1
καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου πρὸς Μιχαιαν τὸν τοῦ Μωρασθι ἐν ἡμέραις Ιωαθαμ καὶ Αχαζ καὶ Εζεκιου βασιλέων Ιουδα ὑπὲρ ὧν εἶδεν περὶ Σαμαρείας καὶ περὶ Ιερουσαλημ
And the word of the Lord came to Micah of Moresheth in the days of Jotham and Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, concerning what he saw about Samaria and Jerusalem.
The superscription identifies Micah, locates his ministry within Judah's royal chronology, and names both Samaria and Jerusalem as the burden of his vision. The oracle is thus framed from the outset as addressing the two political-religious centers of the divided people.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΜιχαιανMicaiahN1T ASM · Μιχαιαςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementΜιχαιαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωρασθιMoreshethN GSM · Μωρασθιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΜωρασθι: meaning 'Moresheth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
ΙωαθαμJothamN GSM · Ιωαθαμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑχαζAhazN GSM · Αχαζproper name functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant identificationΑχαζ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕζεκιουHezekiahN1T GSM · Εζεκιαςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ participant identificationΕζεκιου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival dependent within the phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαproper name functioning within the prophetic scene→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the prophetic scene.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaN1A GSF · Σαμαρείαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΣαμαρείας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
2
ἀκούσατε λαοί λόγους καὶ προσεχέτω ἡ γῆ καὶ πάντες οἱ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ἔσται κύριος ἐν ὑμῖν εἰς μαρτύριον κύριος ἐξ οἴκου ἁγίου αὐτοῦ
Hear, O peoples, these words, and let the earth and all that is in it give heed; and the Lord shall be among you for a witness, the Lord from his holy house.
The address widens from human hearers to the whole earth, giving the oracle cosmic scope. The Lord's role as witness means that judgment proceeds from divine firsthand knowledge rather than rumor or mere accusation.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
λαοίpeoplesN2 VPM · λαόςvocative nominal element used in direct addressλαός: meaning 'peoples'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεχέτωlet give heedV1 PAD3S · ἔχω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἔχω + προς: meaning 'let give heed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μαρτύριονwitnessN2N ASN · μαρτύριονaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationμαρτύριον: meaning 'witness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἁγίουholyA1A GSM · ἅγιοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
3
διότι ἰδοὺ κύριος ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτοῦ καὶ καταβήσεται καὶ ἐπιβήσεται ἐπὶ τὰ ὕψη τῆς γῆς
For behold, the Lord is coming forth from his place, and he will descend and step upon the heights of the earth.
The prophetic 'behold' introduces a judgment theophany. The Lord's descent onto the high places reverses every human claim to elevation and presents him as sovereign over the land's most exalted sites.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speech→ discourse markerἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐκπορεύεται+ εκV1 PMI3S · πορεύομαι + ἐκmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι + ἐκ: meaning '+ εκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταβήσεταιwill come downVF FMI3S · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'will come down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβήσεταιwill step uponVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseβαίνω + ἐπι: meaning 'will step upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕψηheightN3E APN · ὕψοςaccusative element functioning as object or complementὕψος: meaning 'height'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
4
καὶ σαλευθήσεται τὰ ὄρη ὑποκάτωθεν αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ κοιλάδες τακήσονται ὡς κηρὸς ἀπὸ προσώπου πυρὸς καὶ ὡς ὕδωρ καταφερόμενον ἐν καταβάσει
And the mountains shall be shaken beneath him, and the valleys shall melt like wax before fire and like water rushing down a slope.
Creation itself cannot remain stable before the Lord's appearing. The paired comparisons to wax and cascading water stress dissolution, speed, and irreversibility.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλευθήσεταιto move / shakeVC FPI3S · σαλεύωcomplementary articular infinitive (with προσθήσω)→ futureσαλεύω: meaning 'to move'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary articular infinitive (with προσθήσω).
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsN3E NPN · ὄροςsubject nominative of the second ἔστιλβεν→ participant prominenceὄρος: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as subject nominative of the second ἔστιλβεν.
ὑποκάτωθενfrom beneathP · ὑποκάτωθενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὑποκάτωθεν: meaning 'from beneath'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κοιλάδεςvalleysN3D NPF · κοιλάςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκοιλάς: meaning 'valleys'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τακήσονταιVerbal form from τήκω meaning “melt away” in this context.VF FMI3P · τήκωFinite verb / predicate→ ingressive aorist passive (came to be melted with fear)τήκω: meaning 'Verbal form from τήκω meaning “melt away” in this context.'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
κηρὸςwaxN2 NSM · κηρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant prominenceκηρός: meaning 'wax'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καταφερόμενονrushing downV1 · πππνσν φέρω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπππνσν φέρω + κατα: meaning 'rushing down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
καταβάσειdescentN3I DSF · κατάβασιςdative noun governed by ἐν→ sphere or referenceκατάβασις: meaning 'descent'; it serves as dative noun governed by ἐν.
