1
μὴ καυχῶ τὰ εἰς αὔριον οὐ γὰρ γινώσκεις τί τέξεται ἡ ἐπιοῦσα
Do not boast about tomorrow, for you do not know what the coming day will bring forth.
The opening saying forbids confidence in imagined control over the future and grounds humility in human ignorance about what the next day will produce.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καυχῶboastV3 PMD2S · καυχάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαυχάομαι: meaning 'boast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὔριονtomorrowD · αὔριονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastαὔριον: meaning 'tomorrow'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γινώσκειςknowV1 PAI2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγιγνώσκω: meaning 'know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τέξεταιboreVF FMI3S · τίκτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίκτω: meaning 'bore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιοῦσαcoming dayV9 · παπνσφ εἶμι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ εἶμι + ἐπι: meaning 'coming day'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
ἐγκωμιαζέτω σε ὁ πέλας καὶ μὴ τὸ σὸν στόμα ἀλλότριος καὶ μὴ τὰ σὰ χείλη
Let your neighbor praise you, and not your own mouth; let a stranger do it, and not your own lips.
Honor should come from others rather than from self-advertisement, so the proverb redirects speech away from self-praise toward received reputation.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐγκωμιαζέτωlet ... praiseV1 PAD3S · κωμιάζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκωμιάζω + ἐν: meaning 'let ... praise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέλαςneighborD · πέλαςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπέλας: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σὸνyourA1 NSN · σόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
στόμαmouthN3M NSN · στόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀλλότριοςforeignerA1A NSM · ἀλλότριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀλλότριος: meaning 'foreigner'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σὰyourA1 NPN · σόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χείληlipN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lip'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
3
βαρὺ λίθος καὶ δυσβάστακτον ἄμμος ὀργὴ δὲ ἄφρονος βαρυτέρα ἀμφοτέρων
A stone is heavy and sand hard to carry, but a fool's anger is heavier than both of them.
The image moves from physically burdensome things to the greater social burden created by a fool's anger.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
βαρὺheavyA3U NSN · βαρύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαρύς: meaning 'heavy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λίθοςstoneN2 NSM · λίθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυσβάστακτονhard to bearA1B NSN · δυσβάστακτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδυσβάστακτος: meaning 'hard to bear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄμμοςsandN2 NSF · ἄμμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄμμος: meaning 'sand'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀργὴwith angerN1 NSF · ὀργήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of a fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βαρυτέραheavierA1A APNC · βαρύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβαρύς: meaning 'heavier'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀμφοτέρωνof bothA1A GPM · ἀμφότεροιgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀμφότεροι: meaning 'of both'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
4
ἀνελεήμων θυμὸς καὶ ὀξεῖα ὀργή ἀλλ' οὐδένα ὑφίσταται ζῆλος
Wrath is pitiless and anger sharp, but who can withstand jealousy?
Wrath and anger are severe, yet jealousy is portrayed as the force that most overwhelms resistance.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἀνελεήμωνpitilessA3N NSM · ἀνελεήμωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνελεήμων: meaning 'pitiless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'venom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀξεῖαsharpA3U NSF · ὀξύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀξύς: meaning 'sharp'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀργήorgeN1 NSF · ὀργήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀργή: meaning 'orge'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδέναno oneA3 ASM · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑφίσταταιsets himselfV6 PMI3S · ἵστημι + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἵστημι + ὑπο: meaning 'sets himself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζῆλοςjealousyN2 NSM · ζῆλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζῆλος: meaning 'jealousy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
5
κρείσσους ἔλεγχοι ἀποκεκαλυμμένοι κρυπτομένης φιλίας
Open rebukes are better than hidden affection.
The saying values truthful correction above affection that remains concealed and therefore useless.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
κρείσσουςbetterA3C NPM · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔλεγχοιreproofsN2 NPM · ἔλεγχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔλεγχος: meaning 'reproofs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀποκεκαλυμμένοιopenVM · χμπνπμ καλύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπμ καλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'open'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρυπτομένηςhiddenV1 · πμπγσφ κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσφ κρύπτω: meaning 'hidden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φιλίαςfriendshipN1A GSF · φιλίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφιλία: meaning 'friendship'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
6
ἀξιοπιστότερά ἐστιν τραύματα φίλου ἢ ἑκούσια φιλήματα ἐχθροῦ
The wounds of a friend are more trustworthy than the willing kisses of an enemy.
