1
αὗται αἱ παιδεῖαι σαλωμῶντος αἱ ἀδιάκριτοι ἃς ἐξεγράψαντο οἱ φίλοι Εζεκιου τοῦ βασιλέως τῆς Ιουδαίας
These are the instructions of Solomon, the unresolved sayings which the friends of Hezekiah king of Judah copied out.
The chapter opens with an editorial heading that frames the sayings as Solomonic material preserved through Hezekiah's circle.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
αὗταιtheseRD NPF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὗται: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδεῖαιinstructionsN1A NPF · παιδείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαιδεία: meaning 'instructions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σαλωμῶντοςSolomonN3 GSM · σαλωμώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσαλωμών: meaning 'Solomon'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδιάκριτοιunresolved / hard to decideA1B NPF · ἀδιάκριτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδιάκριτος: meaning 'unresolved'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἃςwhichRR APF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξεγράψαντοcopied outVAI AMI3P · γράφω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγράφω + ἐκ: meaning 'copied out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φίλοιfriendsA1 NPM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΕζεκιουHezekiahN1T GSM · Εζεκιαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΕζεκιου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίαςJudahN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΙουδαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
2
δόξα θεοῦ κρύπτει λόγον δόξα δὲ βασιλέως τιμᾷ πράγματα
It is the glory of God to conceal a matter, but the glory of a king to honor affairs.
The first saying balances divine hiddenness with royal responsibility toward matters requiring discernment.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κρύπτειconcealsV1 PAI3S · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκρύπτω: meaning 'conceals'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τιμᾷhonorV3 PAI3S · τιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτιμάω: meaning 'honor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πράγματαmattersN3M APN · πρᾶγμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρᾶγμα: meaning 'matters'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
οὐρανὸς ὑψηλός γῆ δὲ βαθεῖα καρδία δὲ βασιλέως ἀνεξέλεγκτος
The heavens are high and the earth is deep, but the heart of a king is beyond scrutiny.
Heaven, earth, and the king's heart are set in parallel to stress inaccessible depth.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐρανὸςheavenN2 NSM · οὐρανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑψηλόςhighA1 NSM · ὑψηλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑψηλός: meaning 'high'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαθεῖαdeepA3U NSF · βαθύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαθύς: meaning 'deep'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνεξέλεγκτοςunsearchable / beyond scrutinyA1B NSF · ἀνεξέλεγκτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνεξέλεγκτος: meaning 'unsearchable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
4
τύπτε ἀδόκιμον ἀργύριον καὶ καθαρισθήσεται καθαρὸν ἅπαν
Strike out impure silver, and all of it will be purified clean.
Refining silver serves as an image for removing what prevents true purity.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
τύπτεsmelt / beat outV1 PAD2S · τύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτύπτω: meaning 'smelt'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδόκιμονimpure / untestedA1B ASN · ἀδόκιμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδόκιμος: meaning 'impure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρισθήσεταιwill be purifiedVS FPI3S · καθαρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαθαρίζω: meaning 'will be purified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθαρὸνcleanA1A ASN · καθαρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαθαρός: meaning 'clean'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἅπανentirelyA3P ASN · ἅπαςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἅπας: meaning 'entirely'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
κτεῖνε ἀσεβεῖς ἐκ προσώπου βασιλέως καὶ κατορθώσει ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ ὁ θρόνος αὐτοῦ
Kill the wicked from before the king, and his throne will be set right in righteousness.
The image is applied politically: remove the wicked and the throne is stabilized in righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
κτεῖνεremove / slayV1 PAD2S · κτείνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκτείνω: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσεβεῖςungodlyA3H APM · ἀσεβήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσώπουpresence / faceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'presence'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατορθώσειwill be set rightVF FAI3S · ὀρθόω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀρθόω + κατα: meaning 'will be set right'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessN1 DSF · δικαιοσύνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνοςthroneN2 NSM · θρόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθρόνος: meaning 'throne'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhe / his / itRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
μὴ ἀλαζονεύου ἐνώπιον βασιλέως μηδὲ ἐν τόποις δυναστῶν ὑφίστασο
Do not boast before a king, and do not take your stand in the places of rulers.