5
διὰ ἀσέβειαν Ιακωβ πάντα ταῦτα καὶ διὰ ἁμαρτίαν οἴκου Ισραηλ τίς ἡ ἀσέβεια τοῦ Ιακωβ οὐ Σαμάρεια καὶ τίς ἡ ἁμαρτία οἴκου Ιουδα οὐχὶ Ιερουσαλημ
All these things are because of the impiety of Jacob and because of the sin of the house of Israel. What is the impiety of Jacob? Is it not Samaria? And what is the sin of the house of Judah? Is it not Jerusalem?
The chapter's sweeping cosmic imagery is now given a precise cause: covenantal rebellion centered in the two capitals. Samaria and Jerusalem stand not only as cities but as embodiments of the people's corruption.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀσέβειανimpietyN1A ASF · ἀσέβειαaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impiety'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ταῦταtheseRD NPN · οὗτοςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἁμαρτίανsinN1A ASF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τίςwhatRI NSF · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσέβειαviolence / impietyN1A NSF · ἀσέβειαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἀσέβεια: meaning 'violence'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
ΣαμάρειαSamariaN1A NSF · Σαμαρείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΣαμάρεια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhatRI NSF · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinN1A NSF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαproper name functioning within the prophetic scene→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the prophetic scene.
οὐχὶnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: meaning 'not'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN NSF · Ἰερουσαλήμindeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow.
6
καὶ θήσομαι Σαμάρειαν εἰς ὀπωροφυλάκιον ἀγροῦ καὶ εἰς φυτείαν ἀμπελῶνος καὶ κατασπάσω εἰς χάος τοὺς λίθους αὐτῆς καὶ τὰ θεμέλια αὐτῆς ἀποκαλύψω
And I will make Samaria a shed of the field and a planting-ground of a vineyard, and I will drag her stones down into a chasm and uncover her foundations.
The city will be reduced from an urban center to an agricultural ruin. The dismantling of stones and exposure of foundations picture total undoing from the surface down.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θήσομαιplace / appointVF FMI1S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ futureτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
ΣαμάρειανSamariaN1A ASF · Σαμαρείαcommon noun within the clauseΣαμάρειαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀπωροφυλάκιονorchard hutN2N ASN · ὀπωροφυλάκιονaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationὀπωροφυλάκιον: meaning 'orchard hut'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
φυτείανplanting-groundN1A ASF · φυτείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalφυτεία: meaning 'planting-ground'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀμπελῶνοςvineyardN3W GSM · ἀμπελώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ rival invitations of wisdom and follyἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατασπάσωI will drag downVF FAI1S · σπάω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσπάω + κατα: meaning 'I will drag down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χάοςchasmN3E ASN · χάοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalχάος: meaning 'chasm'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstoneN2 APM · λίθοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεμέλιαfoundationsN2N APN · θεμέλιονdirect object of φλέξει→ object specificationθεμέλιον: meaning 'foundations'; it serves as direct object of φλέξει.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἀποκαλύψωἀποVF FAI1S · καλύπτω + ἀποverb of the content clause→ futureκαλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the content clause.
7
καὶ πάντα τὰ γλυπτὰ αὐτῆς κατακόψουσιν καὶ πάντα τὰ μισθώματα αὐτῆς ἐμπρήσουσιν ἐν πυρί καὶ πάντα τὰ εἴδωλα αὐτῆς θήσομαι εἰς ἀφανισμόν διότι ἐκ μισθωμάτων πορνείας συνήγαγεν καὶ ἐκ μισθωμάτων πορνείας συνέστρεψεν
And all her carved images they shall cut down, and all her wages they shall burn with fire, and all her idols I will make a desolation, because from the wages of prostitution she gathered them, and into the wages of prostitution she turned them back.
