1
μνήσθητι κύριε ὅ τι ἐγενήθη ἡμῖν ἐπίβλεψον καὶ ἰδὲ τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν ἡμῶν
Remember, O Lord, what has happened to us; look and see our reproach.
The final poem opens as direct petition: memory and sight are requested from the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μνήσθητιrememberVS APD2S · μιμνήσκωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
ὅwhichRR NSM · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, antecedent ὄρος)→ participant referenceὅ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, antecedent ὄρος).
τιanythingRI ASN · τιςaccusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing)→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing).
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning as a dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form functioning as a dative complement.
ἐπίβλεψονlookVA AAD2S · βλέπω + ἐπιmain verb (command)→ verbal action or stateβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (command).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδὲsee / considerVB AAD2S · ὁράωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ aoristic commandὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνειδισμὸνreproach / disgraceN2 ASM · ὀνειδισμόςsecond predicate accusative with ἐγενήθην→ object specificationὀνειδισμός: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as second predicate accusative with ἐγενήθην.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
2
κληρονομία ἡμῶν μετεστράφη ἀλλοτρίοις οἱ οἶκοι ἡμῶν ξένοις
Our inheritance has been turned over to strangers, our houses to foreigners.
Loss is expressed first in covenantal-property terms: land and houses now belong to outsiders.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
κληρονομίαinheritanceN1A NSF · κληρονομίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μετεστράφηwas turnedVDI API3S · στρέφω + μεταmain verb of reversal→ present assertionστρέφω + μετα: meaning 'was turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of reversal.
ἀλλοτρίοιςforeignerA1A DPM · ἀλλότριοςsubject of ἐπικαλέσηται→ sphere or referenceἀλλότριος: meaning 'foreigner'; it serves as subject of ἐπικαλέσηται.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοιhouseN2 NPM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ξένοιςforeignersA1 DPM · ξένοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ discipline, provision, and healing mercyξένος: meaning 'foreigners'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
3
ὀρφανοὶ ἐγενήθημεν οὐχ ὑπάρχει πατήρ μητέρες ἡμῶν ὡς αἱ χῆραι
We have become orphans; there is no father. Our mothers are like widows.
The people describe themselves with the vulnerability of fatherless children and bereft mothers.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὀρφανοὶorphansA1 NPM · ὀρφανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀρφανός: meaning 'orphans'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγενήθημενit came to passVCI API1P · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπάρχειthere isV1 PAI3S · ἄρχω + ὑποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ integrity, generosity, and social orderἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
πατήρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
μητέρεςmothersN3 NPF · μήτηρsubjectμήτηρ: meaning 'mothers'; it serves as subject.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χῆραιwidowsN1A NPF · χήραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχήρα: meaning 'widows'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
4
ἐξ ἡμερῶν ἡμῶν ξύλα ἡμῶν ἐν ἀλλάγματι ἦλθεν
We drank our water for money; our wood came to us at a price.
Even elemental necessities are no longer freely possessed.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ξύλαtree / woodN2N NPN · ξύλονnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceξύλον: meaning 'tree'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀλλάγματιat a priceN3M DSN · ἄλλαγμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientἄλλαγμα: meaning 'at a price'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
5
ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον ἡμῶν ἐδιώχθημεν ἐκοπιάσαμεν οὐκ ἀνεπαύθημεν
We were pursued upon our necks; we labored and were given no rest.
Exhaustion is constant; the community is driven without relief.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράχηλονneckN2 ASM · τράχηλοςaccusative object of ἐπί ('upon their neck')→ object specificationτράχηλος: meaning 'neck'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί ('upon their neck').
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐδιώχθημενwe were pursuedVCI API1P · διώχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδιώχω: meaning 'we were pursued'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκοπιάσαμενwe laboredVAI AAI1P · κοπιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκοπιάζω: meaning 'we labored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀνεπαύθημενwe restedVCI API1P · παύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαύω + ἀνα: meaning 'we rested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
Αἴγυπτος ἔδωκεν χεῖρα Ασσουρ εἰς πλησμονὴν αὐτῶν
We gave the hand to Egypt and to Assyria to be satisfied with bread.
