1
καὶ οὗτοι σταθμοὶ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ὡς ἐξῆλθον ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ καὶ Ααρων
And these are the stages of the sons of Israel, as they came out of the land of Egypt with their army, by the hand of Moses and Aaron.
The demonstrative heading καὶ οὗτοι σταθμοί ('and these are the stages') is a documentary title-formula introducing the catalogue that follows; the same demonstrative recurs at the close of v. 2 (καὶ οὗτοι σταθμοὶ τῆς πορείας αὐτῶν), forming an inclusio around the superscription. The whole chapter is thus framed as an archival list rather than continuous narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (heading-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the demonstrative heads a verbless title-clause 'these are the stages'; cataphoric, pointing forward to the list of vv. 3–49; the same word frames the close of v. 2, marking the superscription as a self-contained heading.
σταθμοὶstages / encampmentsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceσταθμός: 'halting-place / stage / encampment'; renders Hebrew מַסַּע ('setting-out, journey-stage'); a σταθμός is a fixed station on a march where the camp was pitched; the plural names the whole chain of stopping-points that structures the chapter.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of possession (whose stages)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the people as a corporate body on the march.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitive in apposition to υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; here genitive by position, identifying the υἱοί as the covenant people.
ὡςas / whentemporal conjunction (introducing circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here temporal, 'as / when'; introduces the circumstance under which the σταθμοί were traversed — the Exodus march itself.
ἐξῆλθονthey came outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιverb of temporal clause→ constative aorist (the Exodus as a single accomplished departure)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go/come out'; renders יָצָא; the standard Exodus verb (cf. 33:38 τῆς ἐξόδου); the compound ἐκ- with the following ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου doubly marks the going-out from Egypt.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; γῆ Αἰγύπτου ('land of Egypt') is the fixed LXX phrase for the place of bondage left behind.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of location (with γῆς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (accompaniment).
δυνάμειarmy / hostDativedative object of σύν (accompaniment)→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'power / force / army'; here in the military sense 'host / army', rendering צָבָא; σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν ('with their host') presents the Exodus as the orderly march of a marshalled army, not a chaotic flight (cf. Exod 12:41, the 'hosts of the LORD').
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δυνάμει)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δυνάμει).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (agency/instrument: Hebraism 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (agency/instrument: Hebraism 'by the hand of').
χειρὶhandDativedative of means (idiom: 'by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ ('by the hand of Moses') is a Hebraism (בְּיַד מֹשֶׁה) meaning 'through the agency / under the leadership of'; the same noun reappears in v. 3 in the very different idiom ἐν χειρὶ ὑψηλῇ ('with a high hand').
ΜωυσῆMosesGenitivegenitive (with χειρί: 'hand of Moses')→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; here genitive Μωυσῆ; named with Aaron as the dual human leadership of the Exodus.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronindeclinable proper noun (coordinate with Μωυσῆ)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable; the high priest, paired with Moses here at the head of the chapter and recalled at his death in v. 38.
2
καὶ ἔγραψεν Μωυσῆς τὰς ἀπάρσεις αὐτῶν καὶ τοὺς σταθμοὺς αὐτῶν διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου καὶ οὗτοι σταθμοὶ τῆς πορείας αὐτῶν
And Moses wrote their departures and their encampments by the word of the LORD; and these are the stages of their journey.
The notice that Moses 'wrote' (ἔγραψεν) the itinerary διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου grounds the catalogue in divine command and Mosaic authorship — a rare explicit self-reference to the act of recording. The closing clause καὶ οὗτοι σταθμοὶ τῆς πορείας αὐτῶν echoes v. 1, closing the superscription before the list proper begins at v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγραψενwroteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (act of recording)→ constative aorist (single act of inscription)γράφω: 'write / record'; renders כָּתַב; a notice of Mosaic authorship (cf. Exod 17:14; 24:4; Deut 31:9), here explicitly framing the itinerary as a written, command-authorized archive.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπάρσειςdepartures / settings-outAccusativedirect object of ἔγραψεν→ object specificationἄπαρσις: 'a setting-out / departure / breaking-camp'; the noun cognate with the verb ἀπαίρω ('set out') that drives the whole list (ἀπῆραν, vv. 3 ff.); renders מַסַּע; paired here with σταθμός, the two nouns name the two poles of each leg — the leaving of one camp and the pitching of the next.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταθμοὺςencampments / stagesAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἀπάρσεις)→ object specificationσταθμός: see v. 1; the pairing ἀπάρσεις … σταθμούς ('departures … encampments') captures the rhythm of the march, each leg a leaving-and-arriving.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
διὰby / throughpreposition + genitive (means/authorization)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through / by means of'; διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου ('by the word of the LORD') marks the recording as divinely commanded; cf. the parallel διὰ προστάγματος κυρίου at v. 38.
ῥήματοςword / commandGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / command'; renders דָּבָר / פֶּה ('mouth, command'); here the authoritative divine directive under which Moses writes.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (whose word)→ relational specificationκύριος: the LXX surrogate for the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive κυρίου grounds the written itinerary in the LORD's express command.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resumptive heading)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the demonstrative resumes the title-formula of v. 1, closing the superscription with an inclusio before the list begins.
σταθμοὶstagesNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceσταθμός: see v. 1.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορείαςjourneyGenitivegenitive of definition (the stages of the journey)→ relational specificationπορεία: 'journey / march / way'; renders מַסָּע; sums up the whole forty-year itinerary as a single πορεία whose constituent stages now follow.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
3
ἀπῆραν ἐκ Ραμεσση τῷ μηνὶ τῷ πρώτῳ τῇ πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ πρώτου τῇ ἐπαύριον τοῦ πασχα ἐξῆλθον οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἐν χειρὶ ὑψηλῇ ἐναντίον πάντων τῶν Αἰγυπτίων
They set out from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the day after the Passover the sons of Israel went out with a high hand, in the sight of all the Egyptians.
The list proper opens with the verb ἀπῆραν ('they set out'), which will govern almost every following verse. This first entry is uniquely expanded with a precise date (first month, fifteenth day, the day after Passover) and the defiant note ἐν χειρὶ ὑψηλῇ ('with a high hand'), marking the Exodus as the foundational departure from which all the stages flow.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aorist (the departure as a single accomplished move)ἀπαίρω: 'set out / depart / break camp'; renders נָסַע; this is the lead verb of the whole itinerary, recurring at almost every verse (and cognate with ἄπαρσις, v. 2); literally 'to lift off (the tent-pegs)', i.e. strike camp and march.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (point of departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (point of departure).
ΡαμεσσηRamesesindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΡαμεσση: transliteration of רַעְמְסֵס (Rameses), the Egyptian store-city built by Israelite labor (Exod 1:11) and the staging-point of the Exodus (Exod 12:37); the journey's origin-point.
τῷtheDativearticle (with μηνί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the dating in the first month (Nisan/Abib) fixes the Exodus to the Passover season (cf. Exod 12:2).
τῷtheDativearticle (with πρώτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτῳfirstDativeattributive adjective (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; the ordinal fixes the month as the first of the cultic year, the month of Passover.
τῇtheDativearticle (with πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντεκαιδεκάτῃfifteenthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπεντεκαιδέκατος: 'fifteenth'; the fifteenth of Nisan is the morning after the Passover meal of the fourteenth (Exod 12:6), i.e. the first day of Unleavened Bread, when Israel marched out.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; with the ordinal, dates the departure exactly.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μηνός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivegenitive of time/definition (of the month)→ relational specificationμήν: 'month'; the repetition (τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ πρώτου) underscores the precise calendrical anchoring of the Exodus.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πρώτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτουfirstGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationπρῶτος: 'first'; repeats the month-identification for emphasis.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ἐπαύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύριονday aftertemporal adverb (substantivized: 'the morrow')→ clausal contributionἐπαύριον: 'on the next day / the morrow'; τῇ ἐπαύριον τοῦ πασχα ('the day after the Passover') marks the march as beginning the morning after the Passover night, linking the itinerary directly to the redemptive event.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with πασχα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πασχαPassoverindeclinable noun (genitive by position, with ἐπαύριον)→ clausal contributionπασχα: indeclinable transliteration of Aramaic פַּסְחָא / Hebrew פֶּסַח; the Passover; its mention roots the entire wilderness itinerary in the founding act of redemption from Egypt.
ἐξῆλθονwent outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the Exodus proper)→ constative aorist (the going-out as accomplished fact)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the Exodus verb (see v. 1); here the second main verb of the verse, restating the departure as the great going-out of the people.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθον→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the marching people.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (with υἱοί)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 1.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: Hebraism).
χειρὶhandDativedative of manner (idiom: 'with a high hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom ἐν χειρὶ ὑψηλῇ renders Hebrew בְּיָד רָמָה ('with a high/raised hand'), denoting bold, defiant, triumphant action — Israel marched out openly and unafraid, not as fugitives (cf. Exod 14:8; Num 15:30 for the contrasting 'high-handed' sin).
ὑψηλῇhigh / upliftedDativeattributive adjective (modifying χειρί)→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός: 'high / lofty / uplifted'; renders רָמָה; with χειρί forms the idiom of triumphant boldness; the same adjective elsewhere describes the LORD's outstretched arm of deliverance.
ἐναντίονin the sight ofpreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before / in the eyes of')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of / in the sight of'; Hebraism for לְעֵינֵי ('before the eyes of'); Israel's bold exodus was public, witnessed by the very Egyptians who had enslaved them.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying Αἰγυπτίων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality stresses that the whole nation of Egypt witnessed the departure.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with Αἰγυπτίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγυπτίωνEgyptiansGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the gentilic used substantively; the Egyptians who watched Israel march out are, in the next verse, simultaneously burying their dead.