The chapter warns against self-promotion in the presence of rulers.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλαζονεύουboastV1 PMD2S · ἀλαζονεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀλαζονεύομαι: meaning 'boast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνώπιονbeforeD · ἐνώπιονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μηδὲnorC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τόποιςplaceN2 DPM · τόποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δυναστῶνrulerN1M GPM · δυνάστηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδυνάστης: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑφίστασοtake your standV6 PMD2S · ἵστημι + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ὑπο: meaning 'take your stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
κρεῖσσον γάρ σοι τὸ ῥηθῆναι ἀνάβαινε πρός με ἢ ταπεινῶσαί σε ἐν προσώπῳ δυνάστου ἃ εἶδον οἱ ὀφθαλμοί σου λέγε
For it is better for it to be said to you, “Come up to me,” than for you to be humbled before a ruler. What your eyes have seen, report.
Honor received by invitation is better than humiliation after presumptuous self-advancement.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
κρεῖσσονbetterA3C NSN · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γάρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥηθῆναιρηθηναιVC APN · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἶπον: meaning 'ρηθηναι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνάβαινεcome upV1 PAD2S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'come up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἢthanC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινῶσαίto humbleVA AMD2S · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateταπεινόω: meaning 'to humble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσώπῳpresenceN2N DSN · πρόσωπονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'presence'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δυνάστουrulerN1M GSM · δυνάστηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδυνάστης: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἃwhat thingsRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'what things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶδονsawVBI AAI3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοίeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγεtellV1 PAD2S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλέγω: meaning 'tell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
μὴ πρόσπιπτε εἰς μάχην ταχέως ἵνα μὴ μεταμεληθῇς ἐπ' ἐσχάτων ἡνίκα ἄν σε ὀνειδίσῃ ὁ σὸς φίλος
Do not fall quickly into a dispute, lest in the end you regret it when your friend reproaches you.
A hurried quarrel invites later shame when the other party answers back.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόσπιπτεrush intoV1 PAD2S · πίπτω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπίπτω + προς: meaning 'rush into'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μάχηνfight / disputeN1 ASF · μάχηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμάχη: meaning 'fight'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ταχέωςquicklyD · ταχέωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastταχέως: meaning 'quickly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεταμεληθῇςyou regret itVC APS2S · μελέω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμελέω + μετα: meaning 'you regret it'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐσχάτωνthe endA1 GPM · ἔσχατοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔσχατος: meaning 'the end'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡνίκαwhenD · ἡνίκαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνever / thenX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὀνειδίσῃreproachesVA AAS3S · ὀνειδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὀνειδίζω: meaning 'reproaches'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σὸςyourA1 NSM · σόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φίλοςfriendsA1 NSM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
9
ἀναχώρει εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω μὴ καταφρόνει
Withdraw to the rear; do not treat the matter lightly.
The hearer is told to step back rather than treat a conflict lightly or expose himself further.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ἀναχώρειwithdrawV2 PAD2S · χωρέω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχωρέω + ἀνα: meaning 'withdraw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωback / behindD · ὀπίσωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀπίσω: meaning 'back'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφρόνειdespise / think lightly ofV2 PAD2S · φρονέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφρονέω + κατα: meaning 'despise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
μή σε ὀνειδίσῃ μὲν ὁ φίλος ἡ δὲ μάχη σου καὶ ἡ ἔχθρα οὐκ ἀπέσται ἀλλ' ἔσται σοι ἴση θανάτῳ χάρις καὶ φιλία ἐλευθεροῖ ἃς τήρησον σεαυτῷ ἵνα μὴ ἐπονείδιστος γένῃ ἀλλὰ φύλαξον τὰς ὁδούς σου εὐσυναλλάκτως
Lest your friend indeed reproach you, and your quarrel and enmity not depart, but become for you equal to death. Grace and friendship bring freedom; keep them for yourself so that you may not become reproached, but guard your ways in a spirit of reconciliation.
The saying expands into a warning that reproach, enmity, and lasting damage follow unmanaged conflict, whereas grace and friendship preserve freedom.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
μήnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὀνειδίσῃreproachesVA AAS3S · ὀνειδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὀνειδίζω: meaning 'reproaches'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μὲνindeedX · μένadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φίλοςfriendsA1 NSM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάχηfight / disputeN1 NSF · μάχηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχη: meaning 'fight'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔχθραenmityN1A NSF · ἔχθραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔχθρα: meaning 'enmity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέσταιwill departVF FMI3S · εἰμί + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί + ἀπο: meaning 'will depart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'will be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἴσηequalA1 NSF · ἴσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἴσος: meaning 'equal'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θανάτῳdeathN2 DSM · θάνατοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χάριςgrace / favorN3 NSF · χάριςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχάρις: meaning 'grace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιλίαfriendshipN1A NSF · φιλίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφιλία: meaning 'friendship'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλευθεροῖset freeV4 PAI3S · ἐλευθερόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐλευθερόω: meaning 'set free'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἃςwhichRR APF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τήρησονkeepVA AAD2S · τηρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτηρέω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfRD DSM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσεαυτῷ: meaning 'for yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπονείδιστοςreproachedA1B NSM · ἐπονείδιστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπονείδιστος: meaning 'reproached'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γένῃbecomeVB AMS2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀλλὰαλλαC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'αλλα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φύλαξονguardVA AAD2S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδούςwayN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὐσυναλλάκτωςreconcilingly / peaceablyD · εὐσυναλλάκτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεὐσυναλλάκτως: meaning 'reconcilingly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
11
μῆλον χρυσοῦν ἐν ὁρμίσκῳ σαρδίου οὕτως εἰπεῖν λόγον
A golden apple in a necklace of sardius: such is a spoken word.
