1
ἐγένοντο λογιζόμενοι κόπους καὶ ἐργαζόμενοι κακὰ ἐν ταῖς κοίταις αὐτῶν καὶ ἅμα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ συνετέλουν αὐτά διότι οὐκ ἦραν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῶν
They became those who devise troubles and work evils upon their beds; and at daybreak they accomplished them, because they did not raise their hands to God.
The chapter begins with premeditated injustice. Evil is conceived in the private space of the bed and executed publicly at dawn, showing how power converts desire into action.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
λογιζόμενοιplottingV1 · πμπνπμ λογίζομαιparticiple contributing attendant circumstance, manner, or description→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ λογίζομαι: meaning 'plotting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant circumstance, manner, or description.
κόπουςtroublesN2 APM · κόποςthird object of διηγήσαντο→ object specificationκόπος: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as third object of διηγήσαντο.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐργαζόμενοιworkingV1 · πμπνπμ ἐργάζομαιsubstantival participle naming the group→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ἐργάζομαι: meaning 'working'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival participle naming the group.
κακὰevilsA1 APN · κακόςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοίταιςbedsN1 DPF · κοίτηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ whirlwind questions and cosmic foundationsκοίτη: meaning 'beds'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαadverb→ discourse linkage or contrastἅμα: meaning 'together'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
συνετέλουνwere accomplishingV2I IAI3P · τελέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτελέω + συν: meaning 'were accomplishing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦρανlifted upVAI AAI3P · αἴρωmain verb of the idiom→ constative aoristαἴρω: meaning 'lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the idiom.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
2
καὶ ἐπεθύμουν ἀγροὺς καὶ διήρπαζον ὀρφανοὺς καὶ οἴκους κατεδυνάστευον καὶ διήρπαζον ἄνδρα καὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἄνδρα καὶ τὴν κληρονομίαν αὐτοῦ
And they coveted fields and plundered orphans, and they oppressed houses and plundered a man and his house, a man and his inheritance.
Micah specifies the form of that injustice: coveting becomes seizure, and seizure falls upon fields, houses, and inheritances. Social violence is directed at the vulnerable and at the very structures of family continuity.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεθύμουνwere covetingV4I IAI3P · θυμόω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθυμόω + ἐπι: meaning 'were coveting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγροὺςfieldN2 APM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ object specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διήρπαζονplunderV1I IAI3P · ἁρπάζω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clause→ siege, plunder, and imperial collapseἁρπάζω + δια: meaning 'plunder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὀρφανοὺςorphanA1 APM · ὀρφανόςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ eliphaz: accusations and promised restorationὀρφανός: meaning 'orphan'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κατεδυνάστευονδυναστεύωV1I IAI3P · δυναστεύω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ ongoing verbal processδυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'δυναστεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διήρπαζονplunderV1I IAI3P · ἁρπάζω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clause→ siege, plunder, and imperial collapseἁρπάζω + δια: meaning 'plunder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίανinheritanceN1A ASF · κληρονομίαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
3
διὰ τοῦτο τάδε λέγει κύριος ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ λογίζομαι ἐπὶ τὴν φυλὴν ταύτην κακά ἐξ ὧν οὐ μὴ ἄρητε τοὺς τραχήλους ὑμῶν καὶ οὐ μὴ πορευθῆτε ὀρθοὶ ἐξαίφνης ὅτι καιρὸς πονηρός ἐστιν
Therefore thus says the Lord: Behold, I am devising evils against this tribe, from which you shall certainly not lift your necks, and you shall certainly not walk upright suddenly, because it is an evil time.