4
καὶ οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι ἔθαπτον ἐξ αὑτῶν τοὺς τεθνηκότας πάντας οὓς ἐπάταξεν κύριος πᾶν πρωτότοκον ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς αὐτῶν ἐποίησεν τὴν ἐκδίκησιν κύριος
And the Egyptians were burying from among themselves all those who had died, whom the LORD had struck — every firstborn in the land of Egypt; and on their gods the LORD executed judgment.
While Israel marches out 'with a high hand' (v. 3), the Egyptians are occupied burying their plague-slain firstborn — a stark juxtaposition of triumph and mourning. The imperfect ἔθαπτον ('were burying') paints the scene as ongoing background; the closing clause ('on their gods the LORD executed judgment', cf. Exod 12:12) interprets the tenth plague as a polemic against the Egyptian pantheon.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing contrastive scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with Αἰγύπτιοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιοιEgyptiansNominativesubject of ἔθαπτον→ participant prominenceΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the same people who watched Israel leave (v. 3) are here the bereaved buriers of their own firstborn.
ἔθαπτονwere buryingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (durative background)→ imperfect of ongoing background action (the burying was in progress as Israel left)θάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the imperfect ἔθαπτον depicts the burials as still under way — Egypt is so overwhelmed by the firstborn-death (Exod 12:30) that the interment continues even as the redeemed people depart.
ἐξfrom amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: partitive, 'from among themselves' — the dead were drawn from Egypt's own households.
αὑτῶνthemselvesGenitivereflexive pronoun (partitive genitive with ἐξ)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'of themselves'; the rough-breathing αὑτῶν marks the reflexive sense — the Egyptians buried their own dead.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with τεθνηκότας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεθνηκόταςthose who had diedPf Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (direct object of ἔθαπτον)→ perfect participle (the dead as those in the settled state of death)θνῄσκω (pf. ptc.): 'die'; the perfect τεθνηκότας ('those having died / the dead') denotes the resultant state — the plague-slain now lying dead; substantival, it is the object being buried.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τεθνηκότας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the dead, anticipating the universal scope πᾶν πρωτότοκον below.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπάταξεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the clause identifying the dead as those the LORD struck.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωverb of relative clause (the divine striking)→ constative aorist (the plague as a single decisive blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה; the standard verb for the plague-strokes (cf. Exod 12:29, where the LORD ἐπάταξεν every firstborn); identifies the firstborn-death as a direct act of YHWH.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐπάταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: surrogate for the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD himself is the agent of the firstborn-plague.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρωτότοκον; appositional object of ἐπάταξεν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every'; the neuter πᾶν agrees with πρωτότοκον, specifying the totality of the slain.
πρωτότοκονfirstbornAccusativeaccusative in apposition (defining whom the LORD struck)→ object specificationπρωτότοκος: 'firstborn'; renders בְּכוֹר; πᾶν πρωτότοκον ('every firstborn') names the tenth plague specifically (Exod 11:5; 12:29) — the dead being buried are Egypt's firstborn.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ, 'in the land of Egypt'.
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative in apposition to γῇ (place)→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; the locale of the plague.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the polemic clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνon / againstpreposition + dative (sphere: 'against their gods')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'against their gods').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with θεοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῖςgodsDativedative of sphere (object of judgment)→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'god'; here the gods of Egypt; the clause echoes Exod 12:12 ('on all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments'), interpreting the plague as a defeat of the Egyptian pantheon by YHWH.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θεοῖς)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θεοῖς).
ἐποίησενexecuted / didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the divine act of judgment)→ constative aorist (the judgment as accomplished)ποιέω: 'do / make / execute'; ἐποίησεν τὴν ἐκδίκησιν ('executed the judgment/vengeance') renders עָשָׂה שְׁפָטִים; the LORD's act against the gods of Egypt is the theological climax of the plague.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐκδίκησιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκδίκησινjudgment / vengeanceAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἐκδίκησις: 'vengeance / vindication / judgment'; renders שְׁפָטִים / נָקָם; the judicial 'vindication' that the LORD enacts against Egypt's gods, asserting his sole sovereignty (cf. Exod 12:12).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν (resumptive, emphatic at clause-end)→ participant prominenceκύριος: surrogate for the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the repetition of κύριος at the verse's end emphatically names YHWH as the sole author of judgment on Egypt and its gods.
5
καὶ ἀπάραντες οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἐκ Ραμεσση παρενέβαλον εἰς Σοκχωθ
And the sons of Israel, setting out from Rameses, encamped at Succoth.
The repeating station-formula begins in earnest. This entry uses the aorist participle ἀπάραντες ('having set out') rather than the finite ἀπῆραν, but the pattern is the same: departure from X, encampment at Y. Succoth is the first stop after Rameses (cf. Exod 12:37).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπάραντεςhaving set outAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἀπαίρωcircumstantial participle (attendant departure)→ aorist participle (antecedent action: 'having broken camp')ἀπαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; the participial form of the itinerary-verb (cf. v. 3); renders נָסַע.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of παρενέβαλον→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the marching people.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (with υἱοί)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 1.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (departure-point)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (departure-point).
ΡαμεσσηRamesesindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΡαμεσση: Rameses; see v. 3.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aorist (the pitching of camp)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / pitch camp'; renders חָנָה; the second pole of the station-formula, recurring at nearly every verse (cognate with παρεμβολή, 'camp').
εἰςat / topreposition + accusative (place of encampment)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place of encampment).
ΣοκχωθSuccothindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΣοκχωθ: transliteration of סֻכּוֹת (Succoth, 'booths'); the first encampment after Rameses (cf. Exod 12:37; 13:20).
6
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Σοκχωθ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Βουθαν ὅ ἐστιν μέρος τι τῆς ἐρήμου
And they set out from Succoth and encamped at Buthan, which is a certain part of the wilderness.
The standard finite formula ἀπῆραν ἐκ X … παρενέβαλον εἰς Y, here with a gloss identifying Buthan (Etham) as lying on the edge of the wilderness (cf. Exod 13:20).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (departure-point)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (departure-point).
ΣοκχωθSuccothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΣοκχωθ: Succoth; see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'; see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΒουθανButhan (Etham)indeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΒουθαν: the LXX rendering of Hebrew אֵתָם (Etham); located at the edge of the wilderness (Exod 13:20).
ὅwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter; introduces the explanatory gloss on Buthan.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (in explanatory relative clause)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the explanatory ὅ ἐστιν ('which is') glosses the place's location.
μέροςpartNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceμέρος: 'part / portion'; identifies Buthan as lying within the wilderness region.
τιa certainNominativeindefinite pronoun (modifying μέρος)→ participant referenceτις: indefinite 'a certain'; 'a certain part of the wilderness'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'of the wilderness')→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; the great theatre of the forty-year journey.
7
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Βουθαν καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ στόμα Εϊρωθ ὅ ἐστιν ἀπέναντι Βεελσεπφων καὶ παρενέβαλον ἀπέναντι Μαγδώλου
And they set out from Buthan and encamped at the mouth of Hiroth, which is opposite Baal-zephon; and they encamped opposite Magdol.
The famous pre-crossing site: 'the mouth of Hiroth' (στόμα Εϊρωθ = Pi-hahiroth) opposite Baal-zephon and Magdol (cf. Exod 14:2, 9), the place where Israel encamped by the sea before the crossing.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΒουθανButhan (Etham)indeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΒουθαν: Etham; see v. 6.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
στόμαmouthAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (with Εϊρωθ)→ object specificationστόμα: 'mouth / opening'; στόμα Εϊρωθ renders פִּי הַחִירֹת (Pi-hahiroth), where 'Pi' ('mouth') was understood as Greek στόμα.
ΕϊρωθHirothindeclinable place-name→ participant identificationΕϊρωθ: the second element of Pi-hahiroth (חִירֹת); the camp by the sea before the crossing (Exod 14:2).
ὅwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (explanatory clause)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; explanatory gloss locating Hiroth.
ἀπέναντιoppositepreposition + genitive (location: 'over against')→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: 'opposite / over against'; renders לִפְנֵי / נֹכַח; locates Hiroth relative to Baal-zephon (cf. Exod 14:2).
ΒεελσεπφωνBaal-zephonindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπέναντι)→ participant identificationΒεελσεπφων: transliteration of בַּעַל צְפֹן (Baal-zephon), a landmark opposite the camp (Exod 14:2, 9).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (resumptive encampment)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5; the repeated verb specifies the encampment more precisely 'opposite Magdol'.
ἀπέναντιoppositepreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: see above; here locating the camp over against Magdol.
ΜαγδώλουMagdolplace-name (object of ἀπέναντι)→ participant identificationΜάγδωλος: transliteration of מִגְדֹּל (Migdol, 'tower'); a fortified landmark near the crossing-point (cf. Exod 14:2).
8
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἀπέναντι Εϊρωθ καὶ διέβησαν μέσον τῆς θαλάσσης εἰς τὴν ἔρημον καὶ ἐπορεύθησαν ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν διὰ τῆς ἐρήμου αὐτοὶ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Πικρίαις
And they set out from opposite Hiroth and crossed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and they went a three days' journey through the wilderness, they themselves, and encamped at Pikriai (the Bitter-places).
The pivotal leg: the crossing of the sea (διέβησαν μέσον τῆς θαλάσσης), then a three days' march into the wilderness to the bitter waters, here transliterated/translated as Πικρίαι ('Bitternesses') for Marah (cf. Exod 15:22–23). The formula is expanded with the verbs διέβησαν and ἐπορεύθησαν to narrate the deliverance at the sea.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἀπέναντιfrom oppositepreposition + genitive (departure-point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: see v. 7; here marking the departure 'from over against' Hiroth.
ΕϊρωθHirothindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπέναντι)→ participant identificationΕϊρωθ: see v. 7.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέβησανthey crossedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · διαβαίνωmain verb (the sea-crossing)→ constative aorist (the crossing as accomplished deliverance)διαβαίνω: 'cross over / pass through'; renders עָבַר; the verb of the sea-crossing (cf. Exod 14:22), the central act of deliverance now folded into the itinerary.