A beautifully fitted ornament images the fittingness of a well-spoken word.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
μῆλονappleN2N NSN · μῆλονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμῆλον: meaning 'apple'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χρυσοῦνgoldenA1C NSN · χρυσοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁρμίσκῳnecklace / settingN2 DSM · ὁρμίσκοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁρμίσκος: meaning 'necklace'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σαρδίουsardiusN2N GSN · σάρδιονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσάρδιον: meaning 'sardius'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰπεῖνειπεινVB AAN · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἶπον: meaning 'ειπειν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
12
εἰς ἐνώτιον χρυσοῦν σάρδιον πολυτελὲς δέδεται λόγος σοφὸς εἰς εὐήκοον οὖς
Like a golden earring and a costly sardius is a wise word upon an attentive ear.
A wise word received by an attentive hearer is likened to precious adornment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐνώτιονearringN2N ASN · ἐνώτιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐνώτιον: meaning 'earring'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χρυσοῦνgoldenA1C ASN · χρυσοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σάρδιονsardiusN2N NSN · σάρδιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσάρδιον: meaning 'sardius'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολυτελὲςcostlyA3H NSN · πολυτελήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολυτελής: meaning 'costly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δέδεταιis fastenedVM XPI3S · δέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδέω: meaning 'is fastened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφὸςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐήκοονattentive / obedientA1B ASN · εὐήκοοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐήκοος: meaning 'attentive'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὖςearN3T ASN · οὖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant referenceοὖς: meaning 'ear'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
13
ὥσπερ ἔξοδος χιόνος ἐν ἀμήτῳ κατὰ καῦμα ὠφελεῖ οὕτως ἄγγελος πιστὸς τοὺς ἀποστείλαντας αὐτόν ψυχὰς γὰρ τῶν αὐτῷ χρωμένων ὠφελεῖ
As the departure of snow in harvest is useful against heat, so a faithful messenger benefits those who send him, for he profits the lives of those who make use of him.
A faithful messenger refreshes and benefits like unexpected coolness in the heat of harvest.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔξοδοςoutletN2 NSF · ἔξοδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔξοδος: meaning 'outlet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χιόνοςsnowN3N GSF · χιώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχιών: meaning 'snow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀμήτῳharvestN2 DSM · ἀμητόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμητός: meaning 'harvest'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κατὰagainst / according toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καῦμαheatN3M ASN · καῦμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαῦμα: meaning 'heat'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὠφελεῖbenefitV2 PAI3S · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὠφελέω: meaning 'benefit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄγγελοςmessengerN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: meaning 'messenger'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πιστὸςfaithfulA1 NSM · πιστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστείλανταςthose sendingVA · ααπαπμ στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπαπμ στέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'those sending'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ψυχὰςsoul / lifeN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
χρωμένωνusingV3 · πμπγπμ χράομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ χράομαι: meaning 'using'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὠφελεῖbenefitV2 PAI3S · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὠφελέω: meaning 'benefit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ὥσπερ ἄνεμοι καὶ νέφη καὶ ὑετοὶ ἐπιφανέστατοι οὕτως οἱ καυχώμενοι ἐπὶ δόσει ψευδεῖ
As winds and clouds and conspicuous rains, so are those who boast over a false gift.