The Lord answers scheming with counter-scheming. Because the oppressors have bent others under their yoke, they themselves will be unable to lift their necks or walk proudly in the coming evil time.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speech→ discourse markerἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λογίζομαιI am devisingV1 PMI1S · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλογίζομαι: meaning 'I am devising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλὴνtribeN1 ASF · φυλήaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationφυλή: meaning 'tribe'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceταύτην: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κακάevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἄρητεlift upVA AAS2P · αἴρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseαἴρω: meaning 'lift up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τραχήλουςtrachelosN2 APM · τράχηλοςaccusative element functioning as object or extent expression→ object specificationτράχηλος: meaning 'trachelos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent expression.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
πορευθῆτεwentVC APS2P · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'went'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ὀρθοὶuprightA1 NPM · ὀρθόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemὀρθός: meaning 'upright'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐξαίφνηςsuddenlyD · ἐξαίφνηςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἐξαίφνης: meaning 'suddenly'; here it marks the relation signaled by adverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςtimeN2 NSM · καιρόςsubject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as subject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause.
πονηρόςevilA1A NSM · πονηρόςnominal term functioning as subject or predicate complement→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominal term functioning as subject or predicate complement.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
4
ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ λημφθήσεται ἐφ' ὑμᾶς παραβολή καὶ θρηνηθήσεται θρῆνος ἐν μέλει λέγων ταλαιπωρίᾳ ἐταλαιπωρήσαμεν μερὶς λαοῦ μου κατεμετρήθη ἐν σχοινίῳ καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ κωλύσων αὐτὸν τοῦ ἀποστρέψαι οἱ ἀγροὶ ἡμῶν διεμερίσθησαν
In that day a proverb will be taken up against you, and a lament shall be lamented in song, saying, 'We have been utterly afflicted; the portion of my people has been measured out with a line, and there was no one to prevent him from turning it back; our fields have been divided.'
Judgment becomes public song. The proverb and lament transform the oppressors into the objects of the same measured loss they once imposed on others.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronoun marking reference, means, or location→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun marking reference, means, or location.
λημφθήσεταιλαμβάνωVV FPI3S · λαμβάνωFinite verb / predicateλαμβάνω: meaning 'λαμβάνω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
παραβολήproverbN1 NSF · παραβολήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαραβολή: meaning 'proverb'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θρηνηθήσεταιshall be lamentedVC FPI3S · θρηνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθρηνέω: meaning 'shall be lamented'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θρῆνοςlamentN2 NSM · θρῆνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ nominative element contributing participant or descriptionθρῆνος: meaning 'lament'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέλειsongN3E DSN · μέλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientμέλος: meaning 'song'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action in summary styleπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
ταλαιπωρίᾳwith afflictionN1A DSF · ταλαιπωρίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientταλαιπωρία: meaning 'with affliction'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐταλαιπωρήσαμενwe have been afflictedVAI AAI1P · ταλαιπωρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristταλαιπωρέω: meaning 'we have been afflicted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μερὶςportionN3D NSF · μερίςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κατεμετρήθηhas been measured outVCI API3S · μετρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμετρέω + κατα: meaning 'has been measured out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σχοινίῳropeN2N DSN · σχοινίονdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceσχοινίον: meaning 'rope'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωλύσωνpreventingVF · φαπνσμ κωλύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφαπνσμ κωλύω: meaning 'preventing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστρέψαιto returnVA AAN · στρέφω + ἀποinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'to return'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροὶfieldN2 NPM · ἀγρόςnominal term functioning as subject or predicate complement→ participant prominenceἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as nominal term functioning as subject or predicate complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
διεμερίσθησανwere dividedVSI API3P · μερίζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμερίζω + δια: meaning 'were divided'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἔσται σοι βάλλων σχοινίον ἐν κλήρῳ ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ κυρίου
Therefore there shall be no one for you casting a measuring line by lot in the assembly of the Lord.
