1
ἐγὼ ἄνθος τοῦ πεδίου κρίνον τῶν κοιλάδων
I am a flower of the field, a lily of the valleys.
The woman names herself in floral imagery, locating beauty in cultivated yet vulnerable space.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄνθοςflowerN3E NSN · ἄνθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθος: meaning 'flower'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίουfield / plainN2N GSN · πεδίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπεδίον: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κρίνονlilyN2N NSN · κρίνονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίνον: meaning 'lily'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλάδωνof valleysN3D GPF · κοιλάςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκοιλάς: meaning 'of valleys'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
2
ὡς κρίνον ἐν μέσῳ ἀκανθῶν οὕτως ἡ πλησίον μου ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν θυγατέρων
Like a lily in the midst of thorns, so is my companion among the daughters.
The beloved answers by singling her out from the crowd, turning the field-flower into a lily among thorns.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίνονlilyN2N NSN · κρίνονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίνον: meaning 'lily'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀκανθῶνthornsN1A GPF · ἄκανθαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄκανθα: meaning 'thorns'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρωνdaughterN3 GPF · θυγάτηρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
3
ὡς μῆλον ἐν τοῖς ξύλοις τοῦ δρυμοῦ οὕτως ἀδελφιδός μου ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν υἱῶν ἐν τῇ σκιᾷ αὐτοῦ ἐπεθύμησα καὶ ἐκάθισα καὶ καρπὸς αὐτοῦ γλυκὺς ἐν λάρυγγί μου
Like an apple tree among the trees of the forest, so is my beloved among the sons. In his shadow I desired and sat, and his fruit was sweet in my throat.
The woman replies with a nourishing and sheltering image: the beloved gives both shade and sweetness.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μῆλονappleN2N NSN · μῆλονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμῆλον: meaning 'apple'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλοιςtimber / woodN2N DPN · ξύλονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceξύλον: meaning 'timber'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δρυμοῦforestN2 GSM · δρυμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδρυμός: meaning 'forest'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφιδόςbelovedN2 NSM · ἀδελφιδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφιδός: meaning 'beloved'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκιᾷshadowN1A DSF · σκιάdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσκιά: meaning 'shadow'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπεθύμησαθυμέωVAI AAI1S · θυμέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristθυμέω + ἐπι: meaning 'θυμέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισαsatVAI AAI1S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵζω + κατα: meaning 'sat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρπὸςfruitN2 NSM · καρπόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γλυκὺςsweetA3U NSM · γλυκύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγλυκύς: meaning 'sweet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λάρυγγίthroatN3G DSM · λάρυγξdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλάρυγξ: meaning 'throat'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
εἰσαγάγετέ με εἰς οἶκον τοῦ οἴνου τάξατε ἐπ' ἐμὲ ἀγάπην
Bring me into the house of wine; set love over me.
The house of wine and the banner of love intensify the feast-like register of desire.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
εἰσαγάγετέbring inVB AAD2P · ἄγω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἄγω + εἰς: meaning 'bring in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τάξατεsetVA AAD2P · τάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτάσσω: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμὲmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀγάπηνloveN1 ASF · ἀγάπηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγάπη: meaning 'love'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
στηρίσατέ με ἐν ἀμόραις στοιβάσατέ με ἐν μήλοις ὅτι τετρωμένη ἀγάπης ἐγώ
Strengthen me with raisins, heap me up with apples, because I am wounded with love.
Love is figured as overwhelming sweetness that also wounds and weakens.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
στηρίσατέstrengthenVA AAD2P · στηρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateστηρίζω: meaning 'strengthen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀμόραιςraisinsA1B DPF · ἄμοροςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄμορος: meaning 'raisins'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
στοιβάσατέheap upVA AAD2P · στοιβάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateστοιβάζω: meaning 'heap up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μήλοιςapplesN2N DPN · μῆλονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμῆλον: meaning 'apples'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τετρωμένηwoundedVM · χππνσφ τιτρώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσφ τιτρώσκω: meaning 'wounded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγάπηςof loveN1 GSF · ἀγάπηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγάπη: meaning 'of love'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
εὐώνυμος αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ τὴν κεφαλήν μου καὶ ἡ δεξιὰ αὐτοῦ περιλήμψεταί με
His left hand is under my head, and his right hand will embrace me.