Boastful promises without substance are compared to dramatic weather that gives no true relief.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνεμοιwindN2 NPM · ἄνεμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νέφηcloudsN3E NPN · νέφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνέφος: meaning 'clouds'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑετοὶrainN2 NPM · ὑετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑετός: meaning 'rain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπιφανέστατοιconspicuousA3H NPMS · ἐπιφανήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιφανής: meaning 'conspicuous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καυχώμενοιboastingV3 · πμπνπμ καυχάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ καυχάομαι: meaning 'boasting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶover / uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δόσειgiftN3I DSF · δόσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδόσις: meaning 'gift'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ψευδεῖfalseA3H DSF · ψευδήςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
15
ἐν μακροθυμίᾳ εὐοδία βασιλεῦσιν γλῶσσα δὲ μαλακὴ συντρίβει ὀστᾶ
By patience there is prosperity for kings, but a gentle tongue breaks bones.
Patient endurance and gentle speech are commended as stronger than force.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μακροθυμίᾳpatienceN1A DSF · μακροθυμίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμακροθυμία: meaning 'patience'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εὐοδίαprosperityN1A NSF · εὐοδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐοδία: meaning 'prosperity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλεῦσινfor kingsN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'for kings'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
γλῶσσαtongueN1S NSF · γλῶσσαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαλακὴgentle / softA1 NSF · μαλακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμαλακός: meaning 'gentle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συντρίβειbreaksV1 PAI3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτρίβω + συν: meaning 'breaks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀστᾶbonesN2N APN · ὀστέονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
16
μέλι εὑρὼν φάγε τὸ ἱκανόν μήποτε πλησθεὶς ἐξεμέσῃς
If you find honey, eat what is sufficient, lest you become full and vomit it out.
Even sweetness becomes harmful when taken without measure.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
μέλιhoneyN3T ASN · μέλιaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέλι: meaning 'honey'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὑρὼνευρωνVB · ααπνσμ εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ εὑρίσκω: meaning 'ευρων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φάγεeatVB AAD2S · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω: meaning 'eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱκανόνsufficientA1 ASN · ἱκανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱκανός: meaning 'sufficient'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μήποτεlestD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλησθεὶςbeing filledVS · αππνσμ πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ πίμπλημι: meaning 'being filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξεμέσῃςyou vomit outV2 PAS2S · ἐμεσέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐμεσέω + ἐκ: meaning 'you vomit out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
σπάνιον εἴσαγε σὸν πόδα πρὸς τὸν σεαυτοῦ φίλον μήποτε πλησθείς σου μισήσῃ σε
Bring your foot rarely to your friend, lest he become full of you and hate you.
Wise affection knows limits so that friendship does not sour into resentment.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
σπάνιονσπανιονA1A ASM · σπάνιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσπάνιος: meaning 'σπανιον'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἴσαγεbring inV1 PAD2S · ἄγω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἄγω + εἰς: meaning 'bring in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὸνyourA1 ASM · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πόδαfootN3D ASM · πούςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σεαυτοῦyourselfRD GSM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσεαυτοῦ: meaning 'yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φίλονfriendsA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μήποτεlestD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλησθείςbeing fullVS · αππνσμ πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ πίμπλημι: meaning 'being full'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μισήσῃhateVA AAS3S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμισέω: meaning 'hate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
ῥόπαλον καὶ μάχαιρα καὶ τόξευμα ἀκιδωτόν οὕτως καὶ ἀνὴρ ὁ καταμαρτυρῶν τοῦ φίλου αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίαν ψευδῆ
A club and a sword and a sharpened arrow, such also is the man who bears false witness against his friend.
False witness is pictured as open violence against one's friend.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ῥόπαλονclubN2N NSN · ῥόπαλονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥόπαλον: meaning 'club'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάχαιραswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τόξευμαarrow-shotN3M NSN · τόξευμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτόξευμα: meaning 'arrow-shot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀκιδωτόνακιδωτονN2N NSN · ἀκιδωτόνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκιδωτόν: meaning 'ακιδωτον'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταμαρτυρῶνtestifying falsely againstV2 · παπνσμ μαρτυρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ μαρτυρέω + κατα: meaning 'testifying falsely against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φίλουfriendsA1 GSM · φίλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhe / his / itRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μαρτυρίανtestimonyN1A ASF · μαρτυρίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμαρτυρία: meaning 'testimony'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ψευδῆfalseA3H ASF · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
19
ὀδοὺς κακοῦ καὶ ποὺς παρανόμου ὀλεῖται ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κακῇ
The ways of an evil man and the foot of a lawless man perish in an evil day.
Evil paths and lawless movement are shown collapsing in the day of calamity.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὀδοὺςwaysN3 NSM · ὀδούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀδούς: meaning 'ways'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κακοῦevilA1 GSM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποὺςfootN3D NSM · πούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρανόμουlawlessA1B GSM · παράνομοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὀλεῖταιwill perishVF2 FMI3S · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὄλλυμι: meaning 'will perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κακῇevilA1 DSF · κακόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
20
ὥσπερ ὄξος ἕλκει ἀσύμφορον οὕτως προσπεσὸν πάθος ἐν σώματι καρδίαν λυπεῖ ὥσπερ σὴς ἱματίῳ καὶ σκώληξ ξύλῳ οὕτως λύπη ἀνδρὸς βλάπτει καρδίαν
As vinegar draws what is unprofitable, so bodily suffering falls upon the heart and grieves it; as moth to a garment and worm to wood, so grief harms a man's heart.
The proverb links bodily corrosion and inner grief to show how sorrow works destructively within.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄξοςvinegarN3E NSN · ὄξοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄξος: meaning 'vinegar'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἕλκειdrawsV1 PAI3S · ἕλκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἕλκω: meaning 'draws'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσύμφορονwhat is harmfulA1B NSN · ἀσύμφοροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσύμφορος: meaning 'what is harmful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσπεσὸνfalling uponVF · φαπνσν πίπτω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφαπνσν πίπτω + προς: meaning 'falling upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάθοςsuffering / passionN3E NSN · πάθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπάθος: meaning 'suffering'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σώματιbodyN3M DSN · σῶμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λυπεῖgrievesV2 PAI3S · λυπέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλυπέω: meaning 'grieves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὴςmothA1 GSF · σόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσός: meaning 'moth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἱματίῳgarmentN2N DSN · ἱμάτιονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: meaning 'garment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκώληξwormN3K NSM · σκώληξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκώληξ: meaning 'worm'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ξύλῳwoodN2N DSN · ξύλονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceξύλον: meaning 'wood'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λύπηgriefN1 NSF · λύπηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλύπη: meaning 'grief'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὸςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βλάπτειharmsV1 PAI3S · βλάπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβλάπτω: meaning 'harms'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
ἐὰν πεινᾷ ὁ ἐχθρός σου τρέφε αὐτόν ἐὰν διψᾷ πότιζε αὐτόν
If your enemy hungers, feed him; if he thirsts, give him drink.
The hearer is commanded to answer enemy-need with practical nourishment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεινᾷis hungryV3 PAI3S · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπεινάω: meaning 'is hungry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρόςenemyA1A NSM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τρέφεfeedV1 PAD2S · τρέφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτρέφω: meaning 'feed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διψᾷis thirstyV3 PAI3S · διψάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδιψάω: meaning 'is thirsty'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πότιζεgive drinkV1 PAD2S · ποτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateποτίζω: meaning 'give drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
22
τοῦτο γὰρ ποιῶν ἄνθρακας πυρὸς σωρεύσεις ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ὁ δὲ κύριος ἀνταποδώσει σοι ἀγαθά
For by doing this you will heap coals of fire upon his head, and the Lord will repay you with good things.
The paradoxical command is grounded in divine recompense and the image of heaped coals.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τοῦτοtheseRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιῶνdoingV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνθρακαςcoalsN3K APM · ἄνθραξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθραξ: meaning 'coals'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σωρεύσειςyou will heapVF FAI2S · σωρεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσωρεύω: meaning 'you will heap'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶover / uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhe / his / itRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνταποδώσειwill repayVF FAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'will repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀγαθάgoodA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
23
ἄνεμος βορέας ἐξεγείρει νέφη πρόσωπον δὲ ἀναιδὲς γλῶσσαν ἐρεθίζει
The north wind stirs up clouds, but an impudent face provokes a tongue.
As the north wind stirs clouds, so shameless bearing provokes hostile speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἄνεμοςwindN2 NSM · ἄνεμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βορέαςnorthN1T NSM · βορέαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβορέας: meaning 'north'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξεγείρειstirs upV1 PAI3S · ἐγείρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐγείρω + ἐκ: meaning 'stirs up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νέφηcloudsN3E APN · νέφοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνέφος: meaning 'clouds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πρόσωπονpresence / faceN2N NSN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'presence'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναιδὲςshamelessA3H NSN · ἀναιδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀναιδής: meaning 'shameless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γλῶσσανtongueN1S ASF · γλῶσσαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐρεθίζειprovokeV1 PAI3S · ἐρεθίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐρεθίζω: meaning 'provoke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
24
κρεῖττον οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδόρου ἐν οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ
It is better to dwell on the corner of a roof than with a quarrelsome wife in a shared house.
