1
καὶ ἐρεῖ ἀκούσατε δὴ ταῦτα αἱ ἀρχαὶ οἴκου Ιακωβ καὶ οἱ κατάλοιποι οἴκου Ισραηλ οὐχ ὑμῖν ἐστιν τοῦ γνῶναι τὸ κρίμα
And he will say, Hear now these things, leaders of the house of Jacob and remnant of the house of Israel: is it not for you to know justice?
The oracle opens with a formal summons to the ruling class. Those entrusted with justice are confronted precisely because they should have been its guardians.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖsayVF2 FAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀρχαὶleadersN1 NPF · ἀρχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρχή: meaning 'leaders'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιποιrestA1B NPM · κατάλοιποςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participant prominenceκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνῶναιγιγνωσκωVZ AAN · γιγνώσκωinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ infinitival force: verbal idea expressed without person or numberγιγνώσκω: meaning 'γιγνωσκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
2
οἱ μισοῦντες τὰ καλὰ καὶ ζητοῦντες τὰ πονηρά ἁρπάζοντες τὰ δέρματα αὐτῶν ἀπ' αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς σάρκας αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ὀστέων αὐτῶν
You who hate good things and seek evil things, tearing their skins from them and their flesh from their bones,
The leaders' injustice is rendered in predatory terms. Their moral inversion becomes bodily violence against the people they are supposed to protect.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισοῦντεςhatingV2 · παπνπμ μισέωparticiple modifying the subject and describing their hostile disposition→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ μισέω: meaning 'hating'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the subject and describing their hostile disposition.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλὰbeautifulA1 APN · καλόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ speech, worship, and inward dispositionκαλός: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζητοῦντεςseekingV2 · παπνπμ ζητέωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ζητέω: meaning 'seeking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηράevil thingsA1A APN · πονηρόςaccusative of charge/content→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as accusative of charge/content.
ἁρπάζοντεςseizingV1 · παπνπμ ἁρπάζωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἁρπάζω: meaning 'seizing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματαskinsN3M APN · δέρμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalδέρμα: meaning 'skins'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξfirst direct object of ἐξέχεαν→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as first direct object of ἐξέχεαν.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέωνosteonN2N GPN · ὀστέονgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationὀστέον: meaning 'osteon'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
3
ὃν τρόπον κατέφαγον τὰς σάρκας τοῦ λαοῦ μου καὶ τὰ δέρματα αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ὀστέων αὐτῶν ἐξέδειραν καὶ τὰ ὀστέα αὐτῶν συνέθλασαν καὶ ἐμέλισαν ὡς σάρκας εἰς λέβητα καὶ ὡς κρέα εἰς χύτραν
in the manner in which they devoured the flesh of my people and stripped their skins from off them and crushed their bones and chopped them up like flesh for a cauldron and like meat for a pot.
The metaphor becomes deliberately gruesome. Social exploitation is portrayed as ritualized butchery, emphasizing both cruelty and total consumption.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
κατέφαγονhad eaten upVBI AAI3P · ἐσθίω + καταmain verb of the second cause→ constative aoristἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'had eaten up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the second cause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξfirst direct object of ἐξέχεαν→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as first direct object of ἐξέχεαν.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματαskinsN3M APN · δέρμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalδέρμα: meaning 'skins'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέωνosteonN2N GPN · ὀστέονgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationὀστέον: meaning 'osteon'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξέδειρανthey skinnedVAI AAI3P · δέρω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clauseδέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'they skinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέαbonesN2N APN · ὀστέονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
συνέθλασανthey crushedVAI AAI3P · θλάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθλάω + συν: meaning 'they crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμέλισανthey cut upVAI AAI3P · μελίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμελίζω: meaning 'they cut up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξfirst direct object of ἐξέχεαν→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as first direct object of ἐξέχεαν.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
λέβηταcauldronN3T ASM · λέβηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ mortality, patience, and limited wisdomλέβης: meaning 'cauldron'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
κρέαfleshN3 APN · κρέαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ object specificationκρέας: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χύτρανpotN1A ASF · χύτραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalχύτρα: meaning 'pot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
4
οὕτως κεκράξονται πρὸς κύριον καὶ οὐκ εἰσακούσεται αὐτῶν καὶ ἀποστρέψει τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ἀνθ' ὧν ἐπονηρεύσαντο ἐν τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν αὐτῶν ἐπ' αὐτούς
Thus they will cry out to the Lord, and he will not listen to them, and he will turn his face away from them at that time, because they acted wickedly in their practices against them.