The verse treats Samaria's cultic wealth as the profit of infidelity. What was amassed through unfaithfulness is destined to perish in the same sphere of shame from which it arose.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλυπτὰglyptosA1 APN · γλυπτόςaccusative element functioning as object or extent expression→ object specificationγλυπτός: meaning 'glyptos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent expression.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
κατακόψουσινcut downVF FAI3P · κόπτω + καταfuture verb projecting the coming action→ futureκόπτω + κατα: meaning 'cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as future verb projecting the coming action.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθώματαwagesN3M APN · μίσθωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalμίσθωμα: meaning 'wages'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐμπρήσουσινthey will burnVF FAI3P · πίπρημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπίπρημι + ἐν: meaning 'they will burn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πυρίfireN3 DSN · πῦρdative element expressing location, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as dative element expressing location, means, reference, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδωλαidolN2N APN · εἴδωλονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationεἴδωλον: meaning 'idol'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
θήσομαιplace / appointVF FMI1S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ futureτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀφανισμόνἀφανισμόςN2 ASM · ἀφανισμόςnominal element carrying the clause or phrase→ repentance summons and judgment on the nationsἀφανισμός: meaning 'ἀφανισμός'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μισθωμάτωνwagesN3M GPN · μίσθωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityμίσθωμα: meaning 'wages'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πορνείαςsexual immoralityN1A GSF · πορνείαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationπορνεία: meaning 'sexual immorality'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
συνήγαγενgatheredVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἄγω + συν: meaning 'gathered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μισθωμάτωνwagesN3M GPN · μίσθωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityμίσθωμα: meaning 'wages'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πορνείαςsexual immoralityN1A GSF · πορνείαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationπορνεία: meaning 'sexual immorality'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
συνέστρεψενturned backVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ confession, prayer, and numerical observationστρέφω + συν: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
ἕνεκεν τούτου κόψεται καὶ θρηνήσει πορεύσεται ἀνυπόδετος καὶ γυμνή ποιήσεται κοπετὸν ὡς δρακόντων καὶ πένθος ὡς θυγατέρων σειρήνων
Because of this she will mourn and lament; she will go barefoot and naked; she will make mourning like dragons and lamentation like the daughters of sirens.
The announced judgment evokes embodied grief marked by exposure, barefoot movement, and animal-like wailing. The comparisons intensify the sense of desolation and make the lament sound primordial and untamed.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἕνεκενenekenP · ἕνεκενpreposition introducing its complement→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: meaning 'eneken'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
κόψεταιmourn / cutVF FMI3S · κόπτωfuture verb projecting the coming action→ futureκόπτω: meaning 'mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as future verb projecting the coming action.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θρηνήσειwill lamentVF FMI3S · θρηνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθρηνέω: meaning 'will lament'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πορεύσεταιgoVF FMI3S · πορεύομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form presenting the action as forthcomingπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἀνυπόδετοςbarefootA1B NSF · ἀνυπόδετοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἀνυπόδετος: meaning 'barefoot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυμνήnakedA1 NSF · γυμνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionγυμνός: meaning 'naked'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ποιήσεταιmakeVF FMI3S · ποιέωfinite verb governing the clause→ theophanic vengeance and announced downfallποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
κοπετὸνlamentationN2 ASM · κοπετόςinternal object of ἐκόψαντο→ object specificationκοπετός: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as internal object of ἐκόψαντο.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
δρακόντωνdragonsN3 GPM · δράκωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδράκων: meaning 'dragons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πένθοςmourningN3E ASN · πένθοςresult complement after the verb of turning→ object specificationπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as result complement after the verb of turning.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
θυγατέρωνdaughterN3 GPF · θυγάτηρnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
σειρήνωνsirenN3 GPF · σειρήνgenitive nominal element qualifying another term within the clause→ relational specificationσειρήν: meaning 'siren'; it serves as genitive nominal element qualifying another term within the clause.
9
ὅτι κατεκράτησεν ἡ πληγὴ αὐτῆς διότι ἦλθεν ἕως Ιουδα καὶ ἥψατο ἕως πύλης λαοῦ μου ἕως Ιερουσαλημ
For her wound has become severe, because it has come as far as Judah and reached the gate of my people, as far as Jerusalem.
The damage is no longer confined to the northern kingdom. The plague-like 'wound' crosses into Judah and touches Jerusalem itself, showing that judgment has become inescapably shared.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεκράτησενgained controlVAI AAI3S · κρατέω + καταmain verb of taking command→ constative aoristκρατέω + κατα: meaning 'gained control'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of taking command.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πληγὴplague / blowN1 NSF · πληγήcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπληγή: meaning 'plague'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαproper name functioning within the prophetic scene→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the prophetic scene.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥψατοtouchVAI AMI3S · ἅπτομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: meaning 'touch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
10
οἱ ἐν Γεθ μὴ μεγαλύνεσθε οἱ ἐν Ακιμ μὴ ἀνοικοδομεῖτε ἐξ οἴκου κατὰ γέλωτα γῆν καταπάσασθε κατὰ γέλωτα ὑμῶν
You who are in Gath, do not magnify yourselves; you who are in Akim, do not rebuild. In the house of mockery trample the ground in mockery of yourselves.