Painful faithfulness from a friend is safer than pleasant gestures offered by an enemy.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἀξιοπιστότεράmore trustworthyA1B NPNC · ἀξιόπιστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀξιόπιστος: meaning 'more trustworthy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τραύματαwoundsN3M NPN · τραῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτραῦμα: meaning 'wounds'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φίλουfriendA1 GSM · φίλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκούσιαfreewill offeringsA1A NPN · ἑκούσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἑκούσιος: meaning 'freewill offerings'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φιλήματαkissesN3M NPN · φίλημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλημα: meaning 'kisses'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐχθροῦenemyA1A GSM · ἐχθρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
7
ψυχὴ ἐν πλησμονῇ οὖσα κηρίοις ἐμπαίζει ψυχῇ δὲ ἐνδεεῖ καὶ τὰ πικρὰ γλυκεῖα φαίνεται
A soul in fullness mocks honeycombs, but to a needy soul even bitter things appear sweet.
Need and satiety reshape perception, so the proverb exposes how appetite governs what one receives with gratitude or contempt.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ψυχὴsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλησμονῇfull abundanceN1 DSF · πλησμονήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλησμονή: meaning 'full abundance'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὖσαbeV9 · παπνσφ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ εἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κηρίοιςhoneycombsN2N DPN · κηρίονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκηρίον: meaning 'honeycombs'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐμπαίζειmocksV1 PAI3S · παίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπαίζω + ἐν: meaning 'mocks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνδεεῖneedyA3H DSF · ἐνδεήςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐνδεής: meaning 'needy'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πικρὰbitter thingsA1A NPN · πικρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπικρός: meaning 'bitter things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γλυκεῖαsweetA3U NSF · γλυκύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγλυκύς: meaning 'sweet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φαίνεταιappearV1 PMI3S · φαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφαίνω: meaning 'appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
ὥσπερ ὅταν ὄρνεον καταπετασθῇ ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας νοσσιᾶς οὕτως ἄνθρωπος δουλοῦται ὅταν ἀποξενωθῇ ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων τόπων
As when a bird is driven down from its own nest, so a man is enslaved when he is estranged from his own places.
Displacement from one's proper home or place is pictured as a loss of freedom and stability.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄρνεονbirdN2N NSN · ὄρνεονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄρνεον: meaning 'bird'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταπετασθῇis driven awayVS APS3S · ἐτάζω + κατα + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐτάζω + κατα + ἀπο: meaning 'is driven away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδίαςone's ownA1A GSF · ἴδιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἴδιος: meaning 'one's own'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
νοσσιᾶςnestN1A GSF · νοσσιάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνοσσιά: meaning 'nest'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δουλοῦταιis enslavedV4 PMI3S · δουλόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδουλόω: meaning 'is enslaved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποξενωθῇis estrangedVC APS3S · ξενόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyξενόω + ἀπο: meaning 'is estranged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδίωνtheir ownA1A GPM · ἴδιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἴδιος: meaning 'their own'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τόπωνplaceN2 GPM · τόποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
9
μύροις καὶ οἴνοις καὶ θυμιάμασιν τέρπεται καρδία καταρρήγνυται δὲ ὑπὸ συμπτωμάτων ψυχή
With ointments and wines and incense the heart is gladdened, but the soul is crushed by misfortunes.
External pleasures can cheer the heart, yet the inner life can still be torn apart by hard circumstances.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μύροιςointmentsN2N DPN · μύρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμύρον: meaning 'ointments'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴνοιςwinesN2 DPM · οἶνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοἶνος: meaning 'wines'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυμιάμασινincenseN3M DPN · θυμίαμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθυμίαμα: meaning 'incense'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τέρπεταιgladdensV1 PMI3S · τέρπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτέρπω: meaning 'gladdens'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταρρήγνυταιis crushedV5 PMI3S · ῥήγνυμι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processῥήγνυμι + κατα: meaning 'is crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συμπτωμάτωνmisfortunesN3M GPN · σύμπτωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσύμπτωμα: meaning 'misfortunes'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ψυχήsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
10
φίλον σὸν ἢ φίλον πατρῷον μὴ ἐγκαταλίπῃς εἰς δὲ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου μὴ εἰσέλθῃς ἀτυχῶν κρείσσων φίλος ἐγγὺς ἢ ἀδελφὸς μακρὰν οἰκῶν
Do not abandon your friend or your father's friend, and when misfortune comes do not enter your brother's house; a nearby friend is better than a brother living far away.
