1
πῶς ἀμαυρωθήσεται χρυσίον ἀλλοιωθήσεται τὸ ἀργύριον τὸ ἀγαθόν ἐξεχύθησαν λίθοι ἅγιοι ἐπ' ἀρχῆς πασῶν ἐξόδων
How the gold has grown dim, how the fine silver has changed! The holy stones have been poured out at the head of every street.
A litany of precious things turned common and shattered opens the poem.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀμαυρωθήσεταιwill grow dimVC FPI3S · ἀμαυρόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀμαυρόω: meaning 'will grow dim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative complement→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative complement.
ἀλλοιωθήσεταιwill be changedVC FPI3S · ἀλλοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἀλλοιόω: meaning 'will be changed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθόνgoodA1 ASN · ἀγαθόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ἐξεχύθησανpour out / shedVCI API3P · χέω + ἐκfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clauseχέω + ἐκ: meaning 'pour out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
λίθοιstoneN2 NPM · λίθοςnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
ἅγιοιholyA1A NPM · ἅγιοςpredicate adjective (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as predicate adjective (with ἔσονται).
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
πασῶνallA1S GPF · πᾶςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐξόδωνstreetsN2 GPF · ἔξοδοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔξοδος: meaning 'streets'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
2
υἱοὶ Σιων οἱ τίμιοι οἱ ἐπηρμένοι ἐν χρυσίῳ πῶς ἐλογίσθησαν εἰς ἀγγεῖα ὀστράκινα ἔργα χειρῶν κεραμέως
The precious sons of Zion, valued like gold, how are they regarded as earthenware vessels, the work of a potter's hands!
The sons of Zion are compared to pottery, emphasizing the collapse from value to fragility.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τίμιοιpreciousA1A NPM · τίμιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionτίμιος: meaning 'precious'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπηρμένοιvalued highlyVXI PMPNPMAI)/RW · ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐπι: meaning 'valued highly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χρυσίῳgoldN2N DSN · χρυσίονdative complement within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐλογίσθησανconsider / reckonVSI API3P · λογίζομαιfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationλογίζομαι: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀγγεῖαvesselsN2N APN · ἀγγεῖονdirect object (accessory)→ object specificationἀγγεῖον: meaning 'vessels'; it serves as direct object (accessory).
ὀστράκιναearthenwareA1 APN · ὀστράκινοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalὀστράκινος: meaning 'earthenware'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔργαworksN2N APN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive (source of the works)→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as genitive (source of the works).
κεραμέωςpotterN3V GSM · κεραμεύςgenitive nominal element modifying the associated phrase→ relational specificationκεραμεύς: meaning 'potter'; it serves as genitive nominal element modifying the associated phrase.
3
καί γε δράκοντες ἐξέδυσαν μαστούς ἐθήλασαν σκύμνοι αὐτῶν θυγατέρες λαοῦ μου εἰς ἀνίατον ὡς στρουθίον ἐν ἐρήμῳ
Even jackals draw out the breast and nurse their young, but the daughters of my people have become cruel like an ostrich in the wilderness.
Maternal reversal is so severe that even wild animals appear kinder than Jerusalem's starving population.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clause→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentγέ: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δράκοντεςdragonN3 NPM · δράκωνhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceδράκων: meaning 'dragon'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐξέδυσανthey stripped offVAI AAI3P · δύω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clauseδύω + ἐκ: meaning 'they stripped off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
μαστούςbreastsN2 APM · μαστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ day of the Lord, repentance, and restorationμαστός: meaning 'breasts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐθήλασανnursedVAI AAI3P · θηλάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aorist (the act of suckling)θηλάζω: meaning 'nursed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκύμνοιyoung lionsN2 NPM · σκύμνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκύμνος: meaning 'young lions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀνίατονcruelA1B ASM · ἀνίατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἀνίατος: meaning 'cruel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
στρουθίονostrichN2N ASN · στρουθίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστρουθίον: meaning 'ostrich'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐρήμῳeremosN2 DSF · ἐρῆμοςdative complement within the clause or phrase→ dependence, provision, and measured sufficiencyἐρῆμος: meaning 'eremos'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
4
ἐκολλήθη ἡ γλῶσσα θηλάζοντος πρὸς τὸν φάρυγγα αὐτοῦ ἐν δίψει νήπια ᾔτησαν ἄρτον ὁ διακλῶν οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς
The tongue of the nursing child clung to his throat in thirst; little children asked for bread, and no one broke it for them.
