Malachi 2 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

καὶ νῦν ἡ ἐντολὴ αὕτη πρὸς ὑμᾶς οἱ ἱερεῖς

And now this commandment is for you, O priests.

Direct addressasyndeton

The chapter opens by tightening the address onto the priesthood. The charge is no longer general complaint but a formal covenantal summons aimed at those responsible for teaching and cult.

Word-by-word analysis· 9 words

καὶandC · καίconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκαί: 'and'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationνῦν: 'now'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ἐντολὴcommandmentN1 NSF · ἐντολήnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationοὗτος: 'this'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπρός: 'to'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσύ: 'you'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

οἱtheRA VPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ἱερεῖςpriestN3V VPM · ἱερεύςvocative form directly addressing the hearer→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἱερεύς: priest; cultic office bearer responsible to guard knowledge and teach the law faithfully.

ἐὰν μὴ ἀκούσητε καὶ ἐὰν μὴ θῆσθε εἰς τὴν καρδίαν ὑμῶν τοῦ δοῦναι δόξαν τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγει κύριος παντοκράτωρ καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ ἐφ' ὑμᾶς τὴν κατάραν καὶ ἐπικαταράσομαι τὴν εὐλογίαν ὑμῶν καὶ καταράσομαι αὐτήν καὶ διασκεδάσω τὴν εὐλογίαν ὑμῶν καὶ οὐκ ἔσται ἐν ὑμῖν ὅτι ὑμεῖς οὐ τίθεσθε εἰς τὴν καρδίαν ὑμῶν

If you do not listen, and if you do not lay it upon your heart to give glory to my name, says the Lord Almighty, then I will send upon you the curse and I will curse your blessing; yes, I have cursed it, because you do not lay it upon your heart.

Warningasyndeton

The warning joins hearing with inward resolve. Priestly blessing will be reversed because the priests have failed in the most basic obligation of honoring the divine name.

Word-by-word analysis· 52 words

ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐάν: 'if'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationμή: 'not'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἀκούσητεlistenVA AAS2P · ἀκούωverbal form issuing command, warning, or contingent instruction→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀκούω: 'listen'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

θῆσθεsetVE AMS2P · τίθημιverbal form issuing command, warning, or contingent instruction→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationτίθημι: 'set'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἰς: 'into'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκαρδία: 'heart'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ὑμῶνyouRP GP · σύpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσύ: 'you'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

δοῦναιgiveVO AAN · δίδωμιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδίδωμι: 'give'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδόξα: 'glory'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ὀνόματίnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὄνομα: 'name'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

μουἐγώRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐγώ: 'ἐγώ'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλέγω: 'say'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκύριος: Lord; the covenantal divine title used throughout the oracle for Israel's God as judge, witness, and speaker.

παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπαντοκράτωρ: Almighty; divine epithet stressing the Lord's comprehensive authority over priesthood, covenant, and judgment.

ἐξαποστελῶsend outVF2 FAI1S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: 'send out'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐπί: 'upon'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

κατάρανcurseN1A ASF · κατάραaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκατάρα: 'curse'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἐπικαταράσομαιcurseVF FMI1S · ἀράομαι + ἐπι + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀράομαι + ἐπι + κατα: 'curse'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

εὐλογίανblessingN1A ASF · εὐλογίαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεὐλογία: 'blessing'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

καταράσομαιcurseVF FMI1S · ἀράομαι + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀράομαι + κατα: 'curse'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

αὐτήνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

διασκεδάσωscatterVA AAS1S · σκεδάζω + διαform functioning according to its local role in the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσκεδάζω + δια: 'scatter'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationοὐ: 'not'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἰμί: 'be'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἐνἐνP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐν: 'ἐν'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

ὑμῖνyouRP DP · σύpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσύ: 'you'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὅτι: 'because'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσύ: 'you'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationοὐ: 'not'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

τίθεσθεsetV7 PMI2P · τίθημιform functioning according to its local role in the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationτίθημι: 'set'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἀφορίζω ὑμῖν τὸν ὦμον καὶ σκορπιῶ ἤνυστρον ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα ὑμῶν ἤνυστρον ἑορτῶν ὑμῶν καὶ λήμψομαι ὑμᾶς εἰς τὸ αὐτό

Behold, I am setting apart your shoulder for judgment, and I will scatter dung upon your faces, the dung of your feasts, and I will take you away with it.