μέσονmidstAccusativeadverbial accusative (through the middle of)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; μέσον τῆς θαλάσσης ('through the midst of the sea'), the path between the divided waters.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive (with μέσον)→ relational specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם; the Red Sea (יַם סוּף), named explicitly at vv. 10–11.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; see v. 6; the wilderness of Shur/Etham entered after the crossing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθησανthey wentAor Pass(Dep) Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (the march)→ constative aorist (the three days' march)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey / march'; renders הָלַךְ; the three days' journey to Marah (Exod 15:22).
ὁδὸνjourney / wayAccusativecognate/adverbial accusative (extent: 'a journey of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'road / way / journey'; ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν ('a three days' journey') is an idiom of distance (cf. Exod 15:22).
τριῶνthreeGenitiveattributive numeral (modifying ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς: 'three'; the genitive τριῶν with ἡμερῶν measures the march.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of measure (with ὁδόν)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the three days without water before Marah.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (path)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (path).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; see v. 6.
αὐτοὶthey themselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic resumptive subject)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'they themselves'; emphatic resumption of the subject before the encampment-clause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΠικρίαιςPikriai (Bitter-places)Dativeplace-name (object of ἐν); rendered as a Greek common noun→ sphere or referenceπικρία: 'bitterness'; the LXX renders Marah (מָרָה, 'bitter') as Πικρίαι ('Bitternesses / the Bitter-places'), translating rather than transliterating the name of the bitter waters (cf. Exod 15:23); declined as a true Greek noun, hence kind 'n' and dative case.
9
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Πικριῶν καὶ ἦλθον εἰς Αιλιμ καὶ ἐν Αιλιμ δώδεκα πηγαὶ ὑδάτων καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα στελέχη φοινίκων καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐκεῖ παρὰ τὸ ὕδωρ
And they set out from Pikriai and came to Elim; and at Elim there were twelve springs of water and seventy trunks of palm-trees, and they encamped there beside the water.
The formula expanded with the memorable oasis-detail of Elim's twelve springs and seventy palms (cf. Exod 15:27) — a moment of refreshment after the bitter waters.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΠικριῶνPikriai (Bitter-places)Genitiveplace-name (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationπικρία: 'bitterness'; Marah; see v. 8; genitive plural Πικριῶν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; here 'came to Elim', a variation on the usual παρενέβαλον.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
ΑιλιμElimindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΑιλιμ: transliteration of אֵילִם (Elim); the oasis of twelve springs and seventy palms (Exod 15:27).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑιλιμElimindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΑιλιμ: see above.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable numeral (modifying πηγαί)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; the twelve springs, evocatively matching the twelve tribes.
πηγαὶspringsNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceπηγή: 'spring / fountain'; renders עַיִן; the twelve springs of Elim.
ὑδάτωνof watersGenitivegenitive (of definition, with πηγαί)→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; 'springs of waters'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑβδομήκονταseventyindeclinable numeral (modifying στελέχη)→ measure or countἑβδομήκοντα: 'seventy'; the seventy palms, perhaps echoing the seventy of Israel's household (Exod 1:5).
στελέχηtrunks / stemsNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceστέλεχος: 'trunk / stem (of a tree)'; renders the Hebrew 'palm trees' by reference to their trunks; 'seventy trunks of palms'.
φοινίκωνof palm-treesGenitivegenitive (of definition, with στελέχη)→ relational specificationφοῖνιξ: 'palm-tree'; renders תָּמָר; the seventy palms of Elim.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at Elim, beside the water.
παρὰbesidepreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the springs beside which Israel camped.
10
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐξ Αιλιμ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ θάλασσαν ἐρυθράν
And they set out from Elim and encamped by the Red Sea.
A plain instance of the formula; the Red Sea encampment is unique to this itinerary (not in Exodus' narrative sequence).
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before vowel).
ΑιλιμElimindeclinable place-name (object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΑιλιμ: see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐπὶbypreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; with ἐρυθράν, the Red Sea.
ἐρυθράνRedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θάλασσαν)→ object specificationἐρυθρός: 'red'; θάλασσα ἐρυθρά is the standard LXX rendering of יַם סוּף ('Sea of Reeds') as the 'Red Sea'.
11
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ἐρυθρᾶς καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς τὴν ἔρημον Σιν
And they set out from the Red Sea and encamped in the wilderness of Sin.
The wilderness of Sin (Σιν), the manna-and-quail region between Elim and Sinai (Exod 16:1).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; the Red Sea, with ἐρυθρᾶς.
ἐρυθρᾶςRedGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying θαλάσσης)→ relational specificationἐρυθρός: 'red'; see v. 10.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (with Σιν)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; see v. 6; here the wilderness of Sin.
Σινof Sinindeclinable place-name (with ἔρημον)→ participant identificationΣιν: transliteration of סִין (Sin); the wilderness where manna and quail were first given (Exod 16:1) — not to be confused with Sinai (Σινα, v. 15).
12
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου Σιν καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Ραφακα
And they set out from the wilderness of Sin and encamped at Raphaka.
Plain formula; Raphaka (Dophkah) is otherwise unknown outside the itinerary.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (with Σιν)→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; see v. 6.
Σινof Sinindeclinable place-name (with ἐρήμου)→ participant identificationΣιν: see v. 11.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΡαφακαRaphakaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΡαφακα: the LXX rendering of דָּפְקָה (Dophkah); an unidentified station.
13
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Ραφακα καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Αιλους
And they set out from Raphaka and encamped at Ailous.
Plain formula; Ailous (Alush) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΡαφακαRaphakaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΡαφακα: Dophkah; see v. 12.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΑιλουςAilousindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΑιλους: the LXX rendering of אָלוּשׁ (Alush); an unidentified station.
14
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐξ Αιλους καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Ραφιδιν καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὕδωρ τῷ λαῷ πιεῖν ἐκεῖ
And they set out from Ailous and encamped at Rephidim; and there was no water there for the people to drink.
The formula expanded with the note that there was no water at Rephidim — the setting of Massah-and-Meribah and the water from the rock (Exod 17:1–7).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before vowel).
ΑιλουςAilousindeclinable place-name (object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΑιλους: Alush; see v. 13.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΡαφιδινRephidimindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΡαφιδιν: transliteration of רְפִידִים (Rephidim); site of the waterless complaint and the rock at Horeb (Exod 17:1–7) and the battle with Amalek (17:8–16).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing gloss)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative; 'there was not'.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of existence (impersonal)→ imperfect of existence (the lack of water as a state)εἰμί: 'be / there is'; the imperfect ἦν here = 'there was (no water)'.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the lack of which provoked the Rephidim crisis.
τῷfor theDativearticle (with λαῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative of advantage ('for the people')→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; here the thirsting Israelites.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωepexegetic infinitive (water 'to drink')→ aorist infinitive (purpose/explanation)πίνω: 'drink'; the epexegetic infinitive specifies the purpose of the absent water.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at Rephidim.
15
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Ραφιδιν καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Σινα
And they set out from Rephidim and encamped in the wilderness of Sinai.
Arrival at the wilderness of Sinai (Σινα), the place of the covenant and the law (Exod 19:1–2) — the great central station of the journey, here reduced to a single line of the formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΡαφιδινRephidimindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΡαφιδιν: see v. 14.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative object of ἐν (with Σινα)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; see v. 6; here the wilderness of Sinai.
Σιναof Sinaiindeclinable place-name (with ἐρήμῳ)→ participant identificationΣινα: transliteration of סִינַי (Sinai); the mountain of the covenant (distinct from Σιν, the wilderness of Sin, vv. 11–12).
16
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου Σινα καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Μνήμασιν τῆς ἐπιθυμίας
And they set out from the wilderness of Sinai and encamped at the Graves of Craving.
Departure from Sinai to Μνήματα τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ('the Graves of Craving' = Kibroth-hattaavah), where the people who craved meat were struck down and buried (Num 11:34) — the LXX translates rather than transliterates the name.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (with Σινα)→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; see v. 6.
Σιναof Sinaiindeclinable place-name (with ἐρήμου)→ participant identificationΣινα: see v. 15.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΜνήμασινGraves (Memorials)Dativeplace-name rendered as common noun (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceμνῆμα: 'grave / tomb / memorial'; the LXX renders Kibroth-hattaavah (קִבְרוֹת הַתַּאֲוָה, 'graves of craving') as Μνήματα τῆς ἐπιθυμίας, translating the name; declined as a Greek noun (dat. pl. Μνήμασιν), hence kind 'n'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμίαςcraving / desireGenitivegenitive of definition (with Μνήμασιν)→ relational specificationἐπιθυμία: 'desire / craving / lust'; renders תַּאֲוָה; the craving for meat that brought the plague and the graves (Num 11:4, 33–34).
17
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Μνημάτων ἐπιθυμίας καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Ασηρωθ
And they set out from the Graves of Craving and encamped at Hazeroth.
Hazeroth (Ασηρωθ), where Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses (Num 12:1, 16).
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΜνημάτωνGraves (Memorials)Genitiveplace-name as common noun (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationμνῆμα: 'grave'; Kibroth-hattaavah; see v. 16 (gen. pl. Μνημάτων).
ἐπιθυμίαςof cravingGenitivegenitive of definition (with Μνημάτων)→ relational specificationἐπιθυμία: 'craving'; see v. 16.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΑσηρωθHazerothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΑσηρωθ: transliteration of חֲצֵרוֹת (Hazeroth); the site of Miriam's and Aaron's challenge to Moses (Num 12).
18
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐξ Ασηρωθ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Ραθαμα
And they set out from Hazeroth and encamped at Rathama.