Dependence on Egypt and Assyria shows political humiliation as well as hunger-driven desperation.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ΑἴγυπτοςEgyptN2 DSF · Αἴγυπτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientΑἴγυπτος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ΑσσουρAssyriaN DSF · Ασσουρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΑσσουρ: meaning 'Assyria'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πλησμονὴνfullnessN1 ASF · πλησμονήObject / complement→ object specificationπλησμονή: meaning 'fullness'; it serves as Object / complement.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier or resumptive dependent→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier or resumptive dependent.
7
οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἥμαρτον οὐχ ὑπάρχουσιν ἡμεῖς τὰ ἀνομήματα αὐτῶν ὑπέσχομεν
Our fathers sinned and are no more, and we have borne their lawless deeds.
The prayer acknowledges intergenerational guilt without denying present suffering.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἥμαρτονI have sinnedVBI AAI3P · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (confession)→ constative aorist (acknowledged completed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'I have sinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (confession).
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπάρχουσινareV1 PAI3P · ἄρχω + ὑποverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομήματαlawless deedsN3M APN · ἀνόμημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object or complement term within the clauseἀνόμημα: meaning 'lawless deeds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὑπέσχομενwe boreVBI AAI1P · ἔχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἔχω + ὑπο: meaning 'we bore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
δοῦλοι ἐκυρίευσαν ἡμῶν λυτρούμενος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν
Slaves ruled over us; there is none to deliver us from their hand.
The social order is inverted so drastically that slaves are masters and no rescuer appears.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
δοῦλοιdoyloiN2 NPM · δοῦλοςnominal term functioning in a nom relation→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionδοῦλος: meaning 'doyloi'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a nom relation.
ἐκυρίευσανruleVAI AAI3P · κυριεύωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeκυριεύω: meaning 'rule'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λυτρούμενοςredeemsV4 · πμπνσμ λυτρόωsubstantival participle describing the implied subject→ present participle of characteristic actionπμπνσμ λυτρόω: meaning 'redeems'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival participle describing the implied subject.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
9
ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἡμῶν εἰσοίσομεν ἄρτον ἡμῶν ἀπὸ προσώπου ῥομφαίας τῆς ἐρήμου
At the risk of our lives we bring in our bread because of the sword of the wilderness.
Obtaining bread itself becomes a mortal venture.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχαῖςsouls / dead personsN1 DPF · ψυχήcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'souls'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἰσοίσομενwe bring inVF FAI1P · φέρω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφέρω + εἰς: meaning 'we bring in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄρτονbreadN2 ASM · ἄρτοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ῥομφαίαςswordN1A GSF · ῥομφαίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουερημοςN2 GSF · ἐρῆμοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ participantἐρῆμος: meaning 'ερημος'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
10
τὸ δέρμα ἡμῶν ὡς κλίβανος ἐπελειώθη συνεσπάσθησαν ἀπὸ προσώπου καταιγίδων λιμοῦ
Our skin was blackened like an oven; it was shriveled because of the storms of famine.
Famine marks the body visibly and collectively.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρμαskinN3M NSN · δέρμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδέρμα: meaning 'skin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
κλίβανοςovenA1 NSM · κλίβανοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ coming Lord, judgment, remembrance, and the day to comeκλίβανος: meaning 'oven'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐπελειώθηwas blackenedVCI API3S · πελιόομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπελιόομαι: meaning 'was blackened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συνεσπάσθησανwas shriveledVSI API3P · σπάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσπάω + συν: meaning 'was shriveled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καταιγίδωνstormsN3D GPF · καταιγίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityκαταιγίς: meaning 'storms'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λιμοῦfamineN2 GSM · λιμόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
11
γυναῖκας ἐν Σιων ἐταπείνωσαν παρθένους ἐν πόλεσιν Ιουδα
They humbled women in Zion, virgins in the cities of Judah.
The ruin includes sexual violence against women and virgins.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
γυναῖκαςwivesN3K APF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'wives'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΣιωνZionN DSF · Σιωνindeclinable particle shaping the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΣιων: meaning 'Zion'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐταπείνωσανthey humiliatedVAI AAI3P · ταπεινόωmain verb (the sexual violation)→ constative aoristταπεινόω: meaning 'they humiliated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the sexual violation).
παρθένουςvirginsN2 APF · παρθένοςdirect object of περιποιήσεσθεπαρθένος: meaning 'virgins'; it serves as direct object of περιποιήσεσθε.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πόλεσινcityN3I DPF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαproper name functioning within the prophetic scene→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the prophetic scene.
12
ἄρχοντες ἐν χερσὶν αὐτῶν ἐκρεμάσθησαν πρεσβύτεροι οὐκ ἐδοξάσθησαν
Princes were hanged by their hands; elders were not honored.
Public honor collapses for leaders and elders alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χερσὶνhandN3 DPF · χείρdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐκρεμάσθησανwere hangedVSI API3P · κρεμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκρεμάζω: meaning 'were hanged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersA1A NPMC · πρεσβύτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elders'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐδοξάσθησανwere honoredVSI API3P · δοξάζωmain verb describing public recognition→ constative aorist passiveδοξάζω: meaning 'were honored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb describing public recognition.
13
ἐκλεκτοὶ κλαυθμὸν ἀνέλαβον καὶ νεανίσκοι ἐν ξύλῳ ἠσθένησαν
Chosen young men bore the millstone, and youths stumbled under wood.
The strength of the young is consumed in forced labor.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐκλεκτοὶchosenA1 NPM · ἐκλεκτόςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
κλαυθμὸνweepingN2 ASM · κλαυθμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement→ object specificationκλαυθμός: meaning 'weeping'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement.
ἀνέλαβονλαμβάνωVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeλαμβάνω + ἀνα: meaning 'λαμβάνω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ξύλῳwood, stakeN2N DSN · ξύλονdative complement→ watching, vision, and woe against empireξύλον: meaning 'wood, stake'; it serves as dative complement.
ἠσθένησανgrew faintVAI AAI3P · ἀσθενέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἀσθενέω: meaning 'grew faint'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
14
καὶ πρεσβῦται ἀπὸ πύλης κατέπαυσαν ἐκλεκτοὶ ἐκ ψαλμῶν αὐτῶν κατέπαυσαν
The elders ceased from the gate, the chosen youths from their music.
Judicial and celebratory life have both ceased; gate and song fall silent together.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρεσβῦταιenvoysN1M NPM · πρεσβύτηςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτης: meaning 'envoys'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
κατέπαυσανceasedVAI AAI3P · παύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαύω + κατα: meaning 'ceased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκλεκτοὶchosenA1 NPM · ἐκλεκτόςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ψαλμῶνpsalmsN2 GPM · ψαλμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψαλμός: meaning 'psalms'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κατέπαυσανceasedVAI AAI3P · παύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαύω + κατα: meaning 'ceased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
κατέλυσεν χαρὰ καρδίας ἡμῶν ἐστράφη εἰς πένθος ὁ χορὸς ἡμῶν
The joy of our heart ceased; our dance was turned into mourning.
The communal dance reverses into mourning, summing up the loss of joy.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
κατέλυσενλύωVAI AAI3S · λύω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλύω + κατα: meaning 'λύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
χαρὰjoyN1A NSF · χαράnominative subject / predicate element in the clause→ participant prominenceχαρά: meaning 'joy'; it serves as nominative subject / predicate element in the clause.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive dependent→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive dependent.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐστράφηwas turnedVDI API3S · στρέφωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω: meaning 'was turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πένθοςmourningN3E ASN · πένθοςresult complement after the verb of turning→ object specificationπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as result complement after the verb of turning.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χορὸςdanceN2 NSM · χορόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionχορός: meaning 'dance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
16
ἔπεσεν ὁ στέφανος τῆς κεφαλῆς ἡμῶν οὐαὶ δὴ ἡμῖν ὅτι ἡμάρτομεν
The crown fell from our head. Woe to us, for we have sinned.
The fallen crown is interpreted morally: the people acknowledge their sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἔπεσενfellVAI AAI3S · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέφανοςcrownN2 NSM · στέφανοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceστέφανος: meaning 'crown'; it serves as nominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήgenitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or description→ relational specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as genitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or description.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίinterjection or attention marker heightening the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαί: meaning 'woe'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning as a dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form functioning as a dative complement.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμάρτομενI have sinnedVBI AAI1P · ἁμαρτάνωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'I have sinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
17
περὶ τούτου ἐγενήθη ὀδυνηρὰ ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν περὶ τούτου ἐσκότασαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν
Because of this our heart became sick; because of this our eyes grew dim,
The sickness of heart and dimness of eye gather the chapter's grief into inward affliction.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ὀδυνηρὰsickA1A NSF · ὀδυνηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionὀδυνηρός: meaning 'sick'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐσκότασανgrew dimVAI AAI3P · σκοτάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσκοτάζω: meaning 'grew dim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
18
ἐπ' ὄρος Σιων ὅτι ἠφανίσθη ἀλώπεκες διῆλθον ἐν αὐτῇ
because Mount Zion was made desolate; foxes passed through it.
The desolation of Zion is so complete that wild animals roam the holy hill.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠφανίσθηwas made desolateVCI API3S · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'was made desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀλώπεκεςfoxesN3K NPF · ἀλώπηξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ nominal, pronominal, or adjectival contribution to the oracle's imagery and argumentἀλώπηξ: meaning 'foxes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διῆλθονpass throughVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + διαfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
19
σὺ δέ κύριε εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κατοικήσεις ὁ θρόνος σου εἰς γενεὰν καὶ γενεάν
But you, O Lord, will dwell forever, your throne from generation to generation.
Against the instability of the people stands the enduring throne of the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
σὺyouRP NS · σύnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
κατοικήσειςwill dwellVF FAI2S · οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'will dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνοςthroneN2 NSM · θρόνοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθρόνος: meaning 'throne'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γενεὰνgenerationN1A ASF · γενεάhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ object specificationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενεάνgenerationN1A ASF · γενεάsecond accusative in the distributive phrase→ object specificationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as second accusative in the distributive phrase.
20
ἵνα τί εἰς νεῖκος ἐπιλήσῃ ἡμῶν καταλείψεις ἡμᾶς εἰς μακρότητα ἡμερῶν
Why will you forget us forever and abandon us for length of days?
The prayer dares to ask why abandonment seems unending.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
νεῖκοςstrifeN3E ASN · νεῖκοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusνεῖκος: meaning 'strife'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἐπιλήσῃforgetVF FMI2S · λανθάνω + ἐπιfinite verb carrying the clause's main action or assertion→ future middleλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'forget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's main action or assertion.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καταλείψειςwill abandonVF FAI2S · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future projection or promised resultλείπω + κατα: meaning 'will abandon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μακρότηταlengthN3T GSM · μακρότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityμακρότης: meaning 'length'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
21
ἐπίστρεψον ἡμᾶς κύριε πρὸς σέ καὶ ἐπιστραφησόμεθα καὶ ἀνακαίνισον ἡμέρας ἡμῶν καθὼς ἔμπροσθεν
Turn us back to yourself, O Lord, and we shall be turned; renew our days as before,
The climactic petition seeks both return to God and renewal of former days.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐπίστρεψονturned backVA AAD2S · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
σέyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστραφησόμεθαwe shall be turnedVD FPI1P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'we shall be turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνακαίνισονrenewVA AAD2S · καινίζω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκαινίζω + ἀνα: meaning 'renew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceκαθώς: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἔμπροσθενformerly / beforeD · ἔμπροσθενnominal element in the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'formerly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
22
ὅτι ἀπωθούμενος ἀπώσω ἡμᾶς ὠργίσθης ἐφ' ἡμᾶς ἕως σφόδρα
unless indeed, in rejecting, you have rejected us and grown exceedingly angry with us.
The ending remains unresolved and trembling, holding restoration hope beside the fear of lasting wrath.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπωθούμενοςrejectingV2 · πμπνσμ ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ folly, mercy, and enduring counselπμπνσμ ὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'rejecting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπώσωyou rejectedVA AAS1S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'you rejected'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὠργίσθηςbe angryVSI API2S · ὀργίζωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ aorist aspect presenting the action as a wholeὀργίζω: meaning 'be angry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ adverbial nuanceσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.