The punishment matches the crime: those who ignored the suffering of others will themselves receive no answer from the Lord. Divine hiddenness becomes the judicial answer to corrupt power.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
κεκράξονταιthey will cry outVFX FMI3P · κράζωmain verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ intensive perfect (the cry stands as a current fact — 'they are even now crying out')κράζω: meaning 'they will cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσακούσεταιlisten toVF FMI3S · ἀκούω + εἰςFinite verb / predicate→ future force: projected action or resultἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'listen to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστρέψειto returnVF FAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'to return'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐκείνῳthatRD DSM · ἐκεῖνοςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ participant reference or interestἐκεῖνος: meaning 'that'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀνθ'instead of / in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνθ': meaning 'instead of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
ἐπονηρεύσαντοthey acted wickedlyVAI AMI3P · πονηρεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπονηρεύομαι: meaning 'they acted wickedly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιτηδεύμασινpracticesN3M DPN · ἐπιτήδευμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐπιτήδευμα: meaning 'practices'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
5
τάδε λέγει κύριος ἐπὶ τοὺς προφήτας τοὺς πλανῶντας τὸν λαόν μου τοὺς δάκνοντας ἐν τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσοντας ἐπ' αὐτὸν εἰρήνην καὶ οὐκ ἐδόθη εἰς τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν ἤγειραν ἐπ' αὐτὸν πόλεμον
Thus says the Lord concerning the prophets who lead my people astray, who bite with their teeth and proclaim peace, but if nothing is put into their mouth, they stir up war against him.
The address turns from civil rulers to prophets for hire. Their message changes according to what they can consume, exposing revelation as a commercial fraud.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetN1M APM · προφήτηςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλανῶνταςleading astrayV3 · παπαπμ πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπαπμ πλανάω: meaning 'leading astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκνονταςbitingV1 · παπαπμ δάκνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπαπμ δάκνω: meaning 'biting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀδοῦσινteethN3 DPM · ὀδούςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ lawsuit, hiddenness, and risky hopeὀδούς: meaning 'teeth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κηρύσσονταςproclaimingV1 · παπαπμ κηρύσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπαπμ κηρύσσω: meaning 'proclaiming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐδόθηwas givenVCI API3S · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aorist passiveδίδωμι: meaning 'was given'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἤγειρανbrought forwardVAI AAI3P · ἀγείρωsecond main verb governing the Naziritesἀγείρω: meaning 'brought forward'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as second main verb governing the Nazirites.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
6
διὰ τοῦτο νὺξ ὑμῖν ἔσται ἐξ ὁράσεως καὶ σκοτία ὑμῖν ἔσται ἐκ μαντείας καὶ δύσεται ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ τοὺς προφήτας καὶ συσκοτάσει ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἡ ἡμέρα
Therefore night shall be to you instead of vision, and darkness shall be to you instead of divination; and the sun shall go down upon the prophets, and the day shall be darkened over them.