Judgmentasyndeton

The imagery is deliberately degrading. Festal refuse becomes the sign that polluted worship has dishonored rather than served the Lord.

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words

ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἰδού: 'behold'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἐγὼἐγώRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐγώ: 'ἐγώ'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἀφορίζωset apartV1 PAI1S · ὁρίζω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁρίζω + ἀπο: 'set apart'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ὦμονshoulderN2 ASM · ὦμοςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὦμος: 'shoulder'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

σκορπιῶscatterVF2 FAI1S · σκορπίζωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσκορπίζω: 'scatter'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἤνυστρονdungN2N ASN · ἤνυστρονaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἤνυστρον: 'dung'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐπί: 'upon'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

πρόσωπαfaceN2N APN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἑορτῶνfeastN1 GPF · ἑορτήgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἑορτή: 'feast'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

λήμψομαιtakeVF FMI1S · λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλαμβάνω: 'take'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

αὐτόitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

καὶ ἐπιγνώσεσθε διότι ἐγὼ ἐξαπέσταλκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὴν ἐντολὴν ταύτην τοῦ εἶναι τὴν διαθήκην μου πρὸς τοὺς Λευίτας λέγει κύριος παντοκράτωρ

And you shall know that I have sent this commandment to you, that my covenant might stand with the Levites, says the Lord Almighty.

Purposeasyndeton

Punishment has a revelatory end: the priests are meant to recognize that the rebuke protects, rather than abolishes, the covenantal seriousness of Levitical service.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

ἐπιγνώσεσθεknow fullyVF FMI2P · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: 'know fully'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

διότιδιότιC · διότιconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδιότι: 'διότι'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἐξαπέσταλκαsend outVX XAI1S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: 'send out'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἐντολὴνcommandmentN1 ASF · ἐντολήaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationοὗτος: 'this'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἰμί: 'be'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδιαθήκη: covenant; the binding relationship invoked here for Levi, the fathers, and marriage alike, giving the chapter its unifying theological frame.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ΛευίταςLeviteN1M APM · Λευίτηςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationΛευίτης: Levi / Levite; the priestly line invoked as the standard of covenant faithfulness against which the present priests are judged.

ἡ διαθήκη μου ἦν μετ' αὐτοῦ τῆς ζωῆς καὶ τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ ἔδωκα αὐτῷ ἐν φόβῳ φοβεῖσθαί με καὶ ἀπὸ προσώπου ὀνόματός μου στέλλεσθαι αὐτόν

My covenant with him was one of life and peace, and I gave them to him in fear, that he might fear me and stand in awe before my name.

Historical recallasyndeton

The ideal covenant with Levi is remembered as a relation marked by gift and reverence. Fear here is not terror alone but faithful responsiveness before the holy name.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

διαθήκηcovenantN1 NSF · διαθήκηnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδιαθήκη: covenant; the binding relationship invoked here for Levi, the fathers, and marriage alike, giving the chapter its unifying theological frame.

ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἰμί: 'be'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationμετά: 'with'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

αὐτοῦitRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationζωή: 'life'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

εἰρήνηςpeaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἰρήνη: 'peace'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἔδωκαgiveVAI AAI1S · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδίδωμι: 'give'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

αὐτῷitRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

φόβῳfearN2 DSM · φόβοςdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationφόβος: 'fear'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

φοβεῖσθαίfearV2 PMN · φοβέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ ingressive aorist (became afraid)φοβέω: 'fear'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

μεἐγώRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐγώ: 'ἐγώ'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἀπὸἀπόP · ἀπόpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀπό: 'ἀπό'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

προσώπουfaceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ὀνόματόςnameN3M GSN · ὄνομαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὄνομα: 'name'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

στέλλεσθαιrevereV1 PMN · στέλλωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστέλλω: 'revere'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

αὐτόνitRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

νόμος ἀληθείας ἦν ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀδικία οὐχ εὑρέθη ἐν χείλεσιν αὐτοῦ ἐν εἰρήνῃ κατευθύνων ἐπορεύθη μετ' ἐμοῦ καὶ πολλοὺς ἐπέστρεψεν ἀπὸ ἀδικίας

A law of truth was in his mouth, and injustice was not found on his lips; walking uprightly in peace, he walked with me, and he turned many back from injustice.