The proverb urges the preservation of tested friendships and commends nearby support over distant kinship in a day of trouble.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σὸνyourA1 ASM · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πατρῷονof our fathersA1A ASM · πατρῷοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπατρῷος: meaning 'of our fathers'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκαταλίπῃςabandonVB AAS2S · λείπω + ἐν + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'abandon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσέλθῃςyou enterVB AAS2S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'you enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀτυχῶνin misfortuneV2 · παπνσμ ἀτυχέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀτυχέω: meaning 'in misfortune'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φίλοςfriendsA1 NSM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγγὺςnearD · ἐγγύςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐγγὺς: meaning 'near'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφὸςbrotherN2 NSM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μακρὰνμακράνD · μακράνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακρὰν: meaning 'μακράν'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκῶνdwellingN2 GPM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'dwelling'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
11
σοφὸς γίνου υἱέ ἵνα εὐφραίνηταί μου ἡ καρδία καὶ ἀπόστρεψον ἀπὸ σοῦ ἐπονειδίστους λόγους
Become wise, my son, so that my heart may be gladdened, and put far from yourself words that bring reproach.
The father calls for wisdom that brings joy to the teacher and removes shame-bearing speech from the son.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
σοφὸςskilled / wiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'skilled'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γίνουbeV1 PMD2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγίγνομαι: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφραίνηταίmay be gladdenedV1 PMS3S · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεὐφραίνω: meaning 'may be gladdened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόστρεψονturn awayVA AAD2S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπονειδίστουςreproachfulA1B APM · ἐπονείδιστοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπονείδιστος: meaning 'reproachful'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
12
πανοῦργος κακῶν ἐπερχομένων ἀπεκρύβη ἄφρονες δὲ ἐπελθόντες ζημίαν τείσουσιν
A shrewd man hid himself when evils were coming on, but fools went on and will pay the penalty.
Prudence foresees danger and hides, whereas fools continue on and absorb the loss.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πανοῦργοςshrewd / cleverA1B NSM · πανοῦργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπανοῦργος: meaning 'shrewd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κακῶνevilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπερχομένωνcoming onV1 · πμπγπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'coming on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπεκρύβηwas hiddenVDI API3S · κρύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'was hidden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄφρονεςfoolish menA3N NPM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελθόντεςgoing onVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'going on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζημίανforfeitureN1A ASF · ζημίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζημία: meaning 'forfeiture'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τείσουσινwill payVF FAI3P · τίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίνω: meaning 'will pay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
ἀφελοῦ τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ παρῆλθεν γάρ ὑβριστὴς ὅστις τὰ ἀλλότρια λυμαίνεται
Take away his garment, for an insolent man has passed by, one who devastates what belongs to others.
The saying treats reckless interference with others' goods as a reason to strip away misplaced securities.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἀφελοῦremoveVB AMD2S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakN2N ASN · ἱμάτιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱμάτιον: meaning 'garment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παρῆλθενἔρχομαιVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'ἔρχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γάρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑβριστὴςinsolent manN1M NSM · ὑβριστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑβριστής: meaning 'insolent man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅστιςwhoRX NSM · ὅστιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant referenceὅστις: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλότριαforeign / strangeA1A APN · ἀλλότριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀλλότριος: meaning 'foreign'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λυμαίνεταιruinsV1 PMI3S · λυμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλυμαίνω: meaning 'ruins'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ὃς ἂν εὐλογῇ φίλον τὸ πρωὶ μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ καταρωμένου οὐδὲν διαφέρειν δόξει
Whoever blesses a friend early in the morning with a loud voice will seem no different from one who curses him.