Exclusion from the assembly completes the reversal. Those who manipulated land distribution will have no share in the Lord's ordered allotment.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
βάλλωνcastingV1 · παπνσμ βάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ βάλλω: meaning 'casting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σχοινίονmeasuring lineN2N ASN · σχοινίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalσχοινίον: meaning 'measuring line'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κλήρῳby lotN2 DSM · κλῆροςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceκλῆρος: meaning 'by lot'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐκκλησίᾳassemblyN1A DSF · ἐκκλησίαdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceἐκκλησία: meaning 'assembly'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
6
μὴ κλαίετε δάκρυσιν μηδὲ δακρυέτωσαν ἐπὶ τούτοις οὐ γὰρ ἀπώσεται ὀνείδη
Do not weep with tears, nor let them shed tears over these things, for reproaches will not be driven away.
The people resist prophetic grief and warning. Micah exposes their refusal by showing that reproach cannot simply be silenced or wished away.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
κλαίετεweepV1 PAD2P · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκλαίω: meaning 'weep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δάκρυσινtearsN3 DPN · δάκρυdative element functioning within the clause→ sphere or referenceδάκρυ: meaning 'tears'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δακρυέτωσανlet ... shed tearsV1 PAD3P · δακρύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδακρύω: meaning 'let ... shed tears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τούτοιςtheseRD DPM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώσεταιwill be driven awayVF FMI3S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'will be driven away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀνείδηreproachesN3E NPN · ὄνειδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionὄνειδος: meaning 'reproaches'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
7
ὁ λέγων οἶκος Ιακωβ παρώργισεν πνεῦμα κυρίου εἰ ταῦτα τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν οὐχ οἱ λόγοι αὐτοῦ εἰσιν καλοὶ μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ ὀρθοὶ πεπόρευνται
O house of Jacob, you who say, 'Has the Spirit of the Lord been provoked? Are these his practices?' Are not his words good with him, and have they not walked uprightly?
The verse takes the shape of disputation. The house of Jacob questions the sharpness of the oracle, but the prophet answers by appealing to the goodness and uprightness of the Lord's words themselves.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action in summary styleπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρώργισενhe provokedVAI AAI3S · ὀργίζω + παραverb of relative clause (the provoking of God)ὀργίζω + παρα: meaning 'he provoked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of relative clause (the provoking of God).
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταtheseRD NPN · οὗτοςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιτηδεύματαpracticesN3M NPN · ἐπιτήδευμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἐπιτήδευμα: meaning 'practices'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοιthing / wordN2 NPM · λόγοςnominative term in clause/list→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'thing'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
καλοὶgoodA1 NPM · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρθοὶuprightA1 NPM · ὀρθόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemὀρθός: meaning 'upright'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
πεπόρευνταιhave walked uprightlyVM XMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπορεύομαι: meaning 'have walked uprightly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
καὶ ἔμπροσθεν ὁ λαός μου εἰς ἔχθραν ἀντέστη κατέναντι τῆς εἰρήνης αὐτοῦ τὴν δορὰν αὐτοῦ ἐξέδειραν τοῦ ἀφελέσθαι ἐλπίδα συντριμμὸν πολέμου
But formerly my people rose up as an enemy against his peace; they stripped off his skin to remove hope, the crushing of war.
What should have been peace has been turned into hostility. The people have behaved like an enemy, stripping away security and hope in the violence of war.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔμπροσθενformerly / beforeD · ἔμπροσθενnominal element in the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'formerly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἔχθρανenmityN1A ASF · ἔχθραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔχθρα: meaning 'enmity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀντέστηwithstood / opposedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀντιverb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act)→ constative aorist (the historical opposition)ἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'withstood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act).
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ adverbial nuanceκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰρήνηςpeaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηobject of μετ'→ relational specificationεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as object of μετ'.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δορὰνskinN1A ASF · δοράaccusative term functioning as complement or objectδορά: meaning 'skin'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξέδειρανthey skinnedVAI AAI3P · δέρω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clauseδέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'they skinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφελέσθαιremoveVB AMN · αἱρέω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action.