The oracle begins its chain of local laments with wordplay and ironic imperatives. The towns are named in ways that sharpen humiliation, making geography itself participate in the prophecy.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΓεθGathN DS · Γεθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΓεθ: meaning 'Gath'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
μεγαλύνεσθεmagnify yourselvesV1 PMD2P · μεγαλύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμεγαλύνω: meaning 'magnify yourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΑκιμAkimN DS · Ακιμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΑκιμ: meaning 'Akim'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀνοικοδομεῖτεrebuildV2 PAD2P · οἰκοδομέω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκοδομέω + ἀνα: meaning 'rebuild'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γέλωταgelosN3T ASM · γέλωςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationγέλως: meaning 'gelos'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καταπάσασθεtrampleVA AMD2P · πάσσω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπάσσω + κατα: meaning 'trample'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γέλωταgelosN3T ASM · γέλωςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationγέλως: meaning 'gelos'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
11
κατοικοῦσα καλῶς τὰς πόλεις αὐτῆς οὐκ ἐξῆλθεν κατοικοῦσα Σεννααν κόψασθαι οἶκον ἐχόμενον αὐτῆς λήμψεται ἐξ ὑμῶν πληγὴν ὀδύνης
She who dwells well among her cities did not go out, she who dwells in Sennaan, to mourn; the house next to her shall receive from you a blow of grief.
The movement from one settlement to the next dramatizes the spread of distress through Judah's local life. Nearness itself offers no refuge, since the neighboring house inherits the stroke of pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
κατοικοῦσακαταV2 · παπνσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
καλῶςwellD · καλῶςadverb modifying ποιήσετε→ discourse linkage or contrastκαλῶς: meaning 'well'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
κατοικοῦσακαταV2 · παπνσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ΣενναανSennaanN AS · Σενναανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΣεννααν: meaning 'Sennaan'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόψασθαιto mournVA AMN · κόπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsκόπτω: meaning 'to mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐχόμενονnext toV1 · πμπασμ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπασμ ἔχω: meaning 'next to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
λήμψεταιreceiveVF FMI3S · λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'receive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πληγὴνa blowN1 ASF · πληγήcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπληγή: meaning 'a blow'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὀδύνηςgriefN1 GSF · ὀδύνηnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationὀδύνη: meaning 'grief'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
12
τίς ἤρξατο εἰς ἀγαθὰ κατοικούσῃ ὀδύνας ὅτι κατέβη κακὰ παρὰ κυρίου ἐπὶ πύλας Ιερουσαλημ
Who has begun sorrows for her who dwells for good things? For evils have come down from the Lord upon the gates of Jerusalem.
Even where good was expected, pain has begun instead. The verse reaches back from the smaller towns to Jerusalem's gates, insisting that the same descending judgment governs the whole region.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἤρξατοbeganVAI AMI3S · ἄρχωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ perfectiveἄρχω: meaning 'began'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
κατοικούσῃto her who dwellsV2 · παπδσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action advancing the lamentπαπδσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'to her who dwells'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀδύναςsorrowsN1 APF · ὀδύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ zophar: brief triumph and bitter endὀδύνη: meaning 'sorrows'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηwent downVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist summary statementβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'went down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κακὰevilsA1 NPN · κακόςsubstantivized adjective functioning as subject→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as substantivized adjective functioning as subject.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πύλαςgatesN1 APF · πύληcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
13
ψόφος ἁρμάτων καὶ ἱππευόντων κατοικοῦσα Λαχις ἀρχηγὸς ἁμαρτίας αὐτή ἐστιν τῇ θυγατρὶ Σιων ὅτι ἐν σοὶ εὑρέθησαν ἀσέβειαι τοῦ Ισραηλ
The sound of chariots and riders belongs to her who dwells in Lachish; she is the beginning of sin for the daughter of Zion, because in you were found the impieties of Israel.