Loud early praise can function like a curse when it flatters without discretion and burdens rather than blesses.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογῇblessesV2 PAS3S · εὐλογέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεὐλογέω: meaning 'blesses'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorningD · πρωίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπρωὶ: meaning 'morning'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεγάλῃμέγαςA1 DSF · μέγαςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέγας: meaning 'μέγας'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῇvoiceN1 DSF · φωνήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καταρωμένουone cursingV3 · πμπγσμ ῥάω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσμ ῥάω + κατα: meaning 'one cursing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διαφέρεινto carry acrossV1 PAN · φέρω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφέρω + δια: meaning 'to carry across'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δόξειwill seemVF FAI3S · δοκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδοκέω: meaning 'will seem'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
σταγόνες ἐκβάλλουσιν ἄνθρωπον ἐν ἡμέρᾳ χειμερινῇ ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ ὡσαύτως καὶ γυνὴ λοίδορος ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου
Dripping drops drive a man out of his house on a wintry day; so also does a quarrelsome woman from her own house.
Domestic contention is likened to relentless dripping that makes a house unlivable.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
σταγόνεςdripping dropsN3N NPM · σταγώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσταγών: meaning 'dripping drops'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκβάλλουσινdrive outV1 PAI3P · βάλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'drive out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χειμερινῇwintryA1 DSF · χειμερινόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχειμερινός: meaning 'wintry'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseD · ὡσαύτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνὴwifeN3K NSF · γυνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λοίδοροςquarrelsomeA1B NSF · λοίδοροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλοίδορος: meaning 'quarrelsome'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδίουone's ownA1A GSM · ἴδιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἴδιος: meaning 'one's own'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
16
βορέας σκληρὸς ἄνεμος ὀνόματι δὲ ἐπιδέξιος καλεῖται
The north wind is a harsh wind, but it is called favorable by name.
The proverb notices the gap between harsh reality and attractive naming, warning against being misled by labels.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
βορέαςnorthN1T NSM · βορέαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβορέας: meaning 'north'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σκληρὸςhardA1A NSM · σκληρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκληρός: meaning 'hard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄνεμοςwindN2 NSM · ἄνεμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀνόματιnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιδέξιοςfavorableA1B NSM · ἐπιδέξιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιδέξιος: meaning 'favorable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καλεῖταιis calledV2 PMI3S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαλέω: meaning 'is called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
σίδηρος σίδηρον ὀξύνει ἀνὴρ δὲ παροξύνει πρόσωπον ἑταίρου
Iron sharpens iron, and a man provokes the face of his companion.
Mutual contact between companions can sharpen and intensify one another just as iron works on iron.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
σίδηροςironN2 NSM · σίδηροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσίδηρος: meaning 'iron'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σίδηρονironN2 ASM · σίδηροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσίδηρος: meaning 'iron'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀξύνειsharpensV1 PAI3S · ὀξύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὀξύνω: meaning 'sharpens'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροξύνειprovokesV1 PAI3S · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'provokes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἑταίρουcompanionN2 GSM · ἑταῖροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἑταῖρος: meaning 'companion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
18
ὃς φυτεύει συκῆν φάγεται τοὺς καρποὺς αὐτῆς ὃς δὲ φυλάσσει τὸν ἑαυτοῦ κύριον τιμηθήσεται
He who plants a fig tree will eat its fruits, and he who guards his own master will be honored.
Patient cultivation and faithful service both lead to fitting reward in due time.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φυτεύειplantsV1 PAI3S · φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυτεύω: meaning 'plants'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συκῆνfig treeN1 ASF · συκῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυκῆ: meaning 'fig tree'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φάγεταιwill eatVF FMI3S · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω: meaning 'will eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρποὺςfruitsN2 APM · καρπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruits'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάσσειkeepsV1 PAI3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω: meaning 'keeps'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τιμηθήσεταιwill be honoredVC FPI3S · τιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτιμάω: meaning 'will be honored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
ὥσπερ οὐχ ὅμοια πρόσωπα προσώποις οὕτως οὐδὲ αἱ καρδίαι τῶν ἀνθρώπων
As faces are not alike to faces, so the hearts of men are not alike.
Outer similarity does not entail inward sameness, so the proverb marks the deep variety of human hearts.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅμοιαalikeA1A NPN · ὅμοιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅμοιος: meaning 'alike'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρόσωπαface / presenceN2N NPN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
προσώποιςface / presenceN2N DPN · πρόσωπονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαιheartsN1A NPF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'hearts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
20
ᾅδης καὶ ἀπώλεια οὐκ ἐμπίμπλανται ὡσαύτως καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἄπληστοι βδέλυγμα κυρίῳ στηρίζων ὀφθαλμόν καὶ οἱ ἀπαίδευτοι ἀκρατεῖς γλώσσῃ
Hades and destruction are not filled up; so also the eyes of men are insatiable. An eye that stares is an abomination to the Lord, and the undisciplined are unrestrained in tongue.
Human desire is portrayed as bottomless like death and destruction, then narrowed to the unrestrained eye and tongue that offend the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ᾅδηςHades / SheolN1M NSM · ᾅδηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceᾅδης: meaning 'Hades'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώλειαdestructionN1A NSF · ἀπώλειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπίμπλανταιare filledV6 PMI3P · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'are filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseD · ὡσαύτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄπληστοιinsatiableA1B NPM · ἄπληστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄπληστος: meaning 'insatiable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βδέλυγμαabominationN3M NSN · βδέλυγμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβδέλυγμα: meaning 'abomination'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
στηρίζωνfixingV1 · παπνσμ στηρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ στηρίζω: meaning 'fixing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀφθαλμόνeyeN2 ASM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπαίδευτοιuntaughtA1B NPM · ἀπαίδευτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπαίδευτος: meaning 'untaught'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀκρατεῖςunrestrainedA3H NPM · ἀκρατήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκρατής: meaning 'unrestrained'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γλώσσῃtongueN1S DSF · γλῶσσαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
21
δοκίμιον ἀργύρῳ καὶ χρυσῷ πύρωσις ἀνὴρ δὲ δοκιμάζεται διὰ στόματος ἐγκωμιαζόντων αὐτόν καρδία ἀνόμου ἐκζητεῖ κακά καρδία δὲ εὐθὴς ἐκζητεῖ γνῶσιν
A testing pot is for silver and a furnace for gold, but a man is tested through the mouth of those who praise him. The heart of the lawless seeks evils, but an upright heart seeks knowledge.
Praise reveals a person the way fire tests precious metals, and the saying contrasts the lawless heart's search for evil with the upright heart's search for knowledge.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
δοκίμιονtesting potN2N NSN · δοκίμιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδοκίμιον: meaning 'testing pot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀργύρῳargurosN2 DSM · ἄργυροςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄργυρος: meaning 'arguros'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσῷgoldenA1C DSM · χρυσοῦςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πύρωσιςfurnaceN3I NSF · πύρωσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπύρωσις: meaning 'furnace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δοκιμάζεταιis testedV1 PMI3S · δοκιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδοκιμάζω: meaning 'is tested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐγκωμιαζόντωνthose praisingV1 · παπγπμ κωμιάζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ κωμιάζω + ἐν: meaning 'those praising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνόμουlawlessA1B GSM · ἄνομοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκζητεῖseeksV2 PAI3S · ζητέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'seeks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακάevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐθὴςuprightA3H NSF · εὐθήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐθής: meaning 'upright'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκζητεῖseeksV2 PAI3S · ζητέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'seeks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνῶσινknowledge / discernmentN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
22
ἐὰν μαστιγοῖς ἄφρονα ἐν μέσῳ συνεδρίου ἀτιμάζων οὐ μὴ περιέλῃς τὴν ἀφροσύνην αὐτοῦ
Even if you scourge a fool in the midst of the assembly while disgracing him, you will not remove his folly from him.
Public punishment cannot cure a fool's inner disorder when folly itself remains loved.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαστιγοῖςdo you scourgeV4 PAI2S · μαστιγόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμαστιγόω: meaning 'do you scourge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄφροναfoolishA3N ASM · ἄφρωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
συνεδρίουcouncilN2N GSN · συνέδριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυνέδριον: meaning 'council'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀτιμάζωνdishonoringV1 · παπνσμ ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonoring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιέλῃςremoveVD APS2S · ἔρχομαι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔρχομαι + περι: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφροσύνηνfollyN1 ASF · ἀφροσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀφροσύνη: meaning 'folly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
23
γνωστῶς ἐπιγνώσῃ ψυχὰς ποιμνίου σου καὶ ἐπιστήσεις καρδίαν σου σαῖς ἀγέλαις
Surely know the souls of your flock, and set your heart upon your herds.
