖτος καὶ οἶνος ἐν τῷ ἐκλύεσθαι αὐτοὺς ὡς τραυματίας ἐν πλατείαις πόλεως ἐν τῷ ἐκχεῖσθαι ψυχὰς αὐτῶν εἰς κόλπον μητέρων αὐτῶν
They said to their mothers, “Where is grain and wine?” while they fainted like wounded men in the squares of the city, while their lives were poured out into their mothers' bosom.
The children's request for grain and wine turns famine into a direct maternal tragedy.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητράσινmothersN3 DPF · μήτηρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientμήτηρ: meaning 'mothers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'they said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb (introducing deliberative indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastποῦ: meaning 'where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σῖτοςgrainN2 NSM · σῖτοςfirst nominative item in the list of prohibited provisions→ locust devastation and communal lamentσῖτος: meaning 'grain'; it serves as first nominative item in the list of prohibited provisions.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκλύεσθαιto faintV1 PMN · λύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλύω + ἐκ: meaning 'to faint'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τραυματίαςslainN1T NSM · τραυματίαςcommon noun within the clauseτραυματίας: meaning 'slain'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πλατείαιςstreetsA3U DPF · πλατύςDative complement→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'streets'; it serves as Dative complement.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκχεῖσθαιto be poured outV2 PMN · χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχέω + ἐκ: meaning 'to be poured out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative object or complement→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κόλπονbosomN2 ASM · κόλποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόλπος: meaning 'bosom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μητέρωνmotherN3 GPF · μήτηρgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation→ relational specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
13
τί μαρτυρήσω σοι ἢ τί ὁμοιώσω σοι θύγατερ Ιερουσαλημ τίς σώσει σε καὶ παρακαλέσει σε παρθένος θύγατερ Σιων ὅτι ἐμεγαλύνθη ποτήριον συντριβῆς σου τίς ἰάσεταί σε
What can I testify for you, or to what can I compare you, daughter Jerusalem? Who will save and comfort you, virgin daughter Zion? For the cup of your destruction has grown great; who will heal you?
No adequate comparison can contain Zion's wound; the question of healing is left painfully open.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
μαρτυρήσωshall I testifyVA AAS1S · μαρτυρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμαρτυρέω: meaning 'shall I testify'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὁμοιώσωshall I compareVF FAI1S · ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseὁμοιόω: meaning 'shall I compare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
θύγατερdaughterN3 VSF · θυγάτηρvocative element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as vocative element used in direct address.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
σώσειit will saveVF FAI3S · σώζωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureσώζω: meaning 'it will save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρακαλέσεικαλέω + παραVF FAI3S · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'καλέω + παρα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause forward.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
παρθένοςvirginN2 NSF · παρθένοςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
θύγατερdaughterN3 VSF · θυγάτηρvocative element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as vocative element used in direct address.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμεγαλύνθηgrew great / was magnifiedVCI API3S · μεγαλύνωmain verb (Samuel's growth)→ constative aoristμεγαλύνω: meaning 'grew great'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Samuel's growth).
ποτήριονcupN2N NSN · ποτήριονnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceποτήριον: meaning 'cup'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
συντριβῆςcrushingN1 GSF · συντριβήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυντριβή: meaning 'crushing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἰάσεταίwill healVF FMI3S · ἰάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἰάομαι: meaning 'will heal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
14
προφῆταί σου εἴδοσάν σοι μάταια καὶ ἀφροσύνην καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκάλυψαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀδικίαν σου τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι αἰχμαλωσίαν σου καὶ εἴδοσάν σοι λήμματα μάταια καὶ ἐξώσματα
Your prophets saw for you emptiness and folly; they did not uncover your iniquity so as to turn back your captivity, but they saw for you deceptive oracles and banishments.
False prophets are blamed for covering nothing and offering delusions instead of true exposure and repentance.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
προφῆταίprophetsN1M NPM · προφήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophets'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἴδοσάνthey sawVBI AAI3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'they saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
μάταιαvain thingsA1A APN · μάταιοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ nominal, pronominal, or adjectival contribution to the oracle's imagery and argumentμάταιος: meaning 'vain things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφροσύνηνfollyN1 ASF · ἀφροσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentἀφροσύνη: meaning 'folly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀπεκάλυψανthey uncoveredVAI AAI3P · καλύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκαλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'they uncovered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικίανinjusticeN1A ASF · ἀδικίαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀδικία: meaning 'injustice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιστρέψαιturn backVA AAN · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist infinitiveστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turn back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αἰχμαλωσίανcaptivityN1A ASF · αἰχμαλωσίαsubject in apposition (the captives also purified)→ object specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as subject in apposition (the captives also purified).