Plain formula; Rathama (Rithmah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before vowel).
ΑσηρωθHazerothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΑσηρωθ: see v. 17.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΡαθαμαRathamaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΡαθαμα: the LXX rendering of רִתְמָה (Rithmah, 'broom-shrub place'); an unidentified station.
19
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Ραθαμα καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Ρεμμων Φαρες
And they set out from Rathama and encamped at Rimmon-perez.
Plain formula; Rimmon-perez (Ρεμμων Φαρες) is an unidentified two-element station-name.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΡαθαμαRathamaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΡαθαμα: see v. 18.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΡεμμωνRimmonindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν; first element)→ participant identificationΡεμμων: transliteration of רִמֹּן (Rimmon, 'pomegranate'); first element of Rimmon-perez.
Φαρεςperezindeclinable place-name (second element)→ participant identificationΦαρες: transliteration of פֶּרֶץ (perez, 'breach'); second element of the compound station-name Rimmon-perez.
20
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Ρεμμων Φαρες καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Λεμωνα
And they set out from Rimmon-perez and encamped at Lemona.
Plain formula; Lemona (Libnah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΡεμμωνRimmonindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ; first element)→ participant identificationΡεμμων: see v. 19.
Φαρεςperezindeclinable place-name (second element)→ participant identificationΦαρες: see v. 19.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΛεμωναLemonaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΛεμωνα: the LXX rendering of לִבְנָה (Libnah); an unidentified station.
21
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Λεμωνα καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Δεσσα
And they set out from Lemona and encamped at Dessa.
Plain formula; Dessa (Rissah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΛεμωναLemonaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΛεμωνα: Libnah; see v. 20.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΔεσσαDessaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΔεσσα: the LXX rendering of רִסָּה (Rissah); an unidentified station.
22
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Δεσσα καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Μακελλαθ
And they set out from Dessa and encamped at Makellath.
Plain formula; Makellath (Kehelathah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΔεσσαDessaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΔεσσα: see v. 21.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΜακελλαθMakellathindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΜακελλαθ: the LXX rendering of קְהֵלָתָה (Kehelathah, 'assembly'); an unidentified station.
23
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Μακελλαθ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Σαφαρ
And they set out from Makellath and encamped at Saphar.
Plain formula; Saphar (Mount Shapher) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΜακελλαθMakellathindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΜακελλαθ: see v. 22.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΣαφαρSapharindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΣαφαρ: the LXX rendering of שָׁפֶר (Shapher, a mountain); an unidentified station.
24
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Σαφαρ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Χαραδαθ
And they set out from Saphar and encamped at Charadath.
Plain formula; Charadath (Haradah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΣαφαρSapharindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΣαφαρ: see v. 23.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΧαραδαθCharadathindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΧαραδαθ: the LXX rendering of חֲרָדָה (Haradah, 'trembling'); an unidentified station.
25
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Χαραδαθ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Μακηλωθ
And they set out from Charadath and encamped at Makeloth.
Plain formula; Makeloth (Makheloth) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΧαραδαθCharadathindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΧαραδαθ: see v. 24.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΜακηλωθMakelothindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΜακηλωθ: the LXX rendering of מַקְהֵלֹת (Makheloth, 'assemblies'); an unidentified station.
26
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Μακηλωθ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Κατααθ
And they set out from Makeloth and encamped at Kataath.
Plain formula; Kataath (Tahath) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΜακηλωθMakelothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΜακηλωθ: see v. 25.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΚατααθKataathindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΚατααθ: the LXX rendering of תַּחַת (Tahath); an unidentified station.
27
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Κατααθ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Ταραθ
And they set out from Kataath and encamped at Tarath.
Plain formula; Tarath (Terah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΚατααθKataathindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΚατααθ: see v. 26.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΤαραθTarathindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΤαραθ: the LXX rendering of תָּרַח (Terah); an unidentified station.
28
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Ταραθ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Ματεκκα
And they set out from Tarath and encamped at Matekka.
Plain formula; Matekka (Mithkah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΤαραθTarathindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΤαραθ: see v. 27.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΜατεκκαMatekkaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΜατεκκα: the LXX rendering of מִתְקָה (Mithkah, 'sweetness'); an unidentified station.
29
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Ματεκκα καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Σελμωνα
And they set out from Matekka and encamped at Selmona.
Plain formula; here Σελμωνα renders Hashmonah (note the same Greek form recurs for Zalmonah at vv. 41–42).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΜατεκκαMatekkaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΜατεκκα: see v. 28.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΣελμωναSelmona (Hashmonah)indeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΣελμωνα: here the LXX rendering of חַשְׁמֹנָה (Hashmonah); an unidentified station (the same Greek form renders Zalmonah at v. 41).
30
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Σελμωνα καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Μασσουρουθ
And they set out from Selmona and encamped at Massourouth.
Plain formula; Massourouth (Moseroth) is an unidentified station, associated elsewhere with Aaron's death-region (Deut 10:6).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΣελμωναSelmona (Hashmonah)indeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΣελμωνα: see v. 29.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΜασσουρουθMassourouthindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΜασσουρουθ: the LXX rendering of מֹסֵרוֹת (Moseroth, 'bonds'); an unidentified station (cf. Deut 10:6).
31
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Μασσουρουθ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Βαναια
And they set out from Massourouth and encamped at Banaia.
Plain formula; Banaia (Bene-jaakan) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΜασσουρουθMassourouthindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΜασσουρουθ: see v. 30.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΒαναιαBanaiaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΒαναια: the LXX rendering of בְּנֵי יַעֲקָן (Bene-jaakan, 'sons of Jaakan'); an unidentified station.
32
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Βαναια καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς τὸ ὄρος Γαδγαδ
And they set out from Banaia and encamped at the mountain of Gadgad.
The formula with a common-noun element: 'the mountain (τὸ ὄρος) of Gadgad' renders Hor-haggidgad (cf. Deut 10:7, Gudgodah).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΒαναιαBanaiaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΒαναια: see v. 31.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (with Γαδγαδ)→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain / mount'; renders הֹר ('Hor', mountain); τὸ ὄρος Γαδγαδ = the mountain of Gadgad.
ΓαδγαδGadgadindeclinable place-name (with ὄρος)→ participant identificationΓαδγαδ: transliteration of גִּדְגָּד (Gidgad), the mountain Hor-haggidgad (cf. Gudgodah, Deut 10:7); an unidentified station.
33
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους Γαδγαδ καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Ετεβαθα
And they set out from the mountain of Gadgad and encamped at Etebatha.
Plain formula; Etebatha (Jotbathah) is described elsewhere as a land of water-brooks (Deut 10:7).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (with Γαδγαδ)→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; see v. 32.
ΓαδγαδGadgadindeclinable place-name (with ὄρους)→ participant identificationΓαδγαδ: see v. 32.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΕτεβαθαEtebathaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΕτεβαθα: the LXX rendering of יָטְבָתָה (Jotbathah, 'pleasantness'); a land of water-brooks (Deut 10:7).
34
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐξ Ετεβαθα καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Εβρωνα
And they set out from Etebatha and encamped at Ebrona.
Plain formula; Ebrona (Abronah) is an unidentified station.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before vowel).
ΕτεβαθαEtebathaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΕτεβαθα: see v. 33.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΕβρωναEbronaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΕβρωνα: the LXX rendering of עַבְרֹנָה (Abronah); an unidentified station near the Gulf of Aqaba.
35
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐξ Εβρωνα καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Γεσιωνγαβερ
And they set out from Ebrona and encamped at Ezion-geber.
Plain formula; Ezion-geber (Γεσιωνγαβερ), the port on the Gulf of Aqaba later used by Solomon (1 Kgs 9:26).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before vowel).
ΕβρωναEbronaindeclinable place-name (object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΕβρωνα: see v. 34.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΓεσιωνγαβερEzion-geberindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΓεσιωνγαβερ: transliteration of עֶצְיוֹן גֶּבֶר (Ezion-geber); the port at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba (cf. Deut 2:8; 1 Kgs 9:26).
36
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Γεσιωνγαβερ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Σιν καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου Σιν καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς τὴν ἔρημον Φαραν αὕτη ἐστὶν Καδης
And they set out from Ezion-geber and encamped in the wilderness of Sin; and they set out from the wilderness of Sin and encamped in the wilderness of Pharan — this is Kadesh.
A doubled formula reaching the wilderness of Zin and then Pharan, glossed 'this is Kadesh' — the pivotal site of the spies and the rebellion of the wilderness generation (Num 13–14, 20). Kadesh marks the southern threshold of the promised land.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΓεσιωνγαβερEzion-geberindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΓεσιωνγαβερ: see v. 35.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative object of ἐν (with Σιν)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; here the wilderness of Zin (Σιν), the region around Kadesh — distinct from the wilderness of Sin near Sinai (vv. 11–12) though spelled the same in Greek.
Σινof Zinindeclinable place-name (with ἐρήμῳ)→ participant identificationΣιν: here renders צִן (Zin), the wilderness near Kadesh (cf. Num 20:1; 27:14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (second departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3; the doubled formula compresses two legs into one verse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (with Σιν)→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the wilderness of Zin.
Σινof Zinindeclinable place-name (with ἐρήμου)→ participant identificationΣιν: see above (Zin).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (with Φαραν)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the wilderness of Pharan.
Φαρανof Pharanindeclinable place-name (with ἔρημον)→ participant identificationΦαραν: transliteration of פָּארָן (Paran); the wilderness from which the spies were sent (Num 13:3, 26).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of identifying clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the gloss αὕτη ἐστὶν Καδης ('this is Kadesh') identifies the Paran-encampment with Kadesh.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (identifying clause)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; identifies the encampment as Kadesh.