The punishment for false vision is the removal of vision itself. Prophetic darkness replaces prophetic insight, and their public authority is eclipsed.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
νὺξnightN3 NSF · νύξcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁράσεωςvisionN3I GSF · ὅρασιςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ genitive element marking relation or specificationὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκοτίαdarknessN1A NSF · σκοτίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ hidden wisdom and fear of the Lordσκοτία: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μαντείαςdivinationN1A GSF · μαντείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityμαντεία: meaning 'divination'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύσεταιδυωVF FMI3S · δύωverbal form contributing the clause's action, state, or dependent process→ futureδύω: meaning 'δυω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form contributing the clause's action, state, or dependent process.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetN1M APM · προφήτηςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συσκοτάσειwill darkenVF FAI3S · σκοτάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσκοτάζω + συν: meaning 'will darken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
7
καὶ καταισχυνθήσονται οἱ ὁρῶντες τὰ ἐνύπνια καὶ καταγελασθήσονται οἱ μάντεις καὶ καταλαλήσουσιν κατ' αὐτῶν πάντες αὐτοί διότι οὐκ ἔσται ὁ εἰσακούων αὐτῶν
And those who see dreams shall be put to shame, and the diviners shall be mocked, and all of them shall speak against them, because there will be no one listening to them.
The false visionaries do not merely lose insight; they lose credibility. Their exposure is social as well as theological, since nobody remains to hear them.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταισχυνθήσονταιthey will be ashamedVC FPI3P · αἰσχύνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future passive verbal form projecting a coming resultαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'they will be ashamed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρῶντεςseeingV3 · παπνπμ ὁράωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ὁράω: meaning 'seeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνύπνιαdreamsN2N APN · ἐνύπνιονaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἐνύπνιον: meaning 'dreams'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταγελασθήσονταιshall be mockedVC FPI3P · γελάω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseγελάω + κατα: meaning 'shall be mocked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάντειςdivinerN3I NPM · μάντιςnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceμάντις: meaning 'diviner'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταλαλήσουσινshall speak againstVF FAI3P · λαλέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλαλέω + κατα: meaning 'shall speak against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατ': meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
αὐτοίheRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedent→ participant referenceαὐτοί: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedent.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσακούωνlisteningV1 · παπνσμ ἀκούω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderπαπνσμ ἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'listening'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
8
ἐὰν μὴ ἐγὼ ἐμπλήσω ἰσχὺν ἐν πνεύματι κυρίου καὶ κρίματος καὶ δυναστείας τοῦ ἀπαγγεῖλαι τῷ Ιακωβ ἀσεβείας αὐτοῦ καὶ τῷ Ισραηλ ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ
If I do not fill myself with strength by the Spirit of the Lord, and with justice and dominion, it is to declare to Jacob his impiety and to Israel his sin.
In contrast to mercenary prophets, Micah identifies the true source of his authority: the Lord's Spirit. Power is given not for comfort but for the disclosure of sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐμπλήσωI fillVA AAS1S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'I fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πνεύματιspiritN3M DSN · πνεῦμαdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίματοςjudgmentN3M GSN · κρίμαgenitive dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυναστείαςDynasteiasN1A GSF · δυναστείαgenitive dependent→ relational specificationδυναστεία: meaning 'Dynasteias'; it serves as genitive dependent.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπαγγεῖλαιto reportVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'to report'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβIakobN DSM · Ἰακώβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
ἀσεβείαςimpieties / violenceN1A APF · ἀσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impieties'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
9
ἀκούσατε δὴ ταῦτα οἱ ἡγούμενοι οἴκου Ιακωβ καὶ οἱ κατάλοιποι οἴκου Ισραηλ οἱ βδελυσσόμενοι κρίμα καὶ πάντα τὰ ὀρθὰ διαστρέφοντες
Hear now these things, leaders of the house of Jacob and remnant of the house of Israel, who abhor justice and distort everything that is straight,
The chapter returns to the political elite and restates the charge in juridical terms. What should be straight has been twisted by those entrusted to judge.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡγούμενοιleading / captainsV2 · πμπνπμ ἡγέομαιparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπμπνπμ ἡγέομαι: meaning 'leading'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιποιrestA1B NPM · κατάλοιποςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participant prominenceκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βδελυσσόμενοιabhorringV1 · πμπνπμ βδελύσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνπμ βδελύσσω: meaning 'abhorring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρθὰstraight thingsA1 APN · ὀρθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ appetite, discipline, and dangerous excessὀρθός: meaning 'straight things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διαστρέφοντεςdistortingV1 · παπνπμ στρέφω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ στρέφω + δια: meaning 'distorting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες Σιων ἐν αἵμασιν καὶ Ιερουσαλημ ἐν ἀδικίαις
who build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with injustices.
