Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Ruth, Chapter 3ΡΟΥΘ Γ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῇ Νωεμιν ἡ πενθερὰ αὐτῆς· Θύγατερ, οὐ ζητήσω σοι ἀνάπαυσιν, ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται;

Then Naomi her mother-in-law said to her: 'Daughter, shall I not seek rest for you, that it may go well with you?'

Scene-opening / narrative continuationδέδέ advances the narrative from chapter 2's close. Naomi's rhetorical question (οὐ ... ζητήσω;) implies an affirmative answer — 'of course I will seek rest for you.' ἀνάπαυσιν echoes 1:9 (Naomi's earlier wish for Ruth), forming an inclusio around the journey to Bethlehem.
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative)→ constative aorist (simple past event)λέγω: standard narrative verb of speech.
δέthenpostpositive conjunctive particle (continuative)
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
ΝωεμινNaomiNominativesubject (nominative, proper name)Νωεμίν: LXX transcription of Hebrew נָעֳמִי ('pleasant'). Indeclinable proper name rendered nominative here by position; kind 'n' as a declinable-context name.
theNominativearticle
πενθερὰmother-in-lawNominativeapposition to Νωεμίνπενθερά: 'mother-in-law'; a kinship term rare outside the LXX in this social sense.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
ΘύγατερDaughterVocativevocative (address)θυγάτηρ: term of address from an older woman to a younger; warm and intimate, reflecting Naomi's maternal role.
οὐnotnegative particle (rhetorically positive question)
ζητήσωshall I seekFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ζητέωmain verb of rhetorical question→ deliberative / promissory futureζητέω: 'seek, look for'; the future with οὐ in a question expects the answer 'yes.'
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage
ἀνάπαυσινrestAccusativedirect objectἀνάπαυσις: 'rest, settlement'; renders Hebrew מָנוֹחַ, the settled security of a home/husband. Naomi used the same wish at 1:9 (LXX); here she moves to fulfill it.
ἵναso thatsubordinating conjunction (purpose)
εὖwelladverb (manner)
σοιfor youDativedative of reference
γένηταιit may go / it may beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb in purpose clause (subjunctive after ἵνα)→ constative aorist subjunctive (purpose)γίνομαι: 'be, become, happen'; idiom εὖ σοί γένηται = 'may it go well with you,' a Hebraism (טוֹב לָךְ).
2

καὶ νῦν οὐχὶ Βοὸζ γνωστὸς ἡμῶν, οὗ ἦσθα μετὰ τῶν κορασίων αὐτοῦ; ἰδοὺ αὐτὸς λικμᾷ τὸν ἅλωνα τῶν κριθῶν ταύτῃ τῇ νυκτί.

And now, is not Boaz our kinsman, with whose maidens you were? Behold, he is winnowing the threshing floor of barley this night.

Grounds / situationκαὶNaomi supplies the rationale for her plan: Boaz is a known kinsman (γνωστός, a step toward ἀγχιστεύς) and his nocturnal presence at the threshing floor creates the opportunity. ἰδοὺ marks a vivid, present-tense disclosure.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (continuative)
νῦνnowadverb of time (transitional)
οὐχὶnotnegative particle (emphatic interrogative)οὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ; with a question expects 'yes.'
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubject (predicate nominative in verbless clause)Βοόζ: LXX transcription of Hebrew בֹּעַז. Indeclinable proper name.
γνωστὸςa known kinsman / acquaintanceNominativepredicate adjective (verbless clause)γνωστός: 'known, acquaintance'; renders Hebrew מֹדַעַת (mōdaʿat), 'kinsman-acquaintance'; a social-relational term less formal than ἀγχιστεύς but pointing toward it.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship / possession
οὗwith whomGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction)
ἦσθαyou wereImpf Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίrelative clause verb→ progressive imperfect (continuous past state)
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
κορασίωνmaidens / young womenGenitiveobject of preposition μετάκοράσιον: 'girl, young woman'; a diminutive form used of Boaz's female workers (cf. 2:8, 22–23).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἰδοὺbeholdattention-marker / presentative particleἰδού: fixed interjection rendering Hebrew הִנֵּה; introduces a vivid or surprising disclosure.
αὐτὸςheNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
λικμᾷis winnowingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λικμάωmain verb (vivid present)→ progressive present (ongoing activity)λικμάω: 'winnow'; renders Hebrew זֹרֶה; the agricultural process of tossing grain to separate chaff, done at night when winds were steadier.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἅλωναthreshing floorAccusativedirect objectἅλων: 'threshing floor'; the open-air platform where grain was threshed and winnowed; the key locus of Ruth 3. Renders Hebrew גֹּרֶן.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
κριθῶνbarleyGenitivegenitive (content/type of threshing floor)κριθή: 'barley'; the harvest just completed was the barley harvest (cf. 1:22; 2:23).
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective (attributive)
τῇtheDativearticle
νυκτίnightDativedative of time (when)νύξ: 'night'; the nocturnal setting is important for the concealment and social risk of Ruth's approach.
3

σὺ δὲ λοῦσαι καὶ ἀλείψαι καὶ περιβαλοῦ τὴν στολήν σου ἐπὶ σέ, καὶ ἀνάβηθι εἰς τὸν ἅλωνα· μὴ γνωρισθῇς τῷ ἀνδρί, ἕως οὗ συντελέσαι αὐτὸν πιεῖν καὶ φαγεῖν.

But you, wash and anoint yourself and put your cloak on yourself, and go up to the threshing floor; do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking.

Instructions / directive sequenceδέA cascade of imperatives (λοῦσαι, ἀλείψαι, περιβαλοῦ, ἀνάβηθι) followed by a prohibition (μὴ γνωρισθῇς). The imperatives of preparation (washing, anointing, dressing) appear in both Hebrew wedding and mourning-cessation contexts. Naomi's directive is a carefully staged social strategy.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
δέbut / nowpostpositive conjunctive particle (mild contrast/transition)
λοῦσαιwash yourselfAor Mid Imper 2 Sg · λούωmain verb (imperative, directive)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin the action)λούω: 'wash, bathe'; middle voice reflexive. The trilogy wash–anoint–dress signals the end of widowhood mourning and a transition to social presentation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀλείψαιanoint yourselfAor Mid Imper 2 Sg · ἀλείφωcoordinated imperative (directive)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀλείφω: 'anoint with oil'; middle reflexive. Oil/perfume was the mark of festivity and grooming; contrast mourning abstention (cf. 2 Sam 14:2).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιβαλοῦput on / wrap around yourselfAor Mid Imper 2 Sg · περιβάλλωcoordinated imperative (directive)→ ingressive aorist imperativeπεριβάλλω: 'throw around, clothe oneself'; middle reflexive. Putting on one's 'robe/cloak' (στολή) signals public presentability.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
στολήνcloak / garmentAccusativedirect objectστολή: 'robe, garment'; renders Hebrew שִׂמְלָה. The same garment-corner (κράσπεδον / πτερύγιον) will become the symbol of Boaz's protective claim in v.9.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶupon / overpreposition + accusative (covering/extending over)
σέyourselfAccusativeobject of preposition ἐπί (reflexive sense)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνάβηθιgo upAor Act Imper 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωcoordinated imperative (directive of movement)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; threshing floors were typically on elevated, wind-exposed ground.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction/goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἅλωναthreshing floorAccusativeobject of preposition εἰςἅλων: 'threshing floor'; recurs from v.2; the scene's central location.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibition with subjunctive)
γνωρισθῇςbe made known / make yourself knownAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · γνωρίζωverb of prohibition (μή + subjunctive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (prohibitive)γνωρίζω: 'make known'; passive/middle = 'be recognized'; Naomi's instruction not to reveal Ruth's presence prematurely, safeguarding the plan.
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀνδρίmanDativedative indirect object (the one to whom she is not to be known)ἀνήρ: 'man'; refers to Boaz. The indefinite-seeming 'the man' allows deniability.
ἕωςuntilsubordinating conjunction (temporal limit)
οὗwhich / whenGenitivegenitive in ἕως οὗ idiom ('until such time as')ἕως οὗ: fixed temporal idiom, 'until he...'
συντελέσαιhe has finishedAor Act Infin · συντελέωinfinitive in temporal clause (subject = αὐτόν)→ constative aorist infinitive (action as whole)συντελέω: 'complete, finish'; the infinitive with accusative subject (αὐτόν) in indirect construction.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
πιεῖνdrinkingAor Act Infin · πίνωcomplementary infinitive (object of συντελέσαι)→ constative aorist infinitiveπίνω: 'drink'; the order φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν ('eat and drink') is reversed in the LXX of this verse (πιεῖν καὶ φαγεῖν), a minor LXX–MT variation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φαγεῖνeatingAor Act Infin · ἐσθίωcoordinated complementary infinitive→ constative aorist infinitiveἐσθίω: 'eat'; paired with πίνω as a standard merism for a full meal.
4

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ κοιμηθῆναι αὐτόν, καὶ γνώσῃ τὸν τόπον ὅπου κοιμᾶται ἐκεῖ, καὶ ἐλεύσῃ καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις τὰ πρὸς ποδῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ κοιμηθήσῃ· καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπαγγελεῖ σοι ἃ ποιήσεις.

And it shall be when he lies down, that you shall take note of the place where he lies down there, and you shall come and uncover the place at his feet and lie down; and he himself will tell you what you are to do.

Continuation of instructions / sequential actionκαὶThe future verbs (γνώσῃ, ἐλεύσῃ, ἀποκαλύψεις, κοιμηθήσῃ, ἀπαγγελεῖ) continue Naomi's directive sequence. The final clause — 'he himself will tell you what to do' — is striking: Naomi entrusts the outcome to Boaz, implying confidence in his character.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (sequential)
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Hebrew idiom: וְהָיָה = 'and it shall come to pass')→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; ἔσται + temporal clause renders the Hebrew narrative formula וְהָיָה כְּ... (a Hebraism).
ἐνwhen / inpreposition + dative (temporal clause with articular infinitive)
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive)
κοιμηθῆναιto lie downAor Pass Infin · κοιμάωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he lies down')→ constative aorist infinitiveκοιμάομαι: 'sleep, lie down'; a Hebraism in the ἐν τῷ + inf. construction rendering Hebrew בְּשָׁכְבוֹ.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
καὶand / thencoordinating conjunction (apodosis marker)
γνώσῃyou shall note / knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (apodosis, future directive)→ predictive future (quasi-imperatival)γινώσκω: 'know, perceive, take note of'; used here of paying careful attention to Boaz's sleeping spot.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τόπονplaceAccusativedirect objectτόπος: 'place, spot'; the specific location where Boaz will sleep is the object of Ruth's nocturnal observation.
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (locative, introducing relative clause)
κοιμᾶταιhe lies downPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιrelative clause verb→ progressive present (vividly descriptive)κοιμάομαι: repeated from v.4a for emphasis.
ἐκεῖtherelocative adverb (correlative to ὅπου)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλεύσῃyou shall comeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἔρχομαιcoordinated future directive→ predictive future (quasi-imperatival)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the approach is deliberate and stealthy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκαλύψειςyou shall uncoverFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποκαλύπτωcoordinated future directive→ predictive future (quasi-imperatival)ἀποκαλύπτω: 'uncover, reveal'; renders Hebrew וְגִלִּית. The LXX 'uncover the side/place at his feet' (τὰ πρὸς ποδῶν) is slightly more circumspect than MT 'uncover his feet.'
τὰthe things / the placeAccusativearticle (substantival, in phrase τὰ πρὸς ποδῶν)
πρὸςtoward / atpreposition + genitive (proximity/location)
ποδῶνfeetGenitiveobject of preposition πρός (position: 'foot-end')πούς: 'foot'; τὰ πρὸς ποδῶν = 'the things at/toward his feet,' a circumlocution.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κοιμηθήσῃyou shall lie downFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · κοιμάομαιcoordinated future directive→ predictive future (quasi-imperatival)κοιμάομαι: third occurrence in this verse; the repetition emphasizes this as the climactic act of the sequence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
ἀπαγγελεῖwill announce / tellFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (predictive future; subject = Boaz)→ predictive future (confident assertion)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'report back, announce'; Naomi's confidence that Boaz will take the initiative in telling Ruth what to do next.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative direct object in relative clause)
ποιήσειςyou will do / you are to doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωrelative clause verb (deliberative future)→ deliberative futureποιέω: 'do, act'; ἃ ποιήσεις = 'what you should do,' a deliberative future in indirect speech.
5

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῇ Ρουθ· Πάντα, ὅσα ἂν εἴπῃς, ποιήσω.

And Ruth said to her: 'All that you say, I will do.'

Response / complianceδέRuth's brief but absolute assent echoes her declaration at 1:16–17. The compressed form (πάντα ὅσα ἂν εἴπῃς ποιήσω) signals total surrender to Naomi's plan; no hesitation or qualification is voiced.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative)→ constative aorist
δέand / thenpostpositive conjunctive particle (continuative)
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
ΡουθRuthNominativesubject (nominative, proper name)Ρούθ: LXX transcription of Hebrew רוּת. Indeclinable; kind 'n' as personal name in nominative slot.
Πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object (fronted for emphasis)πᾶς: 'all, every'; fronted before the relative clause for rhetorical completeness.
ὅσαas many as / whateverAccusativecorrelative relative pronounὅσος: 'as many as, whatever'; correlative with πάντα.
ἂνevermodal particle (generalizing with ἐάν/ἄν + subjunctive)
εἴπῃςyou may sayAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λέγωverb in relative clause (ὅσα ἄν + subjunctive = indefinite relative)→ constative aorist subjunctive (indefinite)λέγω: 'say'; ὅσα ἂν εἴπῃς = 'whatever you say'; generalizing construction rendering Hebrew אֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרִי.
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of Ruth's reply (apodosis)→ promissory futureποιέω: 'do, carry out'; Ruth's promise of full compliance.
6

καὶ κατέβη εἰς τὸν ἅλωνα καὶ ἐποίησεν κατὰ πάντα, ὅσα ἐνετείλατο αὐτῇ ἡ πενθερὰ αὐτῆς.

And she went down to the threshing floor and did according to all that her mother-in-law had commanded her.

Execution / narrative actionκαὶThe narrator confirms Ruth's complete obedience in a single compound sentence: κατέβη (descent to the threshing floor) and ἐποίησεν κατὰ πάντα (total execution of Naomi's instructions). The echo of 'all that' (πάντα ὅσα) from v.5 closes the instruction-compliance bracket.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
κατέβηshe went downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (narrative action)→ constative aorist (single past event)καταβαίνω: 'go down'; note the reversal from Naomi's ἀνάβηθι (v.3) — the threshing floor required going up from town but Ruth now descends into the narrative action.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of movement)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἅλωναthreshing floorAccusativeobject of preposition εἰςἅλων: third occurrence (vv.2, 3, 6); the word anchors the chapter's setting.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐποίησενshe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, carry out'; resumes Ruth's own ποιήσω of v.5 — promise met by performance.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard of conformity)
πάνταallAccusativeobject of preposition κατά (adverbial accusative of degree)πᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα = 'in accordance with everything.'
ὅσαas many things as / all thatAccusativecorrelative relative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν via κατά)ὅσος: correlative with πάντα; 'all that she commanded.'
ἐνετείλατοhad commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιrelative clause verb→ constative aorist (prior completed command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command, give orders to'; renders Hebrew צִוְּתָה. A stronger term than εἴπῃς (v.5), elevating Naomi's instruction to a command.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
theNominativearticle
πενθερὰmother-in-lawNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατοπενθερά: 'mother-in-law'; recurring title for Naomi (vv.1, 6, 16, 17).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
7

ἔφαγεν δὲ Βοὸζ καὶ ἔπιεν καὶ ἠγαθύνθη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἦλθεν κοιμηθῆναι ἐν μερίδι τῆς στοιβῆς· καὶ ἦλθεν ἐν κρυφῇ καὶ ἀπεκάλυψεν τὰ πρὸς ποδῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκοιμήθη.

And Boaz ate and drank, and his heart was merry, and he came to lie down at the end of the heap of grain; then she came secretly and uncovered the place at his feet and lay down.

Narrative setting / actionδέThe verse divides into two halves: Boaz's evening (eating, drinking, a merry heart, lying down) and Ruth's arrival (ἐν κρυφῇ, secretly). The merry heart of Boaz is not a note of inebriation but of contented festivity (cf. Eccl 9:7); it prepares for his startled awakening in v.8.
ἔφαγενateAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (narrative)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; paired with ἔπιεν as the standard merism for a meal, as Naomi anticipated.
δέand / nowpostpositive conjunctive particle (scene transition)
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubject (proper name)Βοόζ: indeclinable proper name.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔπιενdrankAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίνωcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristπίνω: 'drink'; cf. v.3 (πιεῖν καὶ φαγεῖν).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠγαθύνθηwas made glad / became merryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαθύνωcoordinated main verb→ constative aorist (resultative state)ἀγαθύνω: 'make glad, benefit'; the passive ἠγαθύνθη renders Hebrew וַיִּיטַב ('was good/merry'). The idiom 'his heart was glad' describes contentment after a meal.
theNominativearticle
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἠγαθύνθηκαρδία: 'heart'; the Hebrew לֵב (heart) as the seat of mood and decision-making.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθενhe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιcoordinated main verb (subject = Boaz)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; Boaz moves to his sleeping place.
κοιμηθῆναιto lie downAor Pass Infin · κοιμάομαιinfinitive of purpose (after ἦλθεν)→ constative aorist infinitiveκοιμάομαι: 'sleep, lie down'; this time as purpose infinitive rather than articular.
ἐνat / bypreposition + dative (location)
μερίδιthe end / edge / portionDativeobject of preposition ἐνμερίς: 'portion, side, edge'; renders Hebrew בִּקְצֵה הָעֲרֵמָה ('at the end of the heap'). The LXX uses μερίς where the MT has 'end/edge.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
στοιβῆςheap / pile of grainGenitivegenitive (content: heap of grain)στοιβή: 'heap, pile'; renders Hebrew הָעֲרֵמָה (the grain-heap). A hapax in the LXX Ruth; agricultural vocabulary.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (new subject: Ruth)
ἦλθενshe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (new subject = Ruth, implied)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: subject shifts without a stated noun — the reader understands Ruth acts now.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
κρυφῇsecret / stealthDativedative of manner (ἐν κρυφῇ = 'secretly')κρυφή: 'secrecy'; the adverbial phrase ἐν κρυφῇ renders Hebrew בַּלָּט ('quietly, stealthily'). Ruth's approach is covert to avoid social scandal.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπεκάλυψενshe uncoveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκαλύπτωcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristἀποκαλύπτω: same verb as v.4; Ruth executes exactly what Naomi instructed.
τὰthe things / the placeAccusativearticle (substantival in phrase τὰ πρὸς ποδῶν)
πρὸςat / towardpreposition + genitive (proximity)
ποδῶνfeetGenitiveobject of preposition πρόςπούς: 'foot'; the foot-end uncovering repeats from v.4, confirming Ruth's full compliance.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκοιμήθηshe lay downAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristκοιμάομαι: 'sleep, lie down'; the final act of Ruth's approach, fully executing Naomi's plan.
8

ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν μέσῳ τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ ἐξέστη ὁ ἀνὴρ καὶ ἐταράχθη, καὶ ἰδοὺ γυνὴ κοιμᾶται πρὸς ποδῶν αὐτοῦ.

And it came to pass in the middle of the night that the man was startled and turned, and behold, a woman was lying at his feet.

Scene break / turning pointδέThe ἐγένετο δέ formula (rendering Hebrew וַיְהִי) marks a narrative hinge. Boaz's double reaction (ἐξέστη, ἐταράχθη) conveys shock and alarm; ἰδοὺ again marks dramatic discovery — the reader now sees what Boaz sees.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative formula: ἐγένετο δέ + temporal)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen, come to be'; ἐγένετο δέ renders the Hebrew וַיְהִי narrative opening formula — a Hebraism pervasive in LXX narrative.
δέand / nowpostpositive conjunctive particle
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal setting)
μέσῳmiddleDativeobject of preposition ἐν (temporal: ἐν μέσῳ νυκτός = 'at midnight')μέσος: 'middle'; ἐν μέσῳ τῆς νυκτός = 'in the middle of the night'; renders Hebrew בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה ('at midnight').
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
νυκτὸςnightGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'middle of the night')νύξ: 'night'; from the νυκτί of v.2, the chapter has moved fully into the darkness.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (apodosis of ἐγένετο formula)
ἐξέστηwas startled / shudderedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξίστημιmain verb (apodosis)→ constative aorist (sudden event)ἐξίστημι: 'stand aside, be astounded, startle'; renders Hebrew וַיֶּחֱרַד ('he trembled/was startled'). The verb can denote turning as well as alarm.
theNominativearticle
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man'; Boaz again called 'the man' as in vv.3, 4 — both anonymous social distance and narrative tension.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐταράχθηwas troubled / disturbedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ταράσσωcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristταράσσω: 'disturb, agitate'; LXX addition or interpretive rendering; the MT simply has 'he turned' (וַיִּלָּפֵת). The LXX emphasizes the emotional reaction.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing discovery)
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative / attention-markerἰδού: renders Hebrew וְהִנֵּה; marks vivid dramatic discovery from Boaz's perspective.
γυνὴa womanNominativesubject of κοιμᾶται (predicate in existential clause)γυνή: 'woman, wife'; Ruth is unnamed from Boaz's perspective — he does not yet know who it is.
κοιμᾶταιis lyingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb of ἰδοὺ clause (vivid present)→ progressive present (ongoing state Boaz observes)κοιμάομαι: 'lie down, sleep'; the vivid present renders the scene as Boaz perceives it in the moment.
πρὸςat / towardpreposition + genitive (proximity: foot-end location)
ποδῶνfeetGenitiveobject of preposition πρόςπούς: 'foot'; the fourth πρὸς ποδῶν / ποδῶν reference in the chapter, binding the enacted plan to its discovery.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
9

εἶπεν δέ· Τίς εἶ σύ; ἡ δὲ εἶπεν· Ἐγώ εἰμι Ρουθ ἡ δούλη σου, καὶ περιβαλεῖς τὸ πτερύγιόν σου ἐπὶ τὴν δούλην σου, ὅτι ἀγχιστεὺς εἶ σύ.

And he said: 'Who are you?' And she said: 'I am Ruth your servant-girl; and you shall spread your wing over your servant-girl, because you are a kinsman-redeemer.'

Exchange / petitionδέThe chapter's crux verse. Boaz's question (Τίς εἶ σύ;) is met by Ruth's self-identification and petition. πτερύγιον ('wing/garment-corner') fuses the legal claim of ἀγχιστεία with the imagery of divine sheltering wings (cf. 2:12). The petition is bold, legally grounded, and theologically freighted.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative, subject = Boaz)→ constative aorist
δέandpostpositive conjunctive particle
ΤίςWhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate nominative)τίς: 'who?'; interrogative pronoun, predicative use.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (Τίς εἶ = identity question)→ gnomic / stative presentεἰμί: copula; 'who are you?' The question is urgent — the darkness prevents visual identification.
σύyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
theNominativearticle (introducing Ruth's reply: ἡ δέ)
δὲand / butpostpositive conjunctive particle (change of speaker)ἡ δέ: standard LXX/NT idiom for switching subject ('she then said').
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (subject = Ruth, via ἡ δέ)→ constative aorist
ἘγώINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (self-identification)
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (self-identification formula)→ stative presentεἰμί: Ἐγώ εἰμι + name = the ancient self-identification formula.
ΡουθRuthNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)Ρούθ: indeclinable proper name.
theNominativearticle
δούληservant-girl / slave-girlNominativeapposition to Ρούθ (humble self-designation)δούλη: 'female slave/servant'; renders Hebrew אֲמָתֶךָ. Ruth uses the humbler term (δούλη vs. the slightly higher παιδίσκη she used in 2:13) as a form of self-abasement before a social superior.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with δούλη)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing the petition)
περιβαλεῖςyou shall spread / wrapFut Act Indic 2 Sg · περιβάλλωmain verb of petition (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (request/petition)περιβάλλω: 'throw around, spread over'; here the future is used as a petition ('please spread'). Renders Hebrew וּפָרַשְׂתָּ כְנָפֶךָ ('spread your wing/skirt').
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πτερύγιόνwing / garment-cornerAccusativedirect objectπτερύγιον: 'little wing, edge, hem'; renders Hebrew כָּנָף ('wing, garment-corner'). In 2:12 Boaz prayed that YHWH's wings (πτέρυγες) would shelter Ruth; here Ruth invites Boaz to embody that very sheltering — an enacted symbol of the kinsman-redeemer's protective claim. The word also denotes the tasseled garment-corner (tzitzit) of the Israelite's cloak.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πτερύγιον)
ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + accusative (extension over)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δούληνservant-girlAccusativeobject of preposition ἐπίδούλη: repeated self-designation; the double use of δούλη (nom. and acc.) in this verse reinforces Ruth's humble posture within a bold petition.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ὅτιbecause / forsubordinating conjunction (causal)
ἀγχιστεὺςkinsman-redeemerNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)ἀγχιστεύς: 'near kinsman, kinsman-redeemer'; renders Hebrew גֹּאֵל. A legal term for the male relative who has the right and duty to redeem property, marry a widow, and perpetuate the deceased kinsman's name. The word is effectively coined or borrowed into LXX Greek for this institution. The causal ὅτι grounds Ruth's claim in Boaz's legal status.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (verbless clause supplied)→ stative present
σύyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (you yourself)
10

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ Βοόζ· Εὐλογημένη σὺ τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ, θύγατερ· ὅτι ἠγάθυνας τὸ ἔλεός σου τὸ ἔσχατον ὑπὲρ τὸ πρῶτον, τοῦ μὴ πορευθῆναί σε ὀπίσω νεανίσκων, εἴτε πτωχὸς εἴτε πλούσιος.

And Boaz said to her: 'Blessed are you by the Lord God, daughter; for you have made your last act of kindness better than the first, in that you have not gone after young men, whether poor or rich.'

Response / blessingκαὶBoaz pronounces a blessing (Εὐλογημένη) before addressing the ἀγχιστεία issue. He reframes Ruth's petition as an act of ἔλεος ('covenant loyalty/kindness'), surpassing her first (leaving Moab for Naomi). The comparison 'not after young men' hints at what Ruth's approach could have meant; Boaz commends her choice of legal-redemptive marriage over romantic preference.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative)→ constative aorist
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
ΒοόζBoazNominativesubject (proper name)Βοόζ: indeclinable proper name.
ΕὐλογημένηblessedPerf Pass Part Nom Sg Fem · εὐλογέωpredicate participle (verbless blessing formula)→ intensive perfect (standing blessed state)εὐλογέω: 'bless'; the perfect passive participle εὐλογημένη is a standard blessing formula in LXX, rendering Hebrew בְּרוּכָה. Boaz pronounces Ruth as standing under God's blessing.
σὺyouNominativesubject of verbless clause
τῷby theDativearticle
κυρίῳLordDativedative of agent (blessed by the Lord)κύριος: 'Lord'; LXX rendering of the divine name YHWH. The same God under whose wings Ruth sought refuge (2:12) now blesses her through Boaz's word.
θεῷGodDativeapposition to κυρίῳθεός: 'God'; the compound κυρίῳ θεῷ = 'Lord God' is an LXX intensifier.
θύγατερdaughterVocativevocative (address, warm and parental)θυγάτηρ: repeated from v.1 (Naomi's address); now from Boaz, suggesting his age and protective stance.
ὅτιbecause / forsubordinating conjunction (causal, giving the ground of the blessing)
ἠγάθυναςyou have made good / you have surpassedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀγαθύνωmain verb of causal clause→ constative aorist (evaluative)ἀγαθύνω: 'make good, do well'; renders Hebrew הֵטַבְתְּ ('you have done well/better'). The same root appeared in v.7 of Boaz's own heart being glad.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἔλεόςkindness / steadfast loveAccusativedirect objectἔλεος: 'mercy, kindness, steadfast love'; renders Hebrew חֶסֶד — the covenant-loyalty term central to the book of Ruth (1:8; 2:20; 3:10). Ruth's two acts of חֶסֶד: leaving Moab for Naomi (first), and now choosing the kinsman-redeemer over a young man (last/second).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive with ἔσχατον)
ἔσχατονlast / latterAccusativeattributive adjective (in apposition: 'the last kindness')ἔσχατος: 'last, final'; τὸ ἔσχατον ἔλεος = 'your latter act of kindness' — i.e. the present approach to Boaz, her second great act of loyalty.
ὑπὲρbeyond / more thanpreposition + accusative (comparison: surpassing)ὑπέρ: 'over, beyond'; comparative use, 'better than.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantival: 'the first [kindness]')
πρῶτονfirstAccusativesubstantival adjective (the first act of kindness)πρῶτος: 'first'; τὸ πρῶτον = the first act of ἔλεος, viz. Ruth's leaving Moab for Naomi (1:16–18).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose/result)
μὴnotnegative particle (with infinitive)
πορευθῆναίto goAor Pass Infin · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive of result/manner (τοῦ μὴ πορευθῆναι = 'in that you did not go')→ constative aorist infinitiveπορεύομαι: 'go, walk'; the articular infinitive with τοῦ μή expresses the concrete sign of Ruth's ἔλεος — she did not pursue young men.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ὀπίσωafter / behindadverb/improper preposition + genitive (pursuit)ὀπίσω: 'behind, after'; here as a preposition governing νεανίσκων.
νεανίσκωνyoung menGenitiveobject of ὀπίσωνεανίσκος: 'young man'; renders Hebrew הַבַּחוּרִים. Boaz's observation implies Ruth could have sought a younger husband; her choice of the older kinsman-redeemer is the θεός-honoring act.
εἴτεwhethercorrelative conjunction (εἴτε ... εἴτε = 'whether ... or')εἴτε: 'whether'; paired correlative distinguishing all possible young men.
πτωχὸςpoorNominativepredicate adjective (nominative absolute in disjunctive phrase)πτωχός: 'poor, destitute'; renders Hebrew דַּל.
εἴτεorcorrelative conjunction
πλούσιοςrichNominativepredicate adjective (second correlate)πλούσιος: 'rich, wealthy'; renders Hebrew עָשִׁיר. The merism 'poor or rich' = any young man of whatever social standing.
11

καὶ νῦν, θύγατερ, μὴ φοβοῦ· πάντα, ὅσα ἐὰν εἴπῃς, ποιήσω σοι· οἶδεν γὰρ πᾶσα φυλὴ τοῦ λαοῦ μου ὅτι γυνὴ δυνάμεως εἶ σύ.

And now, daughter, do not be afraid; all that you say I will do for you; for all the tribe of my people knows that you are a woman of worth.

Reassurance / commitmentκαὶBoaz reassures Ruth (μὴ φοβοῦ) and mirrors back her own formula from v.5 (πάντα ὅσα ἐὰν εἴπῃς ποιήσω) — a striking echo. The warrant for his acceptance is the community's existing reputation of Ruth: γυνὴ δυνάμεως, 'a woman of worth/valor' (the feminine of גִּבּוֹר חַיִל).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νῦνnowadverb of time (transitional)
θύγατερdaughterVocativevocative (address)θυγάτηρ: third occurrence of Boaz/Naomi's address to Ruth in this chapter (vv.1, 10, 11).
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibition with present imperative)
φοβοῦfear / be afraidPres Mid Imper 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibition: μή + present imperative = stop fearing)→ progressive present imperative (cessation of ongoing fear)φοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid'; μὴ φοβοῦ is the classic OT/LXX reassurance formula (cf. Gen 26:24; Josh 1:9).
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object (fronted for emphasis)πᾶς: cf. Ruth's own πάντα ὅσα in v.5; Boaz mirrors her language.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativecorrelative relative pronounὅσος: correlative with πάντα.
ἐὰνif / everconditional particle (generalizing with subjunctive)ἐάν = εἰ + ἄν; with subjunctive forms an indefinite relative ('whatever you say').
εἴπῃςyou sayAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λέγωverb of indefinite relative clause→ constative aorist subjunctive (indefinite)λέγω: Boaz echoes Ruth's own phrase from v.5 almost verbatim.
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (promissory future)→ promissory futureποιέω: Boaz's mirror-promise to Ruth.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage
οἶδενknowsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb of γάρ clause (ground for promise)→ intensive perfect (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect with present force. The community's knowledge of Ruth's reputation is Boaz's warrant.
γὰρforpostpositive explanatory/causal conjunction
πᾶσαall / everyNominativeattributive adjective modifying φυλήπᾶς: 'all, every'; πᾶσα φυλή = 'the whole tribe/assembly.'
φυλὴtribe / gate-assemblyNominativesubject of οἶδενφυλή: 'tribe'; renders Hebrew שַׁעַר ('gate'), i.e. the civic/legal assembly at the city gate. LXX uses φυλή (tribe) rather than the more precise πύλη (gate), a known LXX–MT divergence here.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of belongingλαός: 'people'; τοῦ λαοῦ μου = 'my people,' i.e. Israel; Boaz aligns himself with the covenant community.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (indirect statement after οἶδεν)
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject of verbless clauseγυνή: 'woman'; γυνὴ δυνάμεως = woman of valor/worth.
δυνάμεωςof worth / of valorGenitivegenitive of quality (attributive genitive: 'woman of worth')δύναμις: 'power, strength, worth'; renders Hebrew חַיִל. The phrase אֵשֶׁת חַיִל / γυνὴ δυνάμεως ('woman of valor/worth') is the Prov 31:10 epithet; Boaz applies it to Ruth. This is the same word Boaz himself is described by (2:1: אִישׁ גִּבּוֹר חָיִל = 'a man of great standing').
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ stative present
σύyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
12

καὶ νῦν ὅτι ἀληθῶς ἀγχιστεύς εἰμι ἐγώ, καὶ ἔστιν ἀγχιστεὺς ἐγγίων ὑπὲρ ἐμέ.

And now, truly I am a kinsman-redeemer, and yet there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I.

Complication / disclosureκαὶBoaz acknowledges his ἀγχιστεία status (ἀληθῶς, 'truly' — the word is emphatic) but immediately introduces the complication: a nearer kinsman exists. The repetition of ἀγχιστεύς within one verse signals the legal centrality of the term; the comparative ἐγγίων ('nearer') frames the obstacle for chapter 4.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νῦνnowadverb of time (transitional: 'and now' introduces a new point)
ὅτιthat / trulysubordinating conjunction (content / asseverative: 'that indeed')ὅτι: here likely asseverative ('it is indeed true that'), reinforced by ἀληθῶς, rendering Hebrew כִּי ('for, indeed').
ἀληθῶςtruly / indeedadverb of affirmationἀληθῶς: 'truly, indeed'; LXX addition emphasizing Boaz's genuine acknowledgment; renders Hebrew אָמְנָם ('indeed').
ἀγχιστεύςkinsman-redeemerNominativepredicate nominativeἀγχιστεύς: Boaz's second acknowledgment of the legal role (cf. v.9); he confirms what Ruth asserted.
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ stative present
ἐγώINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
καὶand yet / butcoordinating conjunction (adversative nuance)
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb→ stative present (existential)εἰμί: existential use, 'there is a...'
ἀγχιστεὺςkinsman-redeemerNominativesubject of existential ἔστινἀγχιστεύς: the unnamed nearer kinsman of chapter 4; his existence is the legal obstacle Boaz must navigate.
ἐγγίωνnearerNominativeattributive adjective modifying ἀγχιστεύς (comparative)ἐγγίων: comparative of ἐγγύς ('near'); 'nearer [than I].' The Hebrew קָרוֹב מִמֶּנִּי ('nearer than I') is rendered literally.
ὑπὲρthan / beyondpreposition + accusative (comparative standard: 'nearer than')ὑπέρ: comparative use as in v.10.
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of preposition ὑπέρ (comparative standard)
13

αὐλίσθητι τὴν νύκτα, καὶ ἔσται τὸ πρωί, ἐὰν ἀγχιστεύσῃ σε ἀγαθόν, ἀγχιστευέτω· εἰ δὲ μὴ βούλεται ἀγχιστεῦσαί σε, ἀγχιστεύσω σε ἐγώ, ζῇ κύριος· κοιμήθητι ἕως πρωί.

Lodge here this night, and in the morning, if he will redeem you, good — let him redeem; but if he does not wish to redeem you, I myself will redeem you, as the Lord lives. Lie down until morning.

Commitment / conditional resolutionasyndetonBoaz frames the resolution as a conditional: the nearer kinsman has first right, but if he declines, Boaz himself commits under a divine oath (ζῇ κύριος — 'as the Lord lives,' the standard Hebrew oath formula). The repeated ἀγχιστεύω (five times across vv.12–13) signals the legal stakes. The chapter's last imperative (κοιμήθητι) closes the threshing-floor scene in darkness.
αὐλίσθητιlodge / spend the nightAor Pass Imper 2 Sg · αὐλίζομαιmain verb (imperative, directive)→ ingressive aorist imperativeαὐλίζομαι: 'camp, lodge, spend the night'; renders Hebrew לִינִי ('stay the night'). Boaz instructs Ruth to remain until morning.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of time (duration: 'this night')νύξ: 'night'; the same night of the chapter, now to be extended to morning.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (narrative formula: ἔσται + temporal)→ predictive futureεἰμί: ἔσται τὸ πρωί = 'it will be in the morning'; Hebrew formula אָז בַּבֹּקֶר.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with substantival πρωί)
πρωίmorningNominativesubject of ἔσται (temporal: 'when morning comes')πρωί: 'early morning'; here used as a noun with the article.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis of first-class condition)
ἀγχιστεύσῃhe redeemsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωverb of conditional protasis→ constative aorist subjunctive (conditional)ἀγχιστεύω: 'act as kinsman-redeemer, redeem'; the verb form of ἀγχιστεύς; first of four occurrences in this verse.
σεyouAccusativedirect object (accusative of person redeemed)
ἀγαθόνgoodNominativepredicate adjective (verbless exclamation: 'it is good!')ἀγαθός: 'good'; a concise exclamation of approval — 'fine, let it be!' Renders Hebrew טוֹב ('good').
ἀγχιστευέτωlet him redeemPres Act Imper 3 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωmain verb (third-person imperative: jussive)→ progressive present imperative (permissive jussive)ἀγχιστεύω: jussive 'let him redeem'; Boaz graciously concedes the nearer kinsman's prior right.
εἰbut ifconditional conjunction (second condition, with δέ: adversative)
δὲbutpostpositive adversative particle
μὴnotnegative particle (with conditional)
βούλεταιhe wishes / wantsPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · βούλομαιverb of second conditional protasis→ stative present (unwillingness)βούλομαι: 'will, wish, desire'; renders Hebrew לֹא יַחְפֹּץ ('does not wish/delight'). The deliberateness of βούλομαι makes refusal a conscious choice.
ἀγχιστεῦσαίto redeemAor Act Infin · ἀγχιστεύωcomplementary infinitive (object of βούλεται)→ constative aorist infinitiveἀγχιστεύω: third occurrence; the infinitive as object of the verb of volition.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of infinitive
ἀγχιστεύσωI will redeemFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωmain verb of apodosis (promissory future)→ promissory future (sworn commitment)ἀγχιστεύω: fourth occurrence; Boaz's firm personal promise to redeem Ruth.
σεyouAccusativedirect object
ἐγώI myselfNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of oath formula (ζῇ κύριος)→ stative present (formula)ζάω: 'live'; ζῇ κύριος = 'as the Lord lives'; the standard Hebrew oath formula חַי יְהוָה — the strongest possible personal commitment.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject of ζῇ (in oath formula)κύριος: 'Lord'; renders YHWH; the oath grounds Boaz's promise in the character of the covenanting God.
κοιμήθητιlie down / sleepAor Pass Imper 2 Sg · κοιμάομαιclosing imperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeκοιμάομαι: the final occurrence of the κοιμ- root in the chapter (vv.4, 7, 7, 8, 13); the threshing-floor scene closes with darkness and rest.
ἕωςuntilsubordinating conjunction (temporal limit)
πρωίmorningtemporal adverb (object of ἕως: 'until morning')πρωί: 'morning'; second occurrence in the verse, forming a bracket.
14

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη πρὸς ποδῶν αὐτοῦ ἕως πρωί. καὶ ἀνέστη πρὸ τοῦ ἐπιγνῶναι ἄνδρα τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ· καὶ εἶπεν Βοόζ· Μὴ γνωσθήτω ὅτι ἦλθεν γυνὴ εἰς τὸν ἅλωνα.

And she lay at his feet until morning. And she arose before a man could recognize his neighbor. And Boaz said: 'Let it not be known that a woman came to the threshing floor.'

Narrative closure of the threshing-floor sceneκαὶThree brief actions: Ruth's lying at his feet (obedience), rising before dawn (concealment), and Boaz's precautionary instruction. The repetition of ἅλων closes the chapter's setting. The prohibition (μὴ γνωσθήτω) shows Boaz protecting Ruth's reputation — a legal and social concern.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
ἐκοιμήθηshe layAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (narrative)→ constative aoristκοιμάομαι: closure of the night's action; Ruth's remaining in place fulfills Boaz's κοιμήθητι (v.13).
πρὸςatpreposition + genitive (location: foot-end)
ποδῶνfeetGenitiveobject of πρόςπούς: 'foot'; final occurrence of the πρὸς ποδῶν phrase (cf. vv.4, 7, 8, 14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἕωςuntilsubordinating conjunction (temporal limit)
πρωίmorningtemporal adverb (limit of lying down)πρωί: third occurrence in the chapter (vv.13, 13, 14); the dawn horizon that concludes the night scene.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέστηshe aroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (narrative, subject = Ruth)→ constative aorist (single event)ἀνίστημι: 'rise, stand up'; Ruth's early rising is a practical act of self-concealment.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (temporal: prior to)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive: πρὸ τοῦ + inf. = 'before')
ἐπιγνῶναιto recognize / to knowAor Act Infin · ἐπιγινώσκωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'before anyone recognized')→ constative aorist infinitiveἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, know fully'; the compound ἐπι- strengthens 'know' to 'clearly identify/recognize.'
ἄνδραa manAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveἀνήρ: 'man'; the indefinite ἄνδρα = 'any man'; the expression 'before a man could recognize his neighbor' idiomatically means 'in the dark before dawn.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πλησίονneighborAccusativedirect object of infinitiveπλησίον: 'near-one, neighbor'; renders Hebrew רֵעֵהוּ ('his fellow'); the idiom 'recognize one's neighbor' = sufficient light to see.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (belonging to ἄνδρα)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (subject = Boaz)→ constative aorist
ΒοόζBoazNominativesubject (proper name)Βοόζ: indeclinable proper name.
Μὴnot / let notnegative particle (prohibition with 3rd-person aorist subjunctive)
γνωσθήτωlet it be knownAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωjussive prohibitive (μή + aorist subjunctive 3rd person)→ constative aorist subjunctive (prohibitive jussive)γινώσκω: 'know'; passive = 'be known, become known'; Boaz's protective instruction safeguards Ruth's reputation.
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (content of γνωσθήτω)
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of content clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; what must not become known is the nocturnal visit.
γυνὴa womanNominativesubject of ἦλθενγυνή: 'woman'; Ruth remains unnamed in the protective formulation — anonymity as shelter.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of coming)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἅλωναthreshing floorAccusativeobject of εἰςἅλων: fifth and final occurrence (vv.2, 3, 6, 14, 14); the threshing floor is the chapter's binding locale.
15

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ· Φέρε τὸ περίζωμα τὸ ἐπί σοι καὶ κράτει αὐτό. καὶ ἐκράτησεν αὐτό. καὶ ἐμέτρησεν ἓξ κριθῶν καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν· καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν.

And he said to her: 'Bring the shawl that is on you and hold it.' And she held it. And he measured out six measures of barley and put them on her; and he went into the city.

Gift and departureκαὶThe gift of barley (ἓξ κριθῶν, 'six [measures] of barley' — the unit unstated in LXX; MT: six seahs) is simultaneously a gift for Naomi and a token of Boaz's serious intent. The final clause 'he went into the city' (εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν) is a textual crux: LXX reads αὐτός ('he,' i.e. Boaz), while the MT is ambiguous and many versions read 'she' (Ruth). Both readings are defensible.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative, subject = Boaz)→ constative aorist
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
ΦέρεbringPres Act Imper 2 Sg · φέρωimperative (directive)→ progressive present imperativeφέρω: 'bring, carry'; Boaz directs Ruth to present her shawl as a container.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
περίζωμαshawl / sash / wrapperAccusativedirect object of Φέρεπερίζωμα: 'girdle, wrapper, shawl'; renders Hebrew הַמִּטְפַּחַת ('shawl, veil'); the same garment used as a sack to carry the grain. The same root as in vv.3, 9 (στολή) but a different term.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with attributive participle phrase: τὸ ἐπί σοι)
ἐπίonpreposition + dative (location: 'on you')
σοιyouDativeobject of ἐπί (the shawl she is wearing)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κράτειholdPres Act Imper 2 Sg · κρατέωcoordinated imperative→ progressive present imperative (maintain the grip)κρατέω: 'hold, grasp, keep'; Ruth is to hold the shawl open to receive the grain.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative, now Ruth acts)
ἐκράτησενshe heldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρατέωmain verb (subject = Ruth, immediate compliance)→ constative aoristκρατέω: Ruth's instant obedience mirrors her pattern of the whole chapter.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (Boaz now acts)
ἐμέτρησενhe measured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μετρέωmain verb (subject = Boaz)→ constative aoristμετρέω: 'measure'; the gift is measured, not approximate — a legal and generous act.
ἓξsixcardinal numeral (indeclinable)ἕξ: 'six'; the unit of measure is unspecified in the LXX (MT says 'six seahs' — a very large amount, perhaps symbolically perfect/complete); ἓξ alone = 'six measures.'
κριθῶνof barleyGenitivepartitive genitive (with the numeral ἓξ: 'six of barley')κριθή: 'barley'; the same grain of the harvest (cf. v.2); Boaz sends Ruth with a token of betrothal-intent.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέθηκενhe placed / putAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon, load'; Boaz loads the grain onto Ruth.
ἐπ᾽on / uponpreposition + accusative (placing upon)
αὐτήνherAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placed on Ruth / on her shawl)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσῆλθενhe / she went inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (subject ambiguous: see note)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go into, enter'; textual crux: Rahlfs prints no explicit subject, but the preceding αὐτός (found in some manuscripts) points to Boaz; other witnesses and translations (including the Vulgate 'et reversa est in civitatem') make Ruth the subject. Most modern commentators prefer Ruth as subject (she goes to report to Naomi), but the LXX text as printed implies Boaz.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city'; Bethlehem. Whoever goes in returns to the city where the legal process of chapter 4 must unfold.
16

καὶ ἦλθεν πρὸς τὴν πενθερὰν αὐτῆς, ἡ δὲ εἶπεν· Τίς εἶ, θύγατερ; καὶ ἀνήγγειλεν αὐτῇ πάντα, ὅσα ἐποίησεν αὐτῇ ὁ ἀνήρ.

And she came to her mother-in-law, and she said: 'Who are you, daughter?' And she reported to her all that the man had done for her.

Report / dialogueκαὶRuth returns to Naomi, who greets her with Τίς εἶ — 'who are you?' — the same phrase Boaz used in v.9. Here it may mean 'how did things turn out?' (a Hebrew idiom מִי אַתְּ can carry this sense). Ruth's full report (πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν) frames the exchange as accountability.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
ἦλθενshe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (subject = Ruth)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: Ruth's return to Naomi opens the chapter's final movement.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward person)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πενθερὰνmother-in-lawAccusativeobject of preposition πρόςπενθερά: recurring title for Naomi in this chapter.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
sheNominativearticle (with δέ: change of speaker indicator ἡ δέ)
δὲand / thenpostpositive particle (ἡ δέ = 'and she [Naomi]')
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (subject = Naomi via ἡ δέ)→ constative aorist
ΤίςWhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate nominative in identity question)τίς: 'who?'; the same question Boaz asked (v.9). In context it may mean 'how did things go?' — a Hebrew idiom (מִי אַתְּ = 'who are you?' used idiomatically for 'how did you fare?').
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ stative present
θύγατερdaughterVocativevocative (address)θυγάτηρ: Naomi's affectionate address, mirroring her opening θύγατερ (v.1).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνήγγειλενshe reported / toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (subject = Ruth)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'report, announce, bring news'; renders Hebrew וַתַּגֶּד. Ruth gives a complete account.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
πάνταall things / everythingAccusativedirect object (fronted: comprehensive report)πᾶς: 'all'; πάντα ὅσα resumes the formula of vv.5, 6, 11.
ὅσαas many things asAccusativecorrelative relative pronounὅσος: correlative with πάντα.
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωrelative clause verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the ποιέω root has bound the chapter from Ruth's πάντα ... ποιήσω (v.5) to Boaz's πάντα ... ποιήσω (v.11) and now to Ruth's report of πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν (v.16).
αὐτῇfor her / to herDativedative of advantage (Boaz acted for Ruth's benefit)
theNominativearticle
ἀνήρmanNominativesubject of ἐποίησενἀνήρ: 'man'; Boaz is again called 'the man' in Ruth's report to Naomi — matching the anonymous reference of vv.3, 8.
17

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ· Τὰ ἓξ τῶν κριθῶν ταῦτα ἔδωκέν μοι, ὅτι εἶπεν πρός με· Μὴ εἰσέλθῃς κενὴ πρὸς τὴν πενθεράν σου.