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴδοσάνthey sawVBI AAI3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'they saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
λήμματαoraclesN3M APN · λῆμμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalλῆμμα: meaning 'oracles'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μάταιαvain thingsA1A APN · μάταιοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ nominal, pronominal, or adjectival contribution to the oracle's imagery and argumentμάταιος: meaning 'vain things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξώσματαbanishmentsN3M APN · ἔξωσμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἔξωσμα: meaning 'banishments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
15
ἐκρότησαν ἐπὶ σὲ χεῖρας πάντες οἱ παραπορευόμενοι ὁδόν ἐσύρισαν καὶ ἐκίνησαν τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὴν θυγατέρα Ιερουσαλημ ἦ αὕτη ἡ πόλις ἣν ἐροῦσιν στέφανος δόξης εὐφροσύνη πάσης τῆς γῆς
All who pass by on the road clap their hands at you; they hiss and wag their heads over daughter Jerusalem: “Is this the city they called the crown of glory, the joy of all the earth?”
Passersby turn the city's former fame into an occasion for ridicule.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐκρότησανclappedVAI AAI3P · κροτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκροτέω: meaning 'clapped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραπορευόμενοιpassing byV1 · πμπνπμ πορεύομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ πορεύομαι + παρα: meaning 'passing by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδόνroadN2 ASF · ὁδόςnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
ἐσύρισανhissedVAI AAI3P · συρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσυρίζω: meaning 'hissed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκίνησανwaggedVAI AAI3P · κινέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκινέω: meaning 'wagged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterN3 ASF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
ἦsurelyD · ἦadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ lament, accusation, and brief respiteἦ: meaning 'surely'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
ἐροῦσινsaidVF2 FAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
στέφανοςcrownN2 NSM · στέφανοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceστέφανος: meaning 'crown'; it serves as nominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
εὐφροσύνηgladnessN1 NSF · εὐφροσύνηnominative subject / predicate element in the clause→ participant prominenceεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as nominative subject / predicate element in the clause.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
16
διήνοιξαν ἐπὶ σὲ στόμα αὐτῶν πάντες οἱ ἐχθροί σου ἐσύρισαν καὶ ἔβρυξαν ὀδόντας εἶπαν κατεπίομεν αὐτήν πλὴν αὕτη ἡ ἡμέρα ἣν προσεδοκῶμεν εὕρομεν αὐτήν εἴδομεν
All your enemies opened their mouth against you; they hissed and gnashed their teeth. They said, “We have swallowed her up. Surely this is the day we hoped for; we found it, we saw it.”
The enemies interpret the fall as the long-awaited moment of their own vindication.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
διήνοιξανopenedVAI AAI3P · οἴγω + δια + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἴγω + δια + ἀνα: meaning 'opened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροίenemiesA1A NPM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐσύρισανhissedVAI AAI3P · συρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσυρίζω: meaning 'hissed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔβρυξανgnashedVAI AAI3P · βρύχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβρύχω: meaning 'gnashed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀδόνταςὀδούςN3 APM · ὀδούςgenitive element qualifying another term→ object specificationὀδούς: meaning 'ὀδούς'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'they said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κατεπίομενwe swallowed upV1I IAI1P · πίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπίνω + κατα: meaning 'we swallowed up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
πλὴνexceptD · πλήνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλὴν: meaning 'except'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
προσεδοκῶμενwe hoped forV3I IAI1P · δοκάω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδοκάω + προς: meaning 'we hoped for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εὕρομενwe have foundVB AAI1P · εὑρίσκωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aoristic eventεὑρίσκω: meaning 'we have found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἴδομενwe have seenVBI AAI1P · ὁράωverb of the relative clause→ aoristὁράω: meaning 'we have seen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the relative clause.