Descriptionasyndeton

The true priest is presented as a teacher whose speech, conduct, and pastoral effect all align. His ministry turns others away from wrongdoing rather than confirming them in it.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationνόμος: law; here the authoritative instruction entrusted to priestly lips and corrupted by their partiality.

ἀληθείαςtruthN1A GSF · ἀλήθειαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀλήθεια: 'truth'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστόμα: 'mouth'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἀδικίαinjusticeN1A NSF · ἀδικίαnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀδικία: 'injustice'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

οὐχnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationοὐ: 'not'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

εὑρέθηfindVC API3S · εὑρίσκωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεὑρίσκω: 'find'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

χείλεσινlipN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationχεῖλος: 'lip'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

εἰρήνῃpeaceN1 DSF · εἰρήνηdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἰρήνη: 'peace'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

κατευθύνωνwalk straightV1 · παπνσμ εὐθύνω + καταparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεὐθύνω + κατα: 'walk straight'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἐπορεύθηwalkVCI API3S · πορεύομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπορεύομαι: 'walk'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἐμοῦἐγώRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐγώ: 'ἐγώ'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

πολλοὺςπολύςA1 APM · πολύςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπολύς: 'πολύς'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ἐπέστρεψενturn backVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστρέφω + ἐπι: 'turn back'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἀδικίαςinjusticeN1A GSF · ἀδικίαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀδικία: 'injustice'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ὅτι χείλη ἱερέως φυλάξεται γνῶσιν καὶ νόμον ἐκζητήσουσιν ἐκ στόματος αὐτοῦ διότι ἄγγελος κυρίου παντοκράτορός ἐστιν

For the lips of a priest will guard knowledge, and they will seek law from his mouth, because he is the messenger of the Lord Almighty.

Principleasyndeton

This verse states the normative vocation of priesthood: preserving knowledge and mediating instruction because the priest stands as the Lord's messenger.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

χείληlipN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationχεῖλος: 'lip'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἱερέωςpriestN3V GSM · ἱερεύςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἱερεύς: priest; cultic office bearer responsible to guard knowledge and teach the law faithfully.

φυλάξεταιguardVF FMI3S · φυλάσσωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationφυλάσσω: 'guard'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

γνῶσινknowledgeN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationγνῶσις: 'knowledge'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationνόμος: law; here the authoritative instruction entrusted to priestly lips and corrupted by their partiality.

ἐκζητήσουσινseekVF FAI3P · ζητέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationζητέω + ἐκ: 'seek'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἐκἐκP · ἐκpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐκ: 'ἐκ'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστόμα: 'mouth'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἄγγελοςmessengerN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἄγγελος: 'messenger'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκύριος: Lord; the covenantal divine title used throughout the oracle for Israel's God as judge, witness, and speaker.

παντοκράτορόςAlmightyN3R GSM · παντοκράτωρgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπαντοκράτωρ: Almighty; divine epithet stressing the Lord's comprehensive authority over priesthood, covenant, and judgment.

ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἰμί: 'be'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ὑμεῖς δὲ ἐξεκλίνατε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ πολλοὺς ἠσθενήσατε ἐν νόμῳ διεφθείρατε τὴν διαθήκην τοῦ Λευι λέγει κύριος παντοκράτωρ

But you have turned aside from the way, and you have caused many to grow weak in the law; you have corrupted the covenant of Levi, says the Lord Almighty.

Accusationasyndeton

The present priests are measured against the remembered ideal and found wanting. Their failure is corporate and pedagogical, since many stumble through their distorted handling of the law.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

δὲδέX · δέparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδέ: 'δέ'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἐξεκλίνατεturn asideVAI AAI2P · κλίνω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκλίνω + ἐκ: 'turn aside'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ὁδοῦwayN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁδός: 'way'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἠσθενήσατεcause to stumbleVAI AAI2P · ἀσθενέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀσθενέω: 'cause to stumble'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationνόμος: law; here the authoritative instruction entrusted to priestly lips and corrupted by their partiality.

διεφθείρατεcorruptVAI AAI2P · φθείρω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationφθείρω + δια: 'corrupt'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ΛευιLeviN GSM · Λευίnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationΛευί: Levi / Levite; the priestly line invoked as the standard of covenant faithfulness against which the present priests are judged.

