1
ἔστιν ἔλεγχος ὃς οὐκ ἔστιν ὡραῖος καὶ ἔστιν σιωπῶν καὶ αὐτὸς φρόνιμος
There is a rebuke that is not beautiful, and there is one who keeps silent and he is prudent.
The unit opens by distinguishing between rebuke that is fitting and silence that is itself prudent.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἔλεγχοςrebukeN2 NSM · ἔλεγχοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἔλεγχος: lexical item rendered 'rebuke' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὃςwhichRR NSM · ὅςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ participant or predicate prominenceὅς: lexical item rendered 'which' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὡραῖοςbeautifulA1A NSM · ὡραῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὡραῖος: lexical item rendered 'beautiful' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σιωπῶνbeing silentV3 · παπνσμ σιωπάωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionσιωπάω: lexical item rendered 'being silent' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
αὐτὸςhe himselfRD NSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ participant or predicate prominenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'he himself' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
φρόνιμοςprudentA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
2
ὡς καλὸν ἐλέγξαι ἢ θυμοῦσθαι
How good it is to rebuke rather than to be angry!
Measured correction is better than unchecked anger.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
ὡςhowC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'how' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καλὸνgoodA1 NSN · καλόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceκαλός: lexical item rendered 'good' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐλέγξαιto rebukeVA AAN · ἐλέγχωinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in dependent form→ verbal abstraction within the argumentἐλέγχω: lexical item rendered 'to rebuke' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἢthanC · ἤcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageἤ: lexical item rendered 'than' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
θυμοῦσθαιto be angryV4 PMN · θυμόωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionθυμόω: lexical item rendered 'to be angry' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
3
καὶ ὁ ἀνθομολογούμενος ἀπὸ ἐλαττώσεως κωλυθήσεται
And the one who makes confession is kept from loss.
Open acknowledgment can prevent deeper loss and escalation.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀνθομολογούμενοςmaking confessionV2 · πμπνσμ ὁμολογέω + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀντι: lexical item rendered 'making confession' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐλαττώσεωςlossN3I GSF · ἐλάττωσιςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἐλάττωσις: lexical item rendered 'loss' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κωλυθήσεταιwill be preventedVC FPI3S · κωλύωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionκωλύω: lexical item rendered 'will be prevented' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
4
ἐπιθυμία εὐνούχου ἀποπαρθενῶσαι νεάνιδα οὕτως ὁ ποιῶν ἐν βίᾳ κρίματα
The desire of a eunuch to violate a young woman - so is the one who executes judgments with violence.
Violently imposed judgment is as grotesque as an impossible and abusive desire; justice must fit the moral order.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐπιθυμίαdesireN1A NSF · ἐπιθυμίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐπιθυμία: lexical item rendered 'desire' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
εὐνούχουof a eunuchN2 GSM · εὐνοῦχοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationεὐνοῦχος: lexical item rendered 'of a eunuch' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀποπαρθενῶσαιto violateVA AAN · παρθενόω + ἀποinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in dependent form→ verbal abstraction within the argumentἀπο: lexical item rendered 'to violate' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
νεάνιδαa young womanN3D ASF · νεᾶνιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalνεᾶνις: lexical item rendered 'a young woman' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὕτως: lexical item rendered 'so' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ποιῶνdoingV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionποιέω: lexical item rendered 'doing' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
βίᾳviolenceN1A DSF · βίαdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceβία: lexical item rendered 'violence' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κρίματαjudgmentsN3M APN · κρίμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκρίμα: lexical item rendered 'judgments' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
5
ἔστιν σιωπῶν εὑρισκόμενος σοφός καὶ ἔστιν μισητὸς ἀπὸ πολλῆς λαλιᾶς
There is one who keeps silent and is found wise, and there is one who is hated because of much talk.
Silence may signal wisdom, while excessive speech breeds hatred.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σιωπῶνbeing silentV3 · παπνσμ σιωπάωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionσιωπάω: lexical item rendered 'being silent' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
εὑρισκόμενοςbeing foundV1 · πμπνσμ εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionεὑρίσκω: lexical item rendered 'being found' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σοφόςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μισητὸςhatedA1 NSM · μισητόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceμισητός: lexical item rendered 'hated' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
πολλῆςmuchA1 GSF · πολύςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationπολύς: lexical item rendered 'much' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
λαλιᾶςtalkativenessN1A GSF · λαλιάgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationλαλιά: lexical item rendered 'talkativeness' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
6
ἔστιν σιωπῶν οὐ γὰρ ἔχει ἀπόκρισιν καὶ ἔστιν σιωπῶν εἰδὼς καιρόν
There is one who keeps silent because he has no answer, and there is one who keeps silent knowing the right time.
The unit distinguishes empty silence from discerning silence.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σιωπῶνbeing silentV3 · παπνσμ σιωπάωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionσιωπάω: lexical item rendered 'being silent' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
γὰρforX · γάρlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἔχειhasV1 PAI3S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionἔχω: lexical item rendered 'has' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπόκρισινan answerN3I ASF · ἀπόκρισιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀπόκρισις: lexical item rendered 'an answer' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σιωπῶνbeing silentV3 · παπνσμ σιωπάωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionσιωπάω: lexical item rendered 'being silent' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
εἰδὼςknowingVX · χαπνσμ οἴδαverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionοἴδα: lexical item rendered 'knowing' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καιρόνa timeN2 ASM · καιρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκαιρός: lexical item rendered 'a time' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
7
ἄνθρωπος σοφὸς σιγήσει ἕως καιροῦ ὁ δὲ λαπιστὴς καὶ ἄφρων ὑπερβήσεται καιρόν
A wise man will keep silent until the proper time, but the babbler and fool will overstep the time.
Knowing when not to speak is a mark of wisdom, whereas the fool overruns the proper moment.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σοφὸςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
σιγήσειwill be silentVF FAI3S · σιγάωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultσιγάω: lexical item rendered 'will be silent' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἕως: lexical item rendered 'until' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καιροῦappointed timeN2 GSM · καιρόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationκαιρός: lexical item rendered 'appointed time' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionδέ: lexical item rendered 'but' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
λαπιστὴςbabbling manN1M NSM · λαπιστήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceλαπιστής: lexical item rendered 'babbling man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἄφρωνfoolishA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄφρων: lexical item rendered 'foolish' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὑπερβήσεταιwill overstepVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultὑπερ: lexical item rendered 'will overstep' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καιρόνa timeN2 ASM · καιρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκαιρός: lexical item rendered 'a time' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
8
ὁ πλεονάζων λόγῳ βδελυχθήσεται καὶ ὁ ἐνεξουσιαζόμενος μισηθήσεται
The one who abounds in speech will be detested, and the one who acts high-handedly will be hated.
Verbal excess and domineering conduct both produce aversion.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
πλεονάζωνone aboundingV1 · παπνσμ πλεονάζωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionπλεονάζω: lexical item rendered 'one abounding' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
λόγῳin speechN2 DSM · λόγοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceλόγος: lexical item rendered 'in speech' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
βδελυχθήσεταιwill be detestedVQ FPI3S · βδελύσσωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionβδελύσσω: lexical item rendered 'will be detested' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐνεξουσιαζόμενοςone acting high-handedlyV1 · πμπνσμ οὐσιάζομαι + ἐν + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐκ: lexical item rendered 'one acting high-handedly' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μισηθήσεταιwill be hatedVC FPI3S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionμισέω: lexical item rendered 'will be hated' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
9
ἔστιν εὐοδία ἐν κακοῖς ἀνδρί καὶ ἔστιν εὕρεμα εἰς ἐλάττωσιν
There is success for a man in evils, and there is a discovery that leads to loss.
Apparent success can hide real evil, and supposed gain can turn into diminishment.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
εὐοδίαsuccessN1A NSF · εὐοδίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceεὐοδία: lexical item rendered 'success' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κακοῖςin evilsA1 DPN · κακόςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceκακός: lexical item rendered 'in evils' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀνδρίfor a manN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἀνήρ: lexical item rendered 'for a man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
εὕρεμαa findN3M NSN · εὕρεμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceεὕρεμα: lexical item rendered 'a find' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐλάττωσινἐλάττωσινN3I NSF · ἐλάττωσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐλάττωσις: lexical item rendered 'ἐλάττωσιν' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
10
ἔστιν δόσις ἣ οὐ λυσιτελήσει σοι καὶ ἔστιν δόσις ἧς τὸ ἀνταπόδομα διπλοῦν
There is a gift that will not profit you, and there is a gift whose repayment is double.
Not every gift is beneficial; some become fruitful only through the return they provoke.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δόσιςgiftN3I NSF · δόσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceδόσις / χάρις / δῶρον: giving, favor, and gifts as morally ambiguous acts whose value depends on manner and timing.
ἣwhichRR NSF · ὅςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ participant or predicate prominenceὅς: lexical item rendered 'which' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
λυσιτελήσειλυσιτελήσειVF FAI3S · λυσιτελέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultλυσιτελέω: lexical item rendered 'λυσιτελήσει' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σοιyouRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: lexical item rendered 'you' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δόσιςgiftN3I NSF · δόσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceδόσις / χάρις / δῶρον: giving, favor, and gifts as morally ambiguous acts whose value depends on manner and timing.
ἧςof whichRR GSF · ὅςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationὅς: lexical item rendered 'of which' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀνταπόδομαrepaymentN3M ASN · ἀνταπόδομαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀνταπόδομα: lexical item rendered 'repayment' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
διπλοῦνdoubleA1C ASN · διπλοῦςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδιπλοῦς: lexical item rendered 'double' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
11
ἔστιν ἐλάττωσις ἕνεκεν δόξης καὶ ἔστιν ὃς ἀπὸ ταπεινώσεως ἦρεν κεφαλήν
There is a loss for the sake of glory, and there is one who lifted up his head from humiliation.
Humiliation and honor can reverse one another in surprising ways.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐλάττωσιςlossN3I NSF · ἐλάττωσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐλάττωσις: lexical item rendered 'loss' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἕνεκενfor the sake ofP · ἕνεκενpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἕνεκεν: lexical item rendered 'for the sake of' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationδόξα: lexical item rendered 'glory' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὃςwhichRR NSM · ὅςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ participant or predicate prominenceὅς: lexical item rendered 'which' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ταπεινώσεωςhumiliationN3I GSF · ταπείνωσιςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationταπείνωσις: lexical item rendered 'humiliation' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἦρενlifted upVAI AAI3S · αἴρωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeαἴρω: lexical item rendered 'lifted up' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κεφαλήνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκεφαλή: lexical item rendered 'head' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
12
ἔστιν ἀγοράζων πολλὰ ὀλίγου καὶ ἀποτιννύων αὐτὰ ἑπταπλάσιον
There is one buying many things for little and paying them back sevenfold.
A shrewd bargain may create disproportionate obligation or profit.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀγοράζωνbuyingV1 · παπνσμ ἀγοράζωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀγοράζω: lexical item rendered 'buying' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
πολλὰmany thingsA1 APN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπολύς: lexical item rendered 'many things' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὀλίγουfor littleA1 GSN · ὀλίγοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationὀλίγος: lexical item rendered 'for little' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἀποτιννύωνpaying backV1 · παπνσμ τιννύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'paying back' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτὰthemRD APN · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἑπταπλάσιονsevenfoldA1A ASN · ἑπταπλάσιοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἑπταπλάσιος: lexical item rendered 'sevenfold' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
13
ὁ σοφὸς ἐν λόγοις ἑαυτὸν προσφιλῆ ποιήσει χάριτες δὲ μωρῶν ἐκχυθήσονται
The wise man in words will make himself beloved, but the favors of fools will be poured out.
The wise gain favor by measured words, whereas fools squander any grace they possess.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
σοφὸςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
λόγοιςwordsN2 DPM · λόγοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceλόγος: lexical item rendered 'words' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalἑαυτοῦ: lexical item rendered 'himself' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
προσφιλῆbelovedA3H ASM · προσφιλήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπροσφιλής: lexical item rendered 'beloved' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ποιήσειwill makeVF FAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultποιέω: lexical item rendered 'will make' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
χάριτεςfavorsN3T NPF · χάριςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceδόσις / χάρις / δῶρον: giving, favor, and gifts as morally ambiguous acts whose value depends on manner and timing.
δὲbutX · δέlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionδέ: lexical item rendered 'but' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μωρῶνof foolsA1A GPM · μωρόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationμωρός: lexical item rendered 'of fools' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐκχυθήσονταιwill be poured outVC FPI3P · χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐκ: lexical item rendered 'will be poured out' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
14
δόσις ἄφρονος οὐ λυσιτελήσει σοι οἱ γὰρ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ἀνθ' ἑνὸς πολλοί
The gift of a fool will not profit you, for his eyes are many instead of one.
The fool's giving lacks single-hearted clarity; it is splintered by self-regard and calculation.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
δόσιςgiftN3I NSF · δόσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceδόσις / χάρις / δῶρον: giving, favor, and gifts as morally ambiguous acts whose value depends on manner and timing.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἄφρων: lexical item rendered 'of a fool' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
λυσιτελήσειλυσιτελήσειVF FAI3S · λυσιτελέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultλυσιτελέω: lexical item rendered 'λυσιτελήσει' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σοιyouRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: lexical item rendered 'you' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
γὰρforX · γάρlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eyes' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀνθ'instead ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀντί: lexical item rendered 'instead of' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἑνὸςoneA3 GSM · εἷςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationεἷς: lexical item rendered 'one' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
πολλοίmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceπολύς: lexical item rendered 'many' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
15
ὀλίγα δώσει καὶ πολλὰ ὀνειδίσει καὶ ἀνοίξει τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ὡς κῆρυξ σήμερον δανιεῖ καὶ αὔριον ἀπαιτήσει μισητὸς ἄνθρωπος ὁ τοιοῦτος
He will give little and reproach much, and he will open his mouth like a herald: today he will lend and tomorrow he will demand back; such a man is hated.
The grudging giver turns generosity into public humiliation and so becomes hateful.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ὀλίγαfew thingsA1 APN · ὀλίγοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὀλίγος: lexical item rendered 'few things' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δώσειhe will giveVF FAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'he will give' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
πολλὰmany thingsA1 APN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπολύς: lexical item rendered 'many things' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὀνειδίσειhe will reproachVF FAI3S · ὀνειδίζωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultὀνειδίζω: lexical item rendered 'he will reproach' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἀνοίξειhe will openVF FAI3S · οἴγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀνα: lexical item rendered 'he will open' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalστόμα: lexical item rendered 'mouth' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὡςhowC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'how' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κῆρυξheraldN3K NSM · κῆρυξnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceκῆρυξ: lexical item rendered 'herald' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σήμερονtodayD · σήμερονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionσήμερον: lexical item rendered 'today' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δανιεῖhe will lendVF2 FAI3S · δανείζωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultδανείζω: lexical item rendered 'he will lend' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
αὔριονtomorrowD · αὔριονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionαὔριον: lexical item rendered 'tomorrow' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπαιτήσειhe will demand backVF FAI3S · αἰτέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀπο: lexical item rendered 'he will demand back' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μισητὸςhatedA1 NSM · μισητόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceμισητός: lexical item rendered 'hated' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
τοιοῦτοςsuchA1 NSM · τοιοῦτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceτοιοῦτος: lexical item rendered 'such' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
16
μωρὸς ἐρεῖ οὐχ ὑπάρχει μοι φίλος καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν χάρις τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς μου
The fool will say, 'I have no friend, and there is no gratitude for my good things.'
The fool misreads the social consequences of his own conduct and blames others for the lack of gratitude.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μωρὸςfoolA1A NSM · μωρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceμωρός: lexical item rendered 'fool' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐρεῖwill sayVF2 FAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultεἶπον: lexical item rendered 'will say' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὑπάρχειthere isV1 PAI3S · ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionὑπο: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἐγώ: lexical item rendered 'to me' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
φίλοςfriendA1 NSM · φίλοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceφίλος: lexical item rendered 'friend' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
χάριςgratitudeN3 NSF · χάριςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceδόσις / χάρις / δῶρον: giving, favor, and gifts as morally ambiguous acts whose value depends on manner and timing.
τοῖςfor theRA DPN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀγαθοῖςgood thingsA1 DPN · ἀγαθόςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἀγαθός: lexical item rendered 'good things' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἐγώ: lexical item rendered 'my' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
17
οἱ ἔσθοντες τὸν ἄρτον αὐτοῦ φαῦλοι γλώσσῃ ποσάκις καὶ ὅσοι καταγελάσονται αὐτοῦ
Those who eat his bread are worthless in tongue; how often, and how many, will laugh at him!
Those who share in the fool's bread still mock him, exposing the emptiness of his transactional giving.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἔσθοντεςthose eatingV1 · παπνπμ ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐσθίω: lexical item rendered 'those eating' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἄρτονbreadN2 ASM · ἄρτοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἄρτος: lexical item rendered 'bread' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
φαῦλοιworthlessA1 NPM · φαῦλοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceφαῦλος: lexical item rendered 'worthless' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
γλώσσῃin tongueN1S DSF · γλῶσσαdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceγλῶσσα: lexical item rendered 'in tongue' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ποσάκιςhow oftenD · ποσάκιςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionποσάκις: lexical item rendered 'how often' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ὅσοιhow manyA1 NPM · ὅσοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὅσος: lexical item rendered 'how many' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καταγελάσονταιwill laugh atVF FMI3P · γελάω + καταverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκατα: lexical item rendered 'will laugh at' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
18
ὀλίσθημα ἀπὸ ἐδάφους μᾶλλον ἢ ἀπὸ γλώσσης οὕτως πτῶσις κακῶν κατὰ σπουδὴν ἥξει
A slipping from the ground is better than from the tongue; thus the fall of the wicked will come quickly.
Damage from the tongue is portrayed as more dangerous than an ordinary physical stumble.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὀλίσθημαa slippingN3M NSN · ὀλίσθημαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὀλίσθημα: lexical item rendered 'a slipping' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐδάφουςfrom the groundN3E GSN · ἔδαφοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἔδαφος: lexical item rendered 'from the ground' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μᾶλλονratherD · μᾶλλονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμᾶλλον: lexical item rendered 'rather' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἢthanC · ἤcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageἤ: lexical item rendered 'than' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
γλώσσηςfrom the tongueN1S GSF · γλῶσσαgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationγλῶσσα: lexical item rendered 'from the tongue' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὕτως: lexical item rendered 'so' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
πτῶσιςfallN3I NSF · πτῶσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceπτῶσις: lexical item rendered 'fall' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κακῶνof evilsA1 GPN · κακόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationκακός: lexical item rendered 'of evils' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κατὰwithP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σπουδὴνspeedN1 ASF · σπουδήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσπουδή: lexical item rendered 'speed' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἥκω: lexical item rendered 'will come' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
19
ἄνθρωπος ἄχαρις μῦθος ἄκαιρος ἐν στόματι ἀπαιδεύτων ἐνδελεχισθήσεται
An ungracious man is an untimely tale; in the mouth of undisciplined men it will keep recurring.
The graceless and untimely saying lingers offensively in the mouths of the undisciplined.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἄχαριςwithout graceA3 NSM · ἄχαριςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄχαρις: lexical item rendered 'without grace' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μῦθοςstoryN2 NSM · μῦθοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceμῦθος: lexical item rendered 'story' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἄκαιροςuntimelyA1B NSM · ἄκαιροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄκαιρος: lexical item rendered 'untimely' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceστόμα: lexical item rendered 'mouth' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπαιδεύτωνof undisciplined menA1B GPM · ἀπαίδευτοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἀπαίδευτος: lexical item rendered 'of undisciplined men' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνδελεχισθήσεταιwill continueVX FPI3S · δελεχίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐν: lexical item rendered 'will continue' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
20
ἀπὸ στόματος μωροῦ ἀποδοκιμασθήσεται παραβολή οὐ γὰρ μὴ εἴπῃ αὐτὴν ἐν καιρῷ αὐτῆς
A parable will be rejected from the mouth of a fool, for he will not speak it at its proper time.
Even a good proverb fails in the mouth of a fool because he cannot deliver it in season.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
στόματοςfrom the mouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationστόμα: lexical item rendered 'from the mouth' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μωροῦa foolA1A GSM · μωρόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationμωρός: lexical item rendered 'a fool' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀποδοκιμασθήσεταιwill be rejectedVS FPI3S · δοκιμάζω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'will be rejected' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
παραβολήparableN1 NSF · παραβολήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceπαραβολή: lexical item rendered 'parable' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
γὰρforX · γάρlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
εἴπῃhe will speakVB AAS3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionεἶπον: lexical item rendered 'he will speak' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καιρῷin its timeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceκαιρός: lexical item rendered 'in its time' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'its' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
21
ἔστιν κωλυόμενος ἁμαρτάνειν ἀπὸ ἐνδείας καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀναπαύσει αὐτοῦ οὐ κατανυγήσεται
There is one prevented from sinning by poverty, and in his rest he will not be pricked.
Some restraint from sin is merely circumstantial, not the fruit of transformed desire.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κωλυόμενοςbeing preventedV1 · πμπνσμ κωλύωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionκωλύω: lexical item rendered 'being prevented' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἁμαρτάνεινto sinV1 PAN · ἁμαρτάνωinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in dependent form→ verbal abstraction within the argumentἁμαρτάνω: lexical item rendered 'to sin' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνδείαςby povertyN1A GSF · ἔνδειαgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἔνδεια: lexical item rendered 'by poverty' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀναπαύσειrestN3I DSF · ἀνάπαυσιςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἀνάπαυσις: lexical item rendered 'rest' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κατανυγήσεταιhe will be prickedVD FPI3S · νύσσω + καταverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionκατα: lexical item rendered 'he will be pricked' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
22
ἔστιν ἀπολλύων τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ δι' αἰσχύνην καὶ ἀπὸ ἄφρονος προσώπου ἀπολεῖ αὐτήν
There is one destroying his own soul because of shame, and because of the face of a fool he will destroy it.
Shame can become destructive when it yields the self to the judgment of the foolish.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπολλύωνdestroyingV1 · παπνσμ ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'destroying' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ψυχὴνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalψυχή: lexical item rendered 'soul' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingδιά: lexical item rendered 'because of' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αἰσχύνηνshameN1 ASF · αἰσχύνηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalαἰσχύνη: lexical item rendered 'shame' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἄφρων: lexical item rendered 'of a fool' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
προσώπουfrom the faceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered 'from the face' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπολεῖhe will destroyVF2 FAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀπο: lexical item rendered 'he will destroy' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'her' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
23
ἔστιν χάριν αἰσχύνης ἐπαγγελλόμενος φίλῳ καὶ ἐκτήσατο αὐτὸν ἐχθρὸν δωρεάν
There is one who for the sake of shame promises to a friend and so acquires him as an enemy for nothing.
False shame can create enmity precisely where friendship was being offered.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
χάρινfor the sake ofN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδόσις / χάρις / δῶρον: giving, favor, and gifts as morally ambiguous acts whose value depends on manner and timing.
αἰσχύνηςof shameN1 GSF · αἰσχύνηgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationαἰσχύνη: lexical item rendered 'of shame' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐπαγγελλόμενοςpromisingV1 · πμπνσμ ἀγγέλλω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐπι: lexical item rendered 'promising' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
φίλῳto a friendA1 DSM · φίλοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceφίλος: lexical item rendered 'to a friend' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἐκτήσατοacquiredVAI AMI3S · κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκτάομαι: lexical item rendered 'acquired' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐχθρὸνenemyA1A ASM · ἐχθρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐχθρός: lexical item rendered 'enemy' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δωρεάνfor nothingN1A ASF · δωρεάaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδωρεά: lexical item rendered 'for nothing' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
24
μῶμος πονηρὸς ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ ψεῦδος ἐν στόματι ἀπαιδεύτων ἐνδελεχισθήσεται
An evil blot in a person is a lie; it will keep recurring in the mouth of undisciplined men.
Persistent lying leaves a lasting moral blemish, especially among the undisciplined.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
μῶμοςblotN2 NSM · μῶμοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceμῶμος: lexical item rendered 'blot' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
πονηρὸςevilA1A NSM · πονηρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceπονηρός: lexical item rendered 'evil' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀνθρώπῳin a personN2 DSM · ἄνθρωποςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'in a person' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ψεῦδοςlieN3E NSN · ψεύδοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceψεῦδος / ψευδής: lying as a durable moral stain that corrodes character and social trust.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceστόμα: lexical item rendered 'mouth' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπαιδεύτωνof undisciplined menA1B GPM · ἀπαίδευτοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἀπαίδευτος: lexical item rendered 'of undisciplined men' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνδελεχισθήσεταιwill continueVS FPI3S · δελεχίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐν: lexical item rendered 'will continue' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
25
αἱρετὸν κλέπτης ἢ ὁ ἐνδελεχίζων ψεύδει ἀμφότεροι δὲ ἀπώλειαν κληρονομήσουσιν
A thief is preferable to one who persists in lying, but both will inherit destruction.
Sirach shocks the hearer by ranking the habitual liar below the thief, while still condemning both.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
αἱρετὸνpreferableA1 NSN · αἱρετόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceαἱρετός: lexical item rendered 'preferable' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κλέπτηςthiefN1M NSM · κλέπτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceκλέπτης: lexical item rendered 'thief' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἢthanC · ἤcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageἤ: lexical item rendered 'than' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐνδελεχίζωνpersistingV1 · παπνσμ δελεχίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐν: lexical item rendered 'persisting' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ψεύδειin lyingV1 PAI3S · ψεύδωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionψεύδω: lexical item rendered 'in lying' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀμφότεροιbothA1A NPM · ἀμφότεροιnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἀμφότεροι: lexical item rendered 'both' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
δὲbutX · δέlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionδέ: lexical item rendered 'but' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀπώλεια: lexical item rendered 'destruction' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
κληρονομήσουσινwill inheritVF FAI3P · κληρονομέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκληρονομέω: lexical item rendered 'will inherit' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
26
ἦθος ἀνθρώπου ψευδοῦς ἀτιμία καὶ ἡ αἰσχύνη αὐτοῦ μετ' αὐτοῦ ἐνδελεχῶς
The character of a liar is dishonor, and his shame is with him continually.
Dishonor and shame cling to the liar as a settled moral condition.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἦθοςcharacterN3E NSN · ἦθοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἦθος: lexical item rendered 'character' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ψευδοῦςof a liarA3H GSM · ψευδήςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationψεῦδος / ψευδής: lying as a durable moral stain that corrodes character and social trust.
ἀτιμίαdishonorN1A NSF · ἀτιμίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἀτιμία: lexical item rendered 'dishonor' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
αἰσχύνηshameN1 NSF · αἰσχύνηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceαἰσχύνη: lexical item rendered 'shame' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνδελεχῶςcontinuallyD · ἐνδελεχῶςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionἐνδελεχῶς: lexical item rendered 'continually' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
27
ὁ σοφὸς ἐν λόγοις προάξει ἑαυτόν καὶ ἄνθρωπος φρόνιμος ἀρέσει μεγιστᾶσιν
The wise man in words will advance himself, and a prudent man will please great men.
Wise speech can advance a person fittingly in public life.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
σοφὸςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
λόγοιςwordsN2 DPM · λόγοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceλόγος: lexical item rendered 'words' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
προάξειwill advanceVF FAI3S · ἄγω + προverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultπρο: lexical item rendered 'will advance' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἑαυτόνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalἑαυτοῦ: lexical item rendered 'himself' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
φρόνιμοςprudentA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
ἀρέσειwill pleaseVF FAI3S · ἀρέσωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀρέσω: lexical item rendered 'will please' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μεγιστᾶσινgreat menN3 DPM · μεγιστάνdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceμεγιστάν: lexical item rendered 'great men' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
28
ὁ ἐργαζόμενος γῆν ἀνυψώσει θιμωνιὰν αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ ἀρέσκων μεγιστᾶσιν ἐξιλάσεται ἀδικίαν
The one working the land will raise high his heap, and the one pleasing great men will atone for wrongdoing.
Ordinary labor and prudent relation to the powerful both have concrete effects in the social world.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐργαζόμενοςworkingV1 · πμπνσμ ἐργάζομαιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐργάζομαι: lexical item rendered 'working' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalγῆ: lexical item rendered 'land' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀνυψώσειwill raise highVF FAI3S · ὑψόω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀνα: lexical item rendered 'will raise high' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
θιμωνιὰνheapN1A ASF · θημωνίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalθημωνία: lexical item rendered 'heap' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀρέσκωνone pleasingV1 · παπνσμ ἀρέσκωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀρέσκω: lexical item rendered 'one pleasing' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
μεγιστᾶσινgreat menN3 DPM · μεγιστάνdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceμεγιστάν: lexical item rendered 'great men' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐξιλάσεταιwill atone forVF FMI3S · ἱλάσκομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἐκ: lexical item rendered 'will atone for' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀδικίανwrongdoingN1A ASF · ἀδικίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀδικία: lexical item rendered 'wrongdoing' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
29
ξένια καὶ δῶρα ἀποτυφλοῖ ὀφθαλμοὺς σοφῶν καὶ ὡς φιμὸς ἐν στόματι ἀποτρέπει ἐλεγμούς
Hospitality gifts and presents blind the eyes of the wise, and like a muzzle in the mouth they turn aside reproofs.
Gifts can corrupt discernment and silence needed reproof.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ξένιαhospitality giftsN1A NSF · ξενίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceξενία: lexical item rendered 'hospitality gifts' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
δῶραgiftsN2N NPN · δῶρονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceδόσις / χάρις / δῶρον: giving, favor, and gifts as morally ambiguous acts whose value depends on manner and timing.
ἀποτυφλοῖblindsV4 PAI3S · τυφλόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'blinds' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eyes' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
σοφῶνof the wiseA1 GPM · σοφόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
ὡςhowC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'how' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
φιμὸςmuzzleN2 NSM · φιμόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceφιμός: lexical item rendered 'muzzle' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceστόμα: lexical item rendered 'mouth' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀποτρέπειturns asideV1 PAI3S · τρέπω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'turns aside' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐλεγμούςreproofsN2 APM · ἐλεγμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐλεγμός: lexical item rendered 'reproofs' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
30
σοφία κεκρυμμένη καὶ θησαυρὸς ἀφανής τίς ὠφέλεια ἐν ἀμφοτέροις
Hidden wisdom and an unseen treasure - what benefit is there in both?
Wisdom that is hidden away helps no one, just as a buried treasure helps no one.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
σοφίαwisdomN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
κεκρυμμένηhiddenVP · χμπνσφ κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionκρύπτω: lexical item rendered 'hidden' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's compressed contrasts and social observations.
θησαυρὸςtreasureN2 NSM · θησαυρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceθησαυρός: lexical item rendered 'treasure' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀφανήςunseenA3H NSM · ἀφανήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἀφανής: lexical item rendered 'unseen' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τίςwhatRI NSF · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: lexical item rendered 'what' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ὠφέλειαbenefitN1A NSF · ὠφέλειαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὠφέλεια: lexical item rendered 'benefit' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀμφοτέροιςin bothA1A DPM · ἀμφότεροιdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἀμφότεροι: lexical item rendered 'in both' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
31
κρείσσων ἄνθρωπος ἀποκρύπτων τὴν μωρίαν αὐτοῦ ἢ ἄνθρωπος ἀποκρύπτων τὴν σοφίαν αὐτοῦ
Better is a man hiding his foolishness than a man hiding his wisdom.
Concealed foolishness is less destructive than concealed wisdom, because wisdom is meant for timely use and public good.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceκρείσσων: lexical item rendered 'better' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀποκρύπτωνhidingV1 · παπνσμ κρύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'hiding' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
μωρίανfoolishnessN1A ASF · μωρίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalμωρία: lexical item rendered 'foolishness' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἢthanC · ἤcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or contrasted items→ discourse linkageἤ: lexical item rendered 'than' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
ἀποκρύπτωνhidingV1 · παπνσμ κρύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'hiding' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
σοφίανwisdomN1A ASF · σοφίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσοφός / φρόνιμος / σοφία: wisdom expressed as fitting speech, timing, and social discernment.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on speech, gifts, shame, and truthfulness.