1
καὶ ἀλλόφυλοι ἐπολέμησαν πρὸς Ισραηλ καὶ ἔφυγον ἀπὸ προσώπου ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἔπεσον τραυματίαι ἐν ὄρει Γελβουε
The Philistines fought against Israel, and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines and fell wounded on Mount Gilboa.
The chapter opens with triple parataxis and no delay: defeat, flight, and the wounded dead come before interpretation. Gilboa is introduced as the field where Saul's house unravels.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
ἐπολέμησανmade war / foughtVAI AAI3P · πολεμέωfinite verb advancing the clauseπολεμέω: 'made war / fought'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceIsrael: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔφυγονthey fledVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the clauseφεύγω: 'flee'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: 'from'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
προσώπουfaceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονcommon noun within the clauseπρόσωπον: 'face'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistines / foreignersN2 GPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔπεσονfellVBI AAI3P · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clauseπίπτω: 'fell'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τραυματίαιslain / woundedN1T NPM · τραυματίαςcommon noun within the clauseτραυματίας: 'wounded man / slain man'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὄρειhill country / mountainN3E DSN · ὄροςcommon noun within the clauseὄρος: 'hill country / mountain'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΓελβουεGilboaN GSM · Γελβουεproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceGilboa: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
2
καὶ κατεδίωξαν ἀλλόφυλοι ὀπίσω Σαουλ καὶ ὀπίσω υἱῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπάταξαν ἀλλόφυλοι τὸν Ιωναθαν καὶ τὸν Αμιναδαβ καὶ τὸν Μελχισουε υἱοὺς Σαουλ
The Philistines pressed hard after Saul and after his sons, and the Philistines struck down Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua, sons of Saul.
The narrative tightens from national defeat to dynastic loss. The naming of Saul's sons makes the collapse of the first monarchy concrete and irreversible.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
κατεδίωξανthey pursuedVAI AAI3P · διώκω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseδιώκω + κατα: 'they pursued'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
ὀπίσωafter / behindP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN GSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ὀπίσωafter / behindP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐπάταξανthey struck downVAI AAI3P · πατάσσωfinite verb advancing the clauseπατάσσω: 'strike'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙωναθανJonathanN ASM · Ιωναθανproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceJonathan: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΑμιναδαβAminadabN ASM · Αμιναδαβproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceAminadab: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΜελχισουεMelchisoueN ASM · Μελχισουεproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceMelchisoue: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
ΣαουλSaulN GSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
3
καὶ ἐβαρύνθη ὁ πόλεμος ἐπὶ Σαουλ καὶ εὗρον αὐτὸν οἱ τοξόται ἐν τοῖς τόξοις καὶ πόνοις καὶ ἐπόνεσεν ἀπὸ τῶν τόξων
The battle grew heavy against Saul, and the archers found him, and he was in anguish because of the bows.
The battle now narrows onto Saul himself. The heavy fighting and the archers' pressure leave the king cornered before any explicit moral explanation is given.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐβαρύνθηwas weighed down / hardenedVCI API3S · βαρύνωfinite verb advancing the clauseβαρύνω: 'was weighed down / hardened'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόλεμοςwarN2 NSM · πόλεμοςcommon noun within the clauseπόλεμος: 'war'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN ASM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
εὗρονI have foundVB AAI3P · εὑρίσκωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseεὑρίσκω: 'I have found'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τοξόταιarchers / bowmenN1 NPM · τοξότηςcommon noun within the clauseτοξότης: 'archers / bowmen'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τόξοιςbowN2N DPN · τόξονcommon noun within the clauseτόξον: 'bow'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πόνοιςponosN2 DPM · πόνοςcommon noun within the clauseπόνος: 'ponos'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐπόνεσενhe suffered / was in painVAI AAI3S · πονέωfinite verb advancing the clauseπονέω: 'he suffered / was in pain'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: 'from'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τόξωνbowN2N GPN · τόξονcommon noun within the clauseτόξον: 'bow'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
4
καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ τῷ αἴροντι τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ σπάσαι τὴν ῥομφαίαν σου καὶ ἐκκέντησόν με ἐν αὐτῇ μὴ ἔλθωσιν οἱ ἀπερίτμητοι οὗτοι καὶ ἐμπαίξωσίν μοι καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἐφοβεῖτο σφόδρα καὶ ἔλαβεν Σαουλ τὴν ῥομφαίαν καὶ ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ' αὐτήν
Then Saul said to his armor-bearer, 'Draw your sword and thrust me through with it, lest these uncircumcised men come and abuse me.' But his armor-bearer would not, for he feared greatly. So Saul took the sword and fell upon it.