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable place-name (predicate of ἐστίν)→ participant identificationΚαδης: transliteration of קָדֵשׁ (Kadesh / Kadesh-barnea); the place of the spies' return, the people's rebellion, and Miriam's death (Num 13–14; 20:1).
37
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Καδης καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Ωρ τὸ ὄρος πλησίον γῆς Εδωμ
And they set out from Kadesh and encamped at Hor the mountain, near the land of Edom.
The formula reaches Mount Hor (Ωρ τὸ ὄρος) by the border of Edom — the place of Aaron's death, narrated in the next verses (cf. Num 20:22–29).
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΚαδης: see v. 36.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΩρHorindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΩρ: transliteration of הֹר (Hor); the mountain on the border of Edom where Aaron died (Num 20:22–29).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος, in apposition to Ωρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative in apposition ('Hor the mountain')→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; Ωρ τὸ ὄρος ('Hor the mountain') renders הֹר הָהָר; the appositional 'the mountain' is a fixed epithet of Hor.
πλησίονnearadverb/improper preposition + genitive (proximity)→ spatial or relational framingπλησίον: 'near / close to'; here governs γῆς Εδωμ, locating Hor on the Edomite frontier.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (with πλησίον)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; γῆ Εδωμ, the land of Edom.
Εδωμof Edomindeclinable place-name (with γῆς)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliteration of אֱדוֹם (Edom); the territory of Esau's descendants bordering Mount Hor (cf. Num 20:14–21).
38
καὶ ἀνέβη Ααρων ὁ ἱερεὺς διὰ προστάγματος κυρίου καὶ ἀπέθανεν ἐκεῖ ἐν τῷ τεσσαρακοστῷ ἔτει τῆς ἐξόδου τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου τῷ μηνὶ τῷ πέμπτῳ μιᾷ τοῦ μηνός
And Aaron the priest went up Mount Hor by the command of the LORD, and died there in the fortieth year of the exodus of the sons of Israel from the land of Egypt, in the fifth month, on the first day of the month.
The itinerary pauses for the chapter's first major narrative interruption: Aaron the high priest ascends Mount Hor 'by the command of the LORD' (διὰ προστάγματος κυρίου, echoing the διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου of v. 2) and dies there, with a precise date — the fortieth year, fifth month, first day. The dating anchors the whole journey chronologically (cf. Num 20:22–29; 33:3 dated the start).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the embedded narrative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (Aaron's ascent)→ constative aorist (the ascent of the mountain)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; Aaron's ascent of Mount Hor to die, stripped of his priestly garments which passed to Eleazar (Num 20:25–28).
ΑαρωνAaronNominativesubject of ἀνέβη→ participant prominenceΑαρων: see v. 1; here named with his title ὁ ἱερεύς.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativeapposition to Ααρων→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; Aaron the high priest, whose death marks the end of the first priestly generation.
διὰbypreposition + genitive (means/command)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'by means of / by command of'; διὰ προστάγματος κυρίου echoes διὰ ῥήματος κυρίου (v. 2), framing Aaron's death as a divinely ordained act.
προστάγματοςcommandGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationπρόσταγμα: 'command / ordinance / decree'; renders פֶּה / מִצְוָה; the LORD's express order that Aaron die on the mountain (Num 20:24).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (whose command)→ relational specificationκύριος: the surrogate for the Tetragrammaton יהוה; Aaron's death is by the LORD's decree.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (Aaron's death)→ constative aorist (the death as accomplished fact)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the death of Aaron on Mount Hor.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; on Mount Hor.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time-when)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (time-when).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεσσαρακοστῷfortiethDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceτεσσαρακοστός: 'fortieth'; the fortieth year of the wilderness journey — the end of the forty-year sentence of the wilderness generation (Num 14:33–34).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the fortieth year dates Aaron's death near the journey's end.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐξόδου)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξόδουexodus / going-outGenitivegenitive (reckoning-point: 'of the exodus')→ relational specificationἔξοδος: 'going-out / departure / exodus'; cognate with ἐξῆλθον (vv. 1, 3); the noun that names the whole event and the second book of the Pentateuch; the chronology is reckoned from it.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of definition (whose exodus)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, whose exodus dates the reckoning.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (with υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 1.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; γῆ Αἰγύπτου.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of location (with γῆς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: see v. 1.
τῷin theDativearticle (with μηνί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; see v. 3.
τῷtheDativearticle (with πέμπτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέμπτῳfifthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceπέμπτος: 'fifth'; the fifth month (Ab) of the fortieth year.
μιᾷfirst / on day oneDativedative of time (cardinal for ordinal: 'on the first')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; μιᾷ τοῦ μηνός ('on the first of the month'), a cardinal used for the date, rendering Hebrew בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μηνός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthGenitivegenitive of time (with μιᾷ)→ relational specificationμήν: 'month'; 'on the first day of the month'.
39
καὶ Ααρων ἦν τριῶν καὶ εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν ὅτε ἀπέθνῃσκεν ἐν Ωρ τῷ ὄρει
And Aaron was a hundred and twenty-three years old when he died on Mount Hor.
A closing chronological note giving Aaron's age (123) at his death on Mount Hor; the imperfect ἀπέθνῃσκεν ('was dying') views the death as a process, completing the obituary of v. 38.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceΑαρων: see v. 1.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with age-expression)→ imperfect of state (Aaron's age)εἰμί: 'be'; with the genitive of measure ἐτῶν, the idiom 'was ... years (old)'.
τριῶνthreeGenitivegenitive numeral (part of age)→ relational specificationτρεῖς: 'three'; the units of Aaron's age, 123 (3 + 20 + 100).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (numeral linkage)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (part of age)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; the tens of Aaron's age.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (numeral linkage)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκατὸνhundredindeclinable numeral (part of age)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'one hundred'; the hundreds of Aaron's age; total 123.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age)→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; the genitive of measure with ἦν expresses age.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: 'when'; introduces the temporal clause of his death.
ἀπέθνῃσκενhe was dying / diedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of temporal clause→ imperfect (death viewed as a process)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the imperfect ἀπέθνῃσκεν ('was dying / came to die') views the moment of death durationally, in contrast to the aorist ἀπέθανεν of v. 38.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΩρHorindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΩρ: Mount Hor; see v. 37.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει, in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative in apposition ('Hor the mountain')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; Ωρ τῷ ὄρει = 'on Hor the mountain'; see v. 37.
40
καὶ ἀκούσας ὁ Χανανις βασιλεὺς Αραδ καὶ οὗτος κατῴκει ἐν γῇ Χανααν ὅτε εἰσεπορεύοντο οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ
And the Canaanite, the king of Arad — and he was dwelling in the land of Canaan — heard, when the sons of Israel were entering.
A second narrative interruption: the Canaanite king of Arad, dwelling in the land of Canaan, 'heard' of Israel's approach (cf. Num 21:1) — a foretaste of the conquest. The construction is anacoluthic (the participle ἀκούσας lacks a finite main verb), a Hebraizing trace.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (anacoluthic, no finite verb)→ aorist participle (antecedent perception)ἀκούω: 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; the king of Arad 'heard' of Israel's coming; the participle stands without a completing finite verb, a syntactic gap echoing the Hebrew (cf. Num 21:1).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with Χανανις)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧανανιςCanaaniteNominativesubject (the Canaanite)→ participant prominenceΧαναναῖος / Χανανις: 'Canaanite'; the gentilic of Canaan; here the king of Arad in the Negeb.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition to Χανανις→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the king of Arad who would later attack Israel (Num 21:1).
Αραδof Aradindeclinable place-name (with βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΑραδ: transliteration of עֲרָד (Arad); a Canaanite city in the Negeb.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing parenthetic note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςhe / this oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one / he'; resumes the king as subject of κατῴκει in a parenthetic clause.
κατῴκειwas dwellingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωverb of parenthetic clause (durative background)→ imperfect of ongoing residenceκατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; the imperfect describes the king's settled habitation in Canaan — the land Israel is about to enter and dispossess (cf. vv. 52–53).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; γῆ Χανααν, the land of promise.
Χαναανof Canaanindeclinable place-name (with γῇ)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliteration of כְּנַעַן (Canaan); the promised land that the itinerary has been approaching.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: 'when'; introduces the time of the king's hearing.
εἰσεπορεύοντοwere enteringImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰσπορεύομαιverb of temporal clause (durative)→ imperfect of action in progress (the approach to Canaan)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; renders בּוֹא; the imperfect depicts Israel's entry as underway — the moment that alarmed the Canaanite king.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of εἰσεπορεύοντο→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (with υἱοί)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 1.
41
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐξ Ωρ τοῦ ὄρους καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Σελμωνα
And they set out from Hor the mountain and encamped at Selmona.
The itinerary resumes after the Aaron-narrative; Σελμωνα here renders Zalmonah (the same Greek form rendered Hashmonah at v. 29).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before vowel).
ΩρHorindeclinable place-name (object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΩρ: Mount Hor; see v. 37.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive in apposition ('Hor the mountain')→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; see v. 37.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΣελμωναSelmona (Zalmonah)indeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΣελμωνα: here renders צַלְמֹנָה (Zalmonah); an unidentified station (the same Greek form rendered Hashmonah at v. 29).
42
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Σελμωνα καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Φινω
And they set out from Selmona and encamped at Phino.
Plain formula; Phino (Punon) is associated with copper-mining in Edomite territory.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΣελμωναSelmona (Zalmonah)indeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΣελμωνα: see v. 41.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΦινωPhinoindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΦινω: the LXX rendering of פּוּנֹן (Punon); a copper-mining region in Edom, possibly the setting of the bronze serpent episode (Num 21:4–9).
43
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Φινω καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Ωβωθ
And they set out from Phino and encamped at Oboth.
Plain formula; Oboth (Ωβωθ) is named also at Num 21:10–11.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΦινωPhinoindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΦινω: see v. 42.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΩβωθObothindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΩβωθ: transliteration of אֹבֹת (Oboth); a station east of Edom (cf. Num 21:10–11).
44
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐξ Ωβωθ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Γαι ἐν τῷ πέραν ἐπὶ τῶν ὁρίων Μωαβ
And they set out from Oboth and encamped at Gai, in the region beyond, on the borders of Moab.
Gai (Iye-abarim, 'the ruins of Abarim') 'in the region beyond, on the borders of Moab' (cf. Num 21:11) — the army has now reached the edge of Moabite territory in Transjordan.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before vowel).
ΩβωθObothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΩβωθ: see v. 43.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΓαιGai (Iye-abarim)indeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΓαι: the LXX rendering of עִיֵּי הָעֲבָרִים (Iye-abarim, 'ruins of Abarim'); a station on the Moabite frontier (cf. Num 21:11).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locating gloss)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locating gloss).
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing πέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανbeyond / the far sideadverb substantivized by τῷ ('the region beyond')→ clausal contributionπέραν: 'across / beyond / the other side'; ἐν τῷ πέραν ('in the region beyond') refers to Transjordan, the territory east of the Jordan and Dead Sea.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὁρίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationὅριον: 'boundary / border / territory'; renders גְּבוּל; τὰ ὅρια Μωαβ, the frontier of Moab.
Μωαβof Moabindeclinable place-name (with ὁρίων)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliteration of מוֹאָב (Moab); the Transjordanian kingdom whose plains become Israel's final encampment (vv. 48–50).
45
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Γαι καὶ παρενέβαλον εἰς Δαιβων Γαδ
And they set out from Gai and encamped at Dibon-gad.
Dibon-gad (Δαιβων Γαδ), a town later allotted to and rebuilt by Gad (Num 32:34).
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΓαιGai (Iye-abarim)indeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΓαι: see v. 44.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
ΔαιβωνDibonindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς; first element)→ participant identificationΔαιβων: transliteration of דִּיבֹן (Dibon); first element of Dibon-gad, a Moabite town later rebuilt by Gad (Num 32:34).
ΓαδGadindeclinable place-name (second element)→ participant identificationΓαδ: transliteration of גָּד (Gad); the tribal element of the compound name Dibon-gad.
46
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Δαιβων Γαδ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐν Γελμων Δεβλαθαιμ
And they set out from Dibon-gad and encamped at Gelmon-Diblathaim.
Plain formula; Almon-diblathaim (Γελμων Δεβλαθαιμ) is a Moabite station (cf. Jer 48:22, Beth-diblathaim).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΔαιβωνDibonindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ; first element)→ participant identificationΔαιβων: see v. 45.
ΓαδGadindeclinable place-name (second element)→ participant identificationΓαδ: see v. 45.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΓελμωνGelmon (Almon)indeclinable place-name (object of ἐν; first element)→ participant identificationΓελμων: the LXX rendering of עַלְמֹן (Almon); first element of Almon-diblathaim.
ΔεβλαθαιμDiblathaimindeclinable place-name (second element)→ participant identificationΔεβλαθαιμ: transliteration of דִּבְלָתָיְמָה (Diblathaim, 'two fig-cakes'); second element of the compound name (cf. Beth-diblathaim, Jer 48:22).
47
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἐκ Γελμων Δεβλαθαιμ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη τὰ Αβαριμ ἀπέναντι Ναβαυ
And they set out from Gelmon-Diblathaim and encamped at the mountains of Abarim, opposite Nebo.
The mountains of Abarim opposite Nebo (cf. Num 27:12; Deut 32:49) — the range from which Moses would view the land before his death; the journey nears its end.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΓελμωνGelmon (Almon)indeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ; first element)→ participant identificationΓελμων: see v. 46.
ΔεβλαθαιμDiblathaimindeclinable place-name (second element)→ participant identificationΔεβλαθαιμ: see v. 46.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (with Αβαριμ)→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; the plural τὰ ὄρη τὰ Αβαριμ = 'the mountains of Abarim', the range east of the Jordan.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with Αβαριμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβαριμAbarimindeclinable place-name (attributive with ὄρη)→ participant identificationΑβαριμ: transliteration of עֲבָרִים (Abarim, 'regions beyond'); the mountain range including Nebo and Pisgah (Num 27:12; Deut 32:49).
ἀπέναντιoppositepreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: 'opposite / over against'; see v. 7; here locating the camp facing Nebo.
ΝαβαυNeboindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπέναντι)→ participant identificationΝαβαυ: transliteration of נְבוֹ (Nebo); the peak of Abarim from which Moses viewed the land and died (Deut 34:1).
48
καὶ ἀπῆραν ἀπὸ ὀρέων Αβαριμ καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ δυσμῶν Μωαβ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ιορδάνου κατὰ Ιεριχω
And they set out from the mountains of Abarim and encamped at the west of Moab, by the Jordan opposite Jericho.
The last departure-and-encampment of the itinerary brings Israel to the plains of Moab (here ἐπὶ δυσμῶν Μωαβ, 'at the west of Moab') by the Jordan opposite Jericho — the staging-ground for the conquest and the setting of the closing command (vv. 50–56).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (departure-formula)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: see v. 3; the final occurrence of the departure-verb.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ὀρέωνmountainsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (with Αβαριμ)→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; gen. pl. ὀρέων; the mountains of Abarim; see v. 47.
ΑβαριμAbarimindeclinable place-name (with ὀρέων)→ participant identificationΑβαριμ: see v. 47.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment-formula)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5; the encampment that ends the forty-year journey.
ἐπὶatpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
δυσμῶνwestGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί ('at the west of')→ relational specificationδυσμή (pl. δυσμαί): 'setting (of the sun) / the west'; ἐπὶ δυσμῶν Μωαβ renders עַרְבֹת מוֹאָב ('the plains of Moab'), the lowland by the Jordan; the LXX construes it as the western side of Moab facing the river.
Μωαβof Moabindeclinable place-name (with δυσμῶν)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: see v. 44.
ἐπὶbypreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationΙορδάνης: the Jordan river (renders יַרְדֵּן); declined as a Greek noun (gen. Ιορδάνου), hence kind 'n'; the boundary Israel must cross into Canaan (v. 51).
κατὰopposite / over againstpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here 'opposite / over against'; κατὰ Ιεριχω, 'opposite Jericho'.
ΙεριχωJerichoindeclinable place-name (object of κατά)→ participant identificationΙεριχω: transliteration of יְרִיחוֹ (Jericho); the first Canaanite city to be taken (Josh 6); the camp lies directly across the Jordan from it.
49
καὶ παρενέβαλον παρὰ τὸν Ιορδάνην ἀνὰ μέσον Αισιμωθ ἕως Βελσαττιμ κατὰ δυσμὰς Μωαβ
And they encamped by the Jordan, between Aisimoth and as far as Belsattim, toward the west of Moab.
A closing note giving the breadth of the final camp along the Jordan — from Aisimoth (Beth-jeshimoth) to Belsattim (Abel-shittim) — the staging-ground for the conquest and the setting of Numbers 25–36. The encampment-verb stands alone (no ἀπῆραν), marking the journey's terminus.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλονthey encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (encampment, without preceding departure)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: see v. 5; here closing the itinerary with the extent of the camp.
παρὰby / alongsidepreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / along'; the camp stretches along the Jordan.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιορδάνην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationΙορδάνης: the Jordan; see v. 48 (declined Greek noun, kind 'n').
ἀνὰup / betweenpreposition (with μέσον: 'in the midst')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('between / in the midst of'), a fixed LXX phrase for an interval.
μέσονmidstAccusativeadverbial (with ἀνά: 'between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; ἀνὰ μέσον ... ἕως marks the span of the camp from one point to another.
ΑισιμωθAisimothindeclinable place-name→ participant identificationΑισιμωθ: the LXX rendering of בֵּית הַיְשִׁמוֹת (Beth-jeshimoth); the southern limit of the camp on the plains of Moab.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; marks the far end of the camp's extent.
ΒελσαττιμBelsattimindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)→ participant identificationΒελσαττιμ: the LXX rendering of אָבֵל הַשִּׁטִּים (Abel-shittim, 'meadow of acacias'); the northern limit of the camp and the site of the Baal-Peor apostasy (Num 25:1).
κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'toward / over against'; κατὰ δυσμάς, 'toward the west'.
δυσμὰςwestAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationδυσμή (pl. δυσμάς): 'the west'; the plains of Moab on the western edge facing the Jordan; see v. 48.
Μωαβof Moabindeclinable place-name (with δυσμάς)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: see v. 44.
50
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν ἐπὶ δυσμῶν Μωαβ παρὰ τὸν Ιορδάνην κατὰ Ιεριχω λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses at the west of Moab, by the Jordan opposite Jericho, saying:
The standard LXX speech-introduction καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν opens the chapter's concluding oracle. Its geographical anchoring (the plains of Moab, by the Jordan opposite Jericho) ties the command directly to the threshold of the land — the journey ended, the conquest begins.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν introduces direct YHWH-speech throughout Numbers.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: surrogate for the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine speaker of the closing command.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: see v. 1; the mediator who must relay the command to Israel (v. 51).
ἐπὶatpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
δυσμῶνwestGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί ('at the west of')→ relational specificationδυσμή: 'the west'; the plains of Moab; see v. 48.
Μωαβof Moabindeclinable place-name (with δυσμῶν)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: see v. 44.
παρὰbypreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιορδάνην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationΙορδάνης: the Jordan; see v. 48.
κατὰoppositepreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'opposite'; κατὰ Ιεριχω; see v. 48.
ΙεριχωJerichoindeclinable place-name (object of κατά)→ participant identificationΙεριχω: Jericho; see v. 48.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speaking (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (the Hebraizing לֵאמֹר marker)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the participle λέγων is the standard LXX rendering of לֵאמֹר ('saying'), the marker that introduces the quoted divine command of vv. 51 ff.