The thirst of nursing children and the absence of bread make the siege devastation concrete and domestic.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐκολλήθηwas joinedVCI API3S · κολλάωverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ constative aoristκολλάω: meaning 'was joined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλῶσσαtongueN1S NSF · γλῶσσαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
θηλάζοντοςnursingV1 · παπγσμ θηλάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπγσμ θηλάζω: meaning 'nursing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάρυγγαthroatN3G ASM · φάρυγξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ sexual fidelity and measured delightφάρυγξ: meaning 'throat'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δίψειdipseiN3E DSN · δίψοςnominal term functioning in a dat relation→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδίψος: meaning 'dipsei'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a dat relation.
νήπιαinfantsA1A NPN · νήπιοςsubject naming the youngest victims→ bloody city exposed and irreversible ruinνήπιος: meaning 'infants'; it serves as subject naming the youngest victims.
ᾔτησανaskedVAI AAI3P · αἰτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentαἰτέω: meaning 'asked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄρτονbreadN2 ASM · ἄρτοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διακλῶνbreakingV3 · παπνσμ κλάω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ κλάω + δια: meaning 'breaking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
5
οἱ ἔσθοντες τὰς τρυφὰς ἠφανίσθησαν ἐν ταῖς ἐξόδοις οἱ τιθηνούμενοι ἐπὶ κόκκων περιεβάλοντο κοπρίας
Those who used to eat delicacies perished in the streets; those brought up in scarlet embraced dung heaps.
Luxury upbringing yields to public destitution and filth.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔσθοντεςesthontesV1 · παπνπμ ἐσθίωverbal element advancing the action or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἐσθίω: meaning 'esthontes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element advancing the action or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρυφὰςdelicaciesN1 APF · τρυφήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalτρυφή: meaning 'delicacies'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἠφανίσθησανthey vanishedVCI API3P · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'they vanished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξόδοιςstreetsN2 DPF · ἔξοδοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ wisdom, discipline, and resisting enticementἔξοδος: meaning 'streets'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιθηνούμενοιbrought upV2 · πμπνπμ τιθηνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνπμ τιθηνέω: meaning 'brought up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κόκκωνscarlet clothN2 GPM · κόκκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityκόκκος: meaning 'scarlet cloth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
περιεβάλοντοput onVBI AMI3P · βάλλω + περιmain verb describing the donning of mourning attire→ constative aorist middleβάλλω + περι: meaning 'put on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb describing the donning of mourning attire.
κοπρίαςdung heapsN1A APF · κοπρίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalκοπρία: meaning 'dung heaps'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
6
καὶ ἐμεγαλύνθη ἀνομία θυγατρὸς λαοῦ μου ὑπὲρ ἀνομίας Σοδομων τῆς κατεστραμμένης ὥσπερ σπουδῇ καὶ οὐκ ἐπόνεσαν ἐν αὐτῇ χεῖρας
And the iniquity of the daughter of my people became greater than the iniquity of Sodom, which was overthrown in a moment and no hands toiled over her.
Jerusalem's guilt is said to exceed Sodom's, not by speed of judgment but by the depth of moral and social collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμεγαλύνθηgrew great / was magnifiedVCI API3S · μεγαλύνωmain verb (Samuel's growth)→ constative aoristμεγαλύνω: meaning 'grew great'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Samuel's growth).
ἀνομίαlawlessnessN1A NSF · ἀνομίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A GSF · ἀνομίαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
ΣοδομωνSodomN GSF · Σοδομωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΣοδομων: meaning 'Sodom'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατεστραμμένηςhaving been overthrownVP · χμπγσφ στρέφω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπγσφ στρέφω + κατα: meaning 'having been overthrown'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σπουδῇhasteN1 DSF · σπουδήhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceσπουδή: meaning 'haste'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπόνεσανtoiledVAI AAI3S · πονέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπονέω: meaning 'toiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
7
ἐκαθαριώθησαν ναζιραῖοι αὐτῆς ὑπὲρ χιόνα ἔλαμψαν ὑπὲρ γάλα ἐπυρρώθησαν ὑπὲρ λίθους σαπφείρου τὸ ἀπόσπασμα αὐτῶν
Her Nazirites were purer than snow, brighter than milk; they were more ruddy than sapphire stones, their form like polished gem.
