1
ἰδοὺ ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη οἱ πόδες εὐαγγελιζομένου καὶ ἀπαγγέλλοντος εἰρήνην ἑόρταζε Ιουδα τὰς ἑορτάς σου ἀπόδος τὰς εὐχάς σου διότι οὐ μὴ προσθήσωσιν ἔτι τοῦ διελθεῖν διὰ σοῦ εἰς παλαίωσιν συντετέλεσται ἐξῆρται
Behold, upon the mountains are the feet of one bringing good news and announcing peace. Keep your feasts, O Judah; pay your vows, because they shall no longer continue to pass through you into decay; he has been completely removed.
The verse sounds like a salvation oracle for Judah. The herald formula recalls Isaianic good-news language, but here it serves as the overture to Nineveh's downfall and Judah's restored worship.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδεςfootN3D NPM · πούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐαγγελιζομένουbring good newsV1 · πμπγσμ εὐαγγελίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσμ εὐαγγελίζω: meaning 'bring good news'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπαγγέλλοντοςannounceV1 · παπγσμ ἀγγέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'announce'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἑόρταζεkeep festivalV1 PAD2S · ἑορτάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἑορτάζω: meaning 'keep festival'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙουδαJudahN VSM · Ιουδαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορτάςfeastN1 APF · ἑορτήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἑορτή: meaning 'feast'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπόδοςpay backVO AAD2S · δίδωμι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'pay back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐχάςvowN1 APF · εὐχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐχή: meaning 'vow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσθήσωσινcontinueVF FAI3P · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι + προς: meaning 'continue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διελθεῖνpass throughVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῦyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παλαίωσινgrow oldVB AAS3P · παλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπαλαίω: meaning 'grow old'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συντετέλεσταιbe completedVX XMI3S · τελέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτελέω + συν: meaning 'be completed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξῆρταιremoveVX XMI3S · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
ἀνέβη ἐμφυσῶν εἰς πρόσωπόν σου ἐξαιρούμενος ἐκ θλίψεως σκόπευσον ὁδόν κράτησον ὀσφύος ἄνδρισαι τῇ ἰσχύι σφόδρα
One breathing against your face has come up, delivering you from affliction. Watch the road, strengthen your loins, take courage with great strength.
The addressee shifts toward the besieged city. The line compresses threat and command: the attacker is already present, and the hearer is urged to brace for impact.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἀνέβηcome upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'come up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμφυσῶνbreathe againstV3 · παπνσμ φυσάω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φυσάω + ἐν: meaning 'breathe against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξαιρούμενοςdeliverV2 · πμπνσμ αἱρέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ αἱρέω + ἐκ: meaning 'deliver'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θλίψεωςafflictionN3I GSF · θλῖψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθλῖψις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σκόπευσονwatchVA AAD2S · σκοπεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσκοπεύω: meaning 'watch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδόνroadN2 ASF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κράτησονstrengthenVA AAD2S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκρατέω: meaning 'strengthen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀσφύοςloinN3U GSF · ὀσφύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loin'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄνδρισαιtake courageVA AAN · ἀνδρίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀνδρίζομαι: meaning 'take courage'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύιstrengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σφόδραgreatlyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
3
διότι ἀπέστρεψεν κύριος τὴν ὕβριν Ιακωβ καθὼς ὕβριν τοῦ Ισραηλ διότι ἐκτινάσσοντες ἐξετίναξαν αὐτοὺς καὶ τὰ κλήματα αὐτῶν διέφθειραν
For the Lord has turned back the arrogance of Jacob, as the arrogance of Israel, because those who shake them out have shaken them out and have ruined their branches.
The fall of Nineveh is grounded in the Lord's reversal of his people's humiliation. The agricultural image of ruined branches deepens the memory of prior devastation now being avenged.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενturn backVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turn back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕβρινarroganceN3I ASF · ὕβριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕβρις: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕβρινarroganceN3I ASF · ὕβριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕβρις: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτινάσσοντεςshake outV1 · παπνπμ τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ τινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'shake out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξετίναξανshake outVAI AAI3P · τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'shake out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςtheirRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλήματαbranchN3M APN · κλῆμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλῆμα: meaning 'branch'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διέφθειρανruinVAI AAI3P · φθείρω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφθείρω + δια: meaning 'ruin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
ὅπλα δυναστείας αὐτῶν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἄνδρας δυνατοὺς ἐμπαίζοντας ἐν πυρί αἱ ἡνίαι τῶν ἁρμάτων αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἑτοιμασίας αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἱππεῖς θορυβηθήσονται
The weapons of their power are from among men, mighty men mocking in fire; the reins of their chariots are in the day of his preparation, and the horsemen shall be thrown into tumult.
The verse introduces the assault in quick fragments: armed strength, fiery brilliance, prepared chariots, and cavalry confusion. The style is intentionally rapid and impressionistic.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὅπλαweaponN2N APN · ὅπλονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅπλον: meaning 'weapon'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δυναστείαςpowerN1A GSF · δυναστείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδυναστεία: meaning 'power'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνmanN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄνδραςmanN3 APM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δυνατοὺςmightyA1 APM · δυνατόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδυνατός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐμπαίζονταςmockV1 · παπαπμ παίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ παίζω + ἐν: meaning 'mock'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πυρίfireN3 DSN · πῦρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡνίαιreinN1A NPF · ἡνίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡνία: meaning 'rein'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotN3M GPN · ἅρμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἑτοιμασίαςpreparationN1A GSF · ἑτοιμασίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἑτοιμασία: meaning 'preparation'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦtheirRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱππεῖςhorsemanN3V NPM · ἱππεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱππεύς: meaning 'horseman'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θορυβηθήσονταιbe thrown into turmoilVF FPI3P · θορυβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureθορυβέω: meaning 'be thrown into turmoil'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς καὶ συγχυθήσονται τὰ ἅρματα καὶ συμπλακήσονται ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις ἡ ὅρασις αὐτῶν ὡς λαμπάδες πυρὸς καὶ ὡς ἀστραπαὶ διατρέχουσαι
In the streets the chariots shall be thrown into confusion, and they shall clash together in the broad places. Their appearance is like fiery torches and like lightning flashes darting through.
Urban space becomes the scene of panic. The imagery of torches and lightning conveys both speed and terror, making the attack feel visually overwhelming.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςroadN2 DPF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συγχυθήσονταιbe confusedVC FPI3P · χέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureχέω + συν: meaning 'be confused'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματαchariotN3M APN · ἅρμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμπλακήσονταιclash togetherVD FPI3P · πλέκω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπλέκω + συν: meaning 'clash together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλατείαιςbroad placeA3U DPF · πλατύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'broad place'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρασιςappearanceN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'appearance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαμπάδεςtorchN3D NPF · λαμπάςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαμπάς: meaning 'torch'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πυρὸςfireN3R GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀστραπαὶlightningN1 NPF · ἀστραπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀστραπή: meaning 'lightning'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διατρέχουσαιdart throughV1 · παπνπφ τρέχω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ τρέχω + δια: meaning 'dart through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
καὶ μνησθήσονται οἱ μεγιστᾶνες αὐτῶν καὶ φεύξονται ἡμέρας καὶ ἀσθενήσουσιν ἐν τῇ πορείᾳ αὐτῶν καὶ σπεύσουσιν ἐπὶ τὰ τείχη καὶ ἑτοιμάσουσιν τὰς προφυλακὰς αὐτῶν
And their great men shall remember and shall flee by day, and they shall grow weak on their march, and they shall hurry to the walls and prepare their guards.
Nineveh's leadership is portrayed as reactive rather than commanding. Their rush to the walls only underscores the city's failing capacity to defend itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μνησθήσονταιrememberVS FPI3P · μιμνήσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγιστᾶνεςgreat manN3 NPM · μεγιστάνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμεγιστάν: meaning 'great man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φεύξονταιfleeVF FMI3P · φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφεύγω: meaning 'flee'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμέραςdayN1A APF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσθενήσουσινgrow weakVF FAI3P · ἀσθενέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀσθενέω: meaning 'grow weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορείᾳmarchN1A DSF · πορείαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπορεία: meaning 'march'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπεύσουσινhurryVF FAI3P · σπεύδωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσπεύδω: meaning 'hurry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχηwallN3E APN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑτοιμάσουσινprepareVF FAI3P · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'prepare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφυλακὰςguardN1 APF · προφυλακήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπροφυλακή: meaning 'guard'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
πύλαι τῶν ποταμῶν διηνοίχθησαν καὶ τὰ βασίλεια διέπεσεν
The gates of the rivers were opened, and the palaces collapsed.
The breach is stated with stark brevity. Whether the image is literal, symbolic, or both, the city's protective boundaries and royal stability alike give way.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
πύλαιgateN1 NPF · πύληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμῶνriverN2 GPM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διηνοίχθησανopen fullyVQI API3P · οἴγω + δια + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἴγω + δια + ἀνα: meaning 'open fully'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασίλειαpalaceN2N NPN · βασίλειονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασίλειον: meaning 'palace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διέπεσενcollapseVAI AAI3S · πίπτω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω + δια: meaning 'collapse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
καὶ ἡ ὑπόστασις ἀπεκαλύφθη καὶ αὕτη ἀνέβαινεν καὶ αἱ δοῦλαι αὐτῆς ἤγοντο καθὼς περιστεραὶ φθεγγόμεναι ἐν καρδίαις αὐτῶν
And the foundation was laid bare, and she kept going up, and her slave-girls were being led away, cooing like doves in their hearts.
Exposure and deportation dominate the scene. The lamenting attendants embody the city's humiliation as its inner household is stripped away.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπόστασιςsubstructureN3I NSF · ὑπόστασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑπόστασις: meaning 'substructure'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπεκαλύφθηlay bareVV API3S · καλύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκαλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'lay bare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηοὗτοςRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'οὗτος'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνέβαινενcome upV1I IAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'come up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλαιslave-girlN1 NPF · δούληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδούλη: meaning 'slave-girl'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςtheirRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἤγοντοleadV1I IMI3P · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἄγω: meaning 'lead'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιστεραὶdoveN1A NPF · περιστεράnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπεριστερά: meaning 'dove'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φθεγγόμεναιutter a soundV1 · πμπνπφ φθέγγομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπφ φθέγγομαι: meaning 'utter a sound'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίαιςheartN1A DPF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
9
καὶ Νινευη ὡς κολυμβήθρα ὕδατος τὰ ὕδατα αὐτῆς καὶ αὐτοὶ φεύγοντες οὐκ ἔστησαν καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ ἐπιβλέπων
And Nineveh was like a pool of water, its waters; yet they were fleeing and did not stand, and there was no one who looked back.
The city once full and contained is now compared to water that cannot be held. The simile turns abundance into dispersal and order into uncontrolled flight.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝινευηNinevehN NSF · Νινευηnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝινευη: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κολυμβήθραpoolN1A NSF · κολυμβήθραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκολυμβήθρα: meaning 'pool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδαταwaterN3T NPN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςtheirRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheirRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φεύγοντεςfleeV1 · παπνπμ φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ φεύγω: meaning 'flee'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstandVAI AAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'be'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιβλέπωνlook backV1 · παπνσμ βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ βλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'look back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
διήρπαζον τὸ ἀργύριον διήρπαζον τὸ χρυσίον καὶ οὐκ ἦν πέρας τοῦ κόσμου αὐτῆς βεβάρυνται ὑπὲρ πάντα τὰ σκεύη τὰ ἐπιθυμητὰ αὐτῆς
They were plundering the silver, they were plundering the gold, and there was no end to her adornment; they were weighed down with all her desirable vessels.
The invaders strip Nineveh's wealth without limit. The repeated verb of plundering and the inventory of precious goods emphasize total economic collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
διήρπαζονplunderV1I IAI3P · ἁρπάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἁρπάζω + δια: meaning 'plunder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διήρπαζονplunderV1I IAI3P · ἁρπάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἁρπάζω + δια: meaning 'plunder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'be'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πέραςendN3T NSN · πέραςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπέρας: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόσμουsplendorN2 GSM · κόσμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκόσμος: meaning 'splendor'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςtheirRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βεβάρυνταιbe weighed downVX XAI3P · βαρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαρύνω: meaning 'be weighed down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρoverP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάνταallA1S ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvesselN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμητὰdesirableA1 APN · ἐπιθυμητόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιθυμητός: meaning 'desirable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςtheirRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
ἐκτιναγμὸς καὶ ἀνατιναγμὸς καὶ ἐκβρασμὸς καὶ καρδίας θραυσμὸς καὶ ὑπόλυσις γονάτων καὶ ὠδῖνες ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ὀσφύν καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον πάντων ὡς πρόσκαυμα χύτρας
Shattering and upheaval and overflowing ruin, and the breaking of hearts and the loosening of knees, and pangs upon every loin, and the face of all of them is like the blackening of a pot.
The verse piles nouns and bodily images to communicate unmaking at every level: civic, emotional, and physical. The final simile gives the survivors a scorched, ashen appearance.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐκτιναγμὸςshatteringN2 NSM · ἐκτιναγμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκτιναγμός: meaning 'shattering'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνατιναγμὸςupheavalN2 NSM · ἀνατιναγμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνατιναγμός: meaning 'upheaval'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκβρασμὸςoverflowing ruinN2 NSM · ἐκβρασμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκβρασμός: meaning 'overflowing ruin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θραυσμὸςbreakingN2 NSM · θραυσμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθραυσμός: meaning 'breaking'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπόλυσιςlooseningN3I NSF · ὑπόλυσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑπόλυσις: meaning 'loosening'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γονάτωνkneeN3 GPN · γόνυgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγόνυ: meaning 'knee'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠδῖνεςpangN3 NPF · ὠδίνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὠδίν: meaning 'pang'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀσφύνloinN3U ASF · ὀσφύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πάντωνallA1S GPM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόσκαυμαblackeningN3M NSN · πρόσκαυμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσκαυμα: meaning 'blackening'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χύτραςpotN1A GSF · χύτραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχύτρα: meaning 'pot'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
12
ποῦ ἐστιν τὸ κατοικητήριον τῶν λεόντων καὶ ἡ νομὴ ἡ οὖσα τοῖς σκύμνοις οὗ ἐπορεύθη λέων τοῦ εἰσελθεῖν ἐκεῖ σκύμνος λέοντος καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ ἐκφοβῶν
Where is the dwelling-place of the lions, and the pasture that belonged to the cubs, where the lion went in so that the lion's cub might enter there, and there was none to terrify?
The prophet begins a taunt over Nineveh as a lion's den. The once-feared imperial refuge is now invoked only as an absence and a question.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ποῦwhereD · ποῦadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastποῦ: meaning 'where'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικητήριονdwelling-placeN2 NSN · κατοικητήριονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατοικητήριον: meaning 'dwelling-place'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λεόντωνlionN3 GPM · λέωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νομὴpastureN1 NSF · νομήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνομή: meaning 'pasture'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὖσαbeV9 · παπνσφ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ εἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκύμνοιςcubN2 DPM · σκύμνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσκύμνος: meaning 'cub'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπορεύθηgoVCI API3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λέωνlionN3W NSM · λέωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσελθεῖνἔρχομαι + εἰςVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'ἔρχομαι + εἰς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκύμνοςcubN2 NSM · σκύμνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκύμνος: meaning 'cub'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λέοντοςlionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'be'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκφοβῶνterrifyV2 · παπνσμ φοβέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φοβέω + ἐκ: meaning 'terrify'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
λέων ἥρπασεν τὰ ἱκανὰ τοῖς σκύμνοις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπέπνιξεν τοῖς λέουσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔπλησεν θήρας νοσσιὰν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ κατοικητήριον αὐτοῦ ἁρπαγῆς
A lion seized enough for his cubs and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his lair with prey and his dwelling-place with plunder.
The lion image becomes an indictment of Assyria's predatory empire. The den was stocked by violence, which now justifies its desolation.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
λέωνlionN3W NSM · λέωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἥρπασενseizeVAI AAI3S · ἁρπάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἁρπάζω: meaning 'seize'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱκανὰenoughA1 APN · ἱκανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱκανός: meaning 'enough'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκύμνοιςcubN2 DPM · σκύμνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσκύμνος: meaning 'cub'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦtheirRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέπνιξενstrangleVAI AAI3S · πνίγω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπνίγω + ἀπο: meaning 'strangle'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέουσινlionN3 DPM · λέωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦtheirRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπλησενfillVAI AAI3S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: meaning 'fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θήραςpreyN1A GSF · θήραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθήρα: meaning 'prey'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
νοσσιὰνlairN1A ASF · νοσσιάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνοσσιά: meaning 'lair'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦtheirRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικητήριονdwelling-placeN2 ASN · κατοικητήριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατοικητήριον: meaning 'dwelling-place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦtheirRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἁρπαγῆςplunderN1 GSF · ἁρπαγήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἁρπαγή: meaning 'plunder'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
14
ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐπὶ σέ λέγει κύριος παντοκράτωρ καὶ ἐκκαύσω ἐν καπνῷ πλῆθός σου καὶ τοὺς λέοντάς σου καταφάγεται ῥομφαία καὶ ἐξολεθρεύσω ἐκ τῆς γῆς τὴν θήραν σου καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ οὐκέτι τὰ ἔργα σου
Behold, I am against you, says the Lord Almighty, and I will burn your multitude in smoke, and the sword shall devour your lions, and I will destroy your prey from the earth, and your works shall no longer be heard.
The chapter ends with the decisive divine declaration against Nineveh. The taunt is ratified by the Lord himself, who consumes military strength, ends predation, and silences the city's public power.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σέyourRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκαύσωburn upVF FAI1S · καίω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαίω + ἐκ: meaning 'burn up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καπνῷsmokeN2 DSM · καπνόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαπνός: meaning 'smoke'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πλῆθόςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέοντάςlionN3 APM · λέωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καταφάγεταιdevourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥομφαίαswordN1A NSF · ῥομφαίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξολεθρεύσωdestroy utterlyVF FAI1S · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'destroy utterly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θήρανpreyN1A ASF · θήραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθήρα: meaning 'prey'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκουσθῇbe heardVC APS3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀκούω: meaning 'be heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαἔργονN2N NPN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'ἔργον'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.