κἀγὼ δέδωκα ὑμᾶς ἐξουδενωμένους καὶ παρειμένους εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἀνθ' ὧν ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἐφυλάξασθε τὰς ὁδούς μου ἀλλὰ ἐλαμβάνετε πρόσωπα ἐν νόμῳ

And I have made you despised and cast aside before all the nations, because you have not kept my ways but have shown partiality in the law.

Resultasyndeton

Their public humiliation matches their covenant infidelity. Judicial and instructional favoritism has emptied their office of moral authority.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκαί̈ἐγώ: 'and I'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

δέδωκαgiveVX XAI1S · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδίδωμι: 'give'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἐξουδενωμένουςπππαπμ ἐξουδενόωV4 · πππαπμ ἐξουδενόωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπππαπμ ἐξουδενόω: 'πππαπμ ἐξουδενόω'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

παρειμένουςcast asideVM · χμπαπμ ἵημι + παραparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἵημι + παρα: 'cast aside'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπᾶς: 'all'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ἔθνηnationN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἔθνος: 'nation'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἀνθ'because ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀντί: 'because of'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

ὧνὅςRR GPM · ὅςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὅς: 'ὅς'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἐφυλάξασθεguardVAI AMI2P · φυλάσσωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationφυλάσσω: 'guard'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ὁδούςwayN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁδός: 'way'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀλλά: 'but'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἐλαμβάνετεtakeV1I IAI2P · λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλαμβάνω: 'take'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

οὐχὶ θεὸς εἷς ἔκτισεν ὑμᾶς οὐχὶ πατὴρ εἷς πάντων ὑμῶν τί ὅτι ἐγκατελίπετε ἕκαστος τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ τοῦ βεβηλῶσαι τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν

Did not one God create you? Is there not one father of all of you? Why then does each of you forsake his brother, so as to profane the covenant of your fathers?

Rebukeasyndeton

The argument widens from priests to the community as a whole. Shared origin under one God makes social betrayal a profanation of inherited covenant solidarity.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

οὐχὶnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationοὐ: 'not'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationθεός: God; the one creator and father whose justice and witness ground the chapter's rebuke.

εἷςoneA3 NSM · εἷςadjectival element describing a noun or functioning substantivally in the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἷς: 'one'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ἔκτισενcreateVAI AAI3S · κτίζωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκτίζω: 'create'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπατήρ: 'father'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπᾶς: 'all'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationτίς: 'what'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἐγκατελίπετεabandonVBI AAI2P · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλείπω + ἐν + κατα: 'abandon'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἕκαστοςeachA1 NSM · ἕκαστοςadjectival element describing a noun or functioning substantivally in the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἕκαστος: 'each'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ἀδελφὸνbrotherN2 ASM · ἀδελφόςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

βεβηλῶσαιprofaneVA AAN · βεβηλόωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationβεβηλόω: 'profane'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπατήρ: 'father'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἐγκατελείφθη Ιουδας καὶ βδέλυγμα ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ Ισραηλ καὶ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ διότι ἐβεβήλωσεν Ιουδας τὰ ἅγια κυρίου ἐν οἷς ἠγάπησεν καὶ ἐπετήδευσεν εἰς θεοὺς ἀλλοτρίους

Judah has been abandoned, and an abomination has come to be in Israel and in Jerusalem, because Judah has profaned the holy things of the Lord, which he loved, and has pursued foreign gods.

Indictmentasyndeton

The accusation now targets cultic and marital unfaithfulness together. What belongs to the Lord has been defiled by alliances that carry the community toward alien worship.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

ἐγκατελείφθηabandonVVI API3S · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλείπω + ἐν + κατα: 'abandon'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ΙουδαςJudahN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἸούδας: Judah; the community accused of covenant profanation and social treachery.

βδέλυγμαabominationN3M NSN · βδέλυγμαnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἐγένετοbecomeVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationγίγνομαι: 'become'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἸσραήλ: Israel; covenant people whose shared identity heightens the seriousness of profanation and injustice.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem; the central community in which Judah's abomination is said to have taken root.

ἐβεβήλωσενprofaneVAI AAI3S · βεβηλόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationβεβηλόω: 'profane'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἅγιαholy thingA1A APN · ἅγιοςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἅγιος: 'holy thing'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

οἷςὅςRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὅς: 'ὅς'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἠγάπησενloveVAI AAI3S · ἀγαπάωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀγαπάω: 'love'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἐπετήδευσενpursueVAI AAI3S · ἐπιτηδεύωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐπιτηδεύω: 'pursue'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

θεοὺςGodN2 APM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationθεός: God; the one creator and father whose justice and witness ground the chapter's rebuke.