Urban and sacred construction are exposed as morally contaminated. The city is literally being built out of violence and injustice.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομοῦντεςbuildingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'building'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣιωνZionN AS · Σιωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: meaning 'Zion'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αἵμασινblood (-guilt)N3M DPN · αἷμαcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: meaning 'blood (-guilt)'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀδικίαιςin injusticesN1A DPF · ἀδικίαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceἀδικία: meaning 'in injustices'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
11
οἱ ἡγούμενοι αὐτῆς μετὰ δώρων ἔκρινον καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτῆς μετὰ μισθοῦ ἀπεκρίνοντο καὶ οἱ προφῆται αὐτῆς μετὰ ἀργυρίου ἐμαντεύοντο καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον ἐπανεπαύοντο λέγοντες οὐχὶ κύριος ἐν ἡμῖν ἐστιν οὐ μὴ ἐπέλθῃ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς κακά
Her leaders judged with gifts, and her priests answered for a wage, and her prophets divined for silver; yet they leaned upon the Lord, saying, Is not the Lord among us? No evils shall come upon us.
Micah exposes a fully monetized system of governance, priesthood, and prophecy. The final irony is that these corrupt figures still claim the Lord's presence as protection.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡγούμενοιleading / captainsV2 · πμπνπμ ἡγέομαιparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπμπνπμ ἡγέομαι: meaning 'leading'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δώρωνgiftN2N GPN · δῶρονgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationδῶρον: meaning 'gift'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
ἔκρινονjudgedN2N ASN · κρίνονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalκρίνον: meaning 'judged'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μισθοῦwageN2 GSM · μισθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ qualification or source relationμισθός: meaning 'wage'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπεκρίνοντοansweredV1I IMI3P · κρίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'answered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetN1M NPM · προφήτηςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἐμαντεύοντοdivinedV1I IMI3P · μαντεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμαντεύομαι: meaning 'divined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐπανεπαύοντοleanedV1I IMI3P · παύω + ἐπι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαύω + ἐπι + ἀνα: meaning 'leaned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ present participle introducing direct proposalπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
οὐχὶnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: meaning 'not'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning as a dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form functioning as a dative complement.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπέλθῃερχομαι + επιVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist subjunctive form expressing a bounded prospective actionἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'ερχομαι + επι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κακάtroublesA1 NPN · κακόςsubject of ἐπισυνῆκται→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as subject of ἐπισυνῆκται.
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διὰ τοῦτο δι' ὑμᾶς Σιων ὡς ἀγρὸς ἀροτριαθήσεται καὶ Ιερουσαλημ ὡς ὀπωροφυλάκιον ἔσται καὶ τὸ ὄρος τοῦ οἴκου ὡς ἄλσος δρυμοῦ
Therefore because of you Zion shall be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become like a watch-hut in an orchard, and the mountain of the house like a woodland grove.
The closing sentence overturns every confidence in sacred geography. Zion, Jerusalem, and the temple mount are all reduced to agrarian and wilderness imagery under judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ΣιωνZionN NS · Σιωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΣιων: meaning 'Zion'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀγρὸςfieldN2 NSM · ἀγρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀροτριαθήσεταιwas plowingVC FPI3S · ἀροτριάωmain verb (imperfect of ongoing background action)→ descriptive imperfect (action in progress)ἀροτριάω: meaning 'was plowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (imperfect of ongoing background action).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN NSF · Ἰερουσαλήμindeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable element functioning within the clause or discourse flow.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὀπωροφυλάκιονwatch-hutN2N NSN · ὀπωροφυλάκιονpredicate nominative in the chain of similesὀπωροφυλάκιον: meaning 'watch-hut'; it serves as predicate nominative in the chain of similes.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainN3E NSN · ὄροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄλσοςgroveN3E NSN · ἄλσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἄλσος: meaning 'grove'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δρυμοῦforestN2 GSM · δρυμόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationδρυμός: meaning 'forest'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.