17
ἐποίησεν κύριος ἃ ἐνεθυμήθη συνετέλεσεν ῥήματα αὐτοῦ ἃ ἐνετείλατο ἐξ ἡμερῶν ἀρχαίων καθεῖλεν καὶ οὐκ ἐφείσατο καὶ ηὔφρανεν ἐπὶ σὲ ἐχθρόν ὕψωσεν κέρας θλίβοντός σε
The Lord has done what he purposed; he fulfilled his words that he commanded from days of old. He tore down and did not spare; he made the enemy rejoice over you and exalted the horn of your oppressor.
The poem insists that behind the enemy's glee stands the Lord's ancient word now brought to completion.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἃwhichRR NPN · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the explanatory clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun introducing the explanatory clause.
ἐνεθυμήθηhe conceivedVCI API3S · θυμέομαι + ἐνmain verb→ aoristθυμέομαι + ἐν: meaning 'he conceived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
συνετέλεσενcompleteVAI AAI3S · τελέω + συνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ perfectiveτελέω + συν: meaning 'complete'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ῥήματαwordsN3M APN · ῥῆμαobject of ποιεῖν→ object specificationῥῆμα: meaning 'words'; it serves as object of ποιεῖν.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςcommon noun within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverbal element advancing the clause→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element advancing the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἀρχαίωνancientA1A GPM · ἀρχαῖοςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἀρχαῖος: meaning 'ancient'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
καθεῖλενtore downVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + καταfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristαἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'tore down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐφείσατοhe spared / was sparingVAI AMI3S · φείδομαιmain verb (refusing to take from his own)→ aorist middleφείδομαι: meaning 'he spared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (refusing to take from his own).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὔφρανενmade rejoiceVZI AAI3S · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseεὐφραίνω: meaning 'made rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐχθρόνenemyA1A ASM · ἐχθρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ restraint, counsel, and honest dealingἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὕψωσενlifted upVAI AAI3S · ὑψόωmain verb (the act of pardon/exaltation)→ constative aoristὑψόω: meaning 'lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of pardon/exaltation).
κέραςhornN3T NSN · κέραςaccusative-like object in the idiom of strength or exaltation→ participant prominenceκέρας: meaning 'horn'; it serves as accusative-like object in the idiom of strength or exaltation.
θλίβοντόςshall afflictV1 · παπγσμ θλίβωparticiple functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clauseπαπγσμ θλίβω: meaning 'shall afflict'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle functioning adjectivally, adverbially, or substantivally within the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
18
ἐβόησεν καρδία αὐτῶν πρὸς κύριον τείχη Σιων καταγάγετε ὡς χειμάρρους δάκρυα ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός μὴ δῷς ἔκνηψιν σεαυτῇ μὴ σιωπήσαιτο θύγατερ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου
Their heart cried to the Lord: O walls of Zion, bring down tears like a torrent day and night; give yourself no relief, let not the apple of your eye be silent.
The city is summoned to make her tears themselves into liturgy before God.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐβόησενcry outVAI AAI3S · βοάωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeβοάω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τείχηwallsN1 NSF · τείχηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionτείχη: meaning 'walls'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
καταγάγετεbring downVB AAD2P · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἄγω + κατα: meaning 'bring down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χειμάρρουςtorrentN2 APM · χειμάροοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalχειμάροος: meaning 'torrent'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δάκρυαtearsN2N APN · δάκρυaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationδάκρυ: meaning 'tears'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νυκτόςnightN3 GSF · νύξcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δῷςgiveVO AAS2S · δίδωμιsubjunctive verb in a prohibition→ aorist subjunctiveδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as subjunctive verb in a prohibition.
ἔκνηψινreliefN3I ASF · ἔκνηψιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἔκνηψις: meaning 'relief'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σεαυτῇyourselfRD DSF · σεαυτοῦdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphere→ participant reference or interestσεαυτοῦ: meaning 'yourself'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
σιωπήσαιτοbe silentVA AMO3S · σιωπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσιωπάω: meaning 'be silent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύγατερdaughterN3 VSF · θύγατηρvocative nominal element used in direct addressθύγατηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμόςeyeN2 NSM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
19
ἀνάστα ἀγαλλίασαι ἐν νυκτὶ εἰς ἀρχὰς φυλακῆς σου ἔκχεον ὡς ὕδωρ καρδίαν σου ἀπέναντι προσώπου κυρίου ἆρον πρὸς αὐτὸν χεῖράς σου περὶ ψυχῆς νηπίων σου τῶν ἐκλυομένων λιμῷ ἐπ' ἀρχῆς πασῶν ἐξόδων
Rise, cry aloud in the night at the beginning of your watches; pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord. Lift up your hands to him for the lives of your little ones, who faint from hunger at the head of every street.