ἀλλοτρίουςforeignA1A APM · ἀλλότριοςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀλλότριος: 'foreign'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ἐξολεθρεύσει κύριος τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν ποιοῦντα ταῦτα ἕως καὶ ταπεινωθῇ ἐκ σκηνωμάτων Ιακωβ καὶ ἐκ προσαγόντων θυσίαν τῷ κυρίῳ παντοκράτορι

The Lord will utterly destroy the man who does these things, until he is brought low from the tents of Jacob, even from those who bring an offering to the Lord Almighty.

Threatasyndeton

No ritual standing protects the covenant-breaker. The sentence reaches from ordinary belonging within Jacob to sacrificial participation itself.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

ἐξολεθρεύσειdestroy utterlyVF FAI3S · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: 'destroy utterly'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἄνθρωπος: 'man'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ποιοῦνταdoV2 · παπασμ ποιέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationποιέω: 'do'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ταῦταthisRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationοὗτος: 'this'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἕως: 'until'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

ταπεινωθῇbe brought lowVC APS3S · ταπεινόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationταπεινόω: 'be brought low'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

σκηνωμάτωνtentN3M GPN · σκήνωμαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσκήνωμα: 'tent'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἸακώβ: 'Jacob'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

προσαγόντωνbring nearV1 · παπγπμ ἄγω + προςparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἄγω + προς: 'bring near'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

θυσίανofferingN1A ASF · θυσίαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationθυσία: 'offering'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκύριος: Lord; the covenantal divine title used throughout the oracle for Israel's God as judge, witness, and speaker.

παντοκράτοριAlmightyN3R DSM · παντοκράτωρdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπαντοκράτωρ: Almighty; divine epithet stressing the Lord's comprehensive authority over priesthood, covenant, and judgment.

καὶ ταῦτα ἃ ἐμίσουν ἐποιεῖτε ἐκαλύπτετε δάκρυσιν τὸ θυσιαστήριον κυρίου καὶ κλαυθμῷ καὶ στεναγμῷ ἐκ κόπων ἔτι ἄξιον ἐπιβλέψαι εἰς θυσίαν ἢ λαβεῖν δεκτὸν ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν

And these are the things that you did, which I hated: you covered the altar of the Lord with tears and with weeping and groaning from toil, because there is no longer any worth in looking upon the sacrifice or in receiving what is acceptable from your hands.

Explanationasyndeton

The people lament at the altar, yet their tears do not compel acceptance. The Lord explains that rejected offerings reflect moral disorder, not divine indifference.

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

ἃὅςRR APN · ὅςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὅς: 'ὅς'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἐμίσουνhateV2I IAI1S · μισέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationμισέω: 'hate'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἐποιεῖτεdoV2I IAI2P · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationποιέω: 'do'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἐκαλύπτετεcoverV1I IAI2P · καλύπτωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκαλύπτω: 'cover'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

δάκρυσινtearsN3 DPN · δάκρυdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδάκρυ: 'tears'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

θυσιαστήριονaltarN2N ASN · θυσιαστήριονaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

κλαυθμῷweepingN2 DSM · κλαυθμόςdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκλαυθμός: 'weeping'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

στεναγμῷgroaningN2 DSM · στεναγμόςdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστεναγμός: 'groaning'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

κόπωνtoilN2 GPM · κόποςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκόπος: 'toil'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἔτιstillD · ἔτιparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἔτι: 'still'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ἄξιονworthyA1A ASM · ἄξιοςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἄξιος: 'worthy'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ἐπιβλέψαιlook uponVA AAN · βλέπω + ἐπιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationβλέπω + ἐπι: 'look upon'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἢorC · ἤconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἤ: 'or'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

λαβεῖνtakeVB AAN · λαμβάνωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλαμβάνω: 'take'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

δεκτὸνacceptableA1 ASM · δεκτόςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδεκτός: 'acceptable'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

χειρῶνhandN3 GPF · χείρgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationχείρ: 'hand'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

καὶ εἴπατε ἕνεκεν τίνος ὅτι κύριος διεμαρτύρατο ἀνὰ μέσον σοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον γυναικὸς νεότητός σου ἣν ἐγκατέλιπες καὶ αὐτὴ κοινωνός σου καὶ γυνὴ διαθήκης σου

And you said, For what reason? Because the Lord bore witness between you and the wife of your youth, whom you abandoned, though she is your companion and the wife of your covenant.