The former radiance of the consecrated is recalled so that the later degradation will appear sharper.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐκαθαριώθησανwere purifiedVCI API3P · καθαρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκαθαρίζω: meaning 'were purified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ναζιραῖοιNaziritesN2 NPM · ναζιραῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionναζιραῖος: meaning 'Nazirites'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χιόναsnowN3N ASF · χιώνobject of διά→ object specificationχιών: meaning 'snow'; it serves as object of διά.
ἔλαμψανshoneVAI AAI3P · λάμπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλάμπω: meaning 'shone'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γάλαmilkN3 ASN · γάλαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγάλα: meaning 'milk'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπυρρώθησανwere ruddyVCI API3P · πυρρόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπυρρόω: meaning 'were ruddy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
λίθουςstoneN2 APM · λίθοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σαπφείρουsapphireN2 GSF · σάπφειροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ genitive element marking relation or specificationσάπφειρος: meaning 'sapphire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπόσπασμαformN3M NSN · ἀπόσπασμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπόσπασμα: meaning 'form'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
8
ἐσκότασεν ὑπὲρ ἀσβόλην τὸ εἶδος αὐτῶν οὐκ ἐπεγνώσθησαν ἐν ταῖς ἐξόδοις ἐπάγη δέρμα αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὰ ὀστέα αὐτῶν ἐξηράνθησαν ἐγενήθησαν ὥσπερ ξύλον
Their appearance grew darker than soot; they were not recognized in the streets. Their skin clung to their bones; they dried up and became like wood.
Body imagery records the effects of famine with brutal visual precision.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐσκότασενgrew darkVAI AAI3S · σκοτάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκοτάζω: meaning 'grew dark'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀσβόληνsootN1 ASF · ἀσβόληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἀσβόλη: meaning 'soot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἶδοςappearanceN3E NSN · εἶδοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition in the clause→ nominative element contributing participant or descriptionεἶδος: meaning 'appearance'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition in the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπεγνώσθησανwere recognizedVSI API3P · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: meaning 'were recognized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξόδοιςstreetsN2 DPF · ἔξοδοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ wisdom, discipline, and resisting enticementἔξοδος: meaning 'streets'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπάγηclungVDI API3S · πήγνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ deliverance, judgment, and redeemed praiseπήγνυμι: meaning 'clung'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέρμαskinN3M NSN · δέρμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδέρμα: meaning 'skin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέαbonesN2N APN · ὀστέονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξηράνθησανdry upVCI API3P · ξηραίνωmain or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeξηραίνω: meaning 'dry up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐγενήθησανaroseVCI API3P · γίγνομαιFinite verb / predicate→ aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'arose'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ξύλονwood / shaftN2N ASN · ξύλονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationξύλον: meaning 'wood'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
9
καλοὶ ἦσαν οἱ τραυματίαι ῥομφαίας ἢ οἱ τραυματίαι λιμοῦ ἐπορεύθησαν ἐκκεκεντημένοι ἀπὸ γενημάτων ἀγρῶν
Those slain by the sword were better off than those slain by hunger; they wasted away, pierced through for lack of the produce of the field.
Slow wasting under famine is judged more terrible than battlefield death.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καλοὶgoodA1 NPM · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ imperfect of identification or stateεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τραυματίαιwounded menN1T NPM · τραυματίαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceτραυματίας: meaning 'wounded men'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ῥομφαίαςswordN1A GSF · ῥομφαίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τραυματίαιwounded menN1T NPM · τραυματίαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceτραυματίας: meaning 'wounded men'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
λιμοῦfamineN2 GSM · λιμόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐπορεύθησανgoVCI API3P · πορεύομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aorist passive-form deponentπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐκκεκεντημένοιpierced throughVX · χμπνπμ κεντέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνπμ κεντέω: meaning 'pierced through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γενημάτωνproduceN3M GPN · γένημαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ content focusγένημα: meaning 'produce'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἀγρῶνfieldN2 GPM · ἀγρόςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
10
χεῖρες γυναικῶν οἰκτιρμόνων ἥψησαν τὰ παιδία αὐτῶν ἐγενήθησαν εἰς βρῶσιν αὐταῖς ἐν τῷ συντρίμματι τῆς θυγατρὸς λαοῦ μου
The hands of compassionate women boiled their own children; they became food for them in the destruction of the daughter of my people.
