1
οἴμμοι ὅτι ἐγενόμην ὡς συνάγων καλάμην ἐν ἀμήτῳ καὶ ὡς ἐπιφυλλίδα ἐν τρυγήτῳ οὐχ ὑπάρχοντος βότρυος τοῦ φαγεῖν τὰ πρωτόγονα οἴμμοι ψυχή
Alas, for I have become like one gathering stubble at harvest and like a gleaning after the vintage, when there is no cluster to eat, no first-ripe fruit for my soul.
The speaker compares his condition to the barrenness that remains after harvest and vintage. The image conveys not abundance but depletion: nothing nourishing remains for the soul to take.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οἴμμοιalasI · οἴμμοιinterjection expressing grief and anguish→ discourse linkage or contrastοἴμμοι: meaning 'alas'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενόμηνbe / becomeVBI AMI1S · γίγνομαιfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
συνάγωνπαπνσμ ἄγω συνV1 · παπνσμ ἄγω + συνparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description→ durative present participle (would-be host)παπνσμ ἄγω + συν: meaning 'παπνσμ ἄγω συν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description.
καλάμηνtheN1 ASF · καλάμηaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected element→ day of the Lord, repentance, and restorationκαλάμη: meaning 'the'; it serves as accusative nominal functioning as object or affected element.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀμήτῳharvestN2 DSM · ἀμητόςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relation→ antithetical sayings on righteousness and laborἀμητός: meaning 'harvest'; it serves as dative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐπιφυλλίδαgleaningN3D ASF · ἐπιφυλλίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ edom judged and zion restored under the Lordἐπιφυλλίς: meaning 'gleaning'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τρυγήτῳvintageN2 DSM · τρύγητοςdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceτρύγητος: meaning 'vintage'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπάρχοντοςexistingV1 · παπγσμ ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ folly, mercy, and enduring counselπαπγσμ ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'existing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βότρυοςclusterN3U GSM · βότρυςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityβότρυς: meaning 'cluster'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαγεῖνto eatVB AAN · ἐσθίωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ perfectiveἐσθίω: meaning 'to eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωτόγοναfirst-ripe fruitsA1B APN · πρωτόγονοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalπρωτόγονος: meaning 'first-ripe fruits'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἴμμοιalasI · οἴμμοιinterjection expressing grief and anguish→ discourse linkage or contrastοἴμμοι: meaning 'alas'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ψυχήsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
2
ὅτι ἀπόλωλεν εὐλαβὴς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ κατορθῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις οὐχ ὑπάρχει πάντες εἰς αἵματα δικάζονται ἕκαστος τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ ἐκθλίβουσιν ἐκθλιβῇ
For the godly one has perished from the earth, and one who acts rightly among men no longer exists; all of them contend over bloodshed, each one oppresses his neighbor so that he may be oppressed.
The lament moves from scarcity imagery to moral diagnosis. Piety and uprightness have vanished, leaving a society organized around violence, litigation, and mutual exploitation.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόλωλενhad perishedVX XAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb governing the second content clause→ verbal form contributing the clause's action or stateὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'had perished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the second content clause.
εὐλαβὴςgodlyA3H NSM · εὐλαβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionεὐλαβής: meaning 'godly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατορθῶνone acting rightlyV4 · παπνσμ ὀρθόω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ ὀρθόω + κατα: meaning 'one acting rightly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative complement / reference or instrument→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative complement / reference or instrument.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπάρχειthere isV1 PAI3S · ἄρχω + ὑποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ integrity, generosity, and social orderἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αἵματαbloodN3M APN · αἷμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δικάζονταιcontend in judgmentV1 PMI3P · δικάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδικάζω: meaning 'contend in judgment'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕκαστοςeachA1 NSM · ἕκαστοςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονindeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐκθλίβουσινoppressV1 PAI3P · θλίβω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθλίβω + ἐκ: meaning 'oppress'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκθλιβῇbe oppressedV1 PAS3S · θλίβω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθλίβω + ἐκ: meaning 'be oppressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
ἐπὶ τὸ κακὸν τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῶν ἑτοιμάζουσιν ὁ ἄρχων αἰτεῖ καὶ ὁ κριτὴς εἰρηνικοὺς λόγους ἐλάλησεν καταθύμιον ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ἐστιν καὶ ἐξελοῦμαι
They prepare their hands for evil: the ruler asks, and the judge has spoken peaceful words; the desire of his soul is there, and I will remove it.
Public authority is thoroughly compromised, since ruler and judge cooperate in evil while speaking smooth words. Outward civility masks an inner appetite that God resolves to strip away.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακὸνevilsA1 ASN · κακόςgenitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἑτοιμάζουσινpreparedV1 PAI3P · ἑτοιμάζωfinite verb advancing the clauseἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'prepared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αἰτεῖasksV2 PAI3S · αἰτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseαἰτέω: meaning 'asks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριτὴςjudgeN1M NSM · κριτήςpredicate nominative naming the office Joshua received→ participant prominenceκριτής: meaning 'judge'; it serves as predicate nominative naming the office Joshua received.
εἰρηνικοὺςpeaceableA1 APM · εἰρηνικόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseεἰρηνικός: meaning 'peaceable'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐλάλησενspeakVAI AAI3S · λαλέωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
καταθύμιονdesireA1B ASN · καταθύμιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalκαταθύμιος: meaning 'desire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήobject of περί within the idiom περὶ ψυχῆς→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as object of περί within the idiom περὶ ψυχῆς.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελοῦμαιdeliverVF2 FMI1S · αἱρέω + ἐκmain verbal action advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardαἱρέω + ἐκ: meaning 'deliver'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal action advancing the clause.
4
τὰ ἀγαθὰ αὐτῶν ὡς σὴς ἐκτρώγων καὶ βαδίζων ἐπὶ κανόνος ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σκοπιᾶς οὐαὶ οὐαί αἱ ἐκδικήσεις σου ἥκασιν νῦν ἔσονται κλαυθμοὶ αὐτῶν
Their best is like a moth that gnaws, one walking by a measuring line; on the day of your watch, woe, woe, your acts of vengeance have come, now their laments shall arise.
Even what seems best among them is corrosive and unstable. The watchman's day arrives as a moment of visitation, and the people who inflicted harm are themselves overtaken by wailing.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
σὴςsosA1 GSF · σόςgenitive nominal element qualifying another term within the clause→ relational specificationσός: meaning 'sos'; it serves as genitive nominal element qualifying another term within the clause.
ἐκτρώγωνgnawingV1 · παπνσμ τρώγω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ τρώγω + ἐκ: meaning 'gnawing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαδίζωνwalkingV1 · παπνσμ βαδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ βαδίζω: meaning 'walking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κανόνοςmeasuring lineN3N GSM · κανώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityκανών: meaning 'measuring line'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σκοπιᾶςwatchN1A GSF · σκοπιάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityσκοπιά: meaning 'watch'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίinterjection or attention marker heightening the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαί: meaning 'woe'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὐαίalasI · οὐαίinterjection marking direct address or rhetorical force→ folly, labor, and public orderοὐαί: meaning 'alas'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐκδικήσειςacts of vengeanceN3I NPF · ἐκδίκησιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκδίκησις: meaning 'acts of vengeance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἥκασινhave comeV1 PAI3P · ἥκωparticiple modifying the clause with verbal force→ present verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationἥκω: meaning 'have come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with verbal force.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κλαυθμοὶlamentsN2 NPM · κλαυθμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionκλαυθμός: meaning 'laments'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
5
μὴ καταπιστεύετε ἐν φίλοις καὶ μὴ ἐλπίζετε ἐπὶ ἡγουμένοις ἀπὸ τῆς συγκοίτου σου φύλαξαι τοῦ ἀναθέσθαι τι αὐτῇ
Do not trust in friends, and do not place hope in leaders; from the woman who shares your bed guard yourself from entrusting anything to her.
The circle of distrust closes in from public life to intimate domestic life. When even the bedfellow cannot be entrusted with speech or counsel, communal breakdown is complete.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
καταπιστεύετεtrustV1 PAI2P · πιστεύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπιστεύω + κατα: meaning 'trust'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
φίλοιςfriendA1 DPM · φίλοςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ sphere or referenceφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐλπίζετεhopeV1 PAI2P · ἐλπίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐλπίζω: meaning 'hope'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡγουμένοιςleadersV2 · πμπδπμ ἡγέομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionπμπδπμ ἡγέομαι: meaning 'leaders'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συγκοίτουbedfellowA1B GSF · συγκοίτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityσυγκοίτος: meaning 'bedfellow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
φύλαξαιkeep / observeVA AMD2S · φυλάσσωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ imperative force: expresses a command or exhortationφυλάσσω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναθέσθαιentrustingVE AMN · τίθημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτίθημι + ἀνα: meaning 'entrusting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τιanythingRI ASN · τιςaccusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing)→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing).
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
6
διότι υἱὸς ἀτιμάζει πατέρα θυγάτηρ ἐπαναστήσεται ἐπὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτῆς νύμφη ἐπὶ τὴν πενθερὰν αὐτῆς ἐχθροὶ ἀνδρὸς πάντες οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ
For a son dishonors his father, a daughter will rise up against her mother, a bride against her mother-in-law; a man's enemies are all the men of his own house.
The chapter reaches its sharpest social statement here: the household, normally the place of solidarity, has become the site of hostility. Covenant disorder is visible in the unraveling of generational loyalties.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἀτιμάζειdishonorsV1 PAI3S · ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ reputation, prudence, and instructional turnἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonors'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ The chapter binds honoring father and mother to blessing and atonement, then broadens that ethic into humility before the Lord, contentment with revealed duties, and a wise, merciful heart that refuses proud self-destruction.πατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐπαναστήσεταιI will rise upVF FMI3S · ἵστημι + ἐπι + ἀναfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἵστημι + ἐπι + ἀνα: meaning 'I will rise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherN3 ASF · μήτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
νύμφηdaughter-in-lawN1 NSF · νύμφηnominal element within the genealogical notice→ content focusνύμφη: meaning 'daughter-in-law'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πενθερὰνmother-in-lawN1A ASF · πενθεράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalπενθερά: meaning 'mother-in-law'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
ἐχθροὶenemyN2 NPM · ἐχθρόςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ participant prominenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as proper name or indeclinable element within the sequence.
ἀνδρὸςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominal term functioning as a nominative term→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a nominative term.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
7
ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον ἐπιβλέψομαι ὑπομενῶ ἐπὶ τῷ θεῷ τῷ σωτῆρί μου εἰσακούσεταί μου ὁ θεός μου
But as for me, I will look to the Lord; I will wait for God my savior; my God will hear me.
Against the collapse of human trust, the speaker deliberately fixes his attention on the Lord. Waiting becomes an act of faith grounded in confidence that God hears.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐπιβλέψομαιI will lookVF FMI1S · βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'I will look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπομενῶI will waitVF2 FAI1S · μένω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμένω + ὑπο: meaning 'I will wait'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτῆρίsaviorN3H DSM · σωτήρdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or location→ theophany, trembling, and rejoicing trustσωτήρ: meaning 'savior'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, reference, means, or location.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰσακούσεταίwill hearVF FMI3S · ἀκούω + εἰςfinite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion→ future indicativeἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'will hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
8
μὴ ἐπίχαιρέ μοι ἡ ἐχθρά μου ὅτι πέπτωκα καὶ ἀναστήσομαι διότι ἐὰν καθίσω ἐν τῷ σκότει κύριος φωτιεῖ μοι
Do not rejoice over me, my enemy, because though I have fallen, I shall rise; because even if I sit in darkness, the Lord will give me light.
Zion answers her enemy not by denying present humiliation but by interpreting it as temporary. Darkness does not have the last word because the Lord himself becomes light.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπίχαιρέrejoice overV1 PAD2S · χαίρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχαίρω + ἐπι: meaning 'rejoice over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθράenemyN1A NSF · ἔχθραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἔχθρα: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέπτωκαI have fallenVX XAI1S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπίπτω: meaning 'I have fallen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναστήσομαιanaVF FMI1S · ἵστημι + ἀναfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form presenting the action as forthcomingἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
καθίσωI sitVF FAI1S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + κατα: meaning 'I sit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκότειdarknessN3E DSN · σκότοςdative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or means→ sphere or referenceσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as dative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or means.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
φωτιεῖwill give lightVF2 FAI3S · φωτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceφωτίζω: meaning 'will give light'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
9
ὀργὴν κυρίου ὑποίσω ὅτι ἥμαρτον αὐτῷ ἕως τοῦ δικαιῶσαι αὐτὸν τὴν δίκην μου καὶ ποιήσει τὸ κρίμα μου καὶ ἐξάξει με εἰς τὸ φῶς ὄψομαι τὴν δικαιοσύνην αὐτοῦ
I will bear the wrath of the Lord, because I sinned against him, until he justifies my cause and executes my judgment; he will bring me out into the light, and I shall see his righteousness.
Hope is not evasive: the speaker acknowledges sin and accepts divine anger. Yet discipline is bounded by the expectation that the same God will finally vindicate and restore.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὀργὴνwrathN1 ASF · ὀργήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὑποίσωI will bearVF FAI1S · φέρω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ oath of innocence and ethical self-defenseφέρω + ὑπο: meaning 'I will bear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥμαρτονI sinnedVBI AAI1S · ἁμαρτάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal actionἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'I sinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιῶσαιyou shall justify / acquitVA AAN · δικαιόωmain verb (apodictic prohibition: false acquittal banned)→ legislative future (apodictic prohibition)δικαιόω: meaning 'you shall justify'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (apodictic prohibition: false acquittal banned).
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκηνjusticeN1 ASF · δίκηaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationδίκη: meaning 'justice'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειwill makeVF FAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardποιέω: meaning 'will make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξάξειit shall lead outVF FAI3S · ἄγω + ἐκfinite verbal form expressing future action→ futureἄγω + ἐκ: meaning 'it shall lead out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form expressing future action.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent→ object specificationφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent.
ὄψομαιseeVF FMI1S · ὁράωverbal element carrying the clause action→ futureὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
10
καὶ ὄψεται ἡ ἐχθρά μου καὶ περιβαλεῖται αἰσχύνην ἡ λέγουσα πρός με ποῦ κύριος ὁ θεός σου οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου ἐπόψονται αὐτήν νῦν ἔσται εἰς καταπάτημα ὡς πηλὸς ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς
And my enemy shall see, and shame shall clothe her, she who says to me, 'Where is the Lord your God?' My eyes shall look upon her; now she shall become something trampled like mud in the roads.
The taunt questioning God's presence is answered by reversal. The shaming of the enemy demonstrates that divine absence was only apparent, not actual.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιseeVF FMI3S · ὁράωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future middle verbal form projecting a coming actionὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθράenemyN1A NSF · ἔχθραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἔχθρα: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιβαλεῖταιwill be clothedVF2 FMI3S · βάλλω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseβάλλω + περι: meaning 'will be clothed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἰσχύνηνshameN1 ASF · αἰσχύνηObject / complement→ object specificationαἰσχύνη: meaning 'shame'; it serves as Object / complement.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγουσαsayingV1 · παπνσφ λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the quoted refrain)→ verbal action in summary styleπαπνσφ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle of speech (introducing the quoted refrain).
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb (introducing deliberative indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastποῦ: meaning 'where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοίeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπόψονταιshall look uponVF FMI3P · ὁράω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseὁράω + ἐπι: meaning 'shall look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
καταπάτημαtramplingN3M ASN · καταπάτημαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationκαταπάτημα: meaning 'trampling'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πηλὸςclayN2 NSM · πηλόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceπηλός: meaning 'clay'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
11
ἡμέρας ἀλοιφῆς πλίνθου ἐξάλειψίς σου ἡ ἡμέρα ἐκείνη καὶ ἀποτρίψεται νόμιμά σου
A day for the smearing of plaster and for brickwork, the day of your wiping away; that day your ordinances shall be removed.
The verse compresses rebuilding and removal into one striking image. What must be rebuilt will be renewed, while oppressive structures or imposed statutes are wiped away.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἀλοιφῆςsmearing of plasterN1 GSF · ἀλοιφήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἀλοιφή: meaning 'smearing of plaster'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πλίνθουbrickworkN2 GSF · πλίνθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityπλίνθος: meaning 'brickwork'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξάλειψίςwiping awayN3I NSF · ἐξάλειψιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἐξάλειψις: meaning 'wiping away'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
ἐκείνηthatRD NSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἐκείνη: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποτρίψεταιshall be removedVF FPI3S · τρίβω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτρίβω + ἀπο: meaning 'shall be removed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νόμιμάordinancesA1 NPN · νόμιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionνόμιμος: meaning 'ordinances'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
12
ἡ ἡμέρα ἐκείνη καὶ αἱ πόλεις σου ἥξουσιν εἰς ὁμαλισμὸν καὶ εἰς διαμερισμὸν Ἀσσυρίων καὶ αἱ πόλεις σου αἱ ὀχυραὶ εἰς διαμερισμὸν ἀπὸ Τύρου ἕως τοῦ ποταμοῦ Συρίας ἡμέρα ὕδατος καὶ θορύβου
That day your cities shall come into leveling, and into the division of the Assyrians, and your fortified cities into partition from Tyre as far as the river of Syria, a day of water and tumult.
The restoration horizon stretches across imperial territories and fortified places. The verse remains difficult in detail, but it clearly imagines a great movement of reordering that undoes older geopolitical boundaries.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
ἐκείνηthatRD NSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἐκείνη: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἥξουσινshall comeVF FAI3P · ἥκωmain verb (blessings personified as subject)→ futureἥκω: meaning 'shall come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (blessings personified as subject).
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὁμαλισμὸνlevelingN2 ASM · ὁμαλισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁμαλισμός: meaning 'leveling'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
διαμερισμὸνdivisionN2 ASM · διαμερισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalδιαμερισμός: meaning 'division'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἈσσυρίωνAssyriansN2 GPM · Ἀσσύριοςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἈσσυρίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὀχυραὶfortifiedA1A NPF · ὀχυρόςpredicate adjective→ participant prominenceὀχυρός: meaning 'fortified'; it serves as predicate adjective.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
διαμερισμὸνdivisionN2 ASM · διαμερισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalδιαμερισμός: meaning 'division'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΤύρουTyreN2 GSF · Τύροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΤύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ΣυρίαςSyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationΣυρίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θορύβουthorybosN2 GSM · θόρυβοςgenitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or descriptionθόρυβος: meaning 'thorybos'; it serves as genitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or description.
13
καὶ ἔσται ἡ γῆ εἰς ἀφανισμὸν σὺν τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν αὐτὴν ἐκ καρπῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων αὐτῶν
And the earth shall become a desolation together with those who dwell in it, because of the fruit of their practices.
The chapter briefly returns to the moral logic of judgment: devastation comes as the fruit of human deeds. The land and its inhabitants share in the consequences of their own conduct.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀφανισμὸνobliterationN2 ASM · ἀφανισμόςaccusative of result (with εἰς, climactic)→ object specificationἀφανισμός: meaning 'obliteration'; it serves as accusative of result (with εἰς, climactic).
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦσινpapdpm oikeo + kataV2 · παπδπμ οἰκέω + καταparticipial verbal form modifying the clause with attendant action or state→ verbal action or stateπαπδπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'papdpm oikeo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause with attendant action or state.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
καρπῶνfruitsN2 GPM · καρπόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruits'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπιτηδευμάτωνepitedeymatonN3M GPN · ἐπιτήδευμαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationἐπιτήδευμα: meaning 'epitedeymaton'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
14
ποίμαινε λαόν σου ἐν ῥάβδῳ σου πρόβατα κληρονομίας σου κατασκηνοῦντας καθ' ἑαυτοὺς δρυμὸν ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ Καρμήλου νεμήσονται τὴν Βασανῖτιν καὶ τὴν Γαλααδῖτιν καθὼς αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ αἰῶνος
Shepherd your people with your staff, the sheep of your inheritance, those dwelling by themselves in a forest in the midst of Carmel; they shall pasture in Bashan and Gilead as in the days of old.
The prophet asks God to resume his shepherding role over an isolated flock. Bashan and Gilead evoke remembered fertility, so the prayer is for restored provision as well as protection.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ποίμαινεshepherdV1 PAD2S · ποιμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ imperatival verbal form summoning action or responseποιμαίνω: meaning 'shepherd'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ῥάβδῳrodN2 DSF · ῥάβδοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceῥάβδος: meaning 'rod'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πρόβαταsheepN2N APN · πρόβατονaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
κληρονομίαςinheritanceN1A GSF · κληρονομίαGenitive modifier→ relational specificationκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κατασκηνοῦνταςdwellingV4 · παπαπμ σκηνόω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ σκηνόω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δρυμὸνforestN2 ASM · δρυμόςaccusative nominal element functioning as object or complement within the clause→ object specificationδρυμός: meaning 'forest'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object or complement within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative complement within the clause→ dative element marking sphere, relation, or instrumentμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΚαρμήλουCarmelN2 GSM · Καρμήλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityΚαρμήλου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
νεμήσονταιthey shall grazeVF FMI3P · νέμωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ repentance summons and judgment on the nationsνέμω: meaning 'they shall graze'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανῖτινBashanN3D ASF · Βασανῖτιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalΒασανῖτιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαλααδῖτινGileadN3 ASF · Γαλααδῖτιςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ edom judged and zion restored under the LordΓαλααδῖτιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceκαθώς: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἡμέραιdayN1A NPF · ἡμέραhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶνοςage / foreverN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
15
καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἡμέρας ἐξοδίας σου ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ὄψεσθε θαυμαστά
And according to the days of your departure from Egypt, you shall see marvelous things.
Restoration is cast in exodus terms. The God who once acted wonders in liberation will again make his saving power visible.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐξοδίαςdepartureN1A GSF · ἐξοδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἐξοδία: meaning 'departure'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὄψεσθεsawVF FMI2P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form presenting the action as forthcomingὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
θαυμαστάmarvelous thingsA1 APN · θαυμαστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalθαυμαστός: meaning 'marvelous things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
16
ὄψονται ἔθνη καὶ καταισχυνθήσονται ἐκ πάσης τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτῶν ἐπιθήσουσιν χεῖρας ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν ἀποκωφωθήσονται
Nations shall see and be ashamed of all their strength; they shall put their hands upon their mouth, and their ears shall become deaf.
Foreign power is reduced to astonished silence. Gesture and sensory failure alike express the inadequacy of the nations before God's renewed acts.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὄψονταιseeVF FMI3P · ὁράωmain verb of the oath (negated by εἰ)→ future middle verbal form projecting a coming actionὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the oath (negated by εἰ).
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταισχυνθήσονταιthey will be ashamedVC FPI3P · αἰσχύνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future passive verbal form projecting a coming resultαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'they will be ashamed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύοςarmy / forceN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'army'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπιθήσουσινthey will placeVF FAI3P · τίθημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι + ἐπι: meaning 'they will place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsN3T NPN · οὖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὖς: meaning 'ears'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀποκωφωθήσονταιwill become deafVC FPI3P · κωφόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκωφόω + ἀπο: meaning 'will become deaf'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
λείξουσιν χοῦν ὡς ὄφεις σύροντες γῆν συγχυθήσονται ἐν συγκλεισμῷ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ ἡμῶν ἐκστήσονται καὶ φοβηθήσονται ἀπὸ σοῦ
They shall lick dust like serpents, crawling on the earth; they shall be confounded in their confinement; before the Lord our God they shall be amazed and fear because of you.
The nations are reduced to serpent-like abasement before Israel's God. The imagery combines humiliation, dread, and recognition of divine supremacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
λείξουσινlickVF FAI3P · λείχωfinite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion→ future indicativeλείχω: meaning 'lick'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion.
χοῦνdustN3 ASM · χοῦςaccusative noun naming mortal origin and end→ object specificationχοῦς: meaning 'dust'; it serves as accusative noun naming mortal origin and end.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὄφειςserpentsN3I NPM · ὄφιςdirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ participant prominenceὄφις: meaning 'serpents'; it serves as direct object of ἀπέστειλεν.
σύροντεςcrawlingV1 · παπνπμ σύρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ σύρω: meaning 'crawling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
συγχυθήσονταιbe confusedVC FPI3P · χέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ siege, plunder, and imperial collapseχέω + συν: meaning 'be confused'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
συγκλεισμῷconfinementN2 DSM · συγκλεισμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυγκλεισμός: meaning 'confinement'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐκστήσονταιwill be astoundedVF FMI3P · ἵστημι + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἵστημι + ἐκ: meaning 'will be astounded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβηθήσονταιfearVC FPI3P · φοβέωfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form presenting the action as forthcomingφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
18
τίς θεὸς ὥσπερ σύ ἐξαίρων ἀδικίας καὶ ὑπερβαίνων ἀσεβείας τοῖς καταλοίποις τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐ συνέσχεν εἰς μαρτύριον ὀργὴν αὐτοῦ ὅτι θελητὴς ἐλέους ἐστίν
Who is a God like you, removing iniquities and passing over impieties for the remnant of his inheritance? He did not hold fast to his wrath as a testimony, because he delights in mercy.
The book's conclusion begins with a wordplay on Micah's own name: no god is like this God. His distinctiveness lies not merely in power but in the gracious passing over of transgression.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σύyouRP NS · σύnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσύ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐξαίρωνἐξαίρωνV1 · παπνσμ αἴρω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clause→ folly, labor, and public orderπαπνσμ αἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξαίρων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἀδικίαςiniquitiesN1A APF · ἀδικίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδικία: meaning 'iniquities'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπερβαίνωνpassing overV1 · παπνσμ βαίνω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ βαίνω + ὑπερ: meaning 'passing over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσεβείαςimpieties / violenceN1A APF · ἀσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impieties'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλοίποιςthe restA1B DPM · κατάλοιποςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceκατάλοιπος: meaning 'the rest'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίαςinheritanceN1A GSF · κληρονομίαGenitive modifier→ relational specificationκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
συνέσχενheld fastVBI AAI3S · ἔχω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ oath of innocence and ethical self-defenseἔχω + συν: meaning 'held fast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μαρτύριονwitnessN2N ASN · μαρτύριονaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationμαρτύριον: meaning 'witness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ὀργὴνwrathN1 ASF · ὀργήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θελητὴςone delightingN1M NSM · θελητήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionθελητής: meaning 'one delighting'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλέουςmercyN3E APN · ἔλεοςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
ἐστίνbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ present of general truthεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
19
αὐτὸς ἐπιστρέψει καὶ οἰκτιρήσει ἡμᾶς καταδύσει τὰς ἀδικίας ἡμῶν καὶ ἀπορριφήσονται εἰς τὰ βάθη τῆς θαλάσσης πάσας τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν
He himself will return and have compassion on us; he will sink our iniquities down, and all our sins shall be cast into the depths of the sea.
Divine compassion is described with vivid physical metaphors of submergence and removal. Sin is not merely overlooked but thrown beyond recovery.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπιστρέψειshall bring backVF FAI3S · στρέφω + ἐπιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'shall bring back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκτιρήσειwill have compassionVF FAI3S · οἰκτείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκτείρω: meaning 'will have compassion'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καταδύσειwill sink downVF FAI3S · δύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδύω + κατα: meaning 'will sink down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικίαςiniquitiesN1A APF · ἀδικίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδικία: meaning 'iniquities'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπορριφήσονταιshall be castVV FPI3P · ῥίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseῥίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'shall be cast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάθηdepthsN3E APN · βάθοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ solemn rhetorical coloring within the lamentβάθος: meaning 'depths'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
20
δώσεις ἀλήθειαν τῷ Ιακωβ ἔλεον τῷ Αβρααμ καθότι ὤμοσας τοῖς πατράσιν ἡμῶν κατὰ τὰς ἡμέρας τὰς ἔμπροσθεν
You will give truth to Jacob and mercy to Abraham, just as you swore to our fathers in the days long ago.
The final verse grounds hope in the ancient oath to the patriarchs. Mercy and faithfulness are shown to be covenantal, not improvisational, acts of God.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
δώσειςyou shall giveVF FAI2S · δίδωμιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadδίδωμι: meaning 'you shall give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀλήθειανtruthN1A ASF · ἀλήθειαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀλήθεια: meaning 'truth'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβIakobN DSM · Ἰακώβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
ἔλεονmercyN3E ASN · ἔλεοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ object specificationἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβρααμAbraamN DSM · Ἀβραάμsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καθότιbecauseD · καθότιparticle or adverb shaping the emphasis or flow of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσαςyou sworeVAI AAI2S · ὄμνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὄμνυμι: meaning 'you swore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfatherN3 DPM · πατήρcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔμπροσθενformerly / beforeD · ἔμπροσθενnominal element in the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'formerly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.