Answerasyndeton

The cause of rejected worship is named directly: covenantal betrayal in marriage. The wife is described in relational and legal terms to underline the gravity of abandonment.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

εἴπατεsayVAI AAI2P · εἶπονmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεἶπον: 'say'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἕνεκενfor the sake ofP · ἕνεκενpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἕνεκεν: 'for the sake of'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

τίνοςwhatRI GSN · τίςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationτίς: 'what'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

διεμαρτύρατοbear witnessVAI AMI3S · μαρτυρέω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationμαρτυρέω + δια: 'bear witness'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀνά: 'between'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

μέσονmiddleA1 ASN · μέσοςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationμέσος: 'middle'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

σοῦyouRP GS · σύpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσύ: 'you'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

γυναικὸςwifeN3K GSF · γυνήgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationγυνή: wife; in this section the covenant partner whose abandonment becomes a religious as well as social offense.

νεότητόςyouthN3T GSF · νεότηςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationνεότης: 'youth'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσύ: 'you'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἣνὅςRR ASF · ὅςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὅς: 'ὅς'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἐγκατέλιπεςabandonVBI AAI2S · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλείπω + ἐν + κατα: 'abandon'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

αὐτὴitRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

κοινωνόςcompanionN2 NSF · κοινωνόςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκοινωνός: 'companion'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

γυνὴwifeN3K NSF · γυνήnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationγυνή: wife; in this section the covenant partner whose abandonment becomes a religious as well as social offense.

διαθήκηςcovenantN1 GSF · διαθήκηgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδιαθήκη: covenant; the binding relationship invoked here for Levi, the fathers, and marriage alike, giving the chapter its unifying theological frame.

καὶ οὐκ ἄλλος ἐποίησεν καὶ ὑπόλειμμα πνεύματος αὐτοῦ καὶ εἴπατε τί ἄλλο ἀλλ' ἢ σπέρμα ζητεῖ ὁ θεός καὶ φυλάξασθε ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ὑμῶν καὶ γυναῖκα νεότητός σου μὴ ἐγκαταλίπῃς

And did not one make her, with a remnant of his spirit? And what does the one God seek except offspring for God? So guard yourselves in your spirit, and do not abandon the wife of your youth.

Exhortationasyndeton

The verse is compressed and difficult, but its force is clear: divine intention in marriage calls for fidelity, and the inner life must be guarded against treacherous abandonment.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

ἄλλοςanotherRD NSM · ἄλλοςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἄλλος: 'another'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἐποίησενdoVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationποιέω: 'do'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ὑπόλειμμαremnantN3M ASN · ὑπόλειμμαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὑπόλειμμα: 'remnant'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

πνεύματοςspiritN3M GSN · πνεῦμαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπνεῦμα: spirit; the inward disposition that must be guarded so that covenant treachery does not take root.

ἄλλοanotherRD ASN · ἄλλοςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἄλλος: 'another'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀλλά: 'but'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

σπέρμαoffspringN3M ASN · σπέρμαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationσπέρμα: 'offspring'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ζητεῖζητέωV2 PAI3S · ζητέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationζητέω: 'ζητέω'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationθεός: God; the one creator and father whose justice and witness ground the chapter's rebuke.

φυλάξασθεguardVA AMD2P · φυλάσσωverbal form issuing command, warning, or contingent instruction→ verbal action marked by its local tense-formφυλάσσω: 'guard'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

πνεύματιspiritN3M DSN · πνεῦμαdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπνεῦμα: spirit; the inward disposition that must be guarded so that covenant treachery does not take root.

γυναῖκαwifeN3K ASF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationγυνή: wife; in this section the covenant partner whose abandonment becomes a religious as well as social offense.