The instruction turns from general wisdom to careful pastoral oversight and attentive stewardship.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
γνωστῶςsurelyD · γνωστῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγνωστῶς: meaning 'surely'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιγνώσῃknowVF FMI2S · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: meaning 'know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ποιμνίουflockN2 GSN · ποίμνιονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποίμνιον: meaning 'flock'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστήσειςsetVF FAI2S · ἵστημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι + ἐπι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σαῖςyourA1 DPF · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀγέλαιςflocksN1 DPF · ἀγέληdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγέλη: meaning 'flocks'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
24
ὅτι οὐ τὸν αἰῶνα ἀνδρὶ κράτος καὶ ἰσχύς οὐδὲ παραδίδωσιν ἐκ γενεᾶς εἰς γενεάν
For strength does not belong to a man forever, nor does power hand itself down from generation to generation.
The reason for such stewardship is that wealth and power are unstable and cannot be presumed permanent.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνδρὶmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κράτοςmight / forceN3E NSN · κράτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκράτος: meaning 'might'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰσχύςarmy / forceN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'army'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραδίδωσινhands overV8 PAI3S · δίδωμι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'hands over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γενεᾶςlineageN1A GSF · γενεάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγενεά: meaning 'lineage'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γενεάνgenerationN1A ASF · γενεάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
25
ἐπιμελοῦ τῶν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ χλωρῶν καὶ κερεῖς πόαν καὶ σύναγε χόρτον ὀρεινόν
Take care of the green growth in the field, and you will cut grass; gather mountain fodder.
The chapter closes by urging practical agricultural care and the gathering of ordinary provisions.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐπιμελοῦtake careV2 PMD2S · μελέομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμελέομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'take care'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίῳfieldN2N DSN · πεδίονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: meaning 'field'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χλωρῶνgreen growthA1A GPM · χλωρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχλωρός: meaning 'green growth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κερεῖςcut downVF2 FAI2S · κείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκείρω: meaning 'cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόανgrassN1A ASF · πόαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόα: meaning 'grass'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύναγεgatherV1 PAD2S · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χόρτονgrassN2 ASM · χόρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχόρτος: meaning 'grass'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀρεινόνmountainA1 ASM · ὀρεινόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀρεινός: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
26
ἵνα ἔχῃς πρόβατα εἰς ἱματισμόν τίμα πεδίον ἵνα ὦσίν σοι ἄρνες
So that you may have sheep for clothing, value the field so that lambs may be yours.
The tending of land and flock has a concrete end: clothing, lambs, and sustainable household provision.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχῃςhaveV1 PAS2S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόβαταsheepN2N APN · πρόβατονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἱματισμόνclothingN2 ASM · ἱματισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱματισμός: meaning 'clothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τίμαhonorV3 PAD2S · τιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτιμάω: meaning 'honor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πεδίονplain / lowlandN2N ASN · πεδίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπεδίον: meaning 'plain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὦσίνbeN3T DPN · οὖςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοὖς: meaning 'be'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄρνεςlambsN3 NPM · ἀρνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρνός: meaning 'lambs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
27
υἱέ παρ' ἐμοῦ ἔχεις ῥήσεις ἰσχυρὰς εἰς τὴν ζωήν σου καὶ εἰς τὴν ζωὴν σῶν θεραπόντων
My son, from me you have strong sayings for your life and for the life of your servants.
The father ends by commending these sayings as strong counsel meant to preserve both the son's life and the lives under his care.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
παρ'from / besideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔχειςhaveV1 PAI2S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥήσειςsayingsN3I APF · ῥῆσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥῆσις: meaning 'sayings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἰσχυρὰςstrongA1A APF · ἰσχυρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἰσχυρός: meaning 'strong'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωήνlifeN1 ASF · ζωήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωὴνlifeN1 ASF · ζωήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σῶνyourA1 GPM · σόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θεραπόντωνservantsN3N GPM · θεράπωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεράπων: meaning 'servants'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.