ἐλπίδαhopeN3D ASF · ἐλπίςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
συντριμμὸνcrushingN2 ASM · συντριμμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ content focusσυντριμμός: meaning 'crushing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολέμουwarN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
9
διὰ τοῦτο ἡγούμενοι λαοῦ μου ἀπορριφήσονται ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν τρυφῆς αὐτῶν διὰ τὰ πονηρὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα αὐτῶν ἐξώσθησαν ἐγγίσατε ὄρεσιν αἰωνίοις
Therefore the leaders of my people shall be cast out from their luxurious houses; because of their evil practices they were driven out. Draw near to the eternal mountains.
The chapter returns to concrete social victims. Leaders who dispossess others now face expulsion, and the loss reaches all the way to the settled security signified by enduring mountains.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἡγούμενοιleading / captainsV2 · πμπνπμ ἡγέομαιparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπμπνπμ ἡγέομαι: meaning 'leading'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀπορριφήσονταιshall be cast outVV FPI3P · ῥίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseῥίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'shall be cast out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκιῶνhouseholdN1A GPF · οἰκίαgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationοἰκία: meaning 'household'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
τρυφῆςof delightN1 GSF · τρυφήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτρυφή: meaning 'of delight'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὰevilA1A APN · πονηρόςObject / complement→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as Object / complement.
ἐπιτηδεύματαdeedN3M APN · ἐπιτήδευμαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἐπιτήδευμα: meaning 'deed'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξώσθησανwere driven outVS API3P · ὠθέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὠθέω + ἐκ: meaning 'were driven out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγγίσατεdraw nearVA AAD2P · ἐγγίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ assertion or appealἐγγίζω: meaning 'draw near'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὄρεσινmountainsN3E DPN · ὄροςdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest→ sphere or referenceὄρος: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
αἰωνίοιςeternalA1B DPN · αἰώνιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientαἰώνιος: meaning 'eternal'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
10
ἀνάστηθι καὶ πορεύου ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν σοι αὕτη ἡ ἀνάπαυσις ἕνεκεν ἀκαθαρσίας διεφθάρητε φθορᾷ
Rise and go, because this is not your rest, because you have been ruined on account of uncleanness, with corruption.
The land is no longer rest for the corrupt. Uncleanness has so damaged the place that departure becomes the only fitting outcome.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀνάστηθιrise upVH AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἀναfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'rise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύουgoV1 PMD2S · πορεύομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνάπαυσιςresting placeN3I NSF · ἀνάπαυσιςnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἀνάπαυσις: meaning 'resting place'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ἕνεκενenekenP · ἕνεκενpreposition introducing its complement→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: meaning 'eneken'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessN1A GSF · ἀκαθαρσίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleanness'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
διεφθάρητεyou have been ruinedVDI API2P · φθείρω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφθείρω + δια: meaning 'you have been ruined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φθορᾷdestructionN1A DSF · φθοράdative complement marking reference, means, or location→ sphere or referenceφθορά: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as dative complement marking reference, means, or location.
11
κατεδιώχθητε οὐδενὸς διώκοντος πνεῦμα ἔστησεν ψεῦδος ἐστάλαξέν σοι εἰς οἶνον καὶ μέθυσμα καὶ ἔσται ἐκ τῆς σταγόνος τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου
You were pursued with no one pursuing; spirit set up falsehood; it dripped for you into wine and drunkenness, and it shall be from the dripping of this people.
Micah exposes the kind of speech the people prefer: flattering falsehood associated with wine and intoxication. Such prophecy merely echoes the people's desires rather than the Lord's truth.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
κατεδιώχθητεyou were pursuedVQI API2P · διώκω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδιώκω + κατα: meaning 'you were pursued'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδενὸςoὐdeisA3 GSM · οὐδείςgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderοὐδείς: meaning 'oὐdeis'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
διώκοντοςπαπγσμ διώκωV1 · παπγσμ διώκωverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ διώκω: meaning 'παπγσμ διώκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
ἔστησενistemiVAI AAI3S · ἵστημιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ perfectiveἵστημι: meaning 'istemi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ψεῦδοςfalsehoodN3E ASN · ψεῦδοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected element→ object specificationψεῦδος: meaning 'falsehood'; it serves as accusative nominal functioning as object or affected element.
