1
ὦ πόλις αἱμάτων ὅλη ψευδὴς ἀδικίας πλήρης οὐ ψηλαφηθήσεται θήρα
Woe to the city of blood, wholly false, full of injustice; prey will not be groped for there.
The chapter opens by naming Nineveh through her crimes rather than by title. Violence, deceit, and predation define the city so thoroughly that the lament becomes a judicial pronouncement.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὦOI · ὦadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλιςcityN3I VSF · πόλιςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
αἱμάτωνbloodN3M GPN · αἷμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅληallA1 NSF · ὅλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅλος: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψευδὴςlying / falseA3H NSF · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψευδής: meaning 'lying'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀδικίαςwrongdoingN1A GSF · ἀδικίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδικία: meaning 'wrongdoing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψηλαφηθήσεταιgropingVC FPI3S · ψηλαφάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureψηλαφάω: meaning 'groping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θήραpreyN1A NSF · θήραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθήρα: meaning 'prey'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
2
φωνὴ μαστίγων καὶ φωνὴ σεισμοῦ τροχῶν καὶ ἵππου διώκοντος καὶ ἅρματος ἀναβράσσοντος
The sound of whips, and the sound of the rattle of wheels, and of horse pursuing, and of chariot bounding,
The verse piles up noises of invasion before offering explanation. The effect is immediate panic: the city hears judgment approaching before it sees it.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
φωνὴsoundN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μαστίγωνwhipsN3G GPF · μάστιξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμάστιξ: meaning 'whips'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνὴsoundN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σεισμοῦearthquakeN2 GSM · σεισμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσεισμός: meaning 'earthquake'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τροχῶνwheelN2 GPM · τροχόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵππουhorseN2 GSM · ἵπποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἵππος: meaning 'horse'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διώκοντοςπαπγσμ διώκωV1 · παπγσμ διώκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ διώκω: meaning 'παπγσμ διώκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅρματοςchariotN3M GSN · ἅρμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀναβράσσοντοςἀναV1 · παπγσμ βράσσω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ βράσσω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
καὶ ἱππέως ἀναβαίνοντος καὶ στιλβούσης ῥομφαίας καὶ ἐξαστραπτόντων ὅπλων καὶ πλήθους τραυματιῶν καὶ βαρείας πτώσεως καὶ οὐκ ἦν πέρας τοῖς ἔθνεσιν αὐτῆς καὶ ἀσθενήσουσιν ἐν τοῖς σώμασιν αὐτῶν
and of horseman mounting, and of flashing sword, and of weapons glittering, and of a multitude of wounded men, and of a heavy fall; and there was no end to her nations, and they will grow weak among their bodies.
The military spectacle resolves into corpses and exhaustion. The line about her nations underscores the imperial scale of Nineveh’s reach even as that reach collapses amid bodies.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππέωςhorsemanN3V GSM · ἱππεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἱππεύς: meaning 'horseman'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀναβαίνοντοςἀναV1 · παπγσμ βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ βαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στιλβούσηςπαπγσφ στίλβωV1 · παπγσφ στίλβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ στίλβω: meaning 'παπγσφ στίλβω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥομφαίαςswordN1A GSF · ῥομφαίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαστραπτόντωνἐκV1 · παπγπν αστράπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπν αστράπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅπλωνarmsN2N GPN · ὅπλονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅπλον: meaning 'arms'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'plethos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τραυματιῶνslain / woundedN1T GPM · τραυματίαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτραυματίας: meaning 'slain'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαρείαςheavyA3U GSF · βαρύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβαρύς: meaning 'heavy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πτώσεωςfallN3I GSF · πτῶσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτῶσις: meaning 'fall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνit wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'it was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πέραςendN3T NSN · πέραςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπέρας: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσθενήσουσινwill grow weakVF FAI3P · ἀσθενέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀσθενέω: meaning 'will grow weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώμασινbodyN3M DPN · σῶμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
ἀπὸ πλήθους πορνείας πόρνη καλὴ καὶ ἐπιχαρὴς ἡγουμένη φαρμάκων ἡ πωλοῦσα ἔθνη ἐν τῇ πορνείᾳ αὐτῆς καὶ φυλὰς ἐν τοῖς φαρμάκοις αὐτῆς
because of the multitude of the fornications of the fair and alluring prostitute, the mistress of sorceries, who sells nations by her fornication and tribes by her sorceries.
The prophet interprets empire through the imagery of seduction and magical domination. Nineveh’s attractiveness is exposed as the mechanism by which she ensnares peoples and subordinates whole communities.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'plethos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πορνείαςsexual immoralityN1A GSF · πορνείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπορνεία: meaning 'sexual immorality'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πόρνηprostituteN1 NSF · πόρνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόρνη: meaning 'prostitute'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καλὴbeautifulA1 NSF · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχαρὴςalluringA3 NSM · ἐπιχαρήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιχαρής: meaning 'alluring'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡγουμένηa prince / leaderV2 · πμπνσφ ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἡγέομαι: meaning 'a prince'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φαρμάκωνsorceryN2N GPN · φάρμακονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφάρμακον: meaning 'sorcery'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πωλοῦσαπαπνσφ πωλέωV2 · παπνσφ πωλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ πωλέω: meaning 'παπνσφ πωλέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορνείᾳsexual immoralityN1A DSF · πορνείαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπορνεία: meaning 'sexual immorality'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλὰςtribeN1 APF · φυλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφυλή: meaning 'tribe'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαρμάκοιςsorceryN2N DPN · φάρμακονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφάρμακον: meaning 'sorcery'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
5
ἰδοῦ ἐγὼ ἐπὶ σέ λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ καὶ ἀποκαλύψω τὰ ὀπίσω σου ἐπὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν σου καὶ δείξω ἔθνεσιν τὴν αἰσχύνην σου καὶ βασιλείαις τὴν ἀτιμίαν σου
Behold, I am against you, says the Lord God Almighty, and I will uncover your back parts before your face, and I will show your shame to nations and your dishonor to kingdoms.
The Lord himself now speaks, turning metaphor into verdict. The shaming imagery answers Nineveh’s seductive display with public unveiling before the very peoples she dominated.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἰδοῦseeVB AMD2S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σέyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκαλύψωἀποVF FAI1S · καλύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωafter / behindP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπόνface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δείξωI will showVF FAI1S · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδεικνύω: meaning 'I will show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰσχύνηνshameN1 ASF · αἰσχύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰσχύνη: meaning 'shame'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλείαιςkingdom / reignN1A DPF · βασιλείαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀτιμίανἀτιμίαN1A ASF · ἀτιμίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀτιμία: meaning 'ἀτιμία'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
καὶ ἐπιρρίψω ἐπὶ σὲ βδελυγμὸν κατὰ τὰς ἀκαθαρσίας σου καὶ θήσομαί σε εἰς παράδειγμα
And I will throw abomination upon you in accordance with your uncleannesses, and I will make you a spectacle.
The city that degraded others will herself become degraded. The punishment is fitting: public defilement becomes the mirror of her own moral pollution.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιρρίψωἐπιVA AAS1S · ῥίπτω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyῥίπτω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βδελυγμὸνabominationN2 ASM · βδελυγμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβδελυγμός: meaning 'abomination'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessN1A APF · ἀκαθαρσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleanness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θήσομαίplace / appointVF FMI1S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παράδειγμαParadeigmaN3M ASN · παράδειγμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαράδειγμα: meaning 'Paradeigma'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
7
καὶ ἔσται πᾶς ὁ ὁρῶν σε ἀποπηδήσεται ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ ἐρεῖ Δειλαία Νινευη τίς στενάξει αὐτήν πόθεν ζητήσω παράκλησιν αὐτῇ
And it shall be that everyone who sees you will spring away from you and will say, “Wretched Nineveh! Who will groan for her? From where shall I seek comfort for her?”
The verse denies Nineveh the sympathy commonly extended to ruined cities. Her destruction elicits recoil rather than pity because her memory is inseparable from terror.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιyou wereV9 FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'you were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶςeveryoneA1S NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρῶνseeingV3 · παπνσμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ὁράω: meaning 'seeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀποπηδήσεταιἀποVF FAI3S · πηδάω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπηδάω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῦyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖsayVF2 FAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΔειλαίαwretchedA1A NSF · δείλαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδείλαιος: meaning 'wretched'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΝινευηNinevehN NSF · Νινευηnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝινευη: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στενάξειστενάχωVF FAI3S · στενάχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστενάχω: meaning 'στενάχω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πόθενwhere fromD · πόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπόθεν: meaning 'where from'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζητήσωto inquireVF FAI1S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζητέω: meaning 'to inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παράκλησινencouragementN3I ASF · παράκλησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαράκλησις: meaning 'encouragement'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
ἑτοίμασαι μερίδα ἅρμοσαι χορδήν ἑτοίμασαι μερίδα Αμων ἡ κατοικοῦσα ἐν ποταμοῖς ὕδωρ κύκλῳ αὐτῆς ἧς ἡ ἀρχὴ θάλασσα καὶ ὕδωρ τὰ τείχη αὐτῆς
Have you prepared a portion? Fit a cord; prepare a portion for Amon, she who dwells among rivers, with water around her, whose domain is the sea and whose walls are water.
The Greek here is textually and semantically difficult, but the comparison clearly points to No-Amon/Thebes and her water defenses. The rhetorical force is that even such a city, splendidly situated and fortified, did not remain secure.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἑτοίμασαιpreparedVA AAN · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'prepared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μερίδαportion / shareN3D ASF · μερίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἅρμοσαιtuned / fittedVA AAN · ἁρμόζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἁρμόζω: meaning 'tuned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χορδήνcordN1 ASF · χορδήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχορδή: meaning 'cord'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἑτοίμασαιpreparedVA AAN · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'prepared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μερίδαportion / shareN3D ASF · μερίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΑμωνAmonN NSF · Αμωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦσακαταV2 · παπνσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ποταμοῖςriverN2 DPM · ποταμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κύκλῳround aboutN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'round about'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχὴdominionsN1 NSF · ἀρχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρχή: meaning 'dominions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θάλασσαseaN1S NSF · θάλασσαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχηwallN3E NPN · τεῖχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
9
καὶ Αἰθιοπία ἡ ἰσχὺς αὐτῆς καὶ Αἴγυπτος καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν πέρας τῆς φυγῆς καὶ Λίβυες ἐγένοντο βοηθοὶ αὐτῆς
And Ethiopia was her strength, and Egypt, and there is no end to her retreat, and the Libyans became her helpers.
The city to which Nineveh is compared possessed formidable support. The point is not geography alone but the insufficiency of even broad international backing under divine judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑἰθιοπίαEthiopiaN1A NSF · Αἰθιοπίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΑἰθιοπία: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Αἴγυπτοςof EgyptN2 NSF · Αἴγυπτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πέραςendN3T NSN · πέραςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπέρας: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυγῆςflightN1 GSF · φυγήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφυγή: meaning 'flight'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛίβυεςLibyesN NPM · Λίβυεςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΛίβυες: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βοηθοὶboethosN2 NPM · βοηθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβοηθός: meaning 'boethos'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
καὶ αὐτὴ εἰς μετοικεσίαν πορεύσεται αἰχμάλωτος καὶ τὰ νήπια αὐτῆς ἐδαφιοῦσιν ἐπ' ἀρχὰς πασῶν τῶν ὁδῶν αὐτῆς καὶ ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ ἔνδοξα αὐτῆς βαλοῦσιν κλήρους καὶ πάντες οἱ μεγιστᾶνες αὐτῆς δεθήσονται χειροπέδαις
Yet even she shall go into exile as a captive, and her little children they will dash to the ground at the heads of all her streets, and upon all her nobles they will cast lots, and all her great men shall be bound with fetters.
Thebes functions as a precedent that turns analogy into warning. If such a city suffered exile, slaughter, dispossession, and bondage, Nineveh cannot imagine herself exempt.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὴhe, she, itRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴ: meaning 'he, she, it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μετοικεσίανexileN1A ASF · μετοικεσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμετοικεσία: meaning 'exile'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πορεύσεταιgoVF FMI3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἰχμάλωτοςcaptiveA1B NSF · αἰχμάλωτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰχμάλωτος: meaning 'captive'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νήπιαinfantsA1A NPN · νήπιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνήπιος: meaning 'infants'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐδαφιοῦσινdash to the groundVF2 FAI3P · ἐδαφίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐδαφίζω: meaning 'dash to the ground'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀρχὰςdominionsN1 APF · ἀρχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀρχή: meaning 'dominions'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πασῶνallA1S GPF · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῶνwayN2 GPF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάνταallA1S APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνδοξαendoxaA1B APN · ἔνδοξοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔνδοξος: meaning 'endoxa'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαλοῦσινcastVF2 FAI3P · βάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβάλλω: meaning 'cast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κλήρουςlotN2 APM · κλῆροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλῆρος: meaning 'lot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA1S NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγιστᾶνεςmagnateN3 NPM · μεγιστάνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμεγιστάν: meaning 'magnate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δεθήσονταιboundVC FPI3P · δέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδέω: meaning 'bound'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χειροπέδαιςχειροπέδηN1 DPF · χειροπέδηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχειροπέδη: meaning 'χειροπέδη'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
11
καὶ σὺ μεθυσθήσῃ καὶ ἔσῃ ὑπερεωραμένη καὶ σὺ ζητήσεις σεαυτῇ στάσιν ἐξ ἐχθρῶν
You too shall be made drunk and shall be overlooked, and you shall seek for yourself a place of refuge from enemies.
The taunt now turns directly back to Nineveh. The drunkenness suggests stupefaction under judgment, while the search for refuge shows how swiftly imperial confidence becomes desperate vulnerability.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μεθυσθήσῃa drunken womanVC FPI2S · μεθύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμεθύω: meaning 'a drunken woman'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσῃyou shall beVF FMI2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'you shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπερεωραμένηὑπερVM · χππνσφ ὁράω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσφ ὁράω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπερ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ζητήσειςto inquireVF FAI2S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζητέω: meaning 'to inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεαυτῇyourselfRD DSF · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσεαυτῇ: meaning 'yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στάσινfootstool/placeN3I ASF · στάσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστάσις: meaning 'footstool'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐχθρῶνechthronN2 GPM · ἐχθρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'echthron'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
12
πάντα τὰ ὀχυρώματά σου συκαῖ σκοποὺς ἔχουσαι ἐὰν σαλευθῶσιν καὶ πεσοῦνται εἰς στόμα ἔσθοντος
All your fortresses are fig trees bearing first-ripe figs; if they are shaken, they fall into the mouth of the eater.
What appears strong is in fact precarious and ready to drop. The image makes siege unnecessary in principle: the defenses yield almost by their own ripeness.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πάνταallA1S NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματάfortressesN3M NPN · ὀχύρωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀχύρωμα: meaning 'fortresses'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συκαῖfig treeN1 NPF · συκῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυκῆ: meaning 'fig tree'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σκοποὺςaimN2 APM · σκοπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκοπός: meaning 'aim'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχουσαιhavingV1 · παπνπφ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλευθῶσινbe shakenVC APS3P · σαλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσαλεύω: meaning 'be shaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεσοῦνταιfellVF2 FMI3P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσθοντοςπαπγσμ ἐσθίωV1 · παπγσμ ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ἐσθίω: meaning 'παπγσμ ἐσθίω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
ἰδοὺ ὁ λαός σου ὡς γυναῖκες ἐν σοί τοῖς ἐχθροῖς σου ἀνοιγόμεναι ἀνοιχθήσονται πύλαι τῆς γῆς σου καὶ καταφάγεται πῦρ τοὺς μοχλούς σου
Behold, your people within you are like women in your midst before your enemies; the gates of your land shall surely be opened, and fire will devour your bars.
The language is taunting and shaming, emphasizing incapacity rather than literal gendered description. Opened gates and burned bars symbolize the total failure of urban security.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυναῖκεςwife/womanN3K NPF · γυνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοίto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοί: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροῖςenemiesN2 DPM · ἐχθρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνοιγόμεναιἀναV1 · πμπνπφ οἴγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπφ οἴγω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνοιχθήσονταιἀναVQ FPI3P · οἴγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἴγω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πύλαιgatesN1 NPF · πύληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςland / earthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφάγεταιdevourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μοχλούςbarsN2 APM · μοχλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
ὕδωρ περιοχῆς ἐπίσπασαι σεαυτῇ καὶ κατακράτησον τῶν ὀχυρωμάτων σου ἔμβηθι εἰς πηλὸν καὶ συμπατήθητι ἐν ἀχύροις κατακράτησον ὑπὲρ πλίνθον
Draw for yourself water for the siege, and take firm hold of your fortifications; go into the clay and trample in the straw; take hold of the brick-mold.
The prophet sarcastically urges Nineveh to make every possible defense. The commands intensify the irony precisely because the preparations will not alter the outcome.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
περιοχῆςstrongholdN1 GSF · περιοχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπεριοχή: meaning 'stronghold'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπίσπασαιἐπιVA AAN · σπάω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementσπάω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεαυτῇyourselfRD DSF · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσεαυτῇ: meaning 'yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακράτησονκαταVF · φαπνσν κρατέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφαπνσν κρατέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρωμάτωνfortressesN3M GPN · ὀχύρωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀχύρωμα: meaning 'fortresses'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔμβηθιἐνVD APD2S · βαίνω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + ἐν: meaning 'ἐν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πηλὸνclayN2 ASM · πηλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπηλός: meaning 'clay'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμπατήθητισυνVC APD2S · πάσχω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπάσχω + συν: meaning 'συν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀχύροιςstrawN2N DPN · ἄχυρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄχυρον: meaning 'straw'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κατακράτησονκαταVF · φαπασν κρατέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφαπασν κρατέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλίνθονbrickmakingN2 ASF · πλίνθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλίνθος: meaning 'brickmaking'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
15
ἐκεῖ καταφάγεταί σε πῦρ ἐξολεθρεύσει σε ῥομφαία καταφάγεταί σε ὡς ἀκρίς καὶ βαρυνθήσῃ ὡς βροῦχος
There fire will devour you, sword will destroy you; it will devour you like locust, and you will become heavy like a locust-swarm.
The means of judgment multiply: siege, fire, sword, and swarm imagery all converge. The locust comparison shifts from military assault to overwhelming consumption and dispersion.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφάγεταίdevourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξολεθρεύσειwill utterly destroyVF FAI3S · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'will utterly destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ῥομφαίαswordN1A NSF · ῥομφαίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταφάγεταίdevourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκρίςἀκρίςN3D NSF · ἀκρίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκρίς: meaning 'ἀκρίς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαρυνθήσῃwas weighed down / hardenedVC FPI2S · βαρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαρύνω: meaning 'was weighed down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βροῦχοςβροῦχοςN2 NSM · βροῦχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβροῦχος: meaning 'βροῦχος'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
16
ἐπλήθυνας τὰς ἐμπορίας σου ὑπὲρ τὰ ἄστρα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ βροῦχος ὥρμησεν καὶ ἐξεπετάσθη
You multiplied your trade beyond the stars of heaven; the locust rushed in and flew away.
Nineveh’s wealth and mercantile reach once seemed innumerable. Yet the image of the locust shows how quickly apparent fullness disappears when judgment arrives.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐπλήθυναςplethynoVAI AAI2S · πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπληθύνω: meaning 'plethyno'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμπορίαςtradeN1A APF · ἐμπορίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμπορία: meaning 'trade'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄστραstarN2N APN · ἄστρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄστρον: meaning 'star'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βροῦχοςβροῦχοςN2 NSM · βροῦχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβροῦχος: meaning 'βροῦχος'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὥρμησενrushVAI AAI3S · ὁρμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁρμάω: meaning 'rush'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεπετάσθηἐκVCI API3S · πετάζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπετάζω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
ἐξήλατο ὡς ἀττέλεβος ὁ σύμμικτός σου ὡς ἀκρὶς ἐπιβεβηκυῖα ἐπὶ φραγμὸν ἐν ἡμέραις πάγους ὁ ἥλιος ἀνέτειλεν καὶ ἀφήλατο καὶ οὐκ ἔγνω τὸν τόπον αὐτῆς οὐαὶ αὐτοῖς
Your mixed multitude sprang away like a grasshopper, like a locust settled on a fence in days of frost; the sun rose and it fled away, and its place was not known. Woe to them.
The city’s people and dependents are compared to insects that cling briefly and then disappear with the heat. Stability proves seasonal and shallow, leaving only lament behind.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐξήλατοἐκV3I IMI3S · ἀλάομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀλάομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀττέλεβοςgrasshopperN2 NSM · ἀττέλεβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀττέλεβος: meaning 'grasshopper'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύμμικτόςmixedA1 NSM · σύμμικτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύμμικτός: meaning 'mixed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκρὶςἀκρίςN3D NSF · ἀκρίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκρίς: meaning 'ἀκρίς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπιβεβηκυῖαἐπιVX · χαπνσφ βαίνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνσφ βαίνω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φραγμὸνwall / fenceN2 ASM · φραγμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφραγμός: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysN1A DPF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πάγουςfrostN2 APM · πάγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπάγος: meaning 'frost'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνέτειλενgrow / riseVAI AAI3S · τέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'grow'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφήλατοἀποVBI AMI3S · ἅλλομαι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἅλλομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknewVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
ἐνύσταξαν οἱ ποιμένες σου βασιλεὺς Ἀσσύριος ἐκοίμισεν τοὺς δυνάστας σου ἀπῆρεν ὁ λαός σου ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ ἐκδεχόμενος
Your shepherds slumber, O king of Assyria; your rulers have fallen asleep; your people have been scattered upon the mountains, and there was no one to gather them.
Royal and administrative collapse is now explicit. The imagery of sleeping shepherds and ungathered people portrays political disintegration as pastoral abandonment.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐνύσταξανgrew drowsyVAI AAI3S · νυστάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristνυστάζω: meaning 'grew drowsy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιμένεςshepherdN3 NPM · ποιμήνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceποιμήν: meaning 'shepherd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἈσσύριοςAssyrionN2 NSM · Ἀσσύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationἈσσύριος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκοίμισενlayVAI AAI3S · κοιμίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκοιμίζω: meaning 'lay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάσταςmighty manN1M APM · δυνάστηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδυνάστης: meaning 'mighty man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπῆρενset outVAI AAI3S · αἴρω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἴρω + ἀπο: meaning 'set out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνit wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'it was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκδεχόμενοςἐκV1 · πμπνσμ δέχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ δέχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
οὐκ ἔστιν ἴασις τῇ συντριβῇ σου ἐφλέγμανεν ἡ πληγή σου πάντες οἱ ἀκούοντες τὴν ἀγγελίαν σου κροτήσουσιν χεῖρας ἐπὶ σέ διότι ἐπὶ τίνα οὐκ ἐπῆλθεν ἡ κακία σου διὰ παντός
There is no healing for your fracture; your wound has become inflamed. All who hear your report will clap their hands over you, for upon whom has your evil not come continually?
The chapter ends without mitigation. Nineveh’s fall is welcomed because her violence was universal and unrelenting, so the applause of the nations becomes the final moral assessment of Assyria’s career.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἴασιςhealingN3I NSF · ἴασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἴασις: meaning 'healing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συντριβῇcrushingN1 DSF · συντριβήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυντριβή: meaning 'crushing'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐφλέγμανενinflameVAI AAI3S · φλεγμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφλεγμαίνω: meaning 'inflame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πληγήplague / blowN1 NSF · πληγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπληγή: meaning 'plague'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάντεςallA1S NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκούοντεςhearingV1 · παπνπμ ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἀκούω: meaning 'hearing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγγελίανreportN1A ASF · ἀγγελίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγγελία: meaning 'report'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κροτήσουσινthey clappedVF FAI3P · κροτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκροτέω: meaning 'they clapped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σέyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τίναanyoneRI ASM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίνα: meaning 'anyone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπῆλθενhas comeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'has come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίαwickedness / evilN1A NSF · κακίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντόςallA1S GSM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.