Solitude in hardship is judged better than shared life with sustained contention.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
κρεῖττονbetterA3C NSN · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἰκεῖνdwellV2 PAN · οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκέω: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶover / uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γωνίαςcornerN1A GSF · γωνίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγωνία: meaning 'corner'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δώματοςroofN3M GSN · δῶμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδῶμα: meaning 'roof'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἢthanC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γυναικὸςwomanN3K GSF · γυνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λοιδόρουquarrelsomeV2 PMD2S · λοιδορέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλοιδορέω: meaning 'quarrelsome'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseN1A DSF · οἰκίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κοινῇsharedA1 DSF · κοινόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκοινός: meaning 'shared'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
25
ὥσπερ ὕδωρ ψυχρὸν ψυχῇ διψώσῃ προσηνές οὕτως ἀγγελία ἀγαθὴ ἐκ γῆς μακρόθεν
Like cold water to a thirsty soul, so is pleasant good news from a land far away.
Good news from far away is likened to cold water for a thirsty life.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχρὸνcoldA1A NSN · ψυχρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχρός: meaning 'cold'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχῇto a soulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'to a soul'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
διψώσῃthirstingV3 · παπδσφ διψάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπδσφ διψάω: meaning 'thirsting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
προσηνέςpleasantA3H NSN · προσηνήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροσηνής: meaning 'pleasant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγγελίαmessage / newsN1A NSF · ἀγγελίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγγελία: meaning 'message'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγαθὴgoodA1 NSF · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μακρόθενfrom afarD · μακρόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακρόθεν: meaning 'from afar'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
26
ὥσπερ εἴ τις πηγὴν φράσσοι καὶ ὕδατος ἔξοδον λυμαίνοιτο οὕτως ἄκοσμον δίκαιον πεπτωκέναι ἐνώπιον ἀσεβοῦς
As if someone were to stop up a spring and spoil the outlet of water, so it is unseemly for a righteous man to have fallen before the ungodly.
The collapse of a righteous man before the ungodly is depicted as a spoiled water source.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴειC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἴ: meaning 'ει'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πηγὴνspringN1 ASF · πηγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπηγή: meaning 'spring'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φράσσοιshould stop upV1 PAO3S · φράσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφράσσω: meaning 'should stop up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔξοδονoutletN2 ASF · ἔξοδοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔξοδος: meaning 'outlet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λυμαίνοιτοshould spoilV1 PMO3S · λυμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλυμαίνω: meaning 'should spoil'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄκοσμονunseemlyA1B ASM · ἄκοσμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄκοσμος: meaning 'unseemly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πεπτωκέναιto have fallenVX XAN · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπίπτω: meaning 'to have fallen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνώπιονbeforeD · ἐνώπιονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβοῦςungodlyA3H GSM · ἀσεβήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
27
ἐσθίειν μέλι πολὺ οὐ καλόν τιμᾶν δὲ χρὴ λόγους ἐνδόξους
To eat much honey is not good, but it is necessary to honor glorious words.
The saying pairs restraint in sweetness with due regard for weighty speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐσθίεινeatV1 PAN · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἐσθίω: meaning 'eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μέλιhoneyN3T ASN · μέλιaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέλι: meaning 'honey'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολὺmuchA1P ASN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐουD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'ου'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλόνgoodA1 NSN · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τιμᾶνto honorV3 PAN · τιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτιμάω: meaning 'to honor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρὴit is necessaryV PAI3S · χρήverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processχρή: meaning 'it is necessary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνδόξουςgloriousA1B APM · ἔνδοξοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔνδοξος: meaning 'glorious'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
28
ὥσπερ πόλις τὰ τείχη καταβεβλημένη καὶ ἀτείχιστος οὕτως ἀνὴρ ὃς οὐ μετὰ βουλῆς τι πράσσει
As a city with its walls cast down and left unwalled, so is a man who does anything without counsel.
The chapter ends by comparing the counsel-less man to an undefended city.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχηwallsN3E APN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'walls'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καταβεβλημένηcast downVM · χππνσφ βάλλω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσφ βάλλω + κατα: meaning 'cast down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶκαιC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'και'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτείχιστοςunwalledA1B NSF · ἀτείχιστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀτείχιστος: meaning 'unwalled'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὃςwhichRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐουD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'ου'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βουλῆςcounselN1 GSF · βουλήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τιsomeoneRI ASN · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πράσσειdoesV1 PAI3S · πράσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπράσσω: meaning 'does'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.