Saul's request to his armor-bearer is driven by shame as much as fear: he dreads abuse from the uncircumcised more than death itself. The suicide marks the monarchy's end as self-inflicted humiliation under judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clauseεἶπον: 'say'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN NSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αἴροντιwho carriesV1 · παπδσμ αἴρωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseπαπδσμ αἴρω: 'who carries'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clauseσκεῦος: 'armor / vessel'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
σπάσαιdrawVA AAD2S · σπάωfinite verb advancing the clauseσπάω: 'draw'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordN1A ASF · ῥομφαίαcommon noun within the clauseῥομφαία: 'sword'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewσύ: 'you'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐκκέντησόνkenteo + ekVA AAD2S · κεντέω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clauseκεντέω + ἐκ: 'kenteo + ek'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewἐγώ: 'I'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceμή: 'not'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἔλθωσινthey comeVB AAS3P · ἔρχομαιparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseἔρχομαι: 'come'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀπερίτμητοιuncircumcisedA1B NPM · ἀπερίτμητοςadjectival or ordinal modifierἀπερίτμητος: 'uncircumcised'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐμπαίξωσίνmock / abuseVA AAS3P · παίζω + ἐνfinite verb advancing the clauseπαίζω + ἐν: 'mock / abuse'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewἐγώ: 'I'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: 'not'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐβούλετοwas minded / willedV1I IMI3S · βούλομαιparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseβούλομαι: 'was minded / willed'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αἴρωνwearing / bearingV1 · παπνσμ αἴρωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseπαπνσμ αἴρω: 'wearing / bearing'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clauseσκεῦος: 'armor / vessel'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὅτι: 'that / because'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐφοβεῖτοwas afraidV2I IMI3S · φοβέωfinite verb advancing the clauseφοβέω: 'was afraid'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceσφόδρα: 'very'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔλαβενseizedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the clauseλαμβάνω: 'take'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN NSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordN1A ASF · ῥομφαίαcommon noun within the clauseῥομφαία: 'sword'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐπέπεσενfell uponVAI AAI3S · πίπτω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clauseπίπτω + ἐπι: 'fell upon'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτήνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
5
καὶ εἶδεν ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἀπέθανεν Σαουλ καὶ ἔπεσεν καί γε αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ῥομφαίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπέθανεν
When his armor-bearer saw that Saul was dead, he also fell upon his sword and died.
The armor-bearer's imitation seals the totality of the disaster. Loyalty follows Saul even into death, but it cannot avert the ruin of his house.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the clauseὁράω: 'saw'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αἴρωνwearing / bearingV1 · παπνσμ αἴρωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseπαπνσμ αἴρω: 'wearing / bearing'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clauseσκεῦος: 'armor / vessel'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὅτι: 'that / because'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: 'die'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN NSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔπεσενfellVAI AAI3S · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clauseπίπτω: 'fell'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
γεindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clauseγέ: 'indeed'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordN1A ASF · ῥομφαίαcommon noun within the clauseῥομφαία: 'sword'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: 'die'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
6
καὶ ἀπέθανεν Σαουλ καὶ τρεῖς υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ καὶ πᾶς ὁ οἶκος αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἀπέθανεν
Thus Saul died, and his three sons died on that day, and all his house died together.
The summary compresses the battlefield into a dynastic obituary. 'All his house' prepares the way for David's uncontested succession.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: 'die'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN NSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τρεῖςthreeA3 NPM · τρεῖςadjectival or ordinal modifierτρεῖς: 'three'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewἐκεῖνος: 'that'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clauseοἶκος: 'house'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: 'die'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
7
καὶ εἶδεν πᾶς ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ ὁ ἐν τῷ αὐλῶνι ὅτι ἔφυγεν Ισραηλ καὶ ὅτι ἀπέθανεν Σαουλ καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ κατέλιπον τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν καὶ ἔφυγον καὶ ἦλθον ἀλλόφυλοι καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐν αὐταῖς
When every man of Israel who was in the valley saw that Israel had fled and that Saul and his sons were dead, they abandoned their cities and fled; and the Philistines came and dwelt in them.
The consequences spread outward from the battlefield to the land itself. Israelite abandonment and Philistine resettlement show that Saul's death is a political as well as personal catastrophe.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the clauseὁράω: 'saw'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clauseἀνήρ: 'man'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceIsrael: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αὐλῶνιaulonN3W DSM · αὐλώνcommon noun within the clauseαὐλών: 'αυlon'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὅτι: 'that / because'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἔφυγενfledVBI AAI3S · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the clauseφεύγω: 'flee'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceIsrael: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὅτι: 'that / because'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: 'die'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN NSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
κατέλιπονthey leftVBI AAI3P · λείπω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseλείπω + κατα: 'they left'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςhead noun within the clauseπόλις: 'city'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔφυγονthey fledVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the clauseφεύγω: 'flee'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἦλθονthey cameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the clauseἔρχομαι: 'come'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
κατῴκησανthey dweltVAI AAI3P · οἰκέω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseκατοικέω: 'dwell, settle, inhabit'; used for established residence in towns, especially Jerusalem, Gibeon, and other Benjaminite sites.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐταῖςthemRD DPF · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
8
καὶ ἐγένετο τῇ ἐχομένῃ καὶ ἦλθον ἀλλόφυλοι τοῦ σκυλεύειν τοὺς τραυματίας καὶ εὗρον τὸν Σαουλ καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ πεπτωκότας ἐν τῷ ὄρει Γελβουε
On the next day the Philistines came to strip the slain, and they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.