One of the poem's most horrifying lines appears here: compassion itself is inverted by siege conditions.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
χεῖρεςhandsN3 NPF · χείρsubject (of implied 'were')→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as subject (of implied 'were').
γυναικῶνwomanN3K GPF · γυνήhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
οἰκτιρμόνωνcompassionateA3N GPF · οἰκτίρμωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityοἰκτίρμων: meaning 'compassionate'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἥψησανthey boiledVAI AAI3P · ἕψωfinite verb advancing the clauseἕψω: meaning 'they boiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίαchildrenN2N APN · παιδίονaccusative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαιδίον: meaning 'children'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier or resumptive dependent→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier or resumptive dependent.
ἐγενήθησανaroseVCI API3P · γίγνομαιFinite verb / predicate→ aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'arose'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
βρῶσινfoodN3I ASF · βρῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationβρῶσις: meaning 'food'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
αὐταῖςthemRD DPF · αὐτόςPronominal reference→ participant reference or interestαὐταῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as Pronominal reference.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συντρίμματιdestructionN3M DSN · σύντριμμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσύντριμμα: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
11
συνετέλεσεν κύριος θυμὸν αὐτοῦ ἐξέχεεν θυμὸν ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνῆψεν πῦρ ἐν Σιων καὶ κατέφαγεν τὰ θεμέλια αὐτῆς
The Lord fulfilled his fury; he poured out the heat of his anger and kindled a fire in Zion, and it devoured her foundations.
The destruction is again interpreted as the Lord's completed outpouring of wrath.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
συνετέλεσενcompleteVAI AAI3S · τελέω + συνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ perfectiveτελέω + συν: meaning 'complete'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θυμὸνθυμόςN2 ASM · θυμόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'θυμός'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξέχεενhe has shedV2I IAI3S · χέω + ἐκmain verb (declarative verdict)→ eventχέω + ἐκ: meaning 'he has shed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (declarative verdict).
θυμὸνθυμόςN2 ASM · θυμόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'θυμός'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνῆψενkindledVAI AAI3S · ἅπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἅπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'kindled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΣιωνZionN DSF · Σιωνindeclinable particle shaping the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΣιων: meaning 'Zion'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέφαγενconsumeVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεμέλιαfoundationsN2N APN · θεμέλιονdirect object of φλέξει→ object specificationθεμέλιον: meaning 'foundations'; it serves as direct object of φλέξει.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
12
οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν βασιλεῖς γῆς πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅτι εἰσελεύσεται ἐχθρὸς καὶ ἐκθλίβων διὰ τῶν πυλῶν Ιερουσαλημ
The kings of the earth did not believe, nor any inhabitants of the world, that enemy and oppressor would enter through the gates of Jerusalem.
Jerusalem's fall had seemed unimaginable on the world stage, which heightens the shock of its breach.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπίστευσανthey believedVAI AAI3P · πιστεύωfirst main verb of rejection→ constative aoristπιστεύω: meaning 'they believed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as first main verb of rejection.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ present participle of residenceπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκουμένηνinhabitV2 · πμπασφ οἰκέωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action→ verbal action or stateπμπασφ οἰκέω: meaning 'inhabit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσελεύσεταιwent inVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'went in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐχθρὸςenemyA1A NSM · ἐχθρόςsubject of συνετρίβη→ folly, quarrels, and hidden hostilityἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as subject of συνετρίβη.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκθλίβωνoppressorV1 · παπνσμ θλίβω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ θλίβω + ἐκ: meaning 'oppressor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυλῶνgatesN1 GPF · πύληhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
13
ἐξ ἁμαρτιῶν προφητῶν αὐτῆς ἀδικιῶν ἱερέων αὐτῆς τῶν ἐκχεόντων αἷμα δίκαιον ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῆς
Because of the sins of her prophets and the iniquities of her priests, who shed righteous blood in her midst,
The city's religious leadership is implicated directly through bloodguilt.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinN1A GPF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
προφητῶνprophetN1M GPM · προφήτηςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἀδικιῶνwickednessN1A GPF · ἀδικίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ relational specificationἀδικία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἱερέωνpriestsN3V GPM · ἱερεύςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκχεόντωνsheddingV2 · παπγπμ χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπγπμ χέω + ἐκ: meaning 'shedding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἷμαbloodN3M ASN · αἷμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASN · δίκαιοςobject or complement within the clause→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSM · μέσοςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
14
ἐσαλεύθησαν ἐγρήγοροι αὐτῆς ἐν ταῖς ἐξόδοις ἐμολύνθησαν ἐν αἵματι ἐν τῷ μὴ δύνασθαι αὐτοὺς ἥψαντο ἐνδυμάτων αὐτῶν
her watchmen staggered in the streets, they were defiled with blood, so that men could not touch their garments.
Those meant to watch and guard are themselves polluted and untouchable.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐσαλεύθησανreeledVCI API3P · σαλεύωfinite verb governing the clause→ constative aoristσαλεύω: meaning 'reeled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐγρήγοροιwatchmenVX XAO3S · ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐγείρω: meaning 'watchmen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξόδοιςstreetsN2 DPF · ἔξοδοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ wisdom, discipline, and resisting enticementἔξοδος: meaning 'streets'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐμολύνθησανwere defiledVCI API3P · μολύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμολύνω: meaning 'were defiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αἵματιbloodN3M DSN · αἷμαdative of cause (the blood being avenged)→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as dative of cause (the blood being avenged).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δύνασθαιbe ableV6 PMN · δύναμαιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ present assertionδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἥψαντοtouchedVAI AMI3P · ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: meaning 'touched'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνδυμάτωνgarmentsN3M GPN · ἔνδυμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἔνδυμα: meaning 'garments'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
15
ἀπόστητε ἀκαθάρτων καλέσατε αὐτούς ἀπόστητε ἀπόστητε μὴ ἅπτεσθε ὅτι ἀνήφθησαν καί γε ἐσαλεύθησαν εἴπατε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν οὐ μὴ προσθῶσιν τοῦ παροικεῖν
“Depart, you unclean ones!” they cried to them. “Depart, depart, do not touch!” Because they were set ablaze and staggered, people said among the nations, “They shall no longer continue as sojourners.”
The community's cry of uncleanness turns the polluted leaders into exiles among the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἀπόστητεstay back / stand offVH AAD2P · ἵστημι + ἀποfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'stay back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
ἀκαθάρτωνunclean onesA1B GPM · ἀκάθαρτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἀκάθαρτος: meaning 'unclean ones'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καλέσατεcallVA AAD2P · καλέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ verbal action or stateκαλέω: meaning 'call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἀπόστητεstay back / stand offVH AAD2P · ἵστημι + ἀποfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'stay back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
ἀπόστητεstay back / stand offVH AAD2P · ἵστημι + ἀποfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'stay back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἅπτεσθεtouchV1 PMD2P · ἅπτομαιfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or stateἅπτομαι: meaning 'touch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήφθησανwere set ablazeVVI API3P · ἅπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἅπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'were set ablaze'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clause→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentγέ: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐσαλεύθησανreeledVCI API3P · σαλεύωfinite verb governing the clause→ constative aoristσαλεύω: meaning 'reeled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
εἴπατεsayVAI AAD2P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
προσθῶσινthey may addV2 PAS3P · θέω + προςsubjunctive verb describing one possible type of amendmentθέω + προς: meaning 'they may add'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as subjunctive verb describing one possible type of amendment.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροικεῖνto sojournV2 PAN · οἰκέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκέω + παρα: meaning 'to sojourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
πρόσωπον κυρίου μερὶς αὐτῶν οὐ προσθήσει ἐπιβλέψαι αὐτοῖς πρόσωπον ἱερέων οὐκ ἔλαβον πρεσβύτας οὐκ ἠλέησαν
The face of the Lord scattered them; he will no longer look upon them. They did not honor the faces of priests; they showed no mercy to elders.
The Lord's face now disperses rather than blesses, and social honor for priests and elders has vanished.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
μερὶςportionN3D NSF · μερίςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
προσθήσειcontinue / addVF FAI3S · τίθημι + προςfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardτίθημι + προς: meaning 'continue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐπιβλέψαιlook uponVA AAN · βλέπω + ἐπιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἱερέωνpriestsN3V GPM · ἱερεύςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔλαβονtookVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeλαμβάνω: meaning 'took'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
πρεσβύταςold manN1M APM · πρεσβύτηςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ object specificationπρεσβύτης: meaning 'old man'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠλέησανἐλεέωVAI AAI3P · ἐλεέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἐλεέω: meaning 'ἐλεέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
17
ἔτι ὄντων ἡμῶν ἐξέλιπον οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν εἰς τὴν βοήθειαν ἡμῶν μάταια ἀποσκοπευόντων ἡμῶν ἀπεσκοπεύσαμεν εἰς ἔθνος οὐ σῷζον
While we still existed, our eyes failed for our vain help; as we kept watch, we watched for a nation that could not save.
Foreign policy and hoped-for alliances are exposed as vain help.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὄντωνbeV9 · παπγπμ εἰμίverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ εἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐξέλιπονvanishVBI AAI3P · λείπω + ἐκparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ future force: projected action or resultλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'vanish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοήθειανhelpN1A ASF · βοήθειαObject / complement→ object specificationβοήθεια: meaning 'help'; it serves as Object / complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μάταιαvain thingsA1A APN · μάταιοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ nominal, pronominal, or adjectival contribution to the oracle's imagery and argumentμάταιος: meaning 'vain things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἀποσκοπευόντωνkeeping watchV1 · παπνπμ σκοπεύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ σκοπεύω + ἀπο: meaning 'keeping watch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀπεσκοπεύσαμενwe watchedVAI AAI1P · σκοπεύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσκοπεύω + ἀπο: meaning 'we watched'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
σῷζονsavingV1 · παπασν σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπασν σώζω: meaning 'saving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
ἐθηρεύσαμεν μικροὺς ἡμῶν τοῦ μὴ πορεύεσθαι ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις ἡμῶν ἤγγικεν ὁ καιρὸς ἡμῶν ἐπληρώθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι ἡμῶν πάρεστιν ὁ καιρὸς ἡμῶν
They hunted our steps so that we could not walk in our streets. Our end drew near; our days were fulfilled, for our end had come.
The sense of closure intensifies: there is no space left to walk, and the end has arrived.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐθηρεύσαμενthey huntedVAI AAI1P · θηρεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθηρεύω: meaning 'they hunted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μικροὺςour stepsA1A APM · μικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμικρός: meaning 'our steps'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
πορεύεσθαιto goV1 PMN · πορεύομαιinfinitive expressing the only available course→ present middle infinitive of manner of lifeπορεύομαι: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing the only available course.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλατείαιςstreetsA3U DPF · πλατύςDative complement→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'streets'; it serves as Dative complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἤγγικενdrew nearVXI XAI3S · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἄγω: meaning 'drew near'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρὸςtimeN2 NSM · καιρόςsubject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as subject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπληρώθησανwere fulfilledVCI API3P · πληρόωparticiple or verbal form supporting the clause action→ constative aoristπληρόω: meaning 'were fulfilled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form supporting the clause action.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἡμέραιdayN1A NPF · ἡμέραhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πάρεστιν+ paraV9 PAI3S · εἰμί + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting ongoing or immediate actionεἰμί + παρα: meaning '+ para'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρὸςtimeN2 NSM · καιρόςsubject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as subject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
19
κοῦφοι ἐγένοντο οἱ διώκοντες ἡμᾶς ὑπὲρ ἀετοὺς οὐρανοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρέων ἐξήφθησαν ἐν ἐρήμῳ ἐνήδρευσαν ἡμᾶς
Our pursuers became swifter than the eagles of the sky; on the mountains they hunted us down, in the wilderness they laid wait for us.
The pursuit is relentless, swift, and effective across every terrain.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
κοῦφοιswift / lightA1 NPM · κοῦφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκοῦφος: meaning 'swift'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διώκοντεςpursuersV1 · παπνπμ διώκωsubstantival participle serving as subject of εἶδον→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ διώκω: meaning 'pursuers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival participle serving as subject of εἶδον.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀετοὺςeaglesN2 APM · ἀετόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἀετός: meaning 'eagles'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρέωνmountainsN3E GPN · ὄροςGenitive modifier→ relational specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
ἐξήφθησανthey hunted downVCI API3P · ἅπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἅπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'they hunted down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐρήμῳeremosN2 DSF · ἐρῆμοςdative complement within the clause or phrase→ dependence, provision, and measured sufficiencyἐρῆμος: meaning 'eremos'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
ἐνήδρευσανlay in waitVAI AAI3P · ἐνήδρευσανverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐνήδρευσαν: meaning 'lay in wait'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
20
πνεῦμα προσώπου ἡμῶν χριστὸς κυρίου συνελήμφθη ἐν ταῖς διαφθοραῖς αὐτῶν οὗ εἴπαμεν ἐν τῇ σκιᾷ αὐτοῦ ζησόμεθα ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν
The breath of our face, the Lord's anointed, was captured in their pits, of whom we said, “Under his shadow we shall live among the nations.”
The capture of the Lord's anointed marks the loss of political shelter and national breath.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χριστὸςanointed oneA1 NSM · χριστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ Davidic hope and righteous kingshipχριστός: meaning 'anointed one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
συνελήμφθηhad been capturedVVI API3S · λαμβάνω + συνfinite verb in the first content clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + συν: meaning 'had been captured'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb in the first content clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαφθοραῖςpitsN1A DPF · διαφθοράdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientδιαφθορά: meaning 'pits'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἴπαμενsaidVAI AAI1P · εἶπονfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκιᾷshadowN1A DSF · σκιάdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relation→ sphere or referenceσκιά: meaning 'shadow'; it serves as dative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relation.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ζησόμεθαcame to lifeVF FMI1P · ζάωmain verb (the revival)→ futureζάω: meaning 'came to life'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the revival).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
21
χαῖρε καὶ εὐφραίνου θύγατερ Ιδουμαίας ἡ κατοικοῦσα ἐπὶ γῆς καί γε ἐπὶ σὲ διελεύσεται τὸ ποτήριον κυρίου καὶ μεθυσθήσῃ καὶ ἀποχεεῖς
Rejoice and be glad, daughter Edom, dwelling in the land; yet to you also the cup of the Lord shall pass: you shall become drunk and strip yourself bare.
Edom's present rejoicing is temporary; the same cup will reach her.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
χαῖρεrejoiceV1 PAD2S · χαίρωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ imperative verbal form issuing a commandχαίρω: meaning 'rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφραίνουbe gladV1 PMD2S · εὐφραίνωmain verb→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεὐφραίνω: meaning 'be glad'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
θύγατερdaughterN3 VSF · θυγάτηρvocative element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as vocative element used in direct address.
ΙδουμαίαςIdumeaN1A GSF · Ιδουμαίαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationΙδουμαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦσακαταV2 · παπνσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clause→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentγέ: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
διελεύσεταιwill pass throughVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + διαmain verb→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject's participation in the actionἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'will pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτήριονcupN2N ASN · ποτήριονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationποτήριον: meaning 'cup'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεθυσθήσῃyou will be drunkVS FPI2S · μεθύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμεθύω: meaning 'you will be drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποχεεῖςyou will strip yourself bareVF2 FAI2S · χέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχέω + ἀπο: meaning 'you will strip yourself bare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
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ἐξέλιπεν ἡ ἀνομία σου θύγατερ Σιων οὐ προσθήσει ἔτι ἀποικίσαι σε ἐπεσκέψατο ἀνομίας σου θύγατερ Εδωμ ἀπεκάλυψεν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσεβήματά σου
Your iniquity is exhausted, daughter Zion; he will not again carry you away into exile. He will visit your iniquities, daughter Edom; he will uncover your impieties.
The closing contrast offers a small turn: Zion's punishment has a limit, but Edom's exposure is still ahead.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐξέλιπενis exhaustedVAI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'is exhausted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομίαlawlessnessN1A NSF · ἀνομίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θύγατερdaughterN3 VSF · θυγάτηρvocative element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as vocative element used in direct address.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
προσθήσειcontinue / addVF FAI3S · τίθημι + προςfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardτίθημι + προς: meaning 'continue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀποικίσαιdeportVA AAN · οἰκίζω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'deport'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐπεσκέψατοskeptomai + epiVAI AMI3S · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clause→ messianic reversal and covenant remembranceσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'skeptomai + epi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A GSF · ἀνομίαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θύγατερdaughterN3 VSF · θυγάτηρvocative element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as vocative element used in direct address.
ΕδωμEdomN GSF · Εδωμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΕδωμ: meaning 'Edom'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκάλυψενhe uncoveredVAI AAI3S · καλύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκαλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'he uncovered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβήματάimpietiesN3M APN · ἀσέβημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἀσέβημα: meaning 'impieties'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.