Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Numbers, Chapter 21ΑΡΙΘΜΟΙ ΚΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Numbers 21 is one of the most theologically consequential chapters of the LXX Pentateuch, gathering four distinct units.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Numbers 21 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Numbers 21 is one of the most theologically consequential chapters of the LXX Pentateuch, gathering four distinct units. (1) The defeat of the Canaanite king of Arad and the devoting of his cities to destruction, sealed by the place-name ἀνάθεμα ('Anathema'), the LXX's rendering of Hebrew חָרְמָה (Hormah) interpreting the toponym through the root חֵרֶם / ἀνάθεμα ('a thing devoted/banned', vv. 1–3). (2) The episode of the deadly serpents: the people, made faint-hearted (ὠλιγοψύχησεν) on the way around Edom, speak against God and Moses, loathing the manna as ἄρτος διάκενος ('worthless/empty bread'); the LORD sends τοὺς ὄφεις τοὺς θανατοῦντας ('the deadly serpents'); on the people's repentance Moses is told to make an ὄφις χαλκοῦς ('a bronze serpent') and set it ἐπὶ σημείου ('on a standard/pole'), so that everyone bitten who looks upon it (ἰδών) lives (vv. 4–9). This is the chapter's headline crux: the verb of looking-and-living grounds Jesus' own typology at John 3:14–15, καθὼς Μωϋσῆς ὕψωσεν τὸν ὄφιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, οὕτως ὑψωθῆναι δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου; cf. Wisdom 16:5–7 (the serpent as σύμβολον σωτηρίας) and 2 Kings 18:4, where Hezekiah destroys the bronze serpent called 'Nehushtan.' (3) The wilderness itinerary from Oboth to the plains of Moab, embedding two archaic poems quoted from sources: the citation of 'the Book of the Wars of the LORD' (ἐν βιβλίῳ· πόλεμος τοῦ κυρίου, v. 14) and the Song of the Well (ἀνάβαινε, φρέαρ — the Greek imperative ἐξάρχετε αὐτῷ marking antiphonal singing, vv. 16–18). (4) The defeat of Sihon king of the Amorites and Og king of Bashan (vv. 21–35), opening the conquest of Transjordan, with the embedded Heshbon ballad of the αἰνιγματισταί ('ballad-singers/composers of taunt-songs', vv. 27–30) and the oracle of holy-war assurance μὴ φοβηθῇς αὐτόν ('do not fear him', v. 34). The serpent vocabulary (ὄφις, δάκνω, θανατόω) and the verb of looking (ἐμβλέπω / ὁράω), together with the later Johannine ὑψόω, make this chapter a fountainhead of NT typology; the Sihon/Og victories are celebrated liturgically at Psalms 134[135]:11 and 135[136]:19–20.

1

καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ Χανανις βασιλεὺς Αραδ ὁ κατοικῶν κατὰ τὴν ἔρημον ἦλθεν γὰρ Ισραηλ ὁδὸν Αθαριν καὶ ἐπολέμησεν πρὸς Ισραηλ καὶ κατεπρονόμευσαν ἐξ αὐτῶν αἰχμαλωσίαν

And the Canaanite, king of Arad, who dwelt by the wilderness, heard — for Israel came by the road of Atharin — and he made war against Israel and carried off captives from among them.

New narrative episode (main line)καὶ ἤκουσεν
The chapter opens with a hostile-report frame: a Canaanite king 'hears' of Israel's approach, the standard narrative trigger for war in the conquest accounts (cf. Josh 9:1; 10:1). The parenthetical γάρ-clause supplies the geographic reason — Israel's route by Atharin — and the episode ends with the king's initial success (captives taken), setting up Israel's reversing vow in v. 2.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (episode-opening)→ ingressive aorist (the hearing that triggers the war)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen'; renders שָׁמַע; the 'hearing' of an enemy's approach is a recurrent narrative trigger in the conquest traditions (cf. Josh 9:1; 11:1); here it sets the Arad episode in motion.
theNominativearticle (with Χανανις)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧανανιςCanaanitesubject (gentilic proper noun, treated as transliterated)→ participant identificationΧανανις: the Canaanite; transliterating the gentilic הַכְּנַעֲנִי; the LXX leaves the form essentially indeclinable here; the king of Arad is identified by people-group rather than personal name.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Χανανις→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the appositive 'king of Arad' gives the Canaanite his royal title and territorial seat.
ΑραδAradgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑραδ: transliteration of עֲרָד, a city of the Negev; indeclinable in the LXX; 'king of Arad' locates the enemy in the southern approach to Canaan.
theNominativearticle (articular participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικῶνdwellingPres Act Part Nom M Sg · κατοικέωattributive participle (modifying Χανανις)→ imperfective participle (settled, ongoing habitation)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit / settle'; renders יָשַׁב; the articular participle ὁ κατοικῶν marks the king's fixed residence 'by the wilderness,' i.e. on the desert fringe Israel was skirting.
κατὰby / alongpreposition + accusative (location: 'along the wilderness')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here distributive-locative, 'throughout / along / by'; locates the Canaanite's territory on the wilderness edge.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (locative)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; the wilderness is the controlling geography of the whole chapter — the place of testing, complaint, and itinerant march.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of parenthetical γάρ-clause→ constative aorist (the fact of Israel's approach)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the aorist ἦλθεν in the γάρ-clause explains how the Canaanite came to hear — Israel was advancing along a known route.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (post-positive, introduces causal aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; post-positive; introduces the narrator's parenthetical reason for the king's hearing and hostility.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject of ἦλθεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the collective people on the march, construed as a singular subject.
ὁδὸνway / roadAccusativeaccusative of route ('by the road of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the accusative of extent/route ('came the road of Atharin') is a Hebraizing construction; ὁδός recurs as a leitmotif in this chapter (the road around Edom, the royal road, the way to Bashan).
ΑθαρινAtharingenitive of definition (indeclinable place/route name)→ participant identificationΑθαριν: a transliterated route-name (Hebrew הָאֲתָרִים, 'the way of the spies / of Atharim'); indeclinable; the LXX preserves it as an opaque proper noun rather than translating it.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπολέμησενmade warAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωmain verb (the king's attack)→ constative aorist (the act of waging war)πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; renders לָחַם (Niphal); with πρός + acc. ('against Israel') it marks the opening hostility that Israel's vow will reverse.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεπρονόμευσανthey carried off as plunderAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταπρονομεύωmain verb (3 pl: the Canaanites take captives)→ constative aorist (completed seizure of captives)καταπρονομεύω: 'plunder / carry off as spoil'; a compound LXX verb rendering שָׁבָה ('take captive'); the shift to 3rd plural ('they plundered') generalizes from the king to his forces; the initial Canaanite success sets up the reversal of v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive source).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive ('from among them')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 3rd-person pronoun; partitive 'from among them' = from the Israelites; the captives are taken out of Israel's own number.
αἰχμαλωσίανcaptives / a body of captivesAccusativedirect object of κατεπρονόμευσαν→ object specificationαἰχμαλωσία: abstract 'captivity,' here concrete 'a group of captives' (collective for the prisoners taken); renders שֶׁבִי; the loss of Israelites into captivity is precisely what the vow of v. 2 seeks to avenge.
2

καὶ ηὔξατο Ισραηλ εὐχὴν κυρίῳ καὶ εἶπεν ἐάν μοι παραδῷς τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον ὑποχείριον ἀναθεματιῶ αὐτὸν καὶ τὰς πόλεις αὐτοῦ

And Israel vowed a vow to the LORD and said, 'If you give this people into my hand, I will devote him and his cities to destruction.'

Israel's responding vow (main line)καὶ ηὔξατο Ισραηλ
Israel answers the attack not with mere counter-force but with a conditional vow of ḥērem: the cognate construction ηὔξατο … εὐχήν ('vowed a vow') is a Hebraism (נָדַר נֶדֶר), and the protasis ἐάν … παραδῷς places the outcome in YHWH's gift. The verb ἀναθεματιῶ ('I will devote to the ban') anticipates the place-name ἀνάθεμα in v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὔξατοvowedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · εὔχομαιmain verb (cognate construction with εὐχήν)→ constative aorist (single completed act of vowing)εὔχομαι: 'pray / vow'; the cognate phrase ηὔξατο … εὐχήν renders the Hebrew נָדַר נֶדֶר ('vowed a vow'), an emphatic figura etymologica; the middle voice marks the vow as undertaken by and binding on Israel itself.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εὐχὴνa vowAccusativecognate accusative (with ηὔξατο)→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow / prayer'; the cognate accusative intensifies the verb; renders נֶדֶר; the vow is the conditional dedication of the enemy to the ban.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of indirect object (vow made to YHWH)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative marks YHWH as the one to whom the vow is addressed and from whom victory is sought.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ constative aorist (speech-act)λέγω: introduces the content of the vow as direct discourse.
ἐάνifconditional conjunction (protasis, + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the conditional protasis with the subjunctive παραδῷς; the apodosis (ἀναθεματιῶ) is the future devotement — the classic vow structure 'if you give … I will devote.'
μοιto meDativedative of advantage (with παραδῷς)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): Israel speaks as a single collective 'me'; the dative marks Israel as the beneficiary of the hoped-for handing-over.
παραδῷςyou give overAor Act Subj 2 Sg · παραδίδωμιverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (eventual condition)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders נָתַן (בְּיָד); the standard holy-war idiom 'give into the hand,' here with ὑποχείριον making the surrender explicit; the outcome is treated as wholly YHWH's to grant.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of παραδῷς→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; here the enemy people of the Canaanite king (not Israel); to be given 'into my hand.'
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative (attributive: 'this people')→ participant referenceοὗτος: the deictic 'this people' points to the immediate Canaanite foe of vv. 1–3.
ὑποχείριονsubject / under my handAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement with παραδῷς)→ object specificationὑποχείριος: 'under the hand / subject / in one's power'; a Greek adjective making explicit the Hebrew 'into the hand' idiom; the enemy is to be rendered wholly subject to Israel.
ἀναθεματιῶI will devote to destructionFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀναθεματίζωmain verb of apodosis (the vow's content)→ predictive/volitive future (the pledged devotement)ἀναθεματίζω: 'devote to destruction / place under the ban'; renders חָרַם (Hiphil); the verb denotes irrevocable consecration-by-destruction (ḥērem); it directly anticipates the toponym ἀνάθεμα in v. 3 and grounds the chapter's ban-theology.
αὐτὸνhim / itAccusativedirect object of ἀναθεματιῶ→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumes 'this people' as the object of the ban.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ἀναθεματιῶ (coordinate with αὐτόν)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the cities, too, fall under the ban — total devotement of person and settlement alike.
αὐτοῦhis / itsGenitivegenitive of possession (the enemy's cities)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the enemy's cities).
3

καὶ εἰσήκουσεν κύριος τῆς φωνῆς Ισραηλ καὶ παρέδωκεν τὸν Χανανιν ὑποχείριον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνεθεμάτισεν αὐτὸν καὶ τὰς πόλεις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπεκάλεσαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου ἐκείνου ἀνάθεμα

And the LORD heeded the voice of Israel and gave the Canaanite into his hand, and he devoted him and his cities to destruction; and they called the name of that place Anathema.

Divine answer and fulfilment of the vow (main line)καὶ εἰσήκουσεν κύριος
The reversal: YHWH 'heeds the voice' (a vow-fulfilment formula), gives the Canaanite over, and the ban is carried out; the etiological climax names the place ἀνάθεμα ('Anathema'), the LXX's interpretive rendering of Hormah (חָרְמָה) through the ban-root, sealing the episode with a permanent memorial of devotement.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήκουσενheeded / listened toAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσακούωmain verb (divine response, + genitive object)→ constative aorist (YHWH's effective hearing)εἰσακούω: 'hear favorably / heed / answer'; renders שָׁמַע (with the nuance of granting); takes the genitive τῆς φωνῆς; the compound εἰς- intensifies into 'hearken to / answer' — YHWH not merely hears but acts on Israel's vow.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the decisive agent who grants the victory the vow had made conditional.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of εἰσήκουσεν→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice / sound'; renders קוֹל; 'heed the voice' (εἰσακούω τῆς φωνῆς) is a fixed LXX idiom for granting a request or vow.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Israel's voice')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Israel's voice').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέδωκενgave overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (granting the enemy)→ constative aorist (the act of handing over)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver'; the same verb Israel used in the protasis of v. 2 (παραδῷς), now fulfilled in the aorist indicative — the condition is met.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧανανινCanaanitedirect object of παρέδωκεν (transliterated gentilic)→ participant identificationΧανανις (acc. Χανανιν): the Canaanite king of v. 1, now handed over; treated as a transliterated proper noun.
ὑποχείριονsubject / under his handAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement)→ object specificationὑποχείριος: 'subject / in (one's) power'; echoes v. 2, marking the completeness of the surrender into Israel's power.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive (with ὑποχείριον: 'subject to him' = to Israel)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (with ὑποχείριον: 'subject to him' = to Israel).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεθεμάτισενhe devoted to destructionAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναθεματίζωmain verb (carrying out the ban)→ constative aorist (the completed devotement)ἀναθεματίζω: the aorist fulfilment of the future ἀναθεματιῶ of v. 2; renders חָרַם (Hiphil); Israel (the singular subject) carries out the ḥērem upon person and cities.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀνεθεμάτισεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνεθεμάτισεν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object (coordinate with αὐτόν)→ object specificationπόλις: the cities devoted along with their king, fulfilling the second object of the vow.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκάλεσανthey calledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπικαλέωmain verb (etiological naming, 3 pl)→ constative aorist (the naming act)ἐπικαλέω: 'call / name / give a name to'; the formula ἐπεκάλεσαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου renders the etiological קָרָא שֵׁם; the impersonal 3rd plural ('they named') is a standard naming-construction.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐπεκάλεσαν→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; the named place memorializes the ban.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive (with ὄνομα: 'the name of the place')→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place / spot'; renders מָקוֹם.
ἐκείνουthatGenitivedemonstrative (attributive: 'that place')→ relational specificationἐκεῖνος: the distal demonstrative fixing the etiology to the specific site of the victory.
ἀνάθεμαAnathemaAccusativepredicate accusative (the name given)→ object specificationἀνάθεμα: 'a thing devoted / accursed (to destruction)'; the noun cognate to ἀναθεματίζω; here the LXX renders the place-name Hormah (חָרְמָה) interpretively as 'Anathema,' making the toponym transparently mean 'Ban' / 'Devoted-Thing'; the same word carries Paul's curse-language at Rom 9:3; 1 Cor 16:22; Gal 1:8–9.
4

καὶ ἀπάραντες ἐξ Ωρ τοῦ ὄρους ὁδὸν ἐπὶ θάλασσαν ἐρυθρὰν περιεκύκλωσαν γῆν Εδωμ καὶ ὠλιγοψύχησεν ὁ λαὸς ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ

And setting out from Mount Hor by the road toward the Red Sea, they went around the land of Edom; and the people grew faint-hearted on the way.