The bodily posture of embrace answers the love-sick plea with intimate reassurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
εὐώνυμοςleft handA1B NSM · εὐώνυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐώνυμος: meaning 'left hand'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλήνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιὰdexiosA1A NSF · δεξιόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεξιός: meaning 'dexios'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιλήμψεταίwill embraceVF FMI3S · λαμβάνω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω + περι: meaning 'will embrace'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
ὥρκισα ὑμᾶς θυγατέρες Ιερουσαλημ ἐν ταῖς δυνάμεσιν καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἰσχύσεσιν τοῦ ἀγροῦ ἐὰν ἐγείρητε καὶ ἐξεγείρητε τὴν ἀγάπην ἕως οὗ θελήσῃ
I adjure you, daughters of Jerusalem, by the powers and by the strengths of the field: do not stir up or awaken love until it should desire.
The adjuration to the daughters of Jerusalem protects love from premature disturbance or coercion.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὥρκισαορκιζωVAI AAI1S · ὁρκίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁρκίζω: meaning 'ορκιζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 VPF · θυγάτηρvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεσινforcesN3I DPF · δύναμιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: meaning 'forces'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύσεσινstrengthsN3U DPF · ἰσχύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strengths'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγείρητεstir upVA AAS2P · ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐγείρω: meaning 'stir up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεγείρητεawakenVA AAS2P · ἐγείρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐγείρω + ἐκ: meaning 'awaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγάπηνloveN1 ASF · ἀγάπηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγάπη: meaning 'love'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
θελήσῃmight wishVA AAS3S · θέλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyθέλω: meaning 'might wish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
φωνὴ ἀδελφιδοῦ μου ἰδοὺ οὗτος ἥκει πηδῶν ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη διαλλόμενος ἐπὶ τοὺς βουνούς
The voice of my beloved! Behold, he comes, leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills.
The beloved's arrival is heard before it is fully seen, heightening expectancy.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
φωνὴsoundN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀδελφιδοῦof the belovedN2 GSM · ἀδελφιδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφιδός: meaning 'of the beloved'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἥκειarriveV1 PAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἥκω: meaning 'arrive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πηδῶνleapingV3 · παπνσμ πηδάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ πηδάω: meaning 'leaping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διαλλόμενοςskippingV1 · πμπνσμ ἄλλομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἄλλομαι + δια: meaning 'skipping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνούςhillN2 APM · βουνόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβουνός: meaning 'hill'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
ὅμοιός ἐστιν ἀδελφιδός μου τῇ δορκάδι ἢ νεβρῷ ἐλάφων ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Βαιθηλ ἰδοὺ οὗτος ἕστηκεν ὀπίσω τοῦ τοίχου ἡμῶν παρακύπτων διὰ τῶν θυρίδων ἐκκύπτων διὰ τῶν δικτύων
My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag upon the mountains of Bethel. Behold, he stands behind our wall, looking through the windows, peering through the nets.
Gazelle imagery conveys speed, beauty, and restrained nearness as he peers in from just outside.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὅμοιόςlikeA1A NSM · ὅμοιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅμοιος: meaning 'like'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδελφιδόςbelovedN2 NSM · ἀδελφιδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφιδός: meaning 'beloved'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δορκάδιgazelleN3D DSF · δορκάςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδορκάς: meaning 'gazelle'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεβρῷyoung stagN2 DSM · νεβρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεβρός: meaning 'young stag'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐλάφωνof stagsN2 GPM · ἔλαφοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔλαφος: meaning 'of stags'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΒαιθηλBethelN GS · Βαιθηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἕστηκενstandsVXI XAI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'stands'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀπίσωafter / behindP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοίχουwallN2 GSM · τοῖχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτοῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παρακύπτωνlooking throughV1 · παπνσμ κύπτω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κύπτω + παρα: meaning 'looking through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυρίδωνwindowN3D GPF · θυρίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυρίς: meaning 'window'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκκύπτωνpeering outV1 · παπνσμ κύπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κύπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'peering out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικτύωνnetsN2N GPN · δίκτυονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκτυον: meaning 'nets'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
10
ἀποκρίνεται ἀδελφιδός μου καὶ λέγει μοι ἀνάστα ἐλθέ ἡ πλησίον μου καλή μου περιστερά μου
My beloved answers and says to me: Rise up, come, my companion, my beautiful one, my dove.