And she said to her: 'These six measures of barley he gave me, for he said to me: Do not go to your mother-in-law empty-handed.'

Report (continued) / Boaz's cited wordsκαὶRuth adds the specific detail of the gift and quotes Boaz's stated reason. The word κενή ('empty') picks up the language of destitution from 1:21 (Naomi: 'I went away full and the Lord has brought me back empty'); the gift is a reversal of that emptiness.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενshe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (subject = Ruth, continuation of report)→ constative aorist
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
ΤὰtheseAccusativearticle (with ταῦτα: demonstrative force)
ἓξsixcardinal numeral (indeclinable)ἕξ: 'six'; the grain visibly demonstrates the outcome of the night.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with partitive genitive)
κριθῶνbarleyGenitivepartitive genitive (six of the barley)κριθή: 'barley'; the physical evidence Ruth carries.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (direct object, pointing to the grain)οὗτος: 'this/these'; the demonstrative emphasizes the tangible gift Ruth is presenting.
ἔδωκένhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; Boaz is the implicit subject.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object
ὅτιfor / becausesubordinating conjunction (causal: ground for the gift)
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of causal clause (introducing direct speech)→ constative aorist
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)
μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός (addressee of speech)
Μὴnotnegative particle (prohibition with subjunctive)
εἰσέλθῃςgo / enterAor Act Subj 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of prohibition (μή + aorist subjunctive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (prohibitive)εἰσέρχομαι: 'go into, enter'; the prohibition is quoted verbatim from Boaz to Ruth.
κενὴempty / empty-handedNominativepredicate adjective (in agreement with subject σύ implied)κενός: 'empty, without content'; renders Hebrew רֵיקָם. This word echoes Naomi's lament at 1:21 (LXX: κενήν με ἀπέστρεψεν κύριος, 'the Lord has returned me empty'); Boaz's gift reverses the emptiness.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: going to a person)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πενθεράνmother-in-lawAccusativeobject of πρόςπενθερά: 'mother-in-law'; the chapter's last reference to Naomi by this title, within Boaz's quoted instruction.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
18

ἡ δὲ εἶπεν· Κάθου, θύγατερ, ἕως τοῦ γνῶναί σε πῶς πεσεῖται τὸ πρᾶγμα· οὐ γὰρ ἀναπαύσεται ὁ ἀνήρ, ἐὰν μὴ τελέσῃ τὸ ῥῆμα σήμερον.

And she said: 'Sit still, daughter, until you know how the matter will fall; for the man will not rest unless he has settled the matter today.'

Closing counsel / confident expectationἡ δέNaomi's final speech closes the chapter with a counsel of patient expectation. The verb πεσεῖται ('will fall' = 'will turn out') is an idiom; the action has been set in motion and its outcome is now in Boaz's hands. Naomi's confident assertion that Boaz will not rest (οὐ ἀναπαύσεται) forms an ironic echo of her opening search for Ruth's ἀνάπαυσιν (v.1): the agent of Ruth's rest will himself not rest until the task is done.
sheNominativearticle (ἡ δέ: change of speaker marker, subject = Naomi)
δὲthen / andpostpositive particle (ἡ δέ idiom)
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (subject = Naomi)→ constative aorist
Κάθουsit / waitPres Mid Imper 2 Sg · κάθημαιimperative (directive: 'sit still, wait')→ progressive present imperative (ongoing state: remain seated)κάθημαι: 'sit, remain'; renders Hebrew שְׁבִי ('sit, dwell'). Naomi counsels passive patience — the matter is now in the hands of Boaz.
θύγατερdaughterVocativevocative (address; final use of this term in the chapter)θυγάτηρ: the chapter opened with this address (v.1) and closes with it — a structural frame.
ἕωςuntilsubordinating conjunction (temporal limit)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (ἕως τοῦ + inf. = 'until')
γνῶναίto knowAor Act Infin · γινώσκωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'until you know')→ constative aorist infinitiveγινώσκω: 'know, learn'; the knowing is future — the outcome is not yet settled.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
πῶςhowindirect interrogative adverb (introducing indirect question)πῶς: 'how'; introduces the indirect question embedded in the knowing.
πεσεῖταιwill fall out / will turn outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb of indirect question→ predictive futureπίπτω: 'fall'; πῶς πεσεῖται τὸ πρᾶγμα = 'how the matter will fall (out)'; an idiomatic expression for 'how things will turn out,' rendering Hebrew אֵיךְ יִפֹּל דָּבָר.
τὸtheNominativearticle
πρᾶγμαmatter / thing / affairNominativesubject of πεσεῖταιπρᾶγμα: 'matter, affair, deed'; renders Hebrew דָּבָר ('word, matter'). The 'matter' is the ἀγχιστεία negotiation that must be settled in chapter 4.
οὐnotnegative particle
γὰρforpostpositive explanatory conjunction
ἀναπαύσεταιwill restFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀναπαύωmain verb (predictive future; subject = Boaz)→ predictive future (confident assertion)ἀναπαύω: 'rest, cease'; middle = 'give oneself rest.' The same root as ἀνάπαυσιν in v.1 — Naomi sought Ruth's rest; now she predicts that Boaz will not give himself rest until he has secured it. A deliberate verbal echo binding the chapter's frame.
theNominativearticle
ἀνήρmanNominativesubject of ἀναπαύσεταιἀνήρ: 'man'; Boaz; the final use of this epithet for him in the chapter (vv.3, 8, 16, 18).
ἐὰνunless / if notconditional conjunction (with μή: negative condition = 'unless')
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἐάν: 'unless')
τελέσῃhe has completed / settledAor Act Subj 3 Sg · τελέωverb of conditional clause (ἐὰν μή + subjunctive = 'unless')→ constative aorist subjunctive (conditional)τελέω: 'complete, finish, accomplish'; renders Hebrew כִּי אִם כִּלָּה ('unless he has finished/settled'). The word implies the legal process of chapter 4 must be resolved.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ῥῆμαword / matterAccusativedirect object of τελέσῃῥῆμα: 'word, matter, thing'; a near-synonym of πρᾶγμα (v.18a); renders Hebrew דָּבָר again. The 'matter/word' to be settled is the redemption that unlocks Ruth's future.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time (emphasizing urgency)σήμερον: 'today'; Naomi's confident expectation of Boaz's immediate action. The chapter ends with a forward thrust: today will settle everything.