Transition to the serpent episode (itinerary + complaint setup)καὶ ἀπάραντες
The participial itinerary notice (ἀπάραντες … περιεκύκλωσαν) moves Israel from Mount Hor on the long detour around Edom toward the Red Sea, and the verb ὠλιγοψύχησεν ('grew short of soul / faint-hearted') supplies the psychological trigger for the complaint of v. 5 and the serpent-judgment that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπάραντεςhaving set out / departedAor Act Part Nom M Pl · ἀπαίρωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'having set out')→ antecedent aorist participle (action prior to the main verb)ἀπαίρω: 'set out / depart / break camp'; renders נָסַע; the standard LXX itinerary verb (cf. vv. 10–13); the aorist participle marks the departure from Mount Hor that begins the Edom detour.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΩρHorgenitive of source (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΩρ: transliteration of הֹר; indeclinable; Mount Hor is the site of Aaron's death (Num 20:22–29), from which the present march resumes.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ωρ ('Hor, the mountain' = Mount Hor)→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; renders הָר; the appositive ἐξ Ωρ τοῦ ὄρους = 'from Mount Hor.'
ὁδὸνby the roadAccusativeaccusative of route ('by the way toward')→ object specificationὁδός: 'road / way'; accusative of route again (cf. v. 1); 'the road toward the Red Sea' specifies the southward detour direction.
ἐπὶtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (direction: 'toward the sea')→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; with ἐρυθράν = the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aqaba), here the geographic marker of the Edom-circuit.
ἐρυθρὰνredAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θάλασσαν)→ object specificationἐρυθρός: 'red'; θάλασσα ἐρυθρά is the fixed LXX name for the יַם סוּף ('Sea of Reeds / Red Sea'); here the arm of the sea bordering Edom.
περιεκύκλωσανthey went around / encircledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · περικυκλόωmain verb (the detour route)→ constative aorist (the completed circuit)περικυκλόω: 'encircle / go around'; renders סָבַב; the compound περι- captures the long detour 'around' Edom's territory after Edom refused passage (Num 20:14–21) — the very frustration that fuels the people's complaint.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of περιεκύκλωσαν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / territory'; the land of Edom that Israel must skirt rather than cross.
ΕδωμEdomgenitive of definition (indeclinable: 'land of Edom')→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliteration of אֱדוֹם; indeclinable; the kindred nation (descendants of Esau) whose refusal of passage forces the detour.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠλιγοψύχησενgrew faint-heartedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀλιγοψυχέωmain verb (the people's discouragement)→ ingressive aorist (became short of soul)ὀλιγοψυχέω: 'be faint-hearted / discouraged / short of soul'; a compound (ὀλίγος + ψυχή) rendering קָצַר נֶפֶשׁ ('the soul was shortened / impatient'); the verb names the inner failing that issues immediately in the complaint of v. 5 — impatience with the road.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ὠλιγοψύχησεν→ participant prominenceλαός: the people Israel, now the murmuring community of the wilderness.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative/temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative/temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of place ('on the way')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / journey'; the third occurrence of ὁδός in four verses; the wearisome 'way' around Edom is the precise occasion of the people's faint-heartedness.
5

καὶ κατελάλει ὁ λαὸς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν καὶ κατὰ Μωυσῆ λέγοντες ἵνα τί ἐξήγαγες ἡμᾶς ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἀποκτεῖναι ἡμᾶς ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄρτος οὐδὲ ὕδωρ ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ ἡμῶν προσώχθισεν ἐν τῷ ἄρτῳ τῷ διακένῳ

And the people spoke against God and against Moses, saying, 'Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to kill us in the wilderness? For there is no bread nor water, and our soul loathes this worthless bread.'

The complaint against God and Moses (provoking judgment)καὶ κατελάλει ὁ λαὸς
The imperfect κατελάλει ('kept speaking against') marks sustained murmuring; uniquely the complaint is directed πρὸς τὸν θεόν ('against God') as well as against Moses. The accusing question ἵνα τί ἐξήγαγες ('why did you bring us up to die?') is the stock wilderness-rebellion formula (cf. Exod 16:3; Num 14:2–3; 20:4–5), and the climactic contempt for the manna as ἄρτος διάκενος ('empty/worthless bread') is the immediate provocation of the serpents.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατελάλειspoke against / kept murmuringImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλαλέωmain verb (the complaint)→ iterative/durative imperfect (sustained murmuring)καταλαλέω: 'speak against / slander / murmur'; renders דִּבֵּר בְּ (to speak against); the imperfect conveys continuous, repeated complaint; the same verb governs both 'against God' (πρός) and 'against Moses' (κατά), making this the gravest of the wilderness rebellions — directed at the deity himself.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: the faint-hearted people of v. 4, now openly rebellious.
πρὸςagainst / topreposition + accusative (object of the speaking-against)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'against' (hostile speech directed at God); the unusual πρὸς τὸν θεόν heightens the offense — the murmuring is no longer merely against the leaders.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (target of complaint)→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; here the direct object of the people's blasphemous murmuring, which the serpents will judge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile: 'against Moses')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + gen.: 'against'; parallels πρός above, extending the complaint to Moses.
ΜωυσῆMosesGenitivegenitive object of κατά→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς (gen. Μωυσῆ): transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX; the genitive follows κατά in the hostile sense.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom M Pl · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ imperfective participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. part.): λέγοντες is the conventional LXX participle introducing the words of a complaint; the masculine plural agrees ad sensum with the collective λαός.
ἵναwhy (with τί)interrogative particle (ἵνα τί = 'why / to what end')→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα τί: the fixed interrogative idiom 'why? / for what purpose?', rendering לָמָּה; expresses accusatory complaint, treating the Exodus itself as a death-sentence.
τίwhat / whyinterrogative pronoun (adverbial, with ἵνα)→ participant referenceτίς, τί: interrogative pronoun; the neuter τί in ἵνα τί functions adverbially ('to what end').
ἐξήγαγεςdid you bring up / lead outAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb of the question (addressed to Moses)→ constative aorist (the act of the Exodus, here resented)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; the standard Exodus verb (rendering הוֹצִיא / הֶעֱלָה); here turned into an accusation — the very deliverance is recast as a journey to death; cf. the identical recriminations at Exod 16:3; Num 20:5.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐξήγαγες→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξήγαγες.
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of source ('out of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; in the complaint Egypt is paradoxically remembered as preferable to the wilderness.
ἀποκτεῖναιto killAor Act Inf · ἀποκτείνωinfinitive of purpose (alleged purpose of the Exodus)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose imputed to God/Moses)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; the infinitive of purpose imputes murderous intent to the deliverance — the gravest distortion of the complaint.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative subject/object of ἀποκτεῖναι→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject/object of ἀποκτεῖναι.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place ('in the wilderness')→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: the wilderness, here cast as a place of death rather than of divine provision.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounds for the complaint)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the alleged grievance — lack of bread and water.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential negation)→ stative present (existential: 'there is no')εἰμί: existential 'there is'; the complaint denies the very provision (manna and water) God has been giving — a denial belied by the next clause's reference to 'this bread.'
ἄρτοςbreadNominativesubject of ἔστιν (existential)→ participant prominenceἄρτος: 'bread / food'; renders לֶחֶם; the people deny they have bread, then immediately disparage 'this bread' (the manna) — the contradiction exposes their ingratitude.
οὐδὲnorcoordinating negative ('nor')→ clausal contributionοὐδέ: 'nor / not even'; joins the second deficiency, water, to the first.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ἔστιν (with ἄρτος)→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; its lack is the recurring wilderness grievance (cf. Num 20:2–5) — ironically answered by the well-song of vv. 16–18.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / butmild adversative/continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψυχὴsoulNominativesubject of προσώχθισεν→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / life / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'our soul' = 'we ourselves'; the same word underlies ὠλιγοψύχησεν (v. 4) — the 'shortened soul' now 'loathes' the food.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
προσώχθισενloathes / is disgusted atAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσοχθίζωmain verb (the soul's revulsion at the manna)→ constative aorist (settled revulsion)προσοχθίζω: 'be vexed / loathe / be disgusted with'; renders קוּץ / קָצַר; the same verb describes God's loathing of the rebellious generation (Ps 94[95]:10, quoted at Heb 3:10, 17) — a pointed irony here, since the people's loathing of the manna will draw God's judgment.
ἐνat / withpreposition + dative (object of revulsion)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (object of revulsion).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτῳbreadDativedative object of προσώχθισεν (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἄρτος: now 'this bread' = the manna; the people's contempt for God's daily provision is the heart of the offense.
τῷtheDativearticle (with διακένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διακένῳworthless / emptyDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄρτῳ)→ sphere or referenceδιάκενος: 'utterly empty / void / worthless'; an intensive compound (διά + κενός); the LXX's expansion (Hebrew has merely 'this contemptible/light bread,' הַלֶּחֶם הַקְּלֹקֵל) sharpens the insult — they call the heaven-sent manna 'empty bread,' a blasphemy against God's gift; cf. Wisdom 16:20–26 on the manna as the bread of angels which the murmurers despised.
6

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν κύριος εἰς τὸν λαὸν τοὺς ὄφεις τοὺς θανατοῦντας καὶ ἔδακνον τὸν λαόν καὶ ἀπέθανεν λαὸς πολὺς τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ

And the LORD sent against the people the deadly serpents, and they kept biting the people, and a great number of the sons of Israel died.

Divine judgment: the deadly serpents (main line)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν κύριος
YHWH's response to the murmuring is the sending of οἱ ὄφεις οἱ θανατοῦντες ('the deadly/killing serpents'). The articular participle θανατοῦντας characterizes the serpents by their lethal function; the imperfect ἔδακνον ('kept biting') depicts the ongoing plague, and the resulting deaths (ἀπέθανεν λαὸς πολύς) set up the people's repentance and the remedy of the bronze serpent.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (divine sending of judgment)→ constative aorist (the act of sending)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; YHWH 'sends' the serpents as instruments of judgment — the verb of commissioning here turned to punitive use.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH himself is the direct agent of the serpent-plague, as he will be of its remedy.
εἰςagainst / amongpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against the people')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here 'against / into the midst of'; the serpents are sent 'into / against' the people as a punitive incursion.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationλαὸν: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ὄφεις)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄφειςserpentsAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationὄφις: 'serpent / snake'; renders נָחָשׁ (here the נְחָשִׁים הַשְּׂרָפִים, 'fiery serpents'); ὄφις is the chapter's key word — the same noun for the agent of death (vv. 6–7) and the bronze image of healing (vv. 8–9), and the very word Jesus takes up in John 3:14 (ὕψωσεν τὸν ὄφιν).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (articular participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανατοῦνταςdeadly / that killPres Act Part Acc M Pl · θανατόωattributive participle (characterizing the serpents)→ imperfective/characterizing participle (their lethal function)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; the articular present participle οἱ θανατοῦντες ('the death-dealing ones') renders the Hebrew הַשְּׂרָפִים ('the fiery/burning ones') functionally as 'the deadly serpents' — the LXX interprets the venom's effect rather than its appearance; the death-bringing serpent stands as the foil to the life-giving bronze image.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδακνονwere bitingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · δάκνωmain verb (the ongoing biting)→ iterative imperfect (repeated, continuous biting)δάκνω: 'bite'; renders נָשַׁךְ; the imperfect ἔδακνον depicts the serpents biting repeatedly throughout the camp — an ongoing plague, not a single event.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἔδακνον→ object specificationλαόν: meaning 'people'; it serves as direct object of ἔδακνον.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the resulting deaths)→ constative aorist (the deaths as accomplished fact)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the singular verb agrees with the collective λαὸς πολύς; the deaths concretize the judgment and motivate the confession of v. 7.
λαὸςpeople / a multitudeNominativesubject of ἀπέθανεν→ participant prominenceλαός: here partitive, 'a great number of people'; modified by πολύς and specified as 'of the sons of Israel.'
πολὺςmuch / a great numberNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'much / many / great'; λαὸς πολύς = 'a great number of people'; emphasizes the severity of the plague.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX designation of the people; the partitive genitive specifies who died.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Israel').
7

καὶ παραγενόμενος ὁ λαὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν ἔλεγον ὅτι ἡμάρτομεν ὅτι κατελαλήσαμεν κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ κατὰ σοῦ εὖξαι οὖν πρὸς κύριον καὶ ἀφελέτω ἀφ᾿ ἡμῶν τὸν ὄφιν καὶ ηὔξατο Μωυσῆς πρὸς κύριον περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ

And the people came to Moses and said, 'We have sinned, because we spoke against the LORD and against you; pray therefore to the LORD, and let him take away the serpent from us.' And Moses prayed to the LORD concerning the people.