51
λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς ὑμεῖς διαβαίνετε τὸν Ιορδάνην εἰς γῆν Χανααν
Speak to the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them: You are crossing the Jordan into the land of Canaan.
The oracle proper begins with the commission to Moses to speak to Israel; the announcement ὑμεῖς διαβαίνετε τὸν Ιορδάνην ('you are crossing the Jordan') marks the imminent transition from wilderness to land, and grounds the conquest-commands that follow (vv. 52–56).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist imperative commissions Moses to relay the command (cf. the same form at Exod 11:2).
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object (addressees)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the sons of Israel, recipients of the command.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (with υἱοῖς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ imperatival future (command via future indicative, Hebraism)λέγω (fut. ἐρεῖς): 'you shall say'; the future used as a command (rendering the Hebrew weqatal), reinforcing λάλησον; introduces the words to be spoken to Israel.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the Israelites addressed.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic 'you' foregrounds Israel as the agents of the crossing and the coming dispossession.
διαβαίνετεyou are crossingPres Act Indic 2 Pl · διαβαίνωmain verb (announcement of the crossing)→ futuristic/imminent present (the crossing about to occur)διαβαίνω: 'cross over'; the same verb as the sea-crossing of v. 8, now of the Jordan; the present tense presents the crossing as imminent and certain.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιορδάνην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativedirect object of διαβαίνετε→ object specificationΙορδάνης: the Jordan; the boundary of the land; see v. 48.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; γῆ Χανααν, the land of promise to be entered and possessed.
Χαναανof Canaanindeclinable place-name (with γῆν)→ participant identificationΧανααν: see v. 40; the goal of the whole itinerary.
52
καὶ ἀπολεῖτε πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐν τῇ γῇ πρὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν καὶ ἐξαρεῖτε τὰς σκοπιὰς αὐτῶν καὶ πάντα τὰ εἴδωλα τὰ χωνευτὰ αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖτε αὐτὰ καὶ πάσας τὰς στήλας αὐτῶν ἐξαρεῖτε
Then you shall destroy all the inhabitants of the land before your face, and you shall remove their watchtowers, and all their molten idols you shall destroy, and all their pillars you shall remove.
The heart of the conquest-command: destroy the inhabitants and obliterate their cult — high places, molten idols, and standing-stones. The triad ἀπολεῖτε … ἐξαρεῖτε … ἀπολεῖτε … ἐξαρεῖτε (a chiastic four-fold drumbeat of destruction) renders the Hebrew imperatives of Num 33:52; the destruction of εἴδωλα χωνευτά ('molten idols') and στῆλαι ('pillars / cult-stelae') makes the command a religious as well as military one.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολεῖτεyou shall destroyFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (command via future indicative)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy / ruin / annihilate'; renders הוֹרִישׁ / אָבַד; the future has imperatival force; the command is to drive out / destroy the land's inhabitants (cf. Deut 7:2).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with κατοικοῦντας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the inhabitants — no remnant is to be tolerated (cf. v. 55).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with κατοικοῦντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitants / those dwellingPres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (direct object of ἀπολεῖτε)→ present participle (those currently dwelling)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the substantival participle οἱ κατοικοῦντες ('the inhabitants') names the Canaanite population to be dispossessed (cf. the Canaanite king's κατῴκει, v. 40).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the land of Canaan to be possessed.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before your face')→ spatial or relational framingπρό + gen.: 'before / in front of'; πρὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν renders מִפְּנֵיכֶם ('from before you'), a Hebraism for clearing them out of the way.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive (with πρό: 'before the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in the idiom πρὸ προσώπου, 'from before you'.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with προσώπου).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαρεῖτεyou shall removeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival futureἐξαίρω: 'take away / remove / destroy'; renders הוֹרִישׁ / הִשְׁמִיד; the command to abolish the Canaanite cult-installations.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with σκοπιάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκοπιὰςwatchtowers / high placesAccusativedirect object of ἐξαρεῖτε→ object specificationσκοπιά: 'lookout / watchtower / height'; here the LXX rendering of the Canaanite cult-objects (Hebrew מַשְׂכִּיֹּת, 'figured stones / carved images', or the high places); the 'watchtower-shrines' on the heights are to be removed.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with εἴδωλα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the idols to be destroyed.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with εἴδωλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδωλαidolsAccusativedirect object of the second ἀπολεῖτε→ object specificationεἴδωλον: 'image / idol'; renders צֶלֶם / אֱלִיל; the standard LXX word for pagan cult-images; here the molten idols of Canaan.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with χωνευτά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χωνευτὰmolten / castAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying εἴδωλα)→ object specificationχωνευτός: 'molten / cast (in metal)'; renders מַסֵּכָה; τὰ εἴδωλα τὰ χωνευτά = 'the molten/cast idols', metal images poured in a mould (cf. the golden calf, Exod 32:4).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπολεῖτεyou shall destroyFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (resumptive, with object αὐτά)→ imperatival futureἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy'; see above; the verb is repeated with a resumptive object αὐτά for emphasis.
αὐτὰthemAccusativeresumptive direct object (the idols)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; resumptive pronoun reinforcing τὰ εἴδωλα as the object of destruction (a Hebraizing redundancy).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with στήλας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the standing-stones.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with στήλας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήλαςpillars / standing-stonesAccusativedirect object of the final ἐξαρεῖτε→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar / standing-stone / stele'; renders מַצֵּבָה; the cultic standing-stones of Canaanite worship, to be torn down (cf. Exod 23:24; Deut 7:5).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐξαρεῖτεyou shall removeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (imperatival future, closing the command)→ imperatival futureἐξαίρω: 'remove / destroy'; see above; the fourth and final destruction-verb of the verse, closing the chiastic series.
53
καὶ ἀπολεῖτε πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὴν γῆν καὶ κατοικήσετε ἐν αὐτῇ ὑμῖν γὰρ δέδωκα τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν ἐν κλήρῳ
And you shall destroy all the inhabitants of the land, and you shall dwell in it; for to you I have given their land as an inheritance.
The command is restated and grounded in the divine gift: 'to you I have given their land as an inheritance (ἐν κλήρῳ, by lot).' The wordplay κατοικοῦντας ('those inhabiting') / κατοικήσετε ('you shall inhabit') captures the exchange — the Canaanites' dwelling is to become Israel's.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολεῖτεyou shall destroyFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival futureἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy'; see v. 52.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with κατοικοῦντας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; see v. 52.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with κατοικοῦντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitantsPres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (object of ἀπολεῖτε)→ present participleκατοικέω: 'dwell'; see v. 52; here with the accusative object τὴν γῆν ('inhabiting the land').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of κατοικοῦντας→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land they inhabit.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικήσετεyou shall dwellFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (consequence: Israel's dwelling)→ predictive future (the result of dispossession)κατοικέω: 'dwell'; the same verb now of Israel — the wordplay marks the exchange of inhabitants (those dispossessed / Israel possessing).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (the land)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'it'; the land in which Israel will dwell.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of advantage (emphatic, fronted)→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl. ὑμῖν): 'to you'; the fronted dative emphasizes that the land is given specifically to Israel.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the command to dispossess in the divine gift of the land.
δέδωκαI have givenPf Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine grant)→ perfect (a settled, accomplished gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; the perfect δέδωκα ('I have given') presents the land-grant as already accomplished in the divine purpose — Israel possesses by right of God's prior gift (cf. Gen 15:18).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of δέδωκα→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land given as inheritance.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Canaanites')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Canaanites').
ἐνas / bypreposition + dative (manner: 'by lot / as inheritance')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'by lot / as inheritance').
κλήρῳlot / inheritanceDativedative of manner (with ἐν: 'as an inheritance / by lot')→ sphere or referenceκλῆρος: 'lot / portion / inheritance'; renders נַחֲלָה / גּוֹרָל; ἐν κλήρῳ ('by lot / as an inheritance') points to the lot-based allotment of the land to the tribes (cf. v. 54; Josh 14–19).
54
καὶ κατακληρονομήσετε τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν ἐν κλήρῳ κατὰ φυλὰς ὑμῶν τοῖς πλείοσιν πληθυνεῖτε τὴν κατάσχεσιν αὐτῶν καὶ τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν ἐλαττώσετε τὴν κατάσχεσιν αὐτῶν εἰς ὃ ἐὰν ἐξέλθῃ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖ αὐτοῦ ἔσται κατὰ φυλὰς πατριῶν ὑμῶν κληρονομήσετε
And you shall apportion their land by lot according to your tribes; to the larger you shall increase their possession, and to the smaller you shall decrease their possession; wherever a man's name comes out, there it shall be his; you shall inherit according to your ancestral tribes.
The mechanics of the inheritance: the land is divided ἐν κλήρῳ ('by lot') and κατὰ φυλάς ('by tribes'), proportional to size (more to the many, less to the few), with the lot determining each clan's portion (cf. Num 26:52–56). The procedure binds providence (the lot) and equity (proportionality).
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακληρονομήσετεyou shall apportion as inheritanceFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κατακληρονομέωmain verb (imperatival/predictive future)→ imperatival future (command to divide by lot)κατακληρονομέω: 'distribute / take as inheritance by lot'; the intensive compound (κατά + κληρονομέω) emphasizes the complete parcelling-out of the land to the tribes (cf. Josh 14:1).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατακληρονομήσετε→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land to be apportioned.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Canaanites')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Canaanites').
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means: 'by lot')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means: 'by lot').
κλήρῳlotDativedative of means (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceκλῆρος: 'lot'; see v. 53; the casting of lots determines the tribal portions.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / by'; κατὰ φυλάς, 'tribe by tribe'.
φυλὰςtribesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; the twelve tribes among whom the land is divided.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with φυλάς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with φυλάς).
τοῖςto theDativearticle (substantival, with πλείοσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλείοσινmore / largerDativesubstantival comparative adjective (indirect object)→ sphere or referenceπλείων (comparative of πολύς): 'more / more numerous'; 'to the larger (tribes)' a greater portion is assigned, by proportionality (cf. Num 26:54).
πληθυνεῖτεyou shall increaseFut Act Indic 2 Pl · πληθύνωmain verb (proportional allotment)→ imperatival futureπληθύνω: 'multiply / increase / make many'; renders רָבָה; the larger tribes receive a larger κατάσχεσις.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κατάσχεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάσχεσινpossessionAccusativedirect object of πληθυνεῖτε→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; renders אֲחֻזָּה; the land-holding allotted to each tribe (cf. Gen 17:8).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (substantival, with ἐλάττοσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλάττοσινfewer / smallerDativesubstantival comparative adjective (indirect object)→ sphere or referenceἐλάττων (comparative of μικρός/ὀλίγος): 'fewer / smaller'; 'to the smaller (tribes)' a lesser portion is assigned.
ἐλαττώσετεyou shall decreaseFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐλαττόωmain verb (proportional allotment)→ imperatival futureἐλαττόω: 'lessen / diminish / make fewer'; the antithetical counterpart of πληθύνω — smaller tribes, smaller possession.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κατάσχεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάσχεσινpossessionAccusativedirect object of ἐλαττώσετε→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession'; see above.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (in the relative-clause idiom)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς ὅ: 'to whatever (place) / wherever'; introduces the lot-outcome clause.
ὃwhich / whereverAccusativerelative pronoun (with εἰς: 'wherever')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; εἰς ὃ ἐὰν ... = 'to wherever ...', the place the lot designates.
ἐὰνif / -everconditional particle (generalizing the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with the relative, generalizes it ('wherever / whoever'); takes the subjunctive ἐξέλθῃ.
ἐξέλθῃcomes outAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of the indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition: the lot's outcome)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come out'; the idiom 'wherever his name comes out (in the lot)' refers to the drawing of lots — the name that 'comes out' receives that portion (cf. Josh 19:1).
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of ἐξέλθῃ→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the clan-name drawn in the lot; 'wherever his name comes out'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὄνομα)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ὄνομα).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the place the lot designates becomes his.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepredicate genitive of possession ('it shall be his')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; ἐκεῖ αὐτοῦ ἔσται = 'there it shall be his' — the lot fixes his holding.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of possession)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; 'it shall be his' — the lot's result is binding.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ φυλὰς πατριῶν, 'by ancestral tribes'.
φυλὰςtribesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; see above.
πατριῶνof ancestral housesGenitivegenitive of definition (with φυλάς)→ relational specificationπατριά: 'lineage / ancestral house / clan'; renders בֵּית אָבוֹת; φυλαὶ πατριῶν = 'ancestral tribes', the lineage-based units of allotment.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατριῶν)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατριῶν).
κληρονομήσετεyou shall inheritFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κληρονομέωmain verb (summary of the allotment)→ predictive/imperatival futureκληρονομέω: 'inherit / take possession'; renders יָרַשׁ / נָחַל; the summarizing verb — Israel inherits the land by ancestral tribes.
55
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀπολέσητε τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν καὶ ἔσται οὓς ἐὰν καταλίπητε ἐξ αὐτῶν σκόλοπες ἐν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὑμῶν καὶ βολίδες ἐν ταῖς πλευραῖς ὑμῶν καὶ ἐχθρεύσουσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐφ᾿ ἣν ὑμεῖς κατοικήσετε
But if you do not destroy the inhabitants of the land from before your face, then those of them whom you leave behind shall be thorns in your eyes and darts in your sides, and they shall be hostile to you on the land upon which you dwell.
The dispossession-or-be-dispossessed crux: failure to drive out the inhabitants will turn the survivors into σκόλοπες ἐν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ('thorns in the eyes') and βολίδες ἐν ταῖς πλευραῖς ('darts in the sides') — a double metaphor of chronic, intimate affliction. The warning is fulfilled in Judges (cf. Josh 23:13; Judg 2:3) and the noun σκόλοψ recurs famously at 2 Cor 12:7 ('a thorn in the flesh').
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the negative condition (with the aorist subjunctive ἀπολέσητε).
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; marks the contrast with the positive command of vv. 52–54 — the dark alternative.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the subjunctive in the conditional clause.
ἀπολέσητεyou destroyAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιverb of the protasis (condition)→ aorist subjunctive (condition: failure to destroy)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy'; see v. 52; the failure to complete the dispossession is the condition that triggers the curse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with κατοικοῦντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitantsPres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (object of ἀπολέσητε)→ present participleκατοικέω: 'dwell'; the inhabitants; see v. 52.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land of Canaan.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν: 'from before your face', a Hebraism (מִפְּנֵיכֶם); cf. πρὸ προσώπου, v. 52.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive (with ἀπό)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; see v. 52.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶand / thenapodosis-marker (Hebraizing waw-apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces the apodosis ('then it shall be'), a Hebraizing use of waw after the condition.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of apodosis (impersonal: 'it shall come to pass')→ predictive future (the threatened outcome)εἰμί: 'be'; καὶ ἔσται ('and it shall be') renders וְהָיָה, the standard apodosis-formula introducing a consequence.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of καταλίπητε)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; 'those whom you leave', the surviving Canaanites.
ἐὰνif / -everconditional particle (generalizing the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with the relative, generalizes ('whomever you leave').
καταλίπητεyou leave behindAor Act Subj 2 Pl · καταλείπωverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite: any you leave)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / let remain'; renders הוֹתִיר; the survivors left undriven become the affliction described.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: partitive, 'of them' — those remaining from among the Canaanites.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἐξ)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive (with ἐξ).
σκόλοπεςthorns / stakesNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceσκόλοψ: 'thorn / splinter / pointed stake'; renders שִׂכִּים ('thorns / barbs'); σκόλοπες ἐν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ('thorns in the eyes') is a metaphor of constant, piercing irritation; the same noun recurs at 2 Cor 12:7 (σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί, 'a thorn in the flesh').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עַיִן; thorns in the eyes — a wound to the most sensitive and vital organ, signifying inescapable affliction.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ὀφθαλμοῖς).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel metaphor)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βολίδεςdarts / arrowsNominativepredicate nominative (parallel to σκόλοπες)→ participant prominenceβολίς: 'dart / missile / arrow'; renders צְנִינִים ('barbs / pricks'); βολίδες ἐν ταῖς πλευραῖς ('darts in the sides') parallels the thorns-in-eyes metaphor — the survivors will be a piercing, embedded torment.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with πλευραῖς)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλευραῖςsides / ribsDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπλευρά: 'side / rib'; renders צַד; darts in the sides — a wound to the flank, again an image of intimate, abiding affliction.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πλευραῖς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πλευραῖς).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχθρεύσουσινthey shall be hostileFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐχθρεύωmain verb (the survivors' hostility)→ predictive future (ongoing enmity)ἐχθρεύω: 'be hostile / act as an enemy'; cognate with ἐχθρός ('enemy'); the undriven Canaanites will wage continual enmity against Israel in the very land they share.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the shared land that becomes the arena of conflict.
ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί, relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (elided ἐφ᾿ before rough breathing): 'upon'; introduces the relative clause defining the land.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; 'the land upon which you dwell'.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): emphatic 'you'; stresses that Israel itself will dwell in the very land of this affliction.
κατοικήσετεyou shall dwellFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κατοικέωverb of relative clause→ predictive futureκατοικέω: 'dwell'; see v. 53; the bitter irony — Israel dwells in the land, but with thorns and darts among them.
56
καὶ ἔσται καθότι διεγνώκειν ποιῆσαι αὐτούς ποιήσω ὑμῖν
And it shall be that, just as I had resolved to do to them, so I will do to you.
The chapter closes with a chilling reversal: what God had determined (διεγνώκειν) to do to the Canaanites — dispossession and destruction — he will do to Israel if it fails to obey. The pluperfect διεγνώκειν ('I had resolved') sets the prior divine plan against the future ποιήσω ('I will do'), making Israel's fate contingent on its faithfulness (cf. Lev 18:28; Deut 28).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandapodosis-marker→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the consequence (καὶ ἔσται, 'and it shall be'); see v. 55.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (impersonal: 'it shall come to pass')→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה; the formula introducing the final consequence.
καθότιjust as / inasmuch ascomparative-causal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'just as / according as'; correlates the divine plan against the Canaanites with the threatened judgment on Israel.
διεγνώκεινI had resolved / plannedPlpf Act Indic 1 Sg · διαγινώσκωverb of the comparative clause (prior divine resolve)→ pluperfect (a settled prior determination)διαγινώσκω: 'determine / decide / resolve thoroughly'; the pluperfect διεγνώκειν ('I had determined') expresses God's fixed prior plan against the Canaanites — the very judgment now threatened against a disobedient Israel.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with διεγνώκειν)→ aorist infinitive (the content of the resolve)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the infinitive completes διεγνώκειν — 'I had resolved to do (to them)'.
αὐτούςto themAccusativeaccusative object (of ποιῆσαι: 'to do to them')→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the Canaanites, the original objects of the divine judgment.
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the threatened reversal)→ predictive future (the judgment turned on Israel)ποιέω: 'do'; the future ποιήσω answers the pluperfect διεγνώκειν — the same judgment planned for the Canaanites will fall on a disobedient Israel; the chapter ends on this conditional threat (cf. Lev 18:28; Deut 28:63).
ὑμῖνto youDativedative object (of ποιήσω: 'to you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl. ὑμῖν): 'to you'; Israel, now the potential object of the very judgment decreed against Canaan — the dispossession-or-be-dispossessed crux sealed.