Lachish is singled out as a transmitter of northern rebellion into Judah. Martial noise and moral contagion are joined, so that military strength becomes part of the accusation rather than a defense against it.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ψόφοςsoundN2 NSM · ψόφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionψόφος: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἁρμάτωνchariotN3M GPN · ἅρμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππευόντωνridersV1 · παπγπμ ἱππεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπγπμ ἱππεύω: meaning 'riders'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατοικοῦσακαταV2 · παπνσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ΛαχιςLachishN AS · Λαχιςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΛαχις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἀρχηγὸςleaderN2 NSM · ἀρχηγόςnominative substantive functioning within the clauseἀρχηγός: meaning 'leader'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A GSF · ἁμαρτίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
αὐτήsheRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant focusαὐτή: meaning 'she'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὶthygatriN3 DSF · θυγάτηρnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'thygatri'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ΣιωνZionN GS · Σιωνproper name in apposition to ὄρος→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in apposition to ὄρος.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σοὶyouRP DS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
εὑρέθησανeyriskoVC API3P · εὑρίσκωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'eyrisko'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ἀσέβειαιimpietiesN1A NPF · ἀσέβειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἀσέβεια: meaning 'impieties'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
14
διὰ τοῦτο δώσεις ἐξαποστελλομένους ἕως κληρονομίας Γεθ οἴκους ματαίους εἰς κενὰ ἐγένετο τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν τοῦ Ισραηλ
Therefore you shall give those being sent away as far as the inheritance of Gath; vain houses have become empty things for the kings of Israel.
The judgment now takes the form of dispossession and futility. What seemed substantial, whether settlements or dynastic holdings, is exposed as empty and unreliable.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δώσειςyou shall giveVF FAI2S · δίδωμιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadδίδωμι: meaning 'you shall give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐξαποστελλομένουςthose being sent awayV1 · πμπαπμ στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπαπμ στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'those being sent away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κληρονομίαςinheritanceN1A GSF · κληρονομίαGenitive modifier→ relational specificationκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
ΓεθGathN GS · Γεθsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextΓεθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ματαίουςvainA1A APM · μάταιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalμάταιος: meaning 'vain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κενὰempty thingsA1 APN · κενόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ zophar: brief triumph and bitter endκενός: meaning 'empty things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative complement within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
15
ἕως τοὺς κληρονόμους ἀγάγω σοι κατοικοῦσα Λαχις κληρονομία ἕως Οδολλαμ ἥξει ἡ δόξα τῆς θυγατρὸς Ισραηλ
Until I bring heirs to you, O inhabitant of Lachish; the glory of the daughter of Israel shall come as far as Odollam.
Inheritance language is turned inside out: instead of secure possession, new claimants arrive. Odollam, once a place of refuge, becomes a marker of retreat and loss for Israel's glory.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονόμουςheirsN2 APM · κληρονόμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalκληρονόμος: meaning 'heirs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀγάγωI bringVB AAS1S · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἄγω: meaning 'I bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κατοικοῦσακαταV2 · παπνσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ΛαχιςLachishN AS · Λαχιςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΛαχις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
κληρονομίαinheritanceN1A NSF · κληρονομίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΟδολλαμOdollamN AS · Οδολλαμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΟδολλαμ: meaning 'Odollam'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρdaughter-term in a marital or maternal notice→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as daughter-term in a marital or maternal notice.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
16
ξύρησαι καὶ κεῖραι ἐπὶ τὰ τέκνα τὰ τρυφερά σου ἐμπλάτυνον τὴν χηρείαν σου ὡς ἀετός ὅτι ᾐχμαλωτεύθησαν ἀπὸ σοῦ
Shave yourself and shear your hair for your delicate children; enlarge your widowhood like an eagle, because they have been taken captive from you.
The chapter closes with ritualized signs of bereavement. Baldness, widowed emptiness, and captivity gather the chapter's themes into one final image of irreversible loss.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ξύρησαιshave yourselfVA AMD2S · ξυράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseξυράω: meaning 'shave yourself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κεῖραιshear your hairVA AMD2S · κείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ command or prohibitive forceκείρω: meaning 'shear your hair'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenN2N APN · τέκνονnominal element within the genealogical notice→ object specificationτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρυφεράdelightsA1A APN · τρυφερόςaccusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complementτρυφερός: meaning 'delights'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐμπλάτυνονenlargeV1 · παπασν πλατύνω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπασν πλατύνω + ἐν: meaning 'enlarge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χηρείανwidowhoodN1A ASF · χηρείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalχηρεία: meaning 'widowhood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀετόςeagleN2 NSM · ἀετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ wild creatures and limits of masteryἀετός: meaning 'eagle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾐχμαλωτεύθησανhad been taken captiveVCI API3P · αἰχμαλωτεύωmain verb (passive: the wives were captured)→ verbal action or state within the oracleαἰχμαλωτεύω: meaning 'had been taken captive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (passive: the wives were captured).
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.