Night vigils become the setting for unrestrained intercession, especially for starving children.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἀνάσταistemi + anaVH AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'istemi + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state.
ἀγαλλίασαιcry aloudVA AAD2S · ἀγαλλιάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀγαλλιάομαι: meaning 'cry aloud'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
νυκτὶnightN3 DSF · νύξdative of time→ sphere or referenceνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as dative of time.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀρχὰςdominionsN1 APF · ἀρχήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἀρχή: meaning 'dominions'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
φυλακῆςprisonN1 GSF · φυλακήgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationφυλακή: meaning 'prison'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔκχεονpour outVA AAD2S · χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχέω + ἐκ: meaning 'pour out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀπέναντιbefore / oppositeD · ἀπέναντιparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse linkage or contrastἀπέναντι: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἆρονlift / raiseVA AAD2S · αἴρωimperative verbal form issuing a direct command→ aorist imperativeαἴρω: meaning 'lift'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as imperative verbal form issuing a direct command.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
χεῖράςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήobject of περί within the idiom περὶ ψυχῆς→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as object of περί within the idiom περὶ ψυχῆς.
νηπίωνinfantsA1A GPM · νήπιοςgenitive element qualifying another term or governed by a preposition→ relational specificationνηπίων: meaning 'infants'; here it marks the relation signaled by genitive element qualifying another term or governed by a preposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκλυομένωνfaintingV1 · πμπγπμ λύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπγπμ λύω + ἐκ: meaning 'fainting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λιμῷfamineN2 DSM · λιμόςdative of cause→ sphere or referenceλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as dative of cause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
πασῶνallA1S GPF · πᾶςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐξόδωνstreetsN2 GPF · ἔξοδοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔξοδος: meaning 'streets'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
20
ἰδέ κύριε καὶ ἐπίβλεψον τίνι ἐπεφύλλισας οὕτως εἰ φάγονται γυναῖκες καρπὸν κοιλίας αὐτῶν ἐπιφυλλίδα ἐποίησεν μάγειρος φονευθήσονται νήπια θηλάζοντα μαστούς ἀποκτενεῖς ἐν ἁγιάσματι κυρίου ἱερέα καὶ προφήτην
See, O Lord, and look: to whom have you dealt thus? Shall women eat the fruit of their womb, children of their tender care? Shall priest and prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord?
The closing prayer names the unspeakable: cannibalism, priestly slaughter, and the Lord's direct dealing with his people.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἰδέseeVB AAD2S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίβλεψονlookVA AAD2S · βλέπω + ἐπιmain verb (command)→ verbal action or stateβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (command).
τίνιwho?RI DSN · τίςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestτίνι: meaning 'who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπεφύλλισαςyou dealtVAI AAI2S · φυλλίζω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφυλλίζω + ἐπι: meaning 'you dealt'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγονταιeatsVF FMI3P · ἐσθίωverb of indefinite relative clause (protasis)→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of indefinite relative clause (protasis).
γυναῖκεςwomanN3K NPF · γυνήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
καρπὸνfruitN2 ASM · καρπόςdirect object understood with ἐδίδου→ object specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as direct object understood with ἐδίδου.
κοιλίαςbelly / wombN1A GSF · κοιλίαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationκοιλία: meaning 'belly'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπιφυλλίδαtender careN3D APF · ἐπιφυλλίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπιφυλλίς: meaning 'tender care'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
μάγειροςcookN2 NSM · μάγειροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionμάγειρος: meaning 'cook'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φονευθήσονταιwill be slainVC FPI3P · φονεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ wisdom, discipline, and resisting enticementφονεύω: meaning 'will be slain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νήπιαinfantsA1A APN · νήπιοςfronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις→ object specificationνήπιος: meaning 'infants'; it serves as fronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις.