ἐγκαταλίπῃςabandonVB AAS2S · λείπω + ἐν + καταverbal form issuing command, warning, or contingent instruction→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλείπω + ἐν + κατα: 'abandon'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ἀλλὰ ἐὰν μισήσας ἐξαποστείλῃς λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς τοῦ Ισραηλ καὶ καλύψει ἀσέβεια ἐπὶ τὰ ἐνθυμήματά σου λέγει κύριος παντοκράτωρ καὶ φυλάξασθε ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ὑμῶν καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐγκαταλίπητε

But if, hating her, you send her away, says the Lord, the God of Israel, then ungodliness will cover your thoughts, says the Lord Almighty. So guard yourselves in your spirit, and do not abandon her.

Warningasyndeton

Divorce joined to hatred is exposed as an interior and exterior violation. The repeated call to guard the spirit insists that moral treachery begins before it becomes public action.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

μισήσαςhateVA · ααπνσμ μισέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationμισέω: 'hate'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἐξαποστείλῃςsend outVA AAS2S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποverbal form issuing command, warning, or contingent instruction→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: 'send out'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἸσραήλ: Israel; covenant people whose shared identity heightens the seriousness of profanation and injustice.

καλύψειcoverVF FAI3S · καλύπτωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκαλύπτω: 'cover'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

ἀσέβειαἀσέβειαN1A NSF · ἀσέβειαnominal element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἀσέβεια: 'ἀσέβεια'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἐνθυμήματάthoughtN3M APN · ἐνθύμημαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐνθύμημα: 'thought'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

ἐγκαταλίπητεabandonVB AAS2P · λείπω + ἐν + καταverbal form issuing command, warning, or contingent instruction→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλείπω + ἐν + κατα: 'abandon'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

οἱ παροξύνοντες τὸν θεὸν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ὑμῶν καὶ εἴπατε ἐν τίνι παρωξύναμεν αὐτόν ἐν τῷ λέγειν ὑμᾶς πᾶς ποιῶν πονηρόν καλὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς αὐτὸς εὐδόκησεν καί ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ θεὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης

You who provoke God with your words also say, In what way have we provoked him? By your saying, Everyone who does evil is good in the sight of the Lord, and in such people he delights; and, Where is the God of justice?

Disputation climaxasyndeton

The chapter ends by exposing cynical speech that mistakes divine patience for moral indifference. The complaint prepares for the coming answer about the God of justice in the next movement.

Word-by-word analysis· 36 words

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

παροξύνοντεςprovokeV1 · παπνπμ ὀξύνω + παραparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὀξύνω + παρα: 'provoke'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationθεός: God; the one creator and father whose justice and witness ground the chapter's rebuke.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὁ: Greek article marking the substantive or substantival phrase in its local case, number, and gender.

λόγοιςwordN2 DPM · λόγοςdative element functioning within the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλόγος: 'word'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

τίνιwhatRI DSN · τίςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationτίς: 'what'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

παρωξύναμενprovokeVAI AAI1P · ὀξύνω + παραmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationὀξύνω + παρα: 'provoke'; compound lexeme whose prefixed form sharpens the action or relation in context.

λέγεινsayV1 PAN · λέγωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationλέγω: 'say'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival element describing a noun or functioning substantivally in the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπᾶς: 'all'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ποιῶνdoV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant action→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationποιέω: 'do'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

πονηρόνevilA1A ASM · πονηρόςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationπονηρός: 'evil'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

καλὸνgoodA1 ASM · καλόςadjectival form qualifying a noun or phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκαλός: 'good'; adjectival lexeme qualifying a noun or functioning substantivally in context.

ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition governing its object within the phrase→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationἐνώπιον: 'before'; prepositional lexeme marking the relation of its object to the clause.

αὐτοῖςitRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

αὐτὸςitRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form identifying a participant or linking the discourse→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationαὐτός: 'it'; pronominal lexeme identifying a participant or linking the discourse.

εὐδόκησενdelightVA AAI3S · εὐδοκέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationεὐδοκέω: 'delight'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.

καίandC · καίconnector linking clauses, phrases, or coordinated elements→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationκαί: 'and'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

ποῦwhereD · ποῦparticle or adverb shaping emphasis, negation, interrogation, or discourse flow→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationποῦ: 'where'; lexical item interpreted according to its immediate role in the prophetic discourse.

δικαιοσύνηςjusticeN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ levitical covenant, marital treachery, and coming purificationδικαιοσύνη: 'justice'; nominal lexeme naming a participant, object, place, or abstract concept in the oracle.

The Book of Malachi, Chapter 2ΜΑΛΑΧΙΑΣ Β′

Theme

Translation & textual notes