ἐστάλαξένit drippedVAI AAI3S · σταλάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσταλάζω: meaning 'it dripped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέθυσμαdrunkennessN3M ASN · μέθυσμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalμέθυσμα: meaning 'drunkenness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταγόνοςdrippingN3N GSF · σταγώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityσταγών: meaning 'dripping'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
12
συναγόμενος συναχθήσεται Ιακωβ σὺν πᾶσιν ἐκδεχόμενος ἐκδέξομαι τοὺς καταλοίπους τοῦ Ισραηλ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ θήσομαι τὴν ἀποστροφὴν αὐτῶν ὡς πρόβατα ἐν θλίψει ὡς ποίμνιον ἐν μέσῳ κοίτης αὐτῶν ἐξαλοῦνται ἐξ ἀνθρώπων
In gathering, Jacob shall be gathered with all; in awaiting, I will await the remnant of Israel; I will place their turning together like sheep in distress, like a flock in the midst of its fold; they will leap forth from among men.
Against the hard line of judgment comes a sudden promise. The remnant will be gathered densely and safely like a pressured flock restored to its proper fold.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
συναγόμενοςin gatheringV1 · πμπνσμ ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνσμ ἄγω + συν: meaning 'in gathering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συναχθήσεταιgather togetherVQ FPI3S · ἄγω + συνfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΙακωβJacobN NSM · Ἰακώβproper name functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the clause or phrase.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ἐκδεχόμενοςἐκV1 · πμπνσμ δέχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the clause action→ bloody city exposed and irreversible ruinπμπνσμ δέχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐκδέξομαιI will awaitVF FMI1S · δέχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδέχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'I will await'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλοίπουςremnantA1B APM · κατάλοιποςaccusative object or complement→ object specificationκατάλοιπος: meaning 'remnant'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
θήσομαιplace / appointVF FMI1S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ futureτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστροφὴνturningN1 ASF · ἀποστροφήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀποστροφή: meaning 'turning'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πρόβαταsheepN2N APN · πρόβατονaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
θλίψειafflictionN3I DSF · θλῖψιςobject of ἐν→ sphere or referenceθλῖψις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as object of ἐν.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ποίμνιονflockN2N ASN · ποίμνιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποίμνιον: meaning 'flock'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative complement within the clause→ dative element marking sphere, relation, or instrumentμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
κοίτηςfoldN1 GSF · κοίτηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκοίτη: meaning 'fold'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξαλοῦνταιwill leapVF2 FMI3P · ἅλλομαι + ἐκmain verb→ complaint, violence, and the chaldean problemἅλλομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will leap'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
13
διὰ τῆς διακοπῆς πρὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν διέκοψαν καὶ διῆλθον πύλην καὶ ἐξῆλθον δι' αὐτῆς καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ βασιλεὺς αὐτῶν πρὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν ὁ δὲ κύριος ἡγήσεται αὐτῶν
By the breach before their face they broke through and passed through the gate and went out by it; and their king went out before them, and the Lord will lead them.
The final image is one of breakthrough and release. The people pass through the breached gate under royal leadership, and the Lord himself stands at the head of the procession.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διακοπῆςbreachN1 GSF · διακοπήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityδιακοπή: meaning 'breach'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition taking a complement within the phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition taking a complement within the phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διέκοψανthey broke throughVAI AAI3P · κόπτω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκόπτω + δια: meaning 'they broke through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διῆλθονpass throughVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + διαfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθονcame outVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + ἐκfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aorist of emergenceἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'came out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition taking a complement within the phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition taking a complement within the phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἡγήσεταιwill leadVF FMI3S · ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἡγέομαι: meaning 'will lead'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.