θηλάζονταnursingV1 · παπαπν θηλάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ day of the Lord, repentance, and restorationπαπαπν θηλάζω: meaning 'nursing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μαστούςbreastsN2 APM · μαστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ day of the Lord, repentance, and restorationμαστός: meaning 'breasts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀποκτενεῖςwill you killVF2 FAI2S · κτείνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'will you kill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἁγιάσματιsanctuaryN3M DSN · ἁγίασμαdative of disadvantage or target→ sphere or referenceἁγίασμα: meaning 'sanctuary'; it serves as dative of disadvantage or target.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἱερέαpriestN3V ASM · ἱερεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προφήτηνprophetN1M ASM · προφήτηςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
21
ἐκοιμήθησαν εἰς τὴν ἔξοδον παιδάριον καὶ πρεσβύτης παρθένοι μου καὶ νεανίσκοι μου ἐπορεύθησαν ἐν αἰχμαλωσίᾳ ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ καὶ ἐν λιμῷ ἀπέκτεινας ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς σου ἐμαγείρευσας οὐκ ἐφείσω
Child and old man lay on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men went into captivity; you killed in the day of your wrath, you slaughtered and did not spare.
Every generation is touched by judgment; captivity and death erase the ordinary protections of age and youth.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐκοιμήθησανsleptVCI API3P · κοιμάωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect presenting the action as a wholeκοιμάω: meaning 'slept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔξοδονgoing outN2 ASF · ἔξοδοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ whirlwind questions and cosmic foundationsἔξοδος: meaning 'going out'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
παιδάριονyoung manN2N NSN · παιδάριονnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseπαιδάριον: meaning 'young man'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρεσβύτηςold manN1M NSM · πρεσβύτηςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτης: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
παρθένοιvirginsN2 NPF · παρθένοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgins'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπορεύθησανgoVCI API3P · πορεύομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aorist passive-form deponentπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίᾳcaptivity / captivesN1A DSF · αἰχμαλωσίαsubject in apposition (the captives also purified)→ sphere or referenceαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as subject in apposition (the captives also purified).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ῥομφαίᾳswordN1A DSF · ῥομφαίαcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
λιμῷfamineN2 DSM · λιμόςdative of cause→ sphere or referenceλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as dative of cause.
ἀπέκτειναςkilledVAI AAI2S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristκτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'killed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐμαγείρευσαςyou slaughteredVAI AAI2S · μαγειρεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμαγειρεύω: meaning 'you slaughtered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐφείσωyou have withheldVAI AMI2S · φείδομαιmain verb of second ground clause→ patient judgment and the character of divine ruleφείδομαι: meaning 'you have withheld'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of second ground clause.
22
ἐκάλεσεν ἡμέραν ἑορτῆς παροικίας μου κυκλόθεν καὶ οὐκ ἐγένοντο ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς κυρίου ἀνασῳζόμενος καὶ καταλελειμμένος ὡς ἐπεκράτησα καὶ ἐπλήθυνα ἐχθρούς μου πάντας
You called round about, as on a feast day, the terrors of my sojourning; and in the day of the Lord's wrath there was none escaping or surviving. Those whom I held and reared my enemy consumed.
The bitter inversion is complete: what should have been a festival gathering becomes a ring of terrors with no survivors.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐκάλεσενcalledVAI AAI3S · καλέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeκαλέω: meaning 'called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἑορτῆςa feastN1 GSF · ἑορτήobject of πρό→ relational specificationἑορτή: meaning 'a feast'; it serves as object of πρό.
παροικίαςsojourningN1A GSF · παροικίαgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπαροικία: meaning 'sojourning'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κυκλόθενall aroundD · κυκλόθενproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ adverbial nuanceκυκλόθεν: meaning 'all around'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἀνασῳζόμενοςescapingV1 · πμπνσμ σώζω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ σώζω + ἀνα: meaning 'escaping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταλελειμμένοςsurvivingVP · χμπνσμ λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνσμ λείπω + κατα: meaning 'surviving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐπεκράτησαgained controlVAI AAI1S · κρατέω + ἐπιfinal verb of the ground clauseκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'gained control'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as final verb of the ground clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλήθυναI multipliedVAI AAI1S · πληθύνωfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or stateπληθύνω: meaning 'I multiplied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
ἐχθρούςenemiesA1A APM · ἐχθρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.