The male summons is tender and repetitive, drawing the woman outward by naming her.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀποκρίνεταιanswersV1 PMI3S · κρίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'answers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδελφιδόςbelovedN2 NSM · ἀδελφιδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφιδός: meaning 'beloved'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνάσταistemi + anaVH AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'istemi + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλθέcomeVB AAD2S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡmyRA VSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καλήbeautifulA1 VSF · καλόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressκαλός: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιστεράdoveN1A VSF · περιστεράvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressπεριστερά: meaning 'dove'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
ὅτι ἰδοὺ ὁ χειμὼν παρῆλθεν ὁ ὑετὸς ἀπῆλθεν ἐπορεύθη ἑαυτῷ
For behold, the winter has passed; the rain is gone, it has departed.
Winter's passing marks the shift from confinement to invitation.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμὼνwinterN3W NSM · χειμώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχειμών: meaning 'winter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρῆλθενἔρχομαιVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'ἔρχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑετὸςrainN2 NSM · ὑετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑετός: meaning 'rain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπῆλθενwent awayVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'went away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπορεύθηgoVCI API3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτῷhimself / themselvesRD DSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτῷ: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
τὰ ἄνθη ὤφθη ἐν τῇ γῇ καιρὸς τῆς τομῆς ἔφθακεν φωνὴ τοῦ τρυγόνος ἠκούσθη ἐν τῇ γῇ ἡμῶν
The flowers have appeared in the land; the time of pruning has come; the voice of the turtledove has been heard in our land.
Seasonal renewal gives cosmic confirmation to the lovers' movement toward one another.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθηflowersN3E NPN · ἄνθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθος: meaning 'flowers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὤφθηoraoVVI API3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'orao'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καιρὸςtimeN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τομῆςpruningN1 GSF · τομήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτομή: meaning 'pruning'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔφθακενhas comeVX XAI3S · φθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφθάνω: meaning 'has come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φωνὴsoundN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρυγόνοςof the turtledoveN3N GSF · τρυγώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτρυγών: meaning 'of the turtledove'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἠκούσθηhearVCI API3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
ἡ συκῆ ἐξήνεγκεν ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς αἱ ἄμπελοι κυπρίζουσιν ἔδωκαν ὀσμήν ἀνάστα ἐλθέ ἡ πλησίον μου καλή μου περιστερά μου
The fig tree has put forth its unripe figs, and the vines are in blossom, they have given fragrance. Rise up, come, my companion, my beautiful one, my dove.
Fig and vine imagery blend fertility, fragrance, and urgency.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκῆfig treeN1 NSF · συκῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυκῆ: meaning 'fig tree'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξήνεγκενbrought outVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'brought out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀλύνθουςunripe figsN2 APM · ὄλυνθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄλυνθος: meaning 'unripe figs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελοιvineN2 NPF · ἄμπελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυπρίζουσινare in blossomV1 PAI3P · κυπρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκυπρίζω: meaning 'are in blossom'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀσμήνfragranceN1 ASF · ὀσμήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀσμή: meaning 'fragrance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνάσταistemi + anaVH AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'istemi + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλθέcomeVB AAD2S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡmyRA VSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καλήbeautifulA1 VSF · καλόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressκαλός: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιστεράdoveN1A VSF · περιστεράvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressπεριστερά: meaning 'dove'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
καὶ ἐλθὲ σύ περιστερά μου ἐν σκέπῃ τῆς πέτρας ἐχόμενα τοῦ προτειχίσματος δεῖξόν μοι τὴν ὄψιν σου καὶ ἀκούτισόν με τὴν φωνήν σου ὅτι ἡ φωνή σου ἡδεῖα καὶ ἡ ὄψις σου ὡραία
My dove in the hollows of the rock, near the wall's face, show me your face and let me hear your voice, for your voice is sweet and your face beautiful.
The dove hidden in rock clefts is coaxed into visibility and speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλθὲcomeVB AAD2S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σύyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσύ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιστεράdoveN1A VSF · περιστεράvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressπεριστερά: meaning 'dove'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σκέπῃcover / shelterN1 DSF · σκέπηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσκέπης: meaning 'cover'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέτραςpetrasN1A GSF · πέτραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπέτρα: meaning 'petras'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐχόμεναnearV1 · πμπνσν ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσν ἔχω: meaning 'near'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προτειχίσματοςthe wallN3M GSN · προτείχισμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπροτείχισμα: meaning 'the wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δεῖξόνshowVA AAD2S · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδεικνύω: meaning 'show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψινsightN3I ASF · ὄψιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄψις: meaning 'sight'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούτισόνlet me hearVA AAD2S · ἀκουτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκουτίζω: meaning 'let me hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνήνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνήvoiceN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡδεῖαsweetA3U NSF · ἡδύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡδύς: meaning 'sweet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceN3I NSF · ὄψιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄψις: meaning 'appearance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡραίαbeautifulA1A APN · ὡραῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὡραῖος: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
15
πιάσατε ἡμῖν ἀλώπεκας μικροὺς ἀφανίζοντας ἀμπελῶνας καὶ αἱ ἄμπελοι ἡμῶν κυπρίζουσιν
Catch for us the little foxes that ruin vineyards, for our vineyards are in blossom.
The foxes represent whatever small destructive forces threaten blossoming intimacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πιάσατεcatchVA AAD2P · πιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπιάζω: meaning 'catch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀλώπεκαςfoxesN3K APF · ἀλώπηξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀλώπηξ: meaning 'foxes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μικροὺςour stepsA1A APM · μικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμικρός: meaning 'our steps'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀφανίζονταςruiningV1 · παπαπμ ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'ruining'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀμπελῶναςvineyardN3W APM · ἀμπελώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελοιvineN2 NPF · ἄμπελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κυπρίζουσινare in blossomV1 PAI3P · κυπρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκυπρίζω: meaning 'are in blossom'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
ἀδελφιδός μου ἐμοί κἀγὼ αὐτῷ ὁ ποιμαίνων ἐν τοῖς κρίνοις
My beloved is mine and I am his, he who pastures among the lilies.
The mutual claim condenses the chapter's relational center into one memorable line.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀδελφιδόςbelovedN2 NSM · ἀδελφιδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφιδός: meaning 'beloved'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐμοίIRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐμοί: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκἀγὼ: meaning 'and I'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιμαίνωνpasturingV1 · παπνσμ ποιμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ποιμαίνω: meaning 'pasturing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίνοιςliliesN2N DPN · κρίνονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκρίνον: meaning 'lilies'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
17
ἕως οὗ διαπνεύσῃ ἡ ἡμέρα καὶ κινηθῶσιν αἱ σκιαί ἀπόστρεψον ὁμοιώθητι σύ ἀδελφιδέ μου τῷ δόρκωνι ἢ νεβρῷ ἐλάφων ἐπὶ ὄρη κοιλωμάτων
Until the day breathes and the shadows turn away, return; be like, my beloved, a gazelle or a young stag upon the hollow mountains.
The closing request preserves longing; union is real, yet desire still waits for fuller return.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διαπνεύσῃbreathesVA AAS3S · πνέω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπνέω + δια: meaning 'breathes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κινηθῶσινmoveVC APS3P · κινέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκινέω: meaning 'move'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκιαίshadowsN1A NPF · σκιάnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκιά: meaning 'shadows'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπόστρεψονreturnVA AAD2S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'return'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁμοιώθητιbe likeVC APD2S · ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁμοιόω: meaning 'be like'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σύyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσύ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀδελφιδέmy belovedN2 VSM · ἀδελφιδόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressἀδελφιδός: meaning 'my beloved'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρκωνιgazelleN3W DSM · δόρκωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδόρκων: meaning 'gazelle'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεβρῷyoung stagN2 DSM · νεβρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεβρός: meaning 'young stag'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐλάφωνof stagsN2 GPM · ἔλαφοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔλαφος: meaning 'of stags'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὄρηmountainN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κοιλωμάτωνhollow placesN3M GPN · κοίλωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκοίλωμα: meaning 'hollow places'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.