The next-day scene shifts from combat to desecration. The victors return not to fight but to strip and display the defeated king.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐγένετοit happenedVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιfinite verb advancing the clauseγίγνομαι: 'it happened'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐχομένῃpmpdsph echoV1 · πμπδσφ ἔχωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseπμπδσφ ἔχω: 'pmpdsph echo'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἦλθονthey cameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the clauseἔρχομαι: 'come'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σκυλεύεινyou shall despoilV1 PAN · σκυλεύωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseσκυλεύω: 'you shall despoil'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τραυματίαςslainN1T APM · τραυματίαςcommon noun within the clauseτραυματίας: 'wounded man / slain man'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
εὗρονI have foundVB AAI3P · εὑρίσκωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseεὑρίσκω: 'I have found'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΣαουλSaulN ASM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
πεπτωκόταςfallenVX · χαπαπμ πίπτωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseχαπαπμ πίπτω: 'fallen'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὄρειhill country / mountainN3E DSN · ὄροςcommon noun within the clauseὄρος: 'hill country / mountain'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΓελβουεGilboaN GSM · Γελβουεproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceGilboa: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
9
καὶ ἐξέδυσαν αὐτὸν καὶ ἔλαβον τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπέστειλαν εἰς γῆν ἀλλοφύλων κύκλῳ τοῦ εὐαγγελίσασθαι τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν καὶ τῷ λαῷ
They stripped him, took his head and his armor, and sent them around the land of the Philistines to proclaim the news to their idols and to the people.
The severed head and armor become trophies in a counterfeit gospel. Philistine triumph is announced both to idols and to people, parodying the language of proclamation.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐξέδυσανthey stripped offVAI AAI3P · δύω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clauseδύω + ἐκ: 'they stripped off'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔλαβονseized / took hold ofVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the clauseλαμβάνω: 'take'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήcommon noun within the clauseκεφαλή: 'head'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clauseσκεῦος: 'armor / vessel'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀπέστειλανsentVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseστέλλω + ἀπο: 'sent'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clauseγῆ: 'land'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistines / foreignersN2 GPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
κύκλῳround aboutN2 DSM · κύκλοςcommon noun within the clauseκύκλος: 'round about'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εὐαγγελίσασθαιyou bring good newsVA AMN · εὐαγγελίζωfinite verb advancing the clauseεὐαγγελίζω: 'you bring good news'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εἰδώλοιςidolsN2N DPN · εἴδωλονcommon noun within the clauseεἴδωλον: 'idols'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςhead noun within the clauseλαός: 'people'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
10
καὶ ἔθηκαν τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ἐν οἴκῳ θεοῦ αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἔθηκαν ἐν οἴκῳ Δαγων
They put his armor in the house of their god, and they placed his head in the house of Dagon.
Saul's dishonor is completed by cultic deposition in pagan temples. The king who failed the word of the LORD is displayed in the houses of rival gods.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔθηκανputVAI AAI3P · τίθημιfinite verb advancing the clauseτίθημι: 'put'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clauseσκεῦος: 'armor / vessel'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clauseοἶκος: 'house'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςhead noun within the clauseθεός: 'God'; the principal divine title, used in direct speech and theological interpretation.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήcommon noun within the clauseκεφαλή: 'head'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἔθηκανputVAI AAI3P · τίθημιfinite verb advancing the clauseτίθημι: 'put'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clauseοἶκος: 'house'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΔαγωνDagonN GSM · Δαγωνproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceDagon: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
11
καὶ ἤκουσαν πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες Γαλααδ ἅπαντα ἃ ἐποίησαν ἀλλόφυλοι τῷ Σαουλ καὶ τῷ Ισραηλ
When all the inhabitants of Gilead heard all that the Philistines had done to Saul and to Israel,
The Jabesh-gilead notice reintroduces covenant memory and gratitude into the story. Those who once benefited from Saul now answer his disgrace with loyal burial care.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἤκουσανheardVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the clauseἀκούω: 'hear'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςinhabitants / dwellersV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: 'inhabitants / dwellers'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΓαλααδGileadN DSF · Γαλαάδproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceGilead: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
ἅπανταeverythingA3 APN · ἅπαςadjectival or ordinal modifierἅπας: 'everything'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςcommon noun within the clauseὅς: 'which'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clauseποιέω: 'do'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine' or more literally 'one of another tribe'; the regular LXX designation for Israel's Philistine enemies.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΣαουλSaulN DSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceIsrael: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
12
καὶ ