Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Ruth, Chapter 4ΡΟΥΘ Δ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ Βοὸζ ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐκεῖ, καὶ ἰδοὺ ὁ ἀγχιστεύων παρεπορεύετο, ὃν εἶπεν Βοόζ. καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἐκκλίνας κάθισον ὧδε, ὁ δεῖνα. καὶ ἐξέκλινεν καὶ ἐκάθισεν.

And Boaz went up to the gate and sat there; and behold, the kinsman-redeemer of whom Boaz had spoken was passing by. And he said to him, 'Turn aside, sit here, So-and-so.' And he turned aside and sat.

Narrative sequence (scene-opening)ΚαὶThe paratactic καί opens the final scene at the town gate — the legal forum of ancient Israel. Boaz's initiative is immediate; the unnamed redeemer is introduced with the rare placeholder ὁ δεῖνα ('So-and-so'), preserving his anonymity.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative parataxis)
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubjectΒοόζ: LXX form of Hebrew בֹּעַז; indeclinable in some LXX MSS but treated as nom. here by position.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aorist (single completed action)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; gates sat elevated at the city entrance.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πύληνgateAccusativeobject of ἐπί (goal)πύλη: 'gate'; the city gate was the legal assembly place in ancient Israel (Deut 22:15; Amos 5:15).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάθισενsatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aoristκαθίζω: 'sit down'; taking a judicial seat signals formal intent.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdattention-marker / interjectionἰδού: fixed particle (< imperative of ὁράω) marking a new, surprising element in the narrative — a Hebraism of הִנֵּה.
theNominativearticle (substantivizing participle)
ἀγχιστεύωνkinsman-redeemerPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (subject)ἀγχιστεύω: 'act as next-of-kin / kinsman-redeemer'; translates Hebrew גאל (gā'al); the participial form = 'the one who redeems'; the key technical-legal term of the chapter.
παρεπορεύετοwas passing byImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραπορεύομαιmain verb (action simultaneous with Boaz's sitting)→ progressive imperfect (action in progress)παραπορεύομαι: 'pass by alongside'; the imperfect captures the redeemer mid-step.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (antecedent: ὁ ἀγχιστεύων)
εἶπενhad spoken ofAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (prior reference)λέγω: 'say'; back-reference to Boaz's mention of the nearer redeemer in 3:12.
ΒοόζBoazNominativesubject of relative clause
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object
Ἐκκλίναςturning asideAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐκκλίνωattendant-circumstance participle (imperatival force)ἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside, step out of the path'; here an invitation to come over and sit.
κάθισονsitAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (direct command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin to sit)
ὧδεhereadverb of place
ONominativearticle (with address — colloquial vocative use)
δεῖναSo-and-soNominativeaddress (placeholder name)ὁ δεῖνα: 'such-a-one, So-and-so'; a rare Greek pronoun preserving the anonymity of the redeemer — unique in the LXX to this verse.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξέκλινενturned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλίνωmain verb→ constative aorist
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάθισενsatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aorist
2

καὶ ἔλαβεν Βοὸζ δέκα ἄνδρας ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τῆς πόλεως καὶ εἶπεν· Καθίσατε ὧδε. καὶ ἐκάθισαν.

And Boaz took ten men from the elders of the city and said, 'Sit here.' And they sat.

Narrative sequence (legal assembly)καὶBoaz assembles a quorum of ten elders — the minimum for a legal transaction in ancient Israelite practice — as official witnesses. The brevity of their compliance underscores Boaz's authority.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; used of summoning/gathering here.
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubject
δέκαtennumeral (indeclinable) modifying ἄνδραςδέκα: 'ten'; the rabbinic minyan is usually traced partly to this verse.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect objectἀνήρ: 'man'; here specifically adult male citizens eligible for legal testimony.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitivepartitive genitive (source group)πρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; the recognized civic-legal authority in Israelite gate proceedings (Deut 25:7–9; Ruth 4:9).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of belongingπόλις: 'city'; i.e. Bethlehem.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
ΚαθίσατεsitAor Act Impv 2 Pl · καθίζωmain verb (direct command, plural)→ ingressive aorist imperative
ὧδεhereadverb of place
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάθισανthey satAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καθίζωmain verb (compliance)→ constative aorist
3

καὶ εἶπεν Βοὸζ τῷ ἀγχιστεύοντι· Τὴν μερίδα τοῦ ἀγροῦ, ἥ ἐστιν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ἡμῶν Αβιμέλεχ, ἀπέδοτο Νωεμὶν ἡ ἐπιστρέψασα ἐξ ἀγροῦ Μωάβ·

And Boaz said to the kinsman-redeemer, 'The portion of the field that belongs to our brother Elimelech, Naomi who returned from the country of Moab has put up for sale;'

Narrative sequence (legal disclosure)καὶBoaz opens the formal case by naming the property in question and its seller. The relative clause identifying Naomi ('who returned from the country of Moab') recalls 1:22, framing the redemption as the culmination of Naomi's journey.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubject
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀγχιστεύοντιkinsman-redeemerPres Act Ptcp Dat Sg Masc · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (dative indirect object)ἀγχιστεύω: the technical term for the levirate/redemption role; dative marks the addressee.
ΤὴνtheAccusativearticle (fronted for emphasis)
μερίδαportionAccusativedirect object (fronted topic)μερίς: 'portion, share, plot'; the allotted family land (cf. Num 26:52–56). Topicalized by fronting.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive of apposition (the portion = the field)ἀγρός: 'field, agricultural plot.'
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of relative clause)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (relative clause)→ gnomic/permanent present
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivepredicate genitive of possessionἀδελφός: 'brother'; used in Semitic fashion for a kinsman/fellow-tribesman, not necessarily a sibling.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ΑβιμέλεχElimelechGenitivegenitive apposition (proper name, indeclinable)Αβιμέλεχ: LXX rendering of אֱלִימֶלֶךְ (ʾĔlîmeleḵ); some MSS have Αβιμελεχ/Ελιμελεχ. Indeclinable transliteration.
ἀπέδοτοhas put up for saleAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (legal action reported)→ constative aorist (transaction viewed as whole)ἀποδίδωμι mid.: 'sell off, dispose of'; the middle voice underscores Naomi's personal interest in the transaction.
ΝωεμὶνNaomiNominativesubject (indeclinable proper noun)Νωεμίν: LXX form of נָעֳמִי (Naomi); indeclinable transliteration.
the one whoNominativearticle (substantivizing participle)
ἐπιστρέψασαreturnedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · ἐπιστρέφωsubstantival participle (apposition to Νωεμίν)ἐπιστρέφω: 'return, turn back'; echoes Naomi's homecoming in 1:22 (ἐπέστρεψεν).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (origin)
ἀγροῦthe countryGenitivegenitive of sourceἀγρός: 'field, countryside, territory'; ἐξ ἀγροῦ Μωάβ = 'from the territory of Moab.'
ΜωάβMoabGenitivegenitive (indeclinable proper name, attributive)Μωάβ: indeclinable place-name; the foreign land Naomi and Ruth departed from.
4

κἀγὼ εἶπα· Ἀποκαλύψω τὸ οὖς σου λέγων· Κτῆσαι ἐναντίον τῶν καθημένων καὶ ἐναντίον τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τοῦ λαοῦ μου. εἰ ἀγχιστεύεις, ἀγχίστευε· εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀγχιστεύεις, ἀνάγγειλόν μοι, καὶ γνώσομαι· ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν πάρεξ σοῦ τοῦ ἀγχιστεῦσαι, κἀγὼ μετὰ σέ. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἀγχιστεύσω.

And I said, 'I will disclose it to you, saying: Buy it before those who are sitting and before the elders of my people. If you will redeem it, redeem it; but if you will not redeem it, tell me, that I may know; for there is no one besides you to redeem, and I am after you.' And he said, 'I will be the one to redeem.'

Narrative continuation (Boaz's speech)κἀγὼBoaz presents the right-of-first-refusal formally and publicly. The crasis κἀγώ (= καὶ ἐγώ) introduces his own prior decision to inform. The threefold repetition of ἀγχιστεύω in Boaz's challenge is rhetorically pointed — give the redeemer every opportunity. The redeemer's initial response is positive.
κἀγὼand INominativecrasis (καὶ + ἐγώ); subject + connectiveκἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ; marks personal involvement of Boaz in the disclosure decision.
εἶπαsaidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἈποκαλύψωI will discloseFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποκαλύπτωmain verb (reported speech)→ predictive futureἀποκαλύπτω: lit. 'uncover'; the idiom ἀποκαλύψω τὸ οὖς σου ('uncover your ear') is a Hebraism from גָּלָה אֹזֶן = 'disclose privately.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
οὖςearAccusativedirect object (idiom: 'uncover the ear' = disclose)οὖς: 'ear'; part of the Hebraism ἀποκαλύπτειν τὸ οὖς τινος = to reveal something privately to someone.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattendant-circumstance participle (introducing direct speech)
Κτῆσαιacquire / buyAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (imperative, offer of purchase right)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκτάομαι: 'acquire, get, purchase'; the aorist middle imperative formally offers the purchase right to the nearer redeemer.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (before the eyes of; witness idiom)ἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of'; a legal-witness idiom common in LXX.
τῶνthoseGenitivearticle (substantivizing participle)
καθημένωνsittingPres Mid Ptcp Gen Pl Masc · κάθημαιsubstantival participle (genitive after ἐναντίον)κάθημαι: 'sit'; the seated ones are the assembled witnesses at the gate.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (repeated for emphasis)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitivegenitive after ἐναντίον
τοῦofGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of belongingλαός: 'people'; used of the covenant people Israel.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
εἰifconditional particle (first-class condition)
ἀγχιστεύειςyou will redeemPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωprotasis of conditional (first-class)→ futuristic present
ἀγχίστευεredeemPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωapodosis (direct command — exercise the right)→ progressive present imperative
εἰifconditional particle (first-class condition, negative)
δὲbutadversative particle
μὴnotnegation (conditional)
ἀγχιστεύειςyou will redeemPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωprotasis of negative conditional→ futuristic present
ἀνάγγειλόνtellAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (apodosis command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀναγγέλλω: 'report, declare, announce'; formal disclosure expected.
μοιto meDativedative of indirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γνώσομαιI will knowFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (result clause)→ predictive futureγινώσκω: 'know'; what Boaz will know = whether he must proceed as redeemer himself.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (giving reason for the offer)
οὐκnotnegation
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential copula→ gnomic present
πάρεξbesidespreposition + genitive (exclusive exception)πάρεξ: 'except, besides, apart from'; rare preposition in LXX.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive after πάρεξ
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose/specification)
ἀγχιστεῦσαιredeemAor Act Inf · ἀγχιστεύωarticular infinitive (genitive of specification: 'besides you to redeem')→ constative aorist infinitive
κἀγὼand INominativecrasis; subject of following clause
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (sequence)
σέyouAccusativeobject of μετά (positional: 'second in line')
theNominativearticle (with substantivized relative clause)
δὲandparticle (narrative ὁ δέ = change of subject)
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (redeemer's reply)→ constative aorist
ἘγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (identifying clause)→ gnomic/identifying present
the one whoNominativearticle (substantivizing future indicative)
ἀγχιστεύσωwill redeemFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantivized predicate (relative clause = 'I am the one who will redeem')→ predictive future
5

καὶ εἶπεν Βοόζ· Ἐν ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ κτᾶσαι τὸ πεδίον ἐκ χειρὸς Νωεμὶν καὶ παρὰ Ρουθ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος γυναικὸς τοῦ τεθνηκότος κτᾶσαι δεῖ, ὥστε ἀναστῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τεθνηκότος ἐπὶ τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ.

And Boaz said, 'On the day you acquire the field from the hand of Naomi and from Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of the dead, you must also acquire her, so as to raise up the name of the dead man over his inheritance.'

Narrative sequence (Boaz adds the levirate obligation)καὶThis verse is the turning-point: Boaz reveals the levirate dimension of the redemption — the redeemer must take Ruth as wife to perpetuate the dead man's name. The obligation (δεῖ) ties the land purchase inseparably to the social duty, and it is this condition that will cause the redeemer to withdraw.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
ΒοόζBoazNominativesubject
Ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)
whichDativerelative pronoun (correlative: 'on the day when')
ἡμέρᾳdayDativetemporal dative (after ἐν)ἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ = 'on whatever day, when.'
κτᾶσαιyou acquirePres Mid Indic 2 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb of temporal clause→ futuristic present (contingent action)κτάομαι: 'acquire, purchase'; repeated from v.4.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πεδίονfieldAccusativedirect objectπεδίον: 'plain, field'; LXX variant for the plot of land (cf. μερίς v.3).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
χειρὸςthe handGenitivegenitive of source (idiom: 'from the hand of' = from the possession of)χείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός + gen. is a Hebraism of מִיַּד = 'from the possession/ownership of.'
ΝωεμὶνNaomiGenitivegenitive (after χειρός; indeclinable proper name)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source, parallel to ἐκ χειρός)
ΡουθRuthGenitivegenitive (after παρά; indeclinable proper name)Ρούθ: indeclinable LXX transliteration of רוּת; here the second party to the transaction.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabitessGenitivegenitive in apposition to ΡουθΜωαβῖτις: 'Moabitess, woman from Moab'; an ethnic designation marking Ruth's foreign origin, repeated at 4:10 for legal explicitness.
γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive apposition (further identification of Ruth)γυνή: 'wife, woman'; the legal status of widow of the deceased is legally significant.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
τεθνηκότοςdead manPerf Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (genitive of relationship: wife of the deceased)θνῄσκω: 'die'; the perfect participle = 'the one who has died / the deceased'; the perfect aspect stresses the ongoing state of death.
κτᾶσαιyou must acquirePres Mid Indic 2 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (apodosis, parallel to first κτᾶσαι)→ futuristic/obligatory present
δεῖit is necessaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖ (impersonal)impersonal verb of obligation (modifying κτᾶσαι)→ gnomic present (moral/legal necessity)δεῖ: 'it is necessary, one must'; expresses legal/moral obligation. The levirate duty is here stated as imperative.
ὥστεso as toresult/purpose conjunction + infinitiveὥστε: introduces a result/purpose clause with infinitive — 'so as to, in order to.'
ἀναστῆσαιraise upAor Act Inf · ἀνίστημιinfinitive of purpose/result (after ὥστε)→ constative aorist infinitiveἀνίστημι: 'raise up'; ἀναστῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα = 'to raise up / perpetuate the name' of the dead — the levirate purpose of Deut 25:6–7.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἀναστῆσαιὄνομα: 'name'; in Semitic thought, the 'name' = the person's identity, line, and inheritance (cf. Deut 25:6).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
τεθνηκότοςdead manPerf Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession)
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (continuation upon)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κληρονομίαςinheritanceGenitivegenitive after ἐπί (object of continuation)κληρονομία: 'inheritance, allotted estate'; the ancestral land (κλῆρος) that must stay in the family and bear the dead man's name.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
6

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ἀγχιστεύων· Οὐ δυνήσομαι ἀγχιστεῦσαι ἐμαυτῷ, μήποτε διαφθείρω τὴν κληρονομίαν μου· ἀγχίστευσον σεαυτῷ τὴν ἀγχιστείαν μου, ὅτι οὐ δυνήσομαι ἀγχιστεῦσαι.

And the kinsman-redeemer said, 'I am not able to redeem it for myself, lest I ruin my own inheritance; redeem my right of redemption for yourself, for I am not able to redeem it.'

Narrative sequence (the redeemer withdraws)καὶThe redeemer declines with the explanation that redemption would damage his own inheritance — presumably by dividing property between heirs. The irony is pointed: the man who bears the right refuses it. His refusal opens the way for Boaz. The fourfold ἀγχιστεύω cluster encapsulates the legal drama.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle (substantivizing participle)
ἀγχιστεύωνkinsman-redeemerPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (subject)
Οὐnotnegation (indicative)
δυνήσομαιI am ableFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (modal: ability)→ predictive futureδύναμαι: 'be able, can'; the negated future underscores inability — not unwillingness in principle but practical impossibility.
ἀγχιστεῦσαιto redeemAor Act Inf · ἀγχιστεύωcomplementary infinitive (after δύναμαι)→ constative aorist infinitive
ἐμαυτῷfor myselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive)ἐμαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; the dative underscores the personal cost.
μήποτεlestnegative purpose conjunctionμήποτε: 'lest, that ... not'; introduces the feared consequence.
διαφθείρωI ruinPres Act Subj 1 Sg · διαφθείρωverb of purpose/fear clause (subjunctive after μήποτε)→ progressive present subjunctive (ongoing damage feared)διαφθείρω: 'corrupt, ruin, destroy'; the feared harm is to his existing family estate — a new heir would subdivide the inheritance.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κληρονομίανinheritanceAccusativedirect object of διαφθείρωκληρονομία: 'inheritance'; the redeemer's own ancestral estate that would be encumbered.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἀγχίστευσονredeemAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀγχιστεύωmain verb (command — ceding the right to Boaz)→ ingressive aorist imperative
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive, addressed to Boaz)σεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 2nd person.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγχιστείανright of redemptionAccusativedirect object (the right being transferred)ἀγχιστεία: 'right/duty of kinsman-redemption'; the abstract noun from ἀγχιστεύω, used here for the legal entitlement being formally ceded.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (giving reason for the cession)
οὐnotnegation
δυνήσομαιI am ableFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (repeated for emphasis)→ predictive future
ἀγχιστεῦσαιto redeemAor Act Inf · ἀγχιστεύωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist infinitive
7

καὶ τοῦτο τὸ δικαίωμα ἔμπροσθεν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραήλ· ἐπὶ τὴν ἀγχιστείαν καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀντάλλαγμα τοῦ στῆσαι πᾶν λόγον· καὶ ὑπελύετο ὁ ἀνὴρ τὸ ὑπόδημα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐδίδου τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ τῷ ἀγχιστεύοντι τὴν ἀγχιστείαν αὐτοῦ· καὶ τοῦτο ἦν μαρτύριον ἐν Ἰσραήλ.

Now this was the custom formerly in Israel concerning redemption and concerning exchange, to confirm any matter: a man would remove his sandal and give it to the one who was redeeming his right of redemption; and this was the testimony in Israel.

Parenthetical explanation (narrator's aside on the sandal custom)καὶThe narrator steps outside the story to explain an archaic legal custom — the sandal-removal — to readers who may not know it. This parenthetical is part of the Greek text itself (not a textual variant). The imperfect ὑπελύετο/ἐδίδου indicates customary/repeated action in former times.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (transitional, narrative aside)
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)
τὸtheNominativearticle
δικαίωμαcustom / ordinanceNominativepredicate nominative (subject complement with ἦν implied)δικαίωμα: 'ordinance, legal requirement, custom'; here = 'the established legal practice.'
ἔμπροσθενformerlyadverb of time (formerly, in earlier times)ἔμπροσθεν: normally 'before, in front of'; temporally = 'formerly.' The custom is presented as archaic.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location — among)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἸσραήλIsraelDativedative after ἐν (indeclinable proper name treated as dative by context)Ἰσραήλ: indeclinable; 'in Israel' = in Israelite legal practice.
ἐπὶconcerningpreposition + accusative (reference/topic)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγχιστείανredemptionAccusativeobject of ἐπί (topic of the custom)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶconcerningpreposition + accusative (parallel reference)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀντάλλαγμαexchangeAccusativeobject of ἐπί (second topic: exchange/barter)ἀντάλλαγμα: 'exchange, substitute, equivalent'; the transfer of property rights by symbolic exchange.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (articular infinitive of purpose)
στῆσαιconfirmAor Act Inf · ἵστημιarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.)→ constative aorist infinitiveἵστημι: 'set, establish, confirm'; τοῦ στῆσαι πᾶν λόγον = 'to establish/confirm every matter' — a legal finalization formula.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeadjective (attributive, modifying λόγον)
λόγονmatterAccusativedirect object of στῆσαιλόγος: 'word, matter, case'; πᾶν λόγον = 'any legal transaction.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative resumes)
ὑπελύετοwould removeImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὑπολύωmain verb (customary imperfect)→ customary/iterative imperfect (repeated past practice)ὑπολύω: 'loosen from below, remove (sandals)'; the imperfect expresses the customary nature — 'used to do.'
theNominativearticle
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man'; the generic redeemer in the customary description.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὑπόδημαsandalAccusativedirect objectὑπόδημα: 'sandal, shoe'; the sandal as legal token of transfer — translates Hebrew נַעַל. The symbolic act acknowledges that one relinquishes the right to walk on / own the property.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδίδουwould giveImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (customary imperfect, parallel to ὑπελύετο)→ customary/iterative imperfectδίδωμι: 'give'; the formal handing-over of the sandal.
τῷto theDativearticle
πλησίονneighbourDativedative indirect objectπλησίον: 'neighbour, fellow'; here the legal counterpart in the transaction.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
τῷto the oneDativearticle (substantivizing participle)
ἀγχιστεύοντιredeemingPres Act Ptcp Dat Sg Masc · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (dative apposition: the one taking on the redemption)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγχιστείανright of redemptionAccusativedirect object of ἀγχιστεύοντι (the right being assumed)
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the former redeemer's right)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of closing statement)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ descriptive imperfect
μαρτύριονtestimonyNominativepredicate nominativeμαρτύριον: 'testimony, evidence, witness'; the sandal-gesture was the legally recognized testimony of the transaction.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location — among)
ἸσραήλIsraelDativedative after ἐν (indeclinable proper name)
8

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ἀγχιστεύων τῷ Βοόζ· Κτῆσαι σεαυτῷ τὴν ἀγχιστείαν μου. καὶ ὑπελύσατο τὸ ὑπόδημα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ.

And the kinsman-redeemer said to Boaz, 'Acquire my right of redemption for yourself.' And he removed his sandal and gave it to him.

Narrative sequence (formal execution of the sandal rite)καὶThe narrator now narrates the actual performance of the custom explained in v.7. The aorists ὑπελύσατο and ἔδωκεν mark the definite, completed legal act — the transfer of right is now official.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
ἀγχιστεύωνkinsman-redeemerPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (subject)
τῷtoDativearticle
ΒοόζBoazDativedative indirect object (addressee)
ΚτῆσαιacquireAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (command ceding the right)→ ingressive aorist imperative
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγχιστείανright of redemptionAccusativedirect object
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑπελύσατοremovedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὑπολύωmain verb→ constative aorist (definite completed act)ὑπολύω: 'loosen from below, remove'; the aorist (contrast the customary imperfect ὑπελύετο in v.7) marks this as the specific completed instance.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὑπόδημαsandalAccusativedirect object
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the formal presentation of the sandal completes the legal transfer.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (= to Boaz)
9

καὶ εἶπεν Βοὸζ τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις καὶ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ· Μάρτυρες ὑμεῖς σήμερον ὅτι κέκτημαι πάντα τὰ τοῦ Αβιμέλεχ καὶ πάντα ὅσα ὑπάρχει τῷ Χελαιων καὶ τῷ Μααλον ἐκ χειρὸς Νωεμίν.

And Boaz said to the elders and to all the people, 'You are witnesses today that I have acquired everything that belonged to Elimelech and everything that belonged to Chilion and Mahlon, from the hand of Naomi.'

Narrative sequence (Boaz's public declaration — first part)καὶBoaz formally calls the elders and the assembled people as witnesses — a legal declaration per the gate-assembly custom. The perfect κέκτημαι stresses the completed and now-permanent acquisition. The three names of Elimelech's household are named in full for legal precision.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubject
τοῖςto theDativearticle
πρεσβυτέροιςeldersDativedative indirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παντὶallDativeadjective (attributive, with τῷ λαῷ)
τῷtheDativearticle
λαῷpeopleDativedative indirect object (second addressee)λαός: 'people'; the full assembly at the gate functions as the public witness body.
ΜάρτυρεςwitnessesNominativepredicate nominative (verbless declaration)μάρτυς: 'witness'; the solemn declaration addresses the assembly as legal witnesses — a performative speech-act.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun — verbless clause)
σήμερονtodayadverb of timeσήμερον: 'today'; the legal force is bound to this specific day.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of witness (ὅτι recitativum)
κέκτημαιI have acquiredPerf Mid Indic 1 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb of ὅτι clause→ intensive/extensive perfect (completed acquisition with present state of ownership)κτάομαι: 'acquire, purchase'; the perfect tense here is legally significant — the acquisition is complete and its effect stands.
πάνταeverythingAccusativedirect object
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantivized genitive phrase)
τοῦofGenitivearticle (genitive of possession)
ΑβιμέλεχElimelechGenitivegenitive of possession (indeclinable proper name)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάνταeverythingAccusativedirect object (parallel)
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative: 'all that')
ὑπάρχειbelongsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπάρχωverb of relative clause→ gnomic present (property as permanent fact)ὑπάρχω: 'belong to, be the property of' (with dative); a formal legal term for possession.
τῷtoDativearticle
ΧελαιωνChilionDativedative after ὑπάρχει (indeclinable proper name)Χελαιών: LXX form of כִּלְיוֹן (Chilion), one of Elimelech's sons.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷtoDativearticle
ΜααλονMahlonDativedative after ὑπάρχει (indeclinable proper name)Μααλών: LXX form of מַחְלוֹן (Mahlon), Ruth's first husband.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source of acquisition)
χειρὸςthe handGenitivegenitive (Hebraism: ἐκ χειρός = from the possession of)
ΝωεμίνNaomiGenitivegenitive after χειρός (indeclinable proper name)
10

καὶ γε Ρουθ τὴν Μωαβῖτιν τὴν γυναῖκα Μααλων κέκτημαι ἐμαυτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀναστῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τεθνηκότος ἐπὶ τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐξαλειφθήσεται τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τεθνηκότος ἐκ τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκ τῆς πύλης τοῦ τόπου αὐτοῦ· μάρτυρες ὑμεῖς σήμερον.

And also Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of Mahlon, I have taken for myself as wife, to raise up the name of the dead over his inheritance, so that the name of the dead will not be cut off from his brothers and from the gate of his place. You are witnesses today.

Narrative sequence (second part of Boaz's declaration — the levirate dimension)καὶ γεThe particle καί γε ('and indeed, moreover') adds emphasis and introduces the more personal, socially weighty second element: Boaz publicly declares he is taking Ruth as wife. The declaration closes with the same witness-formula as v.9 (μάρτυρες ὑμεῖς σήμερον), framing the two elements as one unified legal act.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γεindeedemphatic particle (intensifying καί: 'and moreover')γε: enclitic particle of emphasis; with καί = 'and also / and indeed.'
ΡουθRuthAccusativedirect object (fronted for emphasis; indeclinable proper name)Ρούθ: indeclinable; fronted to highlight that the person is as much the object of acquisition as the land.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΜωαβῖτινMoabitessAccusativeaccusative in apposition (ethnic identification, legally significant)Μωαβῖτις: repeated ethnic marker; legally significant in that a Moabitess might face social/legal challenge under Deut 23:3.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative apposition (relational identification)γυνή: 'wife'; the legal relationship to the deceased is specified.
ΜααλωνMahlonGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper name)
κέκτημαιI have takenPerf Mid Indic 1 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (perfect of completed acquisition)→ intensive perfect (done and standing)
ἐμαυτῷfor myselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive)
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as / into the role of')εἰς + acc.: 'as, for the purpose of'; a Hebraism of לְ + noun = 'to be/become.'
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativepredicate accusative after εἰς
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (articular infinitive of purpose)
ἀναστῆσαιraise upAor Act Inf · ἀνίστημιarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.)→ constative aorist infinitive
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἀναστῆσαι
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
τεθνηκότοςdead manPerf Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession)
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (continuation upon inheritance)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κληρονομίαςinheritanceGenitivegenitive after ἐπί
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegation
ἐξαλειφθήσεταιwill be blotted outFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαλείφωmain verb (purpose/result: negative statement)→ predictive future passiveἐξαλείφω: 'blot out, wipe away, erase'; used of erasing a name from memory — a catastrophic social consequence in ancient Israel.
τὸtheNominativearticle
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of passive verb
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
τεθνηκότοςdead manPerf Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession)
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivegenitive of separation (erased from the community of kin)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; the clan community that would suffer the shame of a name's obliteration.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation, parallel)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πύληςgateGenitivegenitive of separation (the community gathered at the gate)πύλη: 'gate'; the public civic forum — to be erased 'from the gate' = to lose one's standing in the community.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive of belongingτόπος: 'place'; = 'his home town,' i.e., Bethlehem.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
μάρτυρεςwitnessesNominativepredicate nominative (closing witness-formula)
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic, verbless clause)
σήμερονtodayadverb of time
11

καὶ εἶπαν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ ἐν τῇ πύλῃ καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι· Μάρτυρες· δῴη κύριος τὴν γυναῖκα τὴν εἰσπορευομένην εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου ὡς Ραχηλ καὶ ὡς Λείαν, αἳ ᾠκοδόμησαν ἀμφότεραι τὸν οἶκον Ἰσραήλ, καὶ ποίησον δύναμιν ἐν Εφραθα καὶ ἔσται ὄνομά σου ἐν Βηθλέεμ.

And all the people in the gate and the elders said, 'We are witnesses. May the LORD make the woman who is coming into your house like Rachel and like Leah, who together built the house of Israel; and may you do worthily in Ephrathah and may your name be famous in Bethlehem.'

Narrative sequence (the people's blessing — first part)καὶThe entire assembly responds with the witness-acclamation and then a blessing. Rachel and Leah are named as the matriarchal builders of Israel — Ruth is being incorporated into the founding story of the nation. The optative δῴη (aorist optative of δίδωμι) is a wish/prayer addressed to the LORD. Ephrathah and Bethlehem appear as parallel names for the town.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (corporate speech-introduction)→ constative aorist
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (attributive, modifying ὁ λαός)
theNominativearticle
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject
the onesNominativearticle (substantivizing prepositional phrase)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῇtheDativearticle
πύλῃgateDativedative of location
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject (second group)
ΜάρτυρεςwitnessesNominativepredicate nominative (affirmation of witness role — response to Boaz)μάρτυς: 'witness'; the people echo Boaz's own witness-formula, formally accepting the role.
δῴηmay giveAor Act Opt 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of wish-clause (optative of prayer/blessing)→ volitive optative (wish/prayer directed to the LORD)δίδωμι: 'give'; the aorist optative δῴη expresses a pious wish — 'may the LORD grant.'
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of optative clauseκύριος: LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine name appears in the blessing formula.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object of δῴηγυνή: 'woman, wife'; Ruth is the object of the LORD's blessing.
τὴνthe one whoAccusativearticle (substantivizing participle)
εἰσπορευομένηνcoming inPres Mid Ptcp Acc Sg Fem · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantival participle (apposition, describing Ruth as entering the household)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter, come in'; the participle frames Ruth's entry as bride into the household.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination of entry)οἶκος: 'house, household'; here figuratively the household/family into which Ruth enters.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (addressed to Boaz)
ὡςlikecomparative particle
ΡαχηλRachelAccusativeaccusative (comparandum; indeclinable proper name)Ραχήλ: LXX form of רָחֵל; the beloved wife of Jacob, mother of Joseph and Benjamin, co-foundress of Israel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὡςlikecomparative particle (parallel)
ΛείανLeahAccusativeaccusative (comparandum)Λεία: LXX form of לֵאָה; the elder wife of Jacob, mother of six sons including Judah.
αἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of relative clause; antecedent: Rachel and Leah)
ᾠκοδόμησανbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Pl · οἰκοδομέωmain verb of relative clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; here metaphorical — they 'built' the house/people of Israel through their children.
ἀμφότεραιbothNominativesubject-adjunct (both together — emphasizing combined contribution)ἀμφότερος: 'both'; stresses the unity of their co-founding role.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect objectοἶκος: here 'the house/people of Israel' — the nation as a household.
ἸσραήλIsraelGenitivegenitive of belonging (indeclinable proper name)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ποίησονdo / showAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (second blessing-wish, imperatival form addressed to Boaz)→ ingressive aorist imperativeποιέω: 'do, make, show'; ποίησον δύναμιν = 'show/prove worth, act valiantly' — a Hebraism of עֲשֵׂה חַיִל.
δύναμινworth / mightAccusativedirect object (Hebraism: ποιεῖν δύναμιν = to act worthily/valiantly)δύναμις: 'power, worth, valour'; the phrase = 'do valiantly, prove yourself a man of worth' (cf. Boaz as אִישׁ גִּבּוֹר חַיִל in 2:1).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
ΕφραθαEphrathahDativedative of location (indeclinable proper name)Ἐφραθά: the ancient name for Bethlehem and its district (cf. Gen 35:19; Mic 5:2); treated as indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (third blessing element — predictive promise)→ predictive future
ὄνομάnameNominativesubjectὄνομα: 'name, reputation'; a good name = renown in the community.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
ΒηθλέεμBethlehemDativedative of location (indeclinable proper name)Βηθλέεμ: 'House of Bread'; the city of the narrative, and of David's later birth — a foreshadowing already felt in the genealogy of vv.18–22.
12

καὶ γένοιτο ὁ οἶκός σου ὡς ὁ οἶκος Φαρές, ὃν ἔτεκεν Θαμαρ τῷ Ἰούδᾳ, ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος οὗ δῴη κύριος σοι ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης ταύτης.

And may your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah, from the offspring that the LORD may give to you from this young woman.

Narrative sequence (second part of people's blessing — genealogical wish)καὶThe blessing invokes Perez (Φαρές), born of the levirate-like union of Tamar and Judah (Gen 38) — a deliberate parallel with the present levirate redemption. The optative γένοιτο (aorist optative of γίγνομαι) continues the prayer-register. Tamar's story and Ruth's converge: both foreign women, both producing the Davidic line through an irregular but righteous union.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γένοιτοmay becomeAor Mid Opt 3 Sg · γίγνομαιmain verb (volitive optative — wish/prayer)→ volitive optative (prayer-wish)γίγνομαι: 'become, be'; the aorist optative γένοιτο is the standard LXX optative of blessing (= יְהִי in Hebrew).
theNominativearticle
οἶκόςhouseNominativesubjectοἶκος: 'house, household, dynasty'; the hoped-for Davidic dynasty is latent here.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ὡςlikecomparative particle
theNominativearticle
οἶκοςhouseNominativepredicate nominative (comparandum)
ΦαρέςPerezGenitivegenitive of belonging (indeclinable proper name)Φαρές: LXX form of פֶּרֶץ (Perez), son of Judah and Tamar (Gen 38:29); ancestor of the Davidic line. The same name recurs in the genealogy of v.18.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (direct object of ἔτεκεν; antecedent: Φαρές)
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb of relative clause→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear, give birth to'; the same verb used in the genealogical formula of vv.13 and 17.
ΘαμαρTamarNominativesubject of relative clause (indeclinable proper name)Θαμάρ: LXX form of תָּמָר (Tamar), who enacted a levirate-like claim on Judah and bore Perez (Gen 38). The explicit comparison draws Ruth and Tamar together as women who secured the covenant line by bold initiative.
τῷtoDativearticle
ἸούδᾳJudahDativedative indirect object (father of the child)Ἰούδας: LXX form of יְהוּדָה (Judah); the tribal patriarch through whom the Davidic and messianic line runs.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
σπέρματοςoffspringGenitivegenitive of sourceσπέρμα: 'seed, offspring, descendants'; the promised seed carries the whole covenantal weight of the blessing.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of source; antecedent: σπέρματος — 'from the offspring which')
δῴηmay giveAor Act Opt 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (volitive optative)→ volitive optative
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of optative clause
σοιto youDativedative of indirect object (addressed to Boaz)
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source — from this young woman)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
παιδίσκηςyoung womanGenitivegenitive of sourceπαιδίσκη: 'young woman, maidservant'; Ruth used this self-designation in 2:13; it appears here in the mouths of the community, perhaps with affection.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (attributive, identifying Ruth as present)
13

Καὶ ἔλαβεν Βοὸζ τὴν Ρουθ καὶ ἐγενήθη αὐτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς αὐτήν· καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῇ κύριος κύησιν καὶ ἔτεκεν υἱόν.

And Boaz took Ruth and she became his wife, and he went in to her; and the LORD gave her conception and she bore a son.

Narrative sequence (marriage, conception, birth)ΚαὶThree rapid aorists narrate the fulfilment: marriage, conjugal union, divine gift of conception. The explicit theological note — κύριος gave conception — echoes the book's consistent attribution of fruitfulness to God (1:6, 4:14). The noun κύησις ('conception, pregnancy') is a rare medical term, unique in the LXX to this verse.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (marriage formula: 'take as wife')→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; λαμβάνειν γυναῖκα / λαμβάνειν εἰς γυναῖκα is the standard LXX marriage formula.
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubject
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΡουθRuthAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγενήθηbecameAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίγνομαιmain verb (marriage result)→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: 'become'; ἐγενήθη αὐτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα = 'became his wife' — the εἰς + pred. acc. is a Hebraism of לְ.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession/relation (became his wife)
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative; Hebraism)
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativepredicate accusative after εἰς
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (euphemism for conjugal union)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in'; εἰσελθεῖν πρός = the LXX euphemism for sexual union, translating בּוֹא אֶל.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward; part of euphemism)
αὐτήνherAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine gift of conception)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the subject changes to κύριος — God is the ultimate giver of fertility.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (delayed; divine actor in fertility)κύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the divine gift of conception recalls 1 Sam 1:19–20 (Hannah).
κύησινconceptionAccusativedirect objectκύησις: 'conception, pregnancy'; a medical/biological term found only here in the LXX; translates הֵרָיוֹן (conception).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth narrative)→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear, give birth to'; the same verb used in the genealogical formulas of vv.12, 17.
υἱόνa sonAccusativedirect objectυἱός: 'son'; the birth of a son is the fulfilment of the levirate purpose stated in v.5 — a male heir to carry the name.
14

καὶ εἶπαν αἱ γυναῖκες πρὸς Νωεμίν· Εὐλογητὸς κύριος, ὃς οὐ κατέλιπέν σε σήμερον ἄνευ ἀγχιστεύοντος, καὶ καλέσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν Ἰσραήλ.

And the women said to Naomi, 'Blessed be the LORD, who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer, that his name may be proclaimed in Israel.'

Narrative sequence (women's blessing of the LORD)καὶThe women of Bethlehem — who opened the book by meeting Naomi (1:19) — now close the narrative arc with a doxology. The blessing-form εὐλογητὸς κύριος is the standard LXX praise formula (cf. Gen 24:27). The term ἀγχιστεύοντος now refers to the newborn son (Obed) as the new redeemer for Naomi, shifting the semantic range from legal redemption to familial care.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction, plural — the women's chorus)→ constative aorist
αἱtheNominativearticle
γυναῖκεςwomenNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman'; the women of Bethlehem who greeted Naomi's return in 1:19 now provide the closing benediction.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of speech)
ΝωεμίνNaomiAccusativeobject of πρός (indeclinable proper name)
ΕὐλογητὸςblessedNominativepredicate adjective (verbless doxology)εὐλογητός: 'blessed, praised'; the verbal adjective from εὐλογέω = 'worthy of blessing.' Εὐλογητὸς κύριος is the standard LXX doxological formula (ברוּךְ יהוה).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of verbless doxology
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject; grounds the praise in God's specific act)
οὐnotnegation
κατέλιπένleftAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (God's completed act of not-abandoning)καταλείπω: 'leave behind, forsake, abandon'; the negated aorist = 'has not abandoned' — contrasts with Naomi's feeling of being abandoned by God (1:20–21).
σεyouAccusativedirect object (Naomi is addressed)
σήμερονtodayadverb of time
ἄνευwithoutpreposition + genitive (absence)ἄνευ: 'without, apart from'; the deprivation that God has prevented.
ἀγχιστεύοντοςkinsman-redeemerPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (genitive after ἄνευ)ἀγχιστεύω: the term now refers not to the legal redeemer Boaz but to the newborn Obed as Naomi's family-redeemer — a semantic extension from legal to familial care.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (purpose/result)
καλέσαιto call / proclaimAor Act Inf · καλέωinfinitive of purpose/result (that his name may be called)→ constative aorist infinitiveκαλέω: 'call, name, proclaim'; καλέσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ = 'to call out / proclaim his name' — the naming and public proclamation that follows in v.17.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of καλέσαι
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the child's name)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: in Israel)
ἸσραήλIsraelDativedative after ἐν (indeclinable proper name)
15

καὶ ἔσται σοι εἰς ἐπιστρέφοντα ψυχὴν καὶ τοῦ διαθρέψαι τὴν πολιάν σου, ὅτι ἡ νύμφη σου ἡ ἀγαπήσασά σε ἔτεκεν αὐτόν, ἥ ἐστιν ἀγαθή σοι ὑπὲρ ἑπτὰ υἱούς.

And he will be to you a restorer of life and a nourisher of your old age, because your daughter-in-law who loves you — who is better to you than seven sons — bore him.

Narrative sequence (women's second statement about the child's role for Naomi)καὶThe women elaborate the child's significance for Naomi personally: he will 'restore her soul' (ἐπιστρέφοντα ψυχήν — restoring vitality) and nourish her old age. The superlative 'better than seven sons' is the book's climactic praise of Ruth — the ideal son-count (seven = completeness) is exceeded by this Moabitess. The sentence closes the women's speech and focuses the reader's attention back on Ruth before the naming.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predictive: describing the child's role)→ predictive future
σοιto youDativedative of advantage (for Naomi)
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative role; Hebraism of לְ)
ἐπιστρέφονταrestoringPres Act Ptcp Acc Sg Masc · ἐπιστρέφωsubstantival participle (predicate after εἰς — 'as one who restores')ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn, restore, revive'; ἐπιστρέφοντα ψυχήν = 'restoring the soul/life' — a Hebraism of מֵשִׁיב נֶפֶשׁ (Ps 23:3; Ruth 4:15).
ψυχὴνsoul / lifeAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστρέφονταψυχή: 'soul, life, vitality'; the idiomatic object in the restorative Hebraism — the child revitalizes Naomi.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (articular infinitive of purpose)
διαθρέψαιnourishAor Act Inf · διατρέφωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.)→ constative aorist infinitiveδιατρέφω: 'nourish thoroughly, support, sustain'; the compound suggests ongoing adequate care — a son's duty to an aging parent.
τὴνyourAccusativearticle
πολιάνold ageAccusativedirect object of διαθρέψαιπολιά: 'grey hair, old age'; a synecdoche for advanced years. The child will sustain Naomi in her old age.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the praise in Ruth's action)
theNominativearticle
νύμφηdaughter-in-lawNominativesubjectνύμφη: 'daughter-in-law, bride'; Ruth's relationship to Naomi is foregrounded — not merely her role as Boaz's wife.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
the one whoNominativearticle (substantivizing participle)
ἀγαπήσασάlovedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · ἀγαπάωsubstantival participle (apposition to ἡ νύμφη — she who has loved you)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; the only use of ἀγαπάω in Ruth, placed here at the climax to name what has driven Ruth's hesed throughout the story.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἀγαπήσασά
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb of causal clause→ constative aorist
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object (= the son of v.13)
whoNominativerelative pronoun (subject; antecedent: ἡ νύμφη σου)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (relative clause)→ gnomic present
ἀγαθήbetterNominativepredicate adjective (comparative sense with ὑπέρ)ἀγαθός: 'good'; with ὑπέρ + accusative = 'better than' — the superlative comparative is a Hebraism of טוֹב מִן.
σοιto youDativedative of advantage (in your estimation)
ὑπὲρthanpreposition + accusative (comparative standard: 'beyond, more than')ὑπέρ: here with comparative force ('better than...'); a LXX Hebraism.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (indeclinable) modifying υἱούςἑπτά: 'seven'; the number of completeness/ideal fullness in biblical idiom (1 Sam 2:5); more than seven sons = the superlative of familial blessing.
υἱούςsonsAccusativeaccusative (object of ὑπέρ — comparandum)υἱός: 'son'; seven sons = the ideal family and social security for an aging mother in ancient Israel.
16

καὶ ἔλαβεν Νωεμὶν τὸ παιδίον καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὸ εἰς τὸν κόλπον αὐτῆς καὶ ἐγενήθη αὐτῷ εἰς τιθηνόν.

And Naomi took the child and placed him in her bosom, and she became his nurse.

Narrative sequence (Naomi receives the child)καὶThe gesture of placing the child in the bosom (εἰς τὸν κόλπον) is a formal adoption gesture in the ancient Near East, marking Naomi's claim on the child as her own. Her role as τιθηνός ('nurse/foster-mother') echoes the role the women will attribute to her in v.17. The story comes full circle: Naomi who was 'empty' (1:21) is now full.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (adoption gesture)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the verb of taking/receiving the child echoes 4:13 (Boaz 'took' Ruth).
ΝωεμὶνNaomiNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
παιδίονchildAccusativedirect objectπαιδίον: 'child, infant' (diminutive); the newborn boy from v.13.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔθηκενplacedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place, set, put'; the action of placing the infant in the lap/bosom is a formal adoption gesture (cf. Gen 50:23 MT).
αὐτὸhimAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal/location)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόλπονbosomAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination of placement)κόλπος: 'bosom, lap, chest'; placing a child here signifies adoption/nurturing acceptance.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγενήθηbecameAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίγνομαιmain verb (role-transformation)→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: 'become'; ἐγενήθη αὐτῷ εἰς τιθηνόν = 'became for him a nurse/foster-mother' — same εἰς + pred. acc. construction as v.13.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage (for the child)
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative role; Hebraism)
τιθηνόνnurseAccusativepredicate accusative after εἰςτιθηνός: 'nurse, foster-mother'; a woman who suckles and cares for an infant, not necessarily the biological mother.
17

καὶ ἐκάλεσαν αὐτῷ αἱ γείτονες ὄνομα λέγουσαι· Ἐτέχθη υἱὸς τῇ Νωεμίν· καὶ ἐκάλεσαν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ὠβήδ· οὗτος πατὴρ Ιεσσαι πατρὸς Δαυίδ.

And the neighbours called a name for him, saying, 'A son has been born to Naomi.' And they called his name Obed. He is the father of Jesse, the father of David.

Narrative sequence (naming of the child and genealogical pivot)καὶThe neighbours perform the naming (unusual — normally the mother or father names the child). The declaration 'a son has been born to Naomi' rather than 'to Ruth' fulfils the levirate purpose: the child is legally Naomi's continuation of the line. The sentence 'He is the father of Jesse, the father of David' is the book's climactic disclosure — the story of a Moabitess's loyalty is the beginning of the Davidic line.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάλεσανcalledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καλέωmain verb (naming action)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, name'; the neighbours' role in naming is distinctive and socially significant.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage/interest (for the child)
αἱtheNominativearticle
γείτονεςneighboursNominativesubjectγείτων: 'neighbour'; the women of the neighbourhood are both witnesses and announcers — a communal role.
ὄνομαa nameAccusativedirect object
λέγουσαιsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Fem · λέγωattendant-circumstance participle (introducing quoted speech)
Ἐτέχθηhas been bornAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth announcement)→ constative aorist passiveτίκτω: 'bear'; the passive 'a son was born' is the standard LXX birth-announcement formula.
υἱὸςa sonNominativesubject of passive verb
τῇtoDativearticle
ΝωεμίνNaomiDativedative of advantage (born 'to Naomi' — her son by levirate fulfilment; indeclinable)Νωεμίν: the child is legally attributed to Naomi's household, not merely to Ruth and Boaz — the levirate goal achieved.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάλεσανcalledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καλέωmain verb (formal name-giving)→ constative aorist
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ὨβήδObedAccusativepredicate accusative (the name given; indeclinable proper name)Ὠβήδ: LXX transliteration of עוֹבֵד (ʿObēd), meaning 'servant, worshiper'; the child who perpetuates the name of the dead and becomes grandfather of David.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject — pivot to genealogical statement)οὗτος: 'this one'; introduces the climactic genealogical revelation.
πατὴρfatherNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)πατήρ: 'father'; the genealogical link to Jesse and David.
ΙεσσαιJesseGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper name)Ἰεσσαί: LXX form of יִשַׁי (Jesse), David's father; the same form used in Matt 1:5–6 and Luke 3:32.
πατρὸςfather ofGenitivegenitive in apposition (further genealogical link: Jesse = father of David)
ΔαυίδDavidGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper name)Δαυίδ: LXX form of דָּוִד; the climactic name — the whole book has been driving toward the Davidic line. Recurs in Matt 1:5–6.
18

Καὶ αὗται αἱ γενέσεις Φαρές· Φαρὲς ἐγέννησεν τὸν Εσρων,

And these are the generations of Perez: Perez begat Hezron,

Narrative sequence (genealogical colophon begins)ΚαὶThe formula αὗται αἱ γενέσεις ('these are the generations of') echoes the toledoth formula of Genesis (Gen 5:1, 10:1, etc.), giving the closing genealogy a Pentateuchal frame. Perez is the starting point — the same Perez invoked in the elders' blessing at v.12, tying the blessing and the genealogy together. Each member is connected by the aorist ἐγέννησεν ('begat').
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (transitional — opens genealogical section)
αὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of verbless clause)αὗται: feminine plural demonstrative, agreeing with γενέσεις.
αἱtheNominativearticle
γενέσειςgenerationsNominativepredicate nominative (verbless toledoth formula)γένεσις: 'origin, generation, genealogy'; plural αἱ γενέσεις = 'the generations/lineage of'; the toledoth formula echoing Genesis.
ΦαρέςPerezGenitivegenitive of origin (indeclinable proper name)Φαρές: the starting ancestor; named in the elders' blessing (v.12) and now heading the genealogy.
ΦαρὲςPerezNominativesubject of genealogical clause (indeclinable)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist (single generative act)γεννάω: 'beget, father, generate'; the standard LXX genealogical verb (= Hebrew הוֹלִיד); used ten times in vv.18–22.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΕσρωνHezronAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name)Ἐσρών: LXX form of חֶצְרוֹן (Hezron); the same form in Matt 1:3 and Luke 3:33.
19

καὶ Εσρων ἐγέννησεν τὸν Αραμ, καὶ Αραμ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Αμιναδάβ,

and Hezron begat Aram, and Aram begat Aminadab,

Narrative sequence (genealogical continuation)καὶThe genealogy continues its steady paratactic rhythm. Aram (LXX form of Hebrew רָם, Ram) is the ancestor common to both Ruth's closing genealogy and the Matthaean genealogy (Matt 1:3–4). The LXX spelling Ἀμιναδάβ (for עַמִּינָדָב, Amminadab) matches Matt 1:4 exactly.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (genealogical parataxis)
ΕσρωνHezronNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΑραμAramAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name)Ἀράμ: LXX form of רָם (Ram); Matt 1:3–4 has Ἀράμ. Note: 1 Chr 2:9 LXX has Ἀράμ; some LXX MSS of Ruth read Ἀρράν here.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΑραμAramNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΑμιναδάβAminadabAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name)Ἀμιναδάβ: LXX form of עַמִּינָדָב (Amminadab); the same form reappears in Matt 1:4 and Luke 3:33.
20

καὶ Αμιναδὰβ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ναασσων, καὶ Ναασσων ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλμών,

and Aminadab begat Nahshon, and Nahshon begat Salmon,

Narrative sequence (genealogical continuation)καὶNahshon (LXX Ναασσών) was the leader of the tribe of Judah during the wilderness period (Num 1:7; 2:3) and the brother-in-law of Aaron — a figure of some prominence. Salmon (LXX Σαλμών) is Ruth's future father-in-law, and per Matt 1:5 the husband of Rahab — another foreign woman in the Davidic line.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΑμιναδὰβAminadabNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΝαασσωνNahshonAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name)Ναασσών: LXX form of נַחְשׁוֹן (Nahshon); military leader of Judah in Numbers (1:7; 7:12); the same form in Matt 1:4 and Luke 3:32.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΝαασσωνNahshonNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΣαλμώνSalmonAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name)Σαλμών: LXX form of שַׂלְמָה/שַׂלְמוֹן (Salmon/Salma); husband of Rahab according to Matt 1:5; the same form Σαλμών in Matt 1:4–5 and Luke 3:32.
21

καὶ Σαλμὼν ἐγέννησεν τὸν Βοόζ, καὶ Βοὸζ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ὠβήδ,

and Salmon begat Boaz, and Boaz begat Obed,

Narrative sequence (genealogical continuation — the story's protagonist enters the list)καὶThe hero of the narrative, Boaz, now appears in his genealogical slot — subordinated to the formal list, yet identifiable by the reader. The reappearance of Ὠβήδ links the genealogy back to the naming in v.17, forming a ring. Boaz is the pivot between the tribal history (Salmon, son of the leader of Judah in the wilderness) and the coming monarchy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣαλμὼνSalmonNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΒοόζBoazAccusativedirect object (the story's protagonist in his genealogical place)Βοόζ: the kinsman-redeemer hero of the narrative; LXX form of בֹּעַז.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΒοὸζBoazNominativesubject
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὨβήδObedAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name — the child just named in v.17)Ὠβήδ: the child born of Boaz and Ruth, just named in v.17; his reappearance here links the narrative and the genealogical colophon.
22

καὶ Ὠβὴδ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ιεσσαι, καὶ Ιεσσαὶ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Δαυίδ.

and Obed begat Jesse, and Jesse begat David.

Narrative sequence (genealogical conclusion — arrival at David)καὶThe genealogy reaches its telos: David. The final name, Δαυίδ, carries the entire theological weight of the book — the hesed of a Moabitess, the faithfulness of Boaz, the levirate obedience and the divine gift of conception all converge in the founder of Israel's royal dynasty. The same three names — Ὠβήδ, Ἰεσσαί, Δαυίδ — appeared in the narrator's aside at v.17, and all appear in Matt 1:5–6 and Luke 3:31–32, making Ruth 4:22 the direct scriptural template for both NT genealogies of Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὨβὴδObedNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΙεσσαιJesseAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name)Ἰεσσαί: LXX form of יִשַׁי (Jesse), father of David; the same form in Matt 1:5–6 and Luke 3:32. In the NT genealogies this name appears as the penultimate step before the Davidic kingship.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΙεσσαὶJesseNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)
ἐγέννησενbegatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωmain verb (genealogical formula — final and climactic instance)→ constative aoristγεννάω: used ten times in vv.18–22; the tenth and final instance lands on David. The repeated aorists create a cumulative momentum that arrives at the name the entire book has been preparing.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΔαυίδDavidAccusativedirect object (indeclinable proper name — the climactic telos of the genealogy and the book)Δαυίδ: the name that closes the book and opens the horizon of messianic expectation. The LXX form Δαυίδ is reproduced verbatim in Matt 1:1, 6 and Luke 3:31, making Ruth 4:22 the explicit textual ancestor of both NT genealogies.