The people's confession and Moses' intercessionκαὶ παραγενόμενος ὁ λαὸς
The plague produces repentance: the people confess ἡμάρτομεν ('we have sinned') and acknowledge the precise offense of v. 5 (κατελαλήσαμεν κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου). They beg Moses to intercede; Moses, the type of the prayer-mediator, εὔξατο πρὸς κύριον περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ ('prayed concerning the people') — the intercession that elicits the remedy of vv. 8–9.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραγενόμενοςhaving come / arrivedAor Mid Part Nom M Sg · παραγίνομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'when the people came')→ antecedent aorist participleπαραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / be present'; the aorist participle frames the people's approach to Moses; the singular agrees with λαός though the following verb is plural (ad sensum).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαὸς: meaning 'people'; it serves as subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς (acc. Μωυσῆν): the people now turn to the very mediator they had reviled, seeking his intercession.
ἔλεγονwere saying / saidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the confession; plural ad sensum)→ inceptive/durative imperfect (their pleading)λέγω (impf.): the imperfect ἔλεγον depicts the people's anxious, repeated pleading; plural agreeing with the collective sense of λαός.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech)→ clausal contributionὅτι: here recitative, equivalent to opening quotation marks before the confession.
ἡμάρτομενwe have sinnedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb of the confession→ constative aorist (acknowledged completed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark'; renders חָטָא; the bald confession ἡμάρτομεν is the turning-point of the episode — the same confession Pharaoh feigned (Exod 9:27) here genuinely spoken.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (grounds of the sin)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here causal, specifying the content of the sin confessed.
κατελαλήσαμενwe spoke againstAor Act Indic 1 Pl · καταλαλέωverb of causal clause (naming the offense)→ constative aorist (the completed act of murmuring)καταλαλέω: the same verb as v. 5 (κατελάλει), now in the people's own mouth — they name their offense precisely: speaking against YHWH and against Moses.
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (object of the speaking-against)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (object of the speaking-against).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of κατά→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the people now name as 'the LORD' the God against whom (πρὸς τὸν θεόν, v. 5) they had murmured.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of κατά (Moses)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): 'you'; the people acknowledge their offense against Moses personally.
εὖξαιpray!Aor Mid Impv 2 Sg · εὔχομαιmain verb (the people's request to Moses)→ aorist imperative (urgent request for intercession)εὔχομαι: 'pray / entreat'; the aorist imperative εὖξαι begs Moses to intercede; the people who reviled the mediator now depend on his prayer — the very pattern of Exod 8:8; 9:28; Num 11:2; 21:7.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: 'therefore'; draws the request from the confession — 'since we have sinned, pray for us.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of prayer).
κύριονLORDAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκύριος: the LORD, to whom Moses' intercession is to be directed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the petition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφελέτωlet him take awayAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (third-person petition: the desired removal)→ aorist imperative (petition for decisive removal)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove'; renders הֵסִיר; the third-person imperative voices the prayer's content — that YHWH remove the serpent; the singular τὸν ὄφιν is collective ('the serpent-plague').
ἀφ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation; elided ἀπό)→ spatial or relational framingἀφ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation; elided ἀπό).
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive of separation ('from us')→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of separation ('from us').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄφινserpentAccusativedirect object of ἀφελέτω→ object specificationὄφις: the serpent(-plague); the singular here is collective for the deadly serpents of v. 6; the people ask for removal, but God will give instead a serpent to look upon (vv. 8–9).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὔξατοprayedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · εὔχομαιmain verb (Moses' intercession)→ constative aorist (the completed act of intercession)εὔχομαι: Moses 'prayed' — the same verb the people commanded (εὖξαι); Moses the intercessor immediately fulfils the request, mediating between the sinful people and YHWH (cf. Num 11:2; 12:13; Ps 105[106]:23).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ηὔξατο→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject of ηὔξατο.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of prayer).
κύριονLORDAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκύριον: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
περὶconcerning / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / on behalf of'; marks the intercessory object — Moses prays 'for the people.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of περί (beneficiary of intercession)→ relational specificationλαός: the people on whose behalf Moses intercedes — the same people who had reviled him.
8

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν ποίησον σεαυτῷ ὄφιν καὶ θὲς αὐτὸν ἐπὶ σημείου καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν δάκῃ ὄφις ἄνθρωπον πᾶς ὁ δεδηγμένος ἰδὼν αὐτὸν ζήσεται

And the LORD said to Moses, 'Make for yourself a serpent and set it upon a standard; and it shall be that whenever a serpent bites a person, everyone who has been bitten, looking upon it, shall live.'

The divine remedy: the serpent upon the standard (headline crux)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν
The remedy is not removal but a sign to be looked upon: ποίησον … ὄφιν καὶ θὲς αὐτὸν ἐπὶ σημείου ('make a serpent and set it on a standard'). The conditional ἐάν δάκῃ … ἰδὼν αὐτὸν ζήσεται makes seeing the condition of living. This is the verse Jesus invokes in John 3:14–15 (ὕψωσεν τὸν ὄφιν … οὕτως ὑψωθῆναι δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἵνα πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ἐν αὐτῷ ἔχῃ ζωὴν αἰώνιον) — the lifted serpent the type of the lifted Son, looking the type of believing, living the type of eternal life.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (the answering word)λέγω: introduces YHWH's answer to Moses' intercession — the prescription of the remedy.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD who sent the serpents now decrees the means of life.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
ποίησονmakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (divine command to Moses)→ aorist imperative (single decisive command)ποιέω: 'make / do'; renders עָשָׂה; the command to fashion a serpent-image is striking given the prohibition of images (Exod 20:4) — here divinely authorized as a sign of mercy, though it will later become an idol to be destroyed (2 Kgs 18:4, 'Nehushtan').
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive: 'make for yourself')→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; the 'ethic dative' σεαυτῷ ('for yourself') renders the Hebrew לְךָ (dativus commodi) — a common LXX idiom giving the command a personal, deliberate cast.
ὄφινserpentAccusativedirect object of ποίησον→ object specificationὄφις: the serpent now to be fashioned as an image; the remedy mirrors the affliction — a serpent for serpents — anticipating the typological logic of Christ 'made sin' / 'a curse' for the cursed (2 Cor 5:21; Gal 3:13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θὲςset / placeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (second command)→ aorist imperative (decisive placement)τίθημι: 'put / place / set'; renders שִׂים; the serpent is to be 'set upon a standard' — raised up where all the bitten can see it, the spatial gesture the Gospel reads as ὑψόω ('lift up').
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of θές (the serpent)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θές (the serpent).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position: 'upon a standard')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'upon a standard').
σημείουstandard / signal-poleGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationσημεῖον: 'sign / signal / standard'; renders נֵס ('pole / standard / banner'); the LXX's σημεῖον fuses 'pole' and 'sign' — the lifted serpent is literally a signal-standard and theologically a 'sign'; the σημεῖον-vocabulary resonates with John's 'signs,' the Gospel in which the serpent-typology appears.
καὶandnarrative/apodotic conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodotic 'and it shall come to pass')→ predictive future (introducing the standing promise)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): the formula καὶ ἔσται renders the Hebrew וְהָיָה, introducing a future-conditional provision — 'and it shall be that whenever…'; it frames the looking-and-living as a standing rule.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; with the subjunctive δάκῃ it states the recurring condition under which the remedy operates.
δάκῃbitesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · δάκνωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (eventual/iterative condition)δάκνω: 'bite'; the same verb as v. 6 (ἔδακνον), now in the conditional — each fresh bite is met by the remedy of looking.
ὄφιςserpentNominativesubject of δάκῃ→ participant prominenceὄφις: the biting serpent of the protasis, set over against the bronze serpent of the apodosis.
ἄνθρωπονa person / manAccusativedirect object of δάκῃ→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being / person'; the universal 'anyone' — the remedy is offered to every bitten person without distinction.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject of ζήσεται (substantival, with participle)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everyone / all'; the universal πᾶς ὁ δεδηγμένος ('everyone who has been bitten') foreshadows the Johannine πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ('everyone who believes', John 3:15–16) — the universality of the offer is built into the type.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεδηγμένοςhaving been bittenPerf Pass Part Nom M Sg · δάκνωsubstantival participle (in apposition to πᾶς)→ resultative perfect participle (standing state of being bitten)δάκνω (perf. pass. part.): 'the one who has been bitten (and remains so)'; the perfect marks the abiding condition — the venom is in him; yet looking reverses even this settled deadly state, the very point of the type (the believer, dead in sin, looks and lives).
ἰδὼνhaving looked / when he looksAor Act Part Nom M Sg · ὁράωcircumstantial participle (conditional/temporal: 'if/when he looks')→ coincident aorist participle (the act of looking that brings life)ὁράω (aor. part. ἰδών): 'see / look at'; the participle of looking is the hinge of the remedy — not touching or seizing but seeing the lifted serpent gives life; John 3:14–15 reads this 'looking' as the type of 'believing' (πιστεύων), and the lifting (ὕψωσεν) as the type of the cross.
αὐτὸνit / himAccusativedirect object of ἰδών (the serpent on the standard)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἰδών (the serpent on the standard).
ζήσεταιshall liveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of the apodosis (the promise of life)→ predictive future (the assured outcome of looking)ζάω: 'live'; renders חָיָה; the climactic verb — the bitten who looks 'shall live'; John transforms this preserved physical life into ζωὴ αἰώνιος ('eternal life', John 3:15–16), making this the seed-text of the Gospel's lifted-up/believe/live triad.
9

καὶ ἐποίησεν Μωυσῆς ὄφιν χαλκοῦν καὶ ἔστησεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ σημείου καὶ ἐγένετο ὅταν ἔδακνεν ὄφις ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἐπέβλεψεν ἐπὶ τὸν ὄφιν τὸν χαλκοῦν καὶ ἔζη

And Moses made a bronze serpent and set it upon the standard; and it came about that whenever a serpent bit a person, and he looked upon the bronze serpent, he lived.

Execution of the command and its saving effectκαὶ ἐποίησεν Μωυσῆς
Moses obeys: ὄφις χαλκοῦς ('a bronze serpent') is made and raised. The iterative frame ὅταν ἔδακνεν … ἐπέβλεψεν … ἔζη (imperfects of customary action) shows the remedy working again and again: bite, look, live. This is the precise scene Jesus recalls — Μωϋσῆς ὕψωσεν τὸν ὄφιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ (John 3:14) — and which Wisdom 16:6–7 calls a σύμβολον σωτηρίας ('a symbol of salvation'), insisting the healing came not from the bronze but from the Savior of all.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Moses' obedience)→ constative aorist (the fashioning accomplished)ποιέω: the aorist of obedience answering the imperative ποίησον (v. 8); Moses fashions the image exactly as commanded.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
ὄφινserpentAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationὄφις: the fashioned serpent; here qualified as 'bronze,' the artifact later venerated and destroyed as 'Nehushtan' (2 Kgs 18:4).
χαλκοῦνbronze / of copperAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄφιν)→ object specificationχαλκοῦς: 'made of bronze/copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; the Hebrew puns נָחָשׁ ('serpent') / נְחֹשֶׁת ('bronze') — a sound-play the Greek cannot reproduce but the artifact preserves; ὄφις χαλκοῦς is the chapter's most famous phrase.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενset up / stood itAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (erecting the standard)→ constative aorist (the act of setting up)ἵστημι: 'set / place / make stand'; the transitive aorist ἔστησεν ('he set it upright') fulfils the command θές (v. 8); the serpent is raised aloft — the gesture John names ὑψόω ('lift up').
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔστησεν.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
σημείουstandard / signal-poleGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationσημεῖον: the 'standard / signal-pole' of v. 8; the raised sign is now in place, visible to the whole camp.
καὶandapodotic conjunction (with ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative formula: 'and it came to pass')→ constative aorist (introducing the recurring scene)γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): the formula καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, introducing the habitual outcome that follows — the bite-look-live pattern.
ὅτανwhenevertemporal conjunction (iterative, + indicative here)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'whenever'; here with the imperfect indicative ἔδακνεν it marks customary, repeated occurrence (a Koine/LXX usage) — 'every time a serpent bit someone.'
ἔδακνενbitImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δάκνωverb of iterative temporal clause→ customary imperfect (repeated biting)δάκνω: 'bite'; the customary imperfect with ὅταν depicts each recurring snakebite met by the remedy.
ὄφιςserpentNominativesubject of ἔδακνεν→ participant prominenceὄφις: the still-active biting serpents — the plague continues, but now with a remedy at hand.
ἄνθρωπονa personAccusativedirect object of ἔδακνεν→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'person'; any bitten individual.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέβλεψενlooked uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβλέπωmain verb (the act of looking)→ constative aorist within the iterative frame (each act of looking)ἐπιβλέπω: 'look upon / gaze at'; the compound ἐπι- ('look toward') renders the directed gaze of הִבִּיט; the looking is deliberate and toward the lifted sign — the type of the faith that 'looks to' the lifted Christ (cf. ἀφορῶντες εἰς … Ἰησοῦν, Heb 12:2).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction of the gaze)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of the gaze).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄφινserpentAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the bronze serpent)→ object specificationὄφις: the bronze image, object of the saving gaze — the same noun as the deadly serpents, the affliction and the cure sharing one name.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χαλκοῦν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χαλκοῦνbronzeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄφιν)→ object specificationχαλκοῦς: 'bronze'; the second naming of the metal underscores the artifact's identity — the very 'Nehushtan' Hezekiah will later break (2 Kgs 18:4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζηhe livedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (the recurring result of looking)→ customary imperfect (each one kept on living)ζάω: 'live'; the customary imperfect ἔζη ('he would live / kept living') completes the bite-look-live pattern; the fulfilment of the promise ζήσεται (v. 8) — and the type Christ claims for the cross's life-giving effect (John 3:14–15).
10

καὶ ἀπῆραν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Ωβωθ

And the sons of Israel set out and encamped at Oboth.

Itinerary notice (new section: the march to Moab)καὶ ἀπῆραν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ
The first of the chapter's stage-by-stage itinerary notices, in the fixed ἀπῆραν … παρενέβαλον ('they set out … they encamped') pattern of the wilderness travelogue (cf. Num 33). The serpent-episode closed, the narrative resumes the journey toward the plains of Moab.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανset out / broke campAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (itinerary: departure)→ constative aorist (the stage of departure)ἀπαίρω: 'set out / depart / break camp'; renders נָסַע; the standard itinerary verb paired with παρεμβάλλω throughout vv. 10–13.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject ('the sons of Israel')→ participant prominenceυἱός: οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the standard designation of the marching people.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονencampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (itinerary: encampment)→ constative aorist (the stage of encampment)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / pitch camp'; renders חָנָה; the itinerary's resting verb, paired with ἀπαίρω.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (location of camp)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of camp).
ΩβωθObothdative of place (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΩβωθ: transliteration of אֹבֹת; indeclinable; the first named camp of the stage-list (cf. Num 33:43–44).
11

καὶ ἐξάραντες ἐξ Ωβωθ παρενέβαλον ἐν Αχελγαι ἐκ τοῦ πέραν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἥ ἐστιν κατὰ πρόσωπον Μωαβ κατὰ ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου

And setting out from Oboth, they encamped at Achelgai, on the far side, in the wilderness that lies opposite Moab, toward the rising of the sun.

Itinerary notice (continued)καὶ ἐξάραντες ἐξ Ωβωθ
A second stage, with extended geographic specification: the camp is 'on the far side, in the wilderness opposite Moab, toward the sunrise.' The accumulation of orientation markers (κατὰ πρόσωπον Μωαβ, κατὰ ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου) positions Israel on Moab's eastern flank, the staging-ground for the Transjordan campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξάραντεςhaving set outAor Act Part Nom M Pl · ἐξαίρωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'having departed')→ antecedent aorist participleἐξαίρω: 'set out / depart / move on' (intransitive in itinerary use); a variant of ἀπαίρω rendering נָסַע; the participle marks departure from the previous camp.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΩβωθObothgenitive of source (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΩβωθ: the camp of v. 10, now the point of departure.
παρενέβαλονencampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'; the itinerary's resting verb.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΑχελγαιAchelgaidative of place (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑχελγαι: the LXX's transliteration of the site the MT calls עִיֵּי הָעֲבָרִים (Iye-abarim); indeclinable; the Greek and Hebrew names diverge sharply here.
ἐκfrom / onpreposition + genitive (with τοῦ πέραν: 'on the far side')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: here in the locative phrase ἐκ τοῦ πέραν ('from/on the region beyond'), specifying the camp's position across from Moab.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing πέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανfar side / region beyondsubstantivized adverb (object of ἐκ: 'the far side')→ clausal contributionπέραν: 'beyond / on the other side'; an indeclinable adverb here substantivized with the article (τὸ πέραν, 'the region beyond'); renders עֵבֶר; marks the trans-territorial position east of Moab.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: the wilderness east of Moab, the marshalling ground for the coming campaign.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, fem. agreeing with ἐρήμῳ)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the feminine ἥ agrees with ἔρημος and introduces the locating relative clause.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (locative description)→ stative present (geographic description)εἰμί: 'is / lies'; locates the wilderness 'opposite Moab.'
κατὰopposite / facingpreposition + accusative (with πρόσωπον: 'opposite')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ πρόσωπον: idiom 'facing / opposite / before the face of'; renders עַל פְּנֵי; locates the camp directly across from Moab.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative (in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in κατὰ πρόσωπον = 'opposite'; renders פָּנִים.
ΜωαβMoabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'opposite Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliteration of מוֹאָב; indeclinable; the kingdom east of the Dead Sea, whose territory Israel skirts and against which the Heshbon ballad of vv. 27–30 is directed.
κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the east')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου: idiom 'toward the rising of the sun' = 'to the east'; renders מִזְרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ.
ἀνατολὰςrisings / eastAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (direction)→ object specificationἀνατολή: 'rising (of the sun) / east'; the plural ἀνατολαί with ἡλίου = 'the sunrise / the east'; locates Israel on Moab's eastern side.
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive (with ἀνατολάς: 'rising of the sun')→ relational specificationἥλιος: 'sun'; the genitive completes the compass-idiom 'toward the rising of the sun.'
12

ἐκεῖθεν ἀπῆραν καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς φάραγγα Ζαρετ

From there they set out and encamped at the ravine of Zared.

Itinerary notice (continued)ἐκεῖθεν ἀπῆραν
A terse third stage; the adverb ἐκεῖθεν ('from there') chains the camps together. The Zared (Wadi Zered) marks the traditional boundary closing the wilderness wandering (cf. Deut 2:13–14), a quietly significant threshold in the march toward conquest.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source: 'from there')→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there / thence'; renders מִשָּׁם; chains the present stage to the preceding camp.
ἀπῆρανset outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; the itinerary's departure verb.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονencampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'; the resting verb of the stage-list.
εἰςat / intopreposition + accusative (goal of encampment)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of encampment).
φάραγγαravine / valleyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationφάραγξ: 'ravine / wadi / gorge'; renders נַחַל; the seasonal torrent-valley of Zared.
ΖαρετZaredgenitive of definition (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΖαρετ: transliteration of זֶרֶד; indeclinable; the Wadi Zered, boundary of the old wilderness generation (Deut 2:13–14).
13

καὶ ἐκεῖθεν ἀπάραντες παρενέβαλον εἰς τὸ πέραν Αρνων ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τὸ ἐξέχον ἀπὸ τῶν ὁρίων τῶν Αμορραίων ἔστιν γὰρ Αρνων ὅρια Μωαβ ἀνὰ μέσον Μωαβ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ Αμορραίου

And setting out from there, they encamped beyond the Arnon, in the wilderness, the part that projects from the territory of the Amorites; for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorite.

Itinerary notice + explanatory geographic glossκαὶ ἐκεῖθεν ἀπάραντες
The march crosses the Arnon, with a narratorial γάρ-clause defining the river as the border between Moab and the Amorites. The note is strategically important: it marks the threshold between Moab (which Israel may not attack) and Amorite Sihon's land (which Israel will conquer), preparing for the campaign of vv. 21–24.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; chains this stage to the Zared camp.
ἀπάραντεςhaving set outAor Act Part Nom M Pl · ἀπαίρωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aorist participleἀπαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; the itinerary's departure verb in participial form.
παρενέβαλονencampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'.
εἰςbeyond / atpreposition + accusative (with τὸ πέραν: 'beyond')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'beyond'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (with τὸ πέραν: 'beyond').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανfar side / beyondsubstantivized adverb (object of εἰς: 'the region beyond')→ clausal contributionπέραν: 'beyond'; εἰς τὸ πέραν Αρνων = 'to the far side of the Arnon'; renders עֵבֶר.
ΑρνωνArnongenitive of relationship (indeclinable river-name)→ participant identificationΑρνων: transliteration of אַרְנוֹן; indeclinable; the Arnon gorge, the historic boundary between Moab and the Amorite kingdom of Sihon.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: the desert tract bordering the Arnon.
τὸthe (part)Accusativearticle (articular participle, neut., loosely appositional)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξέχονprojecting / extending outPres Act Part Acc N Sg · ἐξέχωattributive participle ('the part that projects')→ imperfective participle (geographic description)ἐξέχω: 'jut out / project / extend'; the neuter participle τὸ ἐξέχον ('the projecting part') describes the wilderness tract reaching out from the Amorite border; a rare geographic usage.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνborders / territoryGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπό)→ relational specificationὅριον: 'border / boundary' (pl. 'territory'); renders גְּבוּל; the recurring boundary-vocabulary of this section, marking the contested frontier.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; gentilic adjective used substantively; renders אֱמֹרִי; the people of Sihon, whose land Israel is about to take.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of explanatory γάρ-clause→ stative present (geographic fact)εἰμί: 'is'; introduces the narrator's gloss defining the Arnon as the boundary.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: introduces the boundary-explanation crucial to the campaign that follows.
ΑρνωνArnonsubject of ἔστιν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑρνων: the river as the named boundary.
ὅριαborderNominativepredicate nominative ('the Arnon is the border of Moab')→ participant prominenceὅριον (pl. ὅρια): 'border / boundary'; the neuter plural functions as a singular concept ('boundary'); the Arnon = the border of Moab.
ΜωαβMoabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'border of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Moab, on the south side of the Arnon.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ μέσον: fixed idiom 'between / in the midst of'; renders בֵּין; the repeated ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον calques the Hebrew בֵּין … וּבֵין ('between … and between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative (in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; the substantive in the 'between' idiom.
ΜωαβMoabgenitive (object of ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive (object of ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between Moab').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in the 'between … and …' idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (second member of ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (second member of ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον).
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative (in the idiom)→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative (in the idiom).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Αμορραίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίουAmoriteGenitivegenitive (object of ἀνὰ μέσον: 'and the Amorite')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'the Amorite'; the singular collective for Sihon's people, on the north side of the Arnon.
14

διὰ τοῦτο λέγεται ἐν βιβλίῳ πόλεμος τοῦ κυρίου τὴν Ζωοβ ἐφλόγισεν καὶ τοὺς χειμάρρους Αρνων

Therefore it is said in the Book of the Wars of the LORD: 'Zoob he set ablaze, and the wadis of the Arnon.'

Source citation: the Book of the Wars of the LORD (embedded poetry)διὰ τοῦτο λέγεται ἐν βιβλίῳ
The narrator cites a lost source, 'the Book of the Wars of the LORD' (βιβλίον πολέμου τοῦ κυρίου), one of the rare explicit quotations of an external document in the Pentateuch (cf. the Book of Jashar, Josh 10:13; 2 Sam 1:18). The quoted fragment is archaic and elliptical; the LXX renders the obscure Hebrew geographically, reading 'Zoob' as an object of burning — a glimpse of an old war-poem about the Arnon campaigns.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
διὰbecause of / thereforepreposition + accusative (in idiom διὰ τοῦτο: 'therefore')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ τοῦτο: 'therefore / for this reason'; the citation-formula introducing a proverbial or poetic quotation.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (object of διά)→ participant referenceοὗτος: in διὰ τοῦτο, the demonstrative points to the foregoing geography as the occasion of the quoted saying.
λέγεταιit is saidPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (citation formula, impersonal passive)→ gnomic/customary present (what 'is said' in the source)λέγω (pres. pass.): the impersonal λέγεται ('it is said') is the standard citation-introduction for a quoted saying or poem.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (in a written source)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (in a written source).
βιβλίῳa bookDativedative of place (the written source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; ἐν βιβλίῳ· πόλεμος τοῦ κυρίου = 'in the Book of the War(s) of the LORD,' a lost ancient anthology of YHWH-war poetry.
πόλεμοςwarNominativenominative in apposition/title ('[the Book of] the War of the LORD')→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the title 'War(s) of the LORD' designates YHWH's holy-war traditions; the nominative stands as the book's title-phrase.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive of relationship ('of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the 'Wars of the LORD' are YHWH's own battles on Israel's behalf.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ζωοβ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΖωοβZoobdirect object of ἐφλόγισεν (transliterated place-name)→ participant identificationΖωοβ: a transliterated and obscure name (corresponding to the difficult Hebrew אֶת־וָהֵב בְּסוּפָה, 'Waheb in Suphah'); the LXX reads it as a place set ablaze; one of the most opaque toponyms in the chapter.
ἐφλόγισενset ablaze / burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φλογίζωmain verb of the quoted poem→ constative aorist (the poetic act of conquest by fire)φλογίζω: 'set on fire / kindle / inflame'; renders the LXX's interpretation of the obscure Hebrew; the subject is unexpressed (YHWH, or the warrior); fire-imagery recurs in the Heshbon ballad (πῦρ ἐξῆλθεν, v. 28).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρουςwadis / torrentsAccusativedirect object of ἐφλόγισεν (coordinate with Ζωοβ)→ object specificationχείμαρρος: 'winter-torrent / wadi'; renders נַחַל; the seasonal streams of the Arnon, here objects of the poem's conquest-by-fire imagery.
ΑρνωνArnongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'wadis of the Arnon')→ participant identificationΑρνων: the Arnon, whose tributary wadis the poem names.
15

καὶ τοὺς χειμάρρους κατέστησεν κατοικίσαι Ηρ καὶ πρόσκειται τοῖς ὁρίοις Μωαβ

And he made the wadis to settle Er, and it lies adjacent to the borders of Moab.

Continuation of the cited poem (geographic gloss)καὶ τοὺς χειμάρρους κατέστησεν
The quotation continues, equally obscure: the wadis are 'set to settle Er,' a site 'lying adjacent to the borders of Moab.' The LXX renders an extremely difficult Hebrew text (אֲשֶׁר נָטָה לְשֶׁבֶת עָר) into a settlement-and-boundary notice, completing the Arnon geography of the war-poem fragment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the poem)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρουςwadis / torrentsAccusativedirect object of κατέστησεν→ object specificationχείμαρρος: the Arnon's torrents, carried over from v. 14.
κατέστησενhe established / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb of the quoted poem→ constative aoristκαθίστημι: 'set / establish / appoint / cause'; here in the difficult sense 'directed / set (the wadis) to settle'; the LXX strains to render an obscure Hebrew verb (נָטָה, 'incline / stretch').
κατοικίσαιto settle / to inhabitAor Act Inf · κατοικίζωcomplementary/telic infinitive (with κατέστησεν)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose: 'to cause to dwell')κατοικίζω: 'cause to dwell / settle (someone in a place)'; the infinitive expresses the purpose/result — the wadis 'to settle Er'; renders לְשֶׁבֶת.
ΗρErobject of κατοικίσαι (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΗρ: transliteration of עָר (Ar of Moab); indeclinable; a chief Moabite town near the Arnon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόσκειταιlies adjacent / borders onPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πρόσκειμαιmain verb (geographic description)→ stative present (settled geographic relation)πρόσκειμαι: 'lie near / be adjacent / border on'; with the dative τοῖς ὁρίοις; the present marks Er's permanent location abutting Moab's frontier.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίοιςbordersDativedative (with πρόσκειται: 'adjacent to the borders')→ sphere or referenceὅριον: 'border / territory'; the recurring boundary-word; Er lies along Moab's frontier.
ΜωαβMoabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'borders of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Moab, whose border Er adjoins.
16

καὶ ἐκεῖθεν τὸ φρέαρ τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ φρέαρ ὃ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν συνάγαγε τὸν λαόν καὶ δώσω αὐτοῖς ὕδωρ πιεῖν

And from there to the well; this is the well of which the LORD said to Moses, 'Gather the people, and I will give them water to drink.'

Itinerary + divine water-promise (introducing the Song of the Well)καὶ ἐκεῖθεν τὸ φρέαρ
The itinerary reaches Beer ('the well'); a relative clause attaches a divine promise — 'gather the people and I will give them water' — that both answers the water-complaint of v. 5 and sets up the antiphonal Song of the Well in vv. 17–18. The water that the murmurers said did not exist (v. 5) is now freely promised.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source; verb of motion elided)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; the itinerary continues elliptically ('and from there [they went] to the well').
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέαρwellNominativesubject (the named station Beer = 'Well')→ participant prominenceφρέαρ: 'well / cistern'; renders בְּאֵר; the place-name Beer ('Well', Num 21:16) and the subject of the well-song; the chapter's water-theme, denied in the complaint, now celebrated in song.
τοῦτόthisNominativedemonstrative subject (with ἐστιν: 'this is the well')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; identifies the station as the well of the divine promise.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula of identification)→ stative present (identification)εἰμί: 'is'; the identifying copula introducing the relative clause that recalls YHWH's promise.
τὸtheNominativearticle (predicate: 'the well')→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέαρwellNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceφρέαρ: repeated for the relative clause that follows.
which / concerning whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἶπεν: the well about which)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter agreeing with φρέαρ; here loosely 'concerning which the LORD said.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause (divine speech)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces YHWH's water-promise.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of the water the people had despaired of.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
συνάγαγεgatherAor Act Impv 2 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (divine command)→ aorist imperative (decisive command)συνάγω: 'gather / assemble'; renders אָסַף / קָבַץ; Moses is to assemble the people to receive the water — the gathering that occasions the well-song.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of συνάγαγε→ object specificationλαός: the people, gathered to be given water.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine promise)→ predictive future (assured provision)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the first-person promise 'I will give them water' directly reverses the complaint 'there is no water' (v. 5) — divine grace answering ingratitude.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the gift that answers the wilderness thirst — the very thing the murmurers had denied existed.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωinfinitive of purpose (with ὕδωρ: 'water to drink')→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose)πίνω: 'drink'; the epexegetic/telic infinitive 'water to drink' specifies the gift's use.
17

τότε ᾖσεν Ισραηλ τὸ ᾆσμα τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ φρέατος ἐξάρχετε αὐτῷ

Then Israel sang this song at the well: 'Lead off the singing to it!'

The Song of the Well (embedded poetry)τότε ᾖσεν Ισραηλ
The temporal τότε ('then') introduces a quoted song, as with the Song of the Sea (Exod 15:1, τότε ᾖσεν Μωυσῆς). The imperative ἐξάρχετε αὐτῷ ('lead off / strike up the song to it') is an antiphonal cue — the well is personified and addressed; the Hebrew עֲלִי בְאֵר ('Spring up, O well!') is rendered by the LXX as a call to sing to the well.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τότεthentemporal adverb (introducing the song)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; the same word that opens the Song of the Sea (Exod 15:1); marks the transition from narrative to embedded poetry.
ᾖσενsangAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ᾄδωmain verb (the act of singing)→ constative/ingressive aorist (broke into song)ᾄδω: 'sing'; renders שִׁיר; cognate with ᾆσμα ('song') in a figura etymologica (ᾖσεν … ᾆσμα); Israel as a single collective 'sang.'
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾆσμαsongAccusativecognate accusative (direct object of ᾖσεν)→ object specificationᾆσμα: 'song'; cognate accusative with ᾖσεν; renders שִׁירָה; 'this song' = the Song of the Well that follows.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (attributive: 'this song')→ participant referenceοὗτος: points forward to the quoted well-song.
ἐπὶat / overpreposition + genitive (occasion/location: 'at the well')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (occasion/location: 'at the well').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (occasion of the song)→ relational specificationφρέαρ (gen. φρέατος): the well of v. 16, now celebrated in song; the occasion 'at/over the well' frames the antiphon.
ἐξάρχετεlead off the singing / strike upPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐξάρχωmain verb (antiphonal summons, the song's opening line)→ present imperative (call to begin antiphonal singing)ἐξάρχω: 'lead off / begin (a song) / intone'; a technical term for striking up an antiphon (cf. Exod 15:21, ἐξῆρχεν δὲ αὐτῶν Μαριαμ); the LXX renders the obscure Hebrew עֱנוּ לָהּ / עֲלִי בְאֵר as a choral cue — 'strike up the song to it (the well)!'
αὐτῷto itDativedative of reference/indirect object (the personified well)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to the well (φρέαρ, neut.); the well is personified and sung to — 'lead off the song to it.'
18

φρέαρ ὤρυξαν αὐτὸ ἄρχοντες ἐξελατόμησαν αὐτὸ βασιλεῖς ἐθνῶν ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ κυριεῦσαι αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπὸ φρέατος εἰς Μανθαναιν

A well — princes dug it, kings of nations hewed it out in their kingdom, when they held dominion. And from the well to Mattanah,

Body of the Song of the Well + resumed itineraryφρέαρ ὤρυξαν αὐτὸ ἄρχοντες
The song proper (vv. 18a) celebrates the well dug by 'princes' and 'kings of nations' — the leaders' staffs and scepters figuring the digging. The parallel verbs ὤρυξαν / ἐξελατόμησαν ('they dug' / 'they hewed out') form synonymous poetic parallelism. The verse closes by resuming the prose itinerary (ἀπὸ φρέατος εἰς Μανθαναιν), stitching song back into travelogue.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
φρέαρa wellAccusativefronted direct object (of ὤρυξαν: 'a well — they dug it')→ object specificationφρέαρ: the song's opening word, fronted for emphasis ('A well!'); the well is the subject of celebration.
ὤρυξανthey dugAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὀρύσσωmain verb of the song (first parallel line)→ constative aorist (the digging celebrated)ὀρύσσω: 'dig'; renders חָפַר / כָּרָה; the digging of the well by Israel's leaders is the song's theme; the resumptive αὐτό ('it') is a Hebraizing pleonastic pronoun.
αὐτὸitAccusativeresumptive pronoun (object, Hebraizing pleonasm)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the pleonastic resumptive object ('the well — they dug it') calques Hebrew syntax.
ἄρχοντεςprinces / rulersNominativesubject of ὤρυξαν→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / prince / leader'; renders שָׂרִים / נְדִיבִים; the well dug by the people's nobles — perhaps with their staffs of office — exalts communal leadership in finding water.
ἐξελατόμησανthey hewed outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκλατομέωmain verb (second parallel line, synonym of ὤρυξαν)→ constative aorist (the hewing celebrated)ἐκλατομέω: 'hew out / quarry (from rock)'; renders כָּרָה / חָצַב; the parallel verb intensifies — the well was cut from rock; poetic synonymous parallelism with ὤρυξαν.
αὐτὸitAccusativeresumptive pronoun (object)→ participant referenceαὐτός: second pleonastic resumptive, parallel to the first.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject of ἐξελατόμησαν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here 'kings of nations' parallels 'princes' — the digging is the work of Israel's royal/noble leaders, exalting the dignity of the act.
ἐθνῶνof nationsGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεῖς: 'kings of nations')→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / people'; renders עָם / גּוֹי; 'kings of nations' is poetic hyperbole for Israel's leaders.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείᾳkingdom / reignDativedative of sphere ('in their kingdom/reign')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / reign / rule'; renders מַלְכוּת; cognate with βασιλεῖς, sustaining the royal imagery of the song.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive: temporal 'when')→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + inf.: the articular-infinitive construction with ἐν expresses contemporaneous time ('when / while') — a common LXX rendering of the Hebrew temporal infinitive בְּ + inf.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive κυριεῦσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυριεῦσαιto hold dominion / when they ruledAor Act Inf · κυριεύωarticular infinitive (temporal, with ἐν τῷ)→ temporal aorist infinitive ('when they exercised dominion')κυριεύω: 'rule / have dominion / be lord'; renders מָשַׁל / רָדָה; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ κυριεῦσαι αὐτῶν = 'when they held dominion'; the genitive αὐτῶν is the infinitive's subject (Hebraizing).
αὐτῶνthey / theirGenitivegenitive subject of the articular infinitive→ relational specificationαὐτός: subject of κυριεῦσαι in the Hebraizing genitive ('when they ruled').
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming itinerary)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (itinerary source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (itinerary source).
φρέατοςthe wellGenitivegenitive of source ('from the well [Beer]')→ relational specificationφρέαρ: here the place-name Beer ('Well'), now the itinerary's point of departure as the travelogue resumes.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (itinerary goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (itinerary goal).
ΜανθαναινMattanahaccusative of goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜανθαναιν: transliteration of מַתָּנָה (Mattanah); indeclinable; the next station after Beer.
19

καὶ ἀπὸ Μανθαναιν εἰς Νααλιηλ καὶ ἀπὸ Νααλιηλ εἰς Βαμωθ

and from Mattanah to Nahaliel, and from Nahaliel to Bamoth,

Itinerary notice (continued, station-list)καὶ ἀπὸ Μανθαναιν
A compressed 'from … to …' station-chain (Mattanah → Nahaliel → Bamoth), with verbs of motion elided — the bare list-style of the wilderness travelogue (cf. Num 33), tracing the northward march onto the Moabite plateau.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΜανθαναινMattanahgenitive of source (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜανθαναιν: Mattanah, station of v. 18, now the point of departure.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΝααλιηλNahalielaccusative of goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΝααλιηλ: transliteration of נַחֲלִיאֵל ('torrent of God'); indeclinable; the next station.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΝααλιηλNahalielgenitive of source (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝααλιηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of source (indeclinable).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΒαμωθBamothaccusative of goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒαμωθ: transliteration of בָּמוֹת ('heights / high places'); indeclinable; the station on the heights overlooking Moab.
20

καὶ ἀπὸ Βαμωθ εἰς νάπην ἥ ἐστιν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ Μωαβ ἀπὸ κορυφῆς τοῦ λελαξευμένου τὸ βλέπον κατὰ πρόσωπον τῆς ἐρήμου

and from Bamoth to the glen that is in the plain of Moab, from the top of the hewn rock that looks toward the face of the wilderness.

Itinerary notice (closing the journey on the plateau of Moab)καὶ ἀπὸ Βαμωθ εἰς νάπην
The itinerary reaches the glen in the plain of Moab below the summit of 'the hewn rock' (τὸ λελαξευμένον = Pisgah), which looks out 'toward the face of the wilderness' — the very vantage from which Balaam will later survey Israel (Num 23:28) and Moses the promised land (Deut 34:1). The journey of vv. 10–20 ends poised on the plains of Moab, ready for the Transjordan campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΒαμωθBamothgenitive of source (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαμωθ: the heights of v. 19, point of departure.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
νάπηνglen / wooded valleyAccusativeaccusative of goal (with εἰς)→ object specificationνάπη: 'glen / dell / wooded vale'; renders גַּיְא; the valley in the plain of Moab, the journey's terminus.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, fem. agreeing with νάπην)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun introducing the locating clause.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (geographic location)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is / lies'; locates the glen in the plain of Moab.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίῳplainDativedative of place ('in the plain')→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: 'plain / field / lowland'; renders שָׂדֶה / עֲרָבָה; 'the plain of Moab' (τὸ πεδίον Μωαβ) is the staging-ground for the conquest and the setting of Numbers 22–36.
ΜωαβMoabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'plain of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Moab; 'the plain of Moab' is the last station of the wilderness journey.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/vantage)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source/vantage).
κορυφῆςtop / summitGenitivegenitive of source ('from the top of')→ relational specificationκορυφή: 'top / summit / peak'; renders רֹאשׁ; the summit overlooking the wilderness — the high vantage of Pisgah.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λελαξευμένουthe hewn (rock) / PisgahPerf Pass Part Gen N Sg · λαξεύωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'of the hewn place')→ resultative perfect participle (a quarried/hewn formation)λαξεύω: 'hew / cut in stone'; the perfect passive participle τὸ λελαξευμένον ('the hewn thing / the cut rock') is the LXX's rendering of the place-name הַפִּסְגָּה (Pisgah), interpreting it as 'the hewn/cut ridge'; the summit from which Israel and later Moses survey the land (Num 23:14; Deut 34:1).
τὸthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantival participle, neut.)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βλέπονlooking / that looks outPres Act Part Nom N Sg · βλέπωsubstantival/attributive participle ('the [height] that looks toward')→ imperfective participle (the summit's outlook)βλέπω: 'look / see / face'; the neuter participle τὸ βλέπον ('the [height] that looks out') describes the summit's commanding view 'toward the face of the wilderness'; geographic personification (the peak 'looks').
κατὰtoward / facingpreposition + accusative (with πρόσωπον: 'toward the face of')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ πρόσωπον: idiom 'facing / toward the face of'; renders עַל פְּנֵי; the summit faces the desert.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative (in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; in κατὰ πρόσωπον = 'toward the face of'; renders פָּנִים.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive (with πρόσωπον: 'the face of the wilderness')→ relational specificationἔρημος: the desert; the summit overlooks it — the wilderness from which Israel has come, now seen from the threshold of the land.
21

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Μωυσῆς πρέσβεις πρὸς Σηων βασιλέα Αμορραίων λόγοις εἰρηνικοῖς λέγων

And Moses sent ambassadors to Sihon king of the Amorites with words of peace, saying:

New episode: the embassy to Sihon (main line)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Μωυσῆς πρέσβεις
The Transjordan campaign opens not with attack but with diplomacy: Moses sends 'ambassadors with words of peace' (πρέσβεις … λόγοις εἰρηνικοῖς), echoing the earlier request to Edom (Num 20:14–17). Israel seeks only passage; Sihon's refusal (v. 23) will turn the peaceful overture into holy war and justify the conquest.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of envoys)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; Moses sends an embassy — the diplomatic counterpart to the punitive 'sending' of the serpents in v. 6.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
πρέσβειςambassadors / envoysAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationπρέσβυς (pl. πρέσβεις): 'elder / ambassador / envoy'; renders מַלְאָכִים ('messengers'); official emissaries carrying terms of peace.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣηωνSihonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable royal name)→ participant identificationΣηων: transliteration of סִיחוֹן; indeclinable; king of the Amorites at Heshbon, the first great Transjordan adversary, whose defeat is celebrated at Ps 134[135]:11; 135[136]:19.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σηων→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the appositive title 'king of the Amorites' identifies Sihon's realm.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; gentilic; Sihon's people, whose land north of the Arnon Israel will possess.
λόγοιςwith wordsDativedative of manner/instrument ('with words of peace')→ sphere or referenceλόγος: 'word / message'; the dative λόγοις εἰρηνικοῖς ('with peaceful words') renders דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם; the embassy's tone is conciliatory.
εἰρηνικοῖςpeacefulDativeattributive adjective (modifying λόγοις)→ sphere or referenceεἰρηνικός: 'peaceful / peaceable'; from εἰρήνη (= שָׁלוֹם); marks Israel's overture as non-aggressive — the refusal that follows places the guilt of war on Sihon.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom M Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the message)→ imperfective participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. part.): λέγων introduces the content of the peace-message that follows in v. 22; agrees with Moses (sg.) as sender.
22

παρελευσόμεθα διὰ τῆς γῆς σου τῇ ὁδῷ πορευσόμεθα οὐκ ἐκκλινοῦμεν οὔτε εἰς ἀγρὸν οὔτε εἰς ἀμπελῶνα οὐ πιόμεθα ὕδωρ ἐκ φρέατός σου ὁδῷ βασιλικῇ πορευσόμεθα ἕως παρέλθωμεν τὰ ὅριά σου

We will pass through your land; by the road we will go; we will not turn aside into field or vineyard; we will not drink water from your well; by the royal road we will go, until we pass beyond your borders.

Content of the peace-embassy (Israel's terms)παρελευσόμεθα διὰ τῆς γῆς σου
The message is a model of restraint: a string of futures (παρελευσόμεθα, πορευσόμεθα) and emphatic negatives (οὐκ ἐκκλινοῦμεν, οὐ πιόμεθα) pledges that Israel will keep strictly to the ὁδὸς βασιλική ('the royal road / King's Highway'), taking nothing from field, vineyard, or well. The same terms were offered to Edom (Num 20:17); the refusal recasts the request as casus belli.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
παρελευσόμεθαwe will pass throughFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · παρέρχομαιmain verb (Israel's request)→ predictive/voluntative future (intended passage)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by / pass through / go past'; renders עָבַר; the leading verb of the request — Israel asks merely to traverse, not to occupy.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (path: 'through your land')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (path: 'through your land').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of διά (path)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / territory'; Sihon's land, through which Israel seeks passage.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (addressed to Sihon)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'; the message is addressed directly to Sihon in the second person.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷby the roadDativedative of route ('by the road')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'road / way'; the dative of route — Israel will keep to the established road, not stray across the land.
πορευσόμεθαwe will goFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (pledge to keep the road)→ predictive/voluntative futureπορεύομαι: 'go / travel / proceed'; renders הָלַךְ; the pledge to march only by the road.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκλινοῦμενwe will turn asideFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (negated: 'we will not deviate')→ predictive future (with negation: a pledge of restraint)ἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside / deviate / swerve'; renders נָטָה / סוּר; the emphatic 'we will not turn aside' guarantees no trespass into cultivated land.
οὔτεneither / norcoordinating negative (first of pair: 'neither … nor')→ clausal contributionοὔτε … οὔτε: 'neither … nor'; the paired negatives exclude both field and vineyard.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field / farmland'; renders שָׂדֶה; Israel will not stray into the cultivated fields — a pledge against pillage.
οὔτεnorcoordinating negative (second of pair)→ clausal contributionοὔτε: meaning 'nor'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ἀμπελῶναvineyardAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationἀμπελών: 'vineyard'; renders כֶּרֶם; vineyards, like fields, will be left untouched.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πιόμεθαwe will drinkFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · πίνωmain verb (negated pledge)→ predictive future (with negation)πίνω: 'drink'; the pledge not to drink from Sihon's wells — Israel, recently given water by YHWH (vv. 16–18), will not exploit Amorite resources.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of πιόμεθα→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the very resource the murmurers had craved (v. 5), now renounced from Sihon's wells.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
φρέατόςwellGenitivegenitive of source ('from your well')→ relational specificationφρέαρ: 'well'; the same word as the Song of the Well (vv. 16–18) — Israel will not draw on Sihon's wells, having its own divine spring.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὁδῷby the roadDativedative of route (with βασιλικῇ: 'the royal road')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'road'; ὁδὸς βασιλική = 'the King's Highway,' the main trans-Jordanian trade route; Israel pledges to keep strictly to it.
βασιλικῇroyalDativeattributive adjective (modifying ὁδῷ)→ sphere or referenceβασιλικός: 'royal / kingly'; ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ βασιλική (= דֶּרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ, 'the King's Highway') is the recognized public road; keeping to it signals Israel's lawful, non-predatory intent.
πορευσόμεθαwe will goFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (renewed pledge)→ predictive futureπορεύομαι: 'go'; the repetition reinforces the pledge of restraint — only by the royal road.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive: 'until we pass')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with the subjunctive παρέλθωμεν, marks the limit of the requested passage.
παρέλθωμενwe pass beyondAor Act Subj 1 Pl · παρέρχομαιverb of temporal clause (with ἕως)→ aorist subjunctive (the completion of passage)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by / go beyond'; the same verb as the opening παρελευσόμεθα; Israel will leave once it has crossed Sihon's borders — no occupation intended.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριάbordersAccusativedirect object of παρέλθωμεν→ object specificationὅριον (pl. ὅρια): 'border / territory'; the boundary-word again; Israel will simply 'pass beyond your borders.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
23

καὶ οὐκ ἔδωκεν Σηων τῷ Ισραηλ παρελθεῖν διὰ τῶν ὁρίων αὐτοῦ καὶ συνήγαγεν Σηων πάντα τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξῆλθεν παρατάξασθαι τῷ Ισραηλ εἰς τὴν ἔρημον καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς Ιασσα καὶ παρετάξατο τῷ Ισραηλ

But Sihon did not allow Israel to pass through his borders; and Sihon gathered all his people and went out to draw up in battle against Israel into the wilderness, and he came to Iassa and arrayed himself for battle against Israel.

Sihon's refusal and mobilization (the turn to war)καὶ οὐκ ἔδωκεν Σηων
Sihon refuses passage and escalates: he 'gathers all his people,' marches out, and 'arrays himself for battle' at Iassa. The aggression is entirely his; the doubled παρατάξασθαι / παρετάξατο ('to draw up … he drew up for battle') frames Sihon as the initiator of war, removing any ambiguity from the conquest that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgave / allowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (refusal; + infinitive)→ constative aorist (the act of refusal)δίδωμι: 'give / grant / allow'; here 'did not grant (Israel) to pass' = refused passage; renders נָתַן (in the sense of 'permit'); Sihon's refusal parallels Edom's (Num 20:21).
ΣηωνSihonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣηων: the Amorite king, now the aggressor.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Ισραηλ, dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of person (indeclinable: 'to Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of person (indeclinable: 'to Israel').
παρελθεῖνto pass throughAor Act Inf · παρέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (with ἔδωκεν: 'allow to pass')→ aorist infinitive (the denied action)παρέρχομαι: the very passage Israel requested in v. 22, now denied.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (path)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (path).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνborders / territoryGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationὅριον: 'border / territory'; Sihon will not let Israel cross his land.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήγαγενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (mobilization)→ constative aorist (the muster)συνάγω: 'gather / assemble / muster'; renders אָסַף; Sihon assembles his whole army for war — the same verb used of gathering the people for the well (v. 16), here turned to hostile muster.
ΣηωνSihonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣηων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; Sihon musters his entire fighting force — the totality underlines the completeness of his coming defeat.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeople / armyAccusativedirect object of συνήγαγεν→ object specificationλαός: here 'people' in the military sense — Sihon's host.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Sihon's sortie)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come forth'; renders יָצָא; Sihon marches out to engage Israel — the aggressor leaving his cities to fight in the open.
παρατάξασθαιto draw up in battleAor Mid Inf · παρατάσσωinfinitive of purpose (with ἐξῆλθεν)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose: to give battle)παρατάσσω (mid.): 'draw up in battle array / engage in battle'; renders עָרַךְ (מִלְחָמָה); the military middle 'to array oneself for battle'; Sihon's purpose in marching out.
τῷthe / againstDativearticle (with Ισραηλ, dative of opposition)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of opposition ('against Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of opposition ('against Israel').
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationἔρημος: the wilderness where Sihon marches to meet Israel — the battle joined on open ground.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at the battlefield)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; Sihon advances to Iassa, the site of the engagement.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΙασσαIassa / Jahazaccusative of goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙασσα: transliteration of יַהַץ (Jahaz); indeclinable; the site of Sihon's defeat (cf. Deut 2:32; Judg 11:20).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρετάξατοarrayed himself for battleAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρατάσσωmain verb (Sihon gives battle)→ constative aorist (the battle-line drawn)παρατάσσω (mid.): the finite fulfilment of the infinitive παρατάξασθαι — Sihon draws up his line against Israel; the aggression is wholly his, justifying the ḥērem that follows.
τῷthe / againstDativearticle (with Ισραηλ, dative of opposition)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of opposition ('against Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of opposition ('against Israel').
24

καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν Ισραηλ φόνῳ μαχαίρης καὶ κατεκυρίευσαν τῆς γῆς αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ Αρνων ἕως Ιαβοκ ἕως υἱῶν Αμμαν ὅτι Ιαζηρ ὅρια υἱῶν Αμμων ἐστίν

And Israel struck him with the slaughter of the sword and took possession of his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, as far as the sons of Ammon; for Iazer is the border of the sons of Ammon.

The defeat of Sihon and conquest of his landκαὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν Ισραηλ
The decisive reversal: Israel strikes Sihon 'with the slaughter of the sword' (φόνῳ μαχαίρης) and seizes his whole land from the Arnon to the Jabbok. The boundary-clause ('as far as Ammon … for Iazer is the border of Ammon') carefully limits the conquest — Israel takes Amorite, not Ammonite, territory (cf. Deut 2:19, 37). This is the victory hymned at Pss 134[135]:11; 135[136]:19.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck / smoteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Israel's victory)→ constative aorist (the decisive blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders נָכָה (Hiphil); the standard conquest verb for routing an enemy; Israel (sg. collective) strikes Sihon down.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (Sihon)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπάταξεν (Sihon).
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
φόνῳwith slaughterDativedative of manner/instrument ('with the slaughter of the sword')→ sphere or referenceφόνος: 'slaughter / killing'; φόνῳ μαχαίρης ('with the edge/slaughter of the sword') renders לְפִי חֶרֶב ('by the mouth of the sword'), the idiom for total military defeat.
μαχαίρηςof the swordGenitivegenitive (with φόνῳ: 'slaughter of the sword')→ relational specificationμάχαιρα: 'sword / dagger'; the genitive completes the Hebraizing idiom 'the slaughter of the sword' = wholesale killing in battle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεκυρίευσανthey took possession of / masteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακυριεύωmain verb (conquest of the land, + genitive)→ constative aorist (the seizure of the land)κατακυριεύω: 'gain dominion over / take possession of / master'; renders יָרַשׁ; takes the genitive (τῆς γῆς); the shift to plural ('they possessed') views Israel as the conquering host; cognate with κύριος — Israel becomes 'lord' of the land.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of κατεκυρίευσαν→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; Sihon's territory, now Israel's possession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (boundary start)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (boundary start).
ΑρνωνArnongenitive of source (indeclinable: southern limit)→ participant identificationΑρνων: the Arnon, the southern boundary of the conquered land (the old Moab/Amorite border, v. 13).
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (boundary end)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (boundary end).
ΙαβοκJabbokgenitive of limit (indeclinable: northern limit)→ participant identificationΙαβοκ: transliteration of יַבֹּק; indeclinable; the Jabbok river, the northern boundary of Sihon's former kingdom.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (further limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'as far as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (further limit).
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of limit ('to the sons of Ammon')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμαν = the Ammonites; the conquest reaches their border but stops there.
ΑμμανAmmongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Ammon')→ participant identificationΑμμαν: transliteration of עַמּוֹן (Ammon); indeclinable; the Ammonites, whose land Israel may not take (Deut 2:19).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (explanatory gloss)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; introduces the narrator's boundary-note explaining the eastern limit.
ΙαζηρIazersubject of ἐστίν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙαζηρ: transliteration of יַעְזֵר (Jazer); indeclinable; the town marking the Ammonite frontier (cf. v. 32, where Israel captures it).
ὅριαborderNominativepredicate nominative ('Iazer is the border')→ participant prominenceὅριον (pl. ὅρια): 'border / boundary'; defines Jazer as the limit of Ammonite territory — the conquest stops at this line.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('of the sons of Ammon')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων = the Ammonites.
ΑμμωνAmmongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑμμων: Ammon; the boundary-note carefully exempts Ammonite land from the conquest.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of explanatory clause (copula)→ stative present (geographic fact)εἰμί: 'is'; the copula of the boundary-gloss.
25

καὶ ἔλαβεν Ισραηλ πάσας τὰς πόλεις ταύτας καὶ κατῴκησεν Ισραηλ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς πόλεσιν τῶν Αμορραίων ἐν Εσεβων καὶ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς συγκυρούσαις αὐτῇ

And Israel took all these cities, and Israel settled in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon and in all the towns belonging to it.

Israel occupies the Amorite cities (main line)καὶ ἔλαβεν Ισραηλ
The conquest yields occupation: Israel 'takes' and 'settles in' all the Amorite cities, Heshbon (Sihon's capital) chief among them, with its dependent towns. The verb κατῴκησεν ('settled / took up residence') marks the transition from itinerant wandering to settled possession — the conquest of Transjordan is now a fact, preparing the boundary-note (v. 26) and the ballad (vv. 27–30).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (seizure of the cities)→ constative aorist (the capture)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize / capture'; renders לָקַח; Israel takes the Amorite cities by conquest.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the captured cities.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; the Amorite cities now passing to Israel.
ταύταςtheseAccusativedemonstrative (attributive: 'these cities')→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; the cities of Sihon's land just described.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῴκησενsettled / dweltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (occupation)→ ingressive aorist (took up residence)κατοικέω: 'dwell / settle / take up residence'; renders יָשַׁב; the same verb used of the Canaanite king's habitation (v. 1, ὁ κατοικῶν) — now Israel becomes the dweller in the conquered land.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
πάσαιςallDativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεσιν)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; Israel occupies the whole network of Amorite cities.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative of place (location of settlement)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: the cities now inhabited by Israel.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of possession ('cities of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; the former owners, now dispossessed.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location, specifying Heshbon)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location, specifying Heshbon).
ΕσεβωνHeshbondative of place (indeclinable: the chief city)→ participant identificationΕσεβων: transliteration of חֶשְׁבּוֹן; indeclinable; Sihon's royal capital and the subject of the ballad in vv. 27–30; the keyword of this section.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
πάσαιςallDativeattributive adjective (substantival, with participle)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; all the dependent towns of Heshbon.
ταῖςthe (ones)Dativearticle (articular participle)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συγκυρούσαιςbelonging / adjacent toPres Act Part Dat F Pl · συγκυρέωsubstantival participle ('the towns belonging to it')→ imperfective participle (standing relation of dependency)συγκυρέω: 'border on / belong to / be adjacent'; the participle αἱ συγκυροῦσαι ('the dependent/neighbouring towns') renders בְּנוֹתֶיהָ ('its daughter-villages'), the satellite settlements of a chief city.
αὐτῇto itDativedative (with συγκυρούσαις: 'belonging to it' = Heshbon)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to Heshbon (πόλις, fem.); the dependent towns 'belonging to it.'
26

ἔστιν γὰρ Εσεβων πόλις Σηων τοῦ βασιλέως τῶν Αμορραίων καὶ οὗτος ἐπολέμησεν βασιλέα Μωαβ τὸ πρότερον καὶ ἔλαβον πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ Αροηρ ἕως Αρνων

For Heshbon is the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites; and he had formerly made war against the king of Moab and taken all his land, from Aroer to the Arnon.

Narratorial gloss: Heshbon's history (justifying the ballad)ἔστιν γὰρ Εσεβων πόλις Σηων
A γάρ-explanation: Heshbon was Sihon's capital, and Sihon had himself earlier taken it (and the land to the Arnon) from Moab. This history matters: the land Israel now holds was already Amorite, not Moabite, conquest — so Israel has not violated the divine prohibition against seizing Moab's land (Deut 2:9). The note also sets up the taunt-ballad (vv. 27–30), which gloats over Moab's earlier loss to Sihon.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (explanatory copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; introduces the historical-geographic gloss on Heshbon.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the reason Heshbon is now an Amorite (and so a conquerable) city.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕσεβων: Heshbon, Sihon's capital.
πόλιςcityNominativepredicate nominative ('Heshbon is the city of Sihon')→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; Heshbon identified as Sihon's royal seat.
ΣηωνSihongenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'city of Sihon')→ participant identificationΣηων: the Amorite king whose capital was Heshbon.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σηων→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Sihon the king of the Amorites.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; Sihon's people.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativedemonstrative subject (resuming Sihon)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one / he'; the demonstrative resumes Sihon as subject of the historical flashback.
ἐπολέμησενmade warAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωmain verb (Sihon's earlier war)→ constative aorist (the prior conquest)πολεμέω: 'wage war'; the same verb as v. 1 (the Canaanite's war on Israel); here Sihon's earlier war against Moab, by which Heshbon became Amorite.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of ἐπολέμησεν→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the (former) king of Moab whom Sihon defeated.
ΜωαβMoabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Moab; Sihon had taken northern Moab, so Israel's conquest is of Amorite, not Moabite, land.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρότερονformerly / beforeAccusativeadverbial accusative (temporal: 'previously')→ object specificationπρότερος: 'former / earlier'; the neuter τὸ πρότερον is adverbial 'formerly / beforehand'; marks the flashback to Sihon's prior conquest of Moab.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονthey tookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (Sihon's forces seize Moab's land; 3 pl)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; the plural ('they/his forces took') of Sihon's army taking Moabite land as far as the Arnon.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole land of the Moabite king.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the Moabite territory Sihon had annexed — now passing to Israel.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the Moabite king's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Moabite king's).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (boundary start)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (boundary start).
ΑροηρAroergenitive of source (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑροηρ: transliteration of עֲרֹעֵר (Aroer); indeclinable; a town on the rim of the Arnon gorge, marking the southern limit of Sihon's annexation.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (boundary end)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (boundary end).
ΑρνωνArnongenitive of limit (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑρνων: the Arnon, the southern boundary of the land Sihon took from Moab.
27

διὰ τοῦτο ἐροῦσιν οἱ αἰνιγματισταί ἔλθετε εἰς Εσεβων ἵνα οἰκοδομηθῇ καὶ κατασκευασθῇ πόλις Σηων

Therefore the ballad-singers say: 'Come to Heshbon, that the city of Sihon may be built and made ready;

The Heshbon ballad (embedded taunt-song), openingδιὰ τοῦτο ἐροῦσιν οἱ αἰνιγματισταί
The narrator cites a second poem: 'the ballad-singers say.' The αἰνιγματισταί ('makers of αἰνίγματα / taunt-songs') are professional balladeers; their song mockingly summons builders to (re)construct Heshbon as Sihon's city — only for the next verse to recall the fire that consumed it. The LXX αἰνιγματισταί renders the Hebrew הַמֹּשְׁלִים ('those who recite māšāl / proverb-songs').
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
διὰbecause of / thereforepreposition + accusative (in idiom διὰ τοῦτο)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ τοῦτο: 'therefore'; the same citation-formula as v. 14, introducing the embedded ballad.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (object of διά)→ participant referenceοὗτος: in διὰ τοῦτο, points to the history of v. 26 as the occasion of the ballad.
ἐροῦσινthey say / reciteFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (citation formula; gnomic future)→ gnomic/customary future (what the balladeers are wont to say)λέγω (fut. ἐροῦσιν): 'they will say / they say'; the gnomic future for proverbial recitation — 'this is why the ballad-singers say…'; cf. the citation idiom of Num 21:14.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰνιγματισταίballad-singers / riddlersNominativesubject of ἐροῦσιν→ participant prominenceαἰνιγματιστής: 'composer of αἰνίγματα / proverb-songs / taunt-ballads'; renders הַמֹּשְׁלִים ('the māšāl-reciters'); the professional bards who preserve and perform such victory-and-taunt poems; a rare and vivid LXX coinage.
ἔλθετεcome!Aor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb of the ballad (summons)→ aorist imperative (rhetorical summons)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the ballad's opening summons 'Come to Heshbon!' — an ironic invitation to (re)build a city about to be described as burned.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΕσεβωνHeshbonaccusative of goal (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕσεβων: Heshbon, the ballad's subject — summoned to be rebuilt.
ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'that / in order that'; introduces the purpose of the summons — the rebuilding of the city.
οἰκοδομηθῇmay be builtAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of purpose clause→ aorist passive subjunctive (purpose)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; renders בָּנָה; the passive 'may be built' — the city to be raised; the irony is that it was just burned (v. 28).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατασκευασθῇmay be made ready / establishedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κατασκευάζωverb of purpose clause (coordinate with οἰκοδομηθῇ)→ aorist passive subjunctive (purpose)κατασκευάζω: 'prepare / equip / make ready / establish'; renders כּוּן; intensifies the building motif — the city to be fully furnished and fortified as Sihon's.
πόλιςcityNominativesubject of the passive verbs ('the city of Sihon')→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; Heshbon as Sihon's capital, the object of the ballad's ironic building-summons.
ΣηωνSihongenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'city of Sihon')→ participant identificationΣηων: Sihon, whose city Heshbon is — soon to fall to Israel.
28

ὅτι πῦρ ἐξῆλθεν ἐξ Εσεβων φλὸξ ἐκ πόλεως Σηων καὶ κατέφαγεν ἕως Μωαβ καὶ κατέπιεν στήλας Αρνων

for a fire went out from Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon, and it devoured as far as Moab and swallowed up the pillars of the Arnon.

The Heshbon ballad (continued): fire from Heshbonὅτι πῦρ ἐξῆλθεν ἐξ Εσεβων
The ballad's central image: 'fire went out from Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon.' The parallel πῦρ / φλόξ and κατέφαγεν / κατέπιεν ('devoured' / 'swallowed up') are classic synonymous parallelism. Originally a poem celebrating Sihon's conquest of Moab, it is now ironically applied: the fire that consumed Moab from Heshbon recoils on Heshbon itself in Israel's victory.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (grounds within the ballad)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; gives the ground — Heshbon's fiery conquering power.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθεν→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the metaphor of conquering fire issuing from Heshbon; echoes the fire-imagery of the Wars-of-the-LORD fragment (v. 14, ἐφλόγισεν).
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb of the ballad→ constative aorist (poetic)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / issue forth'; the fire 'goes out' from Heshbon to consume Moab — the same verb used of Sihon marching out to war (v. 23).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΕσεβωνHeshbongenitive of source (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕσεβων: Heshbon, source of the conquering 'fire.'
φλὸξflameNominativesubject (parallel to πῦρ)→ participant prominenceφλόξ: 'flame / blaze'; renders לֶהָבָה; the parallel synonym to πῦρ, sustaining the poetic parallelism of the ballad.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source, parallel to ἐξ)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source, parallel to ἐξ).
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of source ('from the city of Sihon')→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of Sihon' = Heshbon, in poetic parallel to the place-name.
ΣηωνSihongenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣηων: Sihon, whose city is the flame's source.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέφαγενdevoured / consumedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb (the fire's devastation)→ constative aorist (poetic)κατεσθίω: 'devour / eat up / consume'; renders אָכַל; fire 'devouring' a land is a standard image of total conquest (cf. Amos 1:4, 7, etc.); the fire reaches 'as far as Moab.'
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'as far as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (extent).
ΜωαβMoabgenitive of extent (indeclinable: 'as far as Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Moab, the land consumed by Heshbon's 'fire' (Sihon's conquest).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέπιενswallowed upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταπίνωmain verb (parallel to κατέφαγεν)→ constative aorist (poetic)καταπίνω: 'swallow / gulp down / devour'; renders בָּלַע; the parallel synonym to κατέφαγεν — the fire 'swallows' the heights of the Arnon; vivid poetic intensification.
στήλαςpillars / high placesAccusativedirect object of κατέπιεν→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar / standing-stone / stele'; here rendering the Hebrew בָּמוֹת / בַּעֲלֵי ('heights / lords') of the Arnon; the LXX reads the destroyed objects as the cultic 'pillars' of the Arnon region.
ΑρνωνArnongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'pillars of the Arnon')→ participant identificationΑρνων: the Arnon, whose heights/pillars the fire consumes.
29

οὐαί σοι Μωαβ ἀπώλου λαὸς Χαμως ἀπεδόθησαν οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτῶν διασῴζεσθαι καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες αὐτῶν αἰχμάλωτοι τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν Αμορραίων Σηων

Woe to you, Moab! You are undone, O people of Chemosh! Their sons have been given up to flee for safety, and their daughters as captives to Sihon, king of the Amorites.

The Heshbon ballad (continued): the woe-oracle over Moabοὐαί σοι Μωαβ
The ballad turns to a lament-taunt: οὐαί σοι Μωαβ ('Woe to you, Moab!'). Moab is addressed as 'people of Chemosh' (its national god), and its defeat is total — sons fleeing, daughters taken captive to Sihon. The woe-form (οὐαί + dative) is the prophetic dirge-cry later prominent in the prophets and the Gospels (Isa 5; Matt 23). The taunt gloats over Moab's earlier humiliation by Sihon, now itself overturned by Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
οὐαίwoeinterjection (woe-cry, + dative)→ clausal contributionοὐαί: 'woe! / alas!'; an interjection of lament/threat rendering הוֹי / אוֹי; the formula οὐαί σοι ('woe to you') is the prophetic dirge-cry (cf. Isa 5:8–22; Jer 48:46; Matt 11:21; 23:13).
σοιto youDativedative (with οὐαί: the object of the woe)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): the addressee of the woe — Moab.
ΜωαβMoabvocative (indeclinable: addressed directly)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Moab, apostrophized in the woe-cry.
ἀπώλουyou are undone / have perishedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (the doom pronounced on Moab)→ constative aorist (the ruin as accomplished)ἀπόλλυμι (aor. mid. ἀπώλου): 'perish / be destroyed / be undone'; renders אָבַד; the second-person 'you have perished' addresses Moab as already ruined — the prophetic perfect/aorist of certain doom.
λαὸςpeopleNominativenominative of address ('O people of Chemosh')→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; here in apposition/address to Moab — 'people of Chemosh,' identifying Moab by its national deity.
ΧαμωςChemoshgenitive of relationship (indeclinable divine name)→ participant identificationΧαμως: transliteration of כְּמוֹשׁ (Chemosh), the national god of Moab (cf. 1 Kgs 11:7, 33; Jer 48:7, 13); indeclinable; Moab as 'the people of Chemosh' — a god powerless to save them.
ἀπεδόθησανhave been given up / handed overAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (fate of Moab's sons)→ constative aorist passive (the surrender accomplished)ἀποδίδωμι (aor. pass.): 'give up / hand over / render'; the passive 'were handed over' — Moab's sons surrendered to flight, its daughters to captivity; the implied agent is the conqueror.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἀπεδόθησαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Moab's sons, surrendered to flight.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (Moab's)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Moab's).
διασῴζεσθαιto flee for safety / escapePres Mid Inf · διασῴζωinfinitive of result/purpose (with ἀπεδόθησαν)→ imperfective infinitive (the bare survival left to them)διασῴζω (mid./pass.): 'bring safely through / escape / be rescued'; the infinitive 'to escape / save themselves' — Moab's sons are reduced to mere flight for survival; the compound δια- ('through (danger)') stresses a narrow escape.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersNominativesubject (with implied 'were handed over')→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; Moab's daughters, given over as captives — the gendered pairing sons/daughters expresses the people's total subjugation.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αἰχμάλωτοιcaptivesNominativepredicate nominative ('daughters [given] as captives')→ participant prominenceαἰχμάλωτος: 'captive / prisoner of war'; cognate with αἰχμαλωσία (v. 1, the captives the Canaanite took from Israel) — the chapter's captivity-theme comes full circle, now Moab's daughters the captives.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of indirect object ('captives to the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative marks Sihon as the one to whom Moab's daughters were given as captives.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; Sihon's people.
ΣηωνSihondative in apposition to βασιλεῖ (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣηων: Sihon, named as the king to whom Moab fell — the very king Israel has now defeated, so that the taunt rebounds on Sihon himself.
30

καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται Εσεβων ἕως Δαιβων καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες ἔτι προσεξέκαυσαν πῦρ ἐπὶ Μωαβ

And their seed shall perish, from Heshbon to Daibon; and the women furthermore kindled fire against Moab.

The Heshbon ballad (close): total devastation of Moabκαὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται
The ballad closes on annihilation: 'their seed shall perish from Heshbon to Daibon,' and the fire spreads even further over Moab. The Greek of the final clause is difficult (the LXX diverges from the MT's וַנִּירָם), rendered as 'the women kindled fire further against Moab' — extending the conflagration to every corner. The poem of conquest, once Sihon's boast, now seals Moab's ruin under Israel's God.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρμαseed / offspringNominativesubject of ἀπολεῖται→ participant prominenceσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / posterity'; renders זֶרַע; 'their seed' = Moab's descendants, doomed to perish — total extinction of the line.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (Moab's)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Moab's).
ἀπολεῖταιshall perishFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (the doom of Moab's offspring)→ predictive future (certain destruction)ἀπόλλυμι (fut. mid. ἀπολεῖται): 'perish / be destroyed'; the same root as ἀπώλου (v. 29); the future seals the extinction of Moab's posterity 'from Heshbon to Daibon.'
ΕσεβωνHeshbongenitive of source (indeclinable: extent of ruin)→ participant identificationΕσεβων: Heshbon, one pole of the devastated zone.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (extent).
ΔαιβωνDaibon / Dibongenitive of limit (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΔαιβων: transliteration of דִּיבוֹן (Dibon); indeclinable; a Moabite town, the other pole of the ruined territory.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwomenNominativesubject of προσεξέκαυσαν→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; the LXX's rendering of a textually obscure Hebrew line; here the 'women' are subjects who 'kindled fire further against Moab' — the conflagration spreading even to the noncombatants' role.
ἔτιyet / furthermoreadverb (temporal/additive: 'still / further')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet / furthermore'; renders עוֹד; extends the burning — 'they kindled fire yet further' over Moab.
προσεξέκαυσανkindled further / set ablaze besidesAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσεκκαίωmain verb (the spreading fire)→ constative aorist (the further kindling)προσεκκαίω: 'kindle in addition / set further ablaze'; a rare double-compound (πρός + ἐκ + καίω); sustains the fire-imagery of vv. 28–30, the flame spreading still further over Moab.
πῦρfireAccusativedirect object of προσεξέκαυσαν→ object specificationπῦρ: 'fire'; the conquering flame of the ballad, now spread over all Moab.
ἐπὶagainst / uponpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
ΜωαβMoabaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable: 'against Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Moab, the object of the spreading fire — the ballad ends with Moab wholly consumed.
31

κατῴκησεν δὲ Ισραηλ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς πόλεσιν τῶν Αμορραίων

So Israel settled in all the cities of the Amorites.

Summary statement: Israel's settlement (resuming the narrative)κατῴκησεν δὲ Ισραηλ
After the embedded ballad, δέ marks the return to narrative: a summary repetition of v. 25 — Israel 'settled in all the cities of the Amorites.' The verbatim echo frames the ballad (vv. 27–30) as an inset within the conquest account and confirms the settled, accomplished fact of the Transjordan occupation.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
κατῴκησενsettled / dweltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (settlement summary)→ constative aorist (settled possession)κατοικέω: 'dwell / settle'; the verbatim echo of v. 25 frames the ballad and seals Israel's occupation of Amorite land.
δὲso / nownarrative continuative (post-positive, resuming narration)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive continuative; marks the return from the inset ballad to the main narrative line.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
πάσαιςallDativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεσιν)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the Amorite cities now Israel's.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις: the Amorite cities, now settled by Israel.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; the dispossessed former owners.
32

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Μωυσῆς κατασκέψασθαι τὴν Ιαζηρ καὶ κατελάβοντο αὐτὴν καὶ τὰς κώμας αὐτῆς καὶ ἐξέβαλον τὸν Αμορραῖον τὸν κατοικοῦντα ἐκεῖ

And Moses sent to reconnoiter Iazer, and they captured it and its villages, and drove out the Amorite who dwelt there.

The capture of Iazer (extending the conquest)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Μωυσῆς
A short campaign-note: Moses sends to spy out Iazer (the Ammonite-border town of v. 24), and Israel takes it with its villages, expelling the Amorite inhabitants. The reconnaissance-then-capture pattern recalls the spy traditions (Num 13), here with a successful outcome. This rounds off the Sihon campaign and pivots to the confrontation with Og (vv. 33–35).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of scouts)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Moses sends [men] to reconnoiter — the verb's object (scouts) is implied, supplied by the infinitive of purpose.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
κατασκέψασθαιto reconnoiter / spy outAor Mid Inf · κατασκέπτομαιinfinitive of purpose (with ἀπέστειλεν)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose: to scout)κατασκέπτομαι: 'examine / reconnoiter / spy out'; renders רִגֵּל / תּוּר; the verb of the spy-missions (cf. Num 13); Moses scouts Iazer before its capture.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιαζηρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙαζηρIazer / Jazerobject of κατασκέψασθαι (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙαζηρ: transliteration of יַעְזֵר (Jazer); indeclinable; the Ammonite-border town of v. 24, now scouted and taken.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατελάβοντοthey captured / seizedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (the capture)→ constative aorist (the seizure)καταλαμβάνω (mid.): 'seize / capture / take possession of'; renders לָכַד; the middle voice stresses Israel's own act of seizing Iazer and its dependent villages.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of κατελάβοντο (Iazer)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to Iazer (fem.).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κώμαςvillagesAccusativedirect object (coordinate with αὐτήν)→ object specificationκώμη: 'village / hamlet'; renders בְּנוֹת / חֲצֵרִים; the dependent settlements of Iazer, taken along with the town.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (Iazer's)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Iazer's).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέβαλονdrove out / expelledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (expulsion of the inhabitants)→ constative aorist (the expulsion)ἐκβάλλω: 'cast out / drive out / expel'; renders יָרַשׁ / גָּרַשׁ; the verb of dispossession; Israel drives out the Amorite settlers of Iazer.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραῖονAmoriteAccusativedirect object of ἐξέβαλον→ object specificationΑμορραῖος: 'the Amorite'; the collective singular for the Amorite population of Iazer, now expelled.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (articular participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταdwellingPres Act Part Acc M Sg · κατοικέωattributive participle (modifying Αμορραῖον)→ imperfective participle (the resident population)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the articular participle ὁ κατοικῶν (cf. v. 1) — the Amorite 'who dwelt there,' now driven out; the chapter's dwelling-verb again marks the displacement of the conquered.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; in Iazer and its villages.
33

καὶ ἐπιστρέψαντες ἀνέβησαν ὁδὸν τὴν εἰς Βασαν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν Ωγ βασιλεὺς τῆς Βασαν εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῖς καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς αὐτοῦ εἰς πόλεμον εἰς Εδραϊν

And turning, they went up the road to Bashan; and Og king of Bashan came out to meet them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.

New episode: the confrontation with Og of Bashan (main line)καὶ ἐπιστρέψαντες ἀνέβησαν
The campaign turns north toward Bashan, and a second great king, Og, marches out to give battle at Edrei. The pattern mirrors Sihon's (ἐξῆλθεν … εἰς συνάντησιν / εἰς πόλεμον), but here without any peace-embassy — Og's aggression is immediate. The defeat of Og, like Sihon's, is celebrated in the historical psalms (Pss 134[135]:11; 135[136]:20) as a paradigm of YHWH's victory.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστρέψαντεςhaving turnedAor Act Part Nom M Pl · ἐπιστρέφωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'turning')→ antecedent aorist participleἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn back / change direction'; renders פָּנָה / שׁוּב; Israel turns northward to ascend toward Bashan.
ἀνέβησανwent upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the northward march)→ constative aorist (the ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; the same verb sung in the Song of the Well (ἀνάβαινε, φρέαρ, v. 17, imperative) — here Israel itself 'goes up' the road to Bashan.
ὁδὸνby the roadAccusativeaccusative of route ('the road to Bashan')→ object specificationὁδός: 'road / way'; the accusative of route once more (cf. vv. 1, 4); the way leading up to Bashan.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with εἰς Βασαν: 'the [road] to Bashan')→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of the road)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of the road).
ΒασανBashanaccusative of goal (indeclinable region-name)→ participant identificationΒασαν: transliteration of בָּשָׁן; indeclinable; the fertile northern region east of the Jordan, Og's kingdom (cf. Deut 3:1–11).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Og's sortie)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come forth'; the same verb as Sihon's sortie (v. 23) — Og too marches out to meet Israel.
ΩγOgsubject (indeclinable royal name)→ participant identificationΩγ: transliteration of עוֹג; indeclinable; the giant king of Bashan (Deut 3:11, his iron bedstead), the last great Transjordan adversary.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ωγ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Og king of Bashan,' Sihon's northern counterpart.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with Βασαν)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανBashangenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Bashan')→ participant identificationΒασαν: Bashan, Og's realm (the article τῆς treats the indeclinable name as feminine/regional).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet').
συνάντησινmeeting / encounterAccusativeaccusative (in idiom εἰς συνάντησιν: 'to meet')→ object specificationσυνάντησις: 'meeting / encounter'; εἰς συνάντησιν ('to meet') renders לִקְרַאת; here a hostile encounter — Og comes out to confront Israel in battle.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative (with συνάντησιν: 'to meet them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to Israel; Og comes 'to meet them' in war.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; Og brings out his entire host — like Sihon (v. 23), the totality presaging total defeat.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeople / armyNominativesubject (with ἐξῆλθεν, in compound subject)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people / host'; Og's army marching with him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for battle')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'for battle').
πόλεμονbattle / warAccusativeaccusative (purpose: 'for war')→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; Og comes 'for battle' — the same word as the 'Wars of the LORD' (v. 14), now the immediate engagement.
εἰςat / topreposition + accusative (place of battle)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place of battle).
ΕδραϊνEdreiaccusative of place (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΕδραϊν: transliteration of אֶדְרֶעִי (Edrei); indeclinable; the site of the battle against Og (cf. Deut 1:4; 3:1), one of Bashan's chief cities.
34

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν μὴ φοβηθῇς αὐτόν ὅτι εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου παραδέδωκα αὐτὸν καὶ πάντα τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν αὐτοῦ καὶ ποιήσεις αὐτῷ καθὼς ἐποίησας τῷ Σηων βασιλεῖ τῶν Αμορραίων ὃς κατῴκει ἐν Εσεβων

And the LORD said to Moses, 'Do not fear him, for into your hands I have given him over, and all his people, and all his land; and you shall do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon.'

The holy-war oracle of assurance (divine speech)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν
Before the battle YHWH gives the classic holy-war oracle: μὴ φοβηθῇς ('do not fear'), grounded in the perfect παραδέδωκα ('I have [already] given him into your hands'). The victory is announced as accomplished before the fighting begins. The comparison 'as you did to Sihon' makes Og's fate certain by precedent. The 'fear not' formula recurs through Scripture as the word of God to those facing overwhelming odds (Josh 8:1; 10:8; 11:6).
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces YHWH's word of assurance before the battle with Og.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine warrior who has already decided the battle's outcome.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative of prohibition; with the aorist subjunctive φοβηθῇς it forms the prohibitive 'do not fear.'
φοβηθῇςfearAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibitive subjunctive: 'do not fear')→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (holy-war reassurance)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; μὴ φοβηθῇς ('do not fear') is the classic holy-war oracle of assurance (cf. Gen 15:1; Deut 3:2; Josh 8:1; Isa 41:10); the aorist passive deponent forms the subjunctive of prohibition.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of φοβηθῇς (Og)→ participant referenceαὐτός: Og, the giant king — formidable in size, but not to be feared.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounds of the assurance)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; gives the reason fear is groundless — the victory is already granted.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (with χεῖρας: 'into your hands')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (with χεῖρας: 'into your hands').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('into your hands')→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου ('into your hands') is the holy-war handing-over idiom (בְּיָדְךָ), the same surrender Israel vowed of Arad (v. 2, ὑποχείριον).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
παραδέδωκαI have given overPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (the decisive divine act, in perfect)→ resultative perfect (the victory already accomplished and standing)παραδίδωμι (perf. παραδέδωκα): 'have handed over / delivered up'; the perfect tense is theologically weighty — the handing-over is already complete before the battle; the same verb as Israel's vow and its fulfilment at Arad (vv. 2–3); the perfect makes the outcome a settled reality.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of παραδέδωκα→ participant referenceαὐτός: Og, already given into Israel's hands.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of Og's people, all given over.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object (coordinate with αὐτόν)→ object specificationλαός: Og's host, given over with him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole land of Bashan, given over.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; Bashan, the inheritance now promised.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command/prediction)→ imperatival future (instruction with the force of command)ποιέω: 'do / act'; the imperatival future 'you shall do to him' — Israel is to deal with Og exactly as with Sihon; the precedent guarantees the outcome.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (Og)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: Og, to whom Israel will do as to Sihon.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction ('as / just as')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; draws the comparison with the Sihon precedent — the same καθώς that John 3:14 will use to liken the lifted serpent to the lifted Son.
ἐποίησαςyou didAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of comparative clause (the Sihon precedent)→ constative aorist (the completed precedent)ποιέω: the aorist 'as you did' recalls the defeat of Sihon (vv. 21–24) as the model for Og's; the precedent of victory grounds the present assurance.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Σηων, dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣηωνSihondative of indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣηων: Sihon, the defeated Amorite king, now the precedent for Og's fate.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Σηων→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Sihon king of the Amorites.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; Sihon's people.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of κατῴκει)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the descriptive clause locating Sihon at Heshbon.
κατῴκειdweltImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωverb of relative clause (Sihon's former residence)→ customary/durative imperfect (settled habitation)κατοικέω: 'dwell'; the imperfect κατῴκει ('used to dwell / dwelt') locates Sihon's former seat at Heshbon — the chapter's dwelling-verb once more, now of the king already overthrown.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΕσεβωνHeshbondative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕσεβων: Heshbon, Sihon's capital — the final mention of the city that anchored the ballad.
35

καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλιπεῖν αὐτοῦ ζωγρείαν καὶ ἐκληρονόμησαν τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν

And he struck him and his sons and all his people, until there was left to him no survivor; and they inherited their land.

The defeat of Og and inheritance of the land (chapter's close)καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν
The chapter ends in total victory fulfilling the oracle: Israel strikes Og, his sons, and all his people 'until no survivor was left,' and 'they inherited their land.' The verb ἐκληρονόμησαν ('they inherited') closes Numbers 21 on the note of κληρονομία — the conquest of Transjordan secured as Israel's allotted possession, the threshold of the promised inheritance. The chapter that began with a serpent of death thus ends with the people alive, victorious, and possessing the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck / smoteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Israel's victory over Og)→ constative aorist (the decisive defeat)πατάσσω: 'strike / defeat'; the same verb as the defeat of Sihon (v. 24) — fulfilling the oracle 'you shall do to him as to Sihon' (v. 34); Israel (sg. collective) strikes Og down.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (Og)→ participant referenceαὐτός: Og, struck down as promised.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with αὐτόν)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; Og's sons, struck down with him — the end of his dynasty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of Og's people, struck down — total ḥērem-victory.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationλαός: Og's host, wholly destroyed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἕωςuntilpreposition/conjunction (with articular infinitive: 'until')→ spatial or relational framingἕως τοῦ + inf.: 'until / to the point of'; with the articular infinitive expresses result/extent — 'until there was left no survivor.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with infinitive καταλιπεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates the articular infinitive — 'so as to leave none.'
καταλιπεῖνto leave / leave behindAor Act Inf · καταλείπωarticular infinitive of result (with ἕως τοῦ μή)→ telic/consecutive aorist infinitive (the totality of the slaughter)καταλείπω: 'leave / leave behind / leave remaining'; renders שָׁאַר (Hiphil); the construction ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλιπεῖν ('until none was left') is the standard ḥērem-formula for total destruction (cf. Deut 3:3; Josh 10:33).
αὐτοῦof him / to himGenitivegenitive (of Og: 'no survivor of his')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his / of him'; none of Og's people left surviving.
ζωγρείανa survivor / one taken aliveAccusativedirect object of καταλιπεῖν→ object specificationζωγρεία: 'a taking alive / one left alive / survivor'; from ζωγρέω ('take alive'); 'no survivor was left' — the totality of the destruction; the antonym of the earlier captivity-taking (αἰχμαλωσία, v. 1).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκληρονόμησανthey inherited / took possession ofAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κληρονομέωmain verb (the chapter's closing act)→ constative aorist (the inheritance secured)κληρονομέω: 'inherit / take possession of (as an allotment)'; renders יָרַשׁ; the inheritance-verb that closes the chapter — Bashan becomes Israel's κληρονομία; the conquest of Transjordan is sealed as covenant inheritance, the firstfruits of the promised land.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἐκληρονόμησαν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; Og's land of Bashan, now Israel's inheritance — the chapter ends in possession, life, and victory.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (Og and his people's land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' — the land of Og and his people, now inherited by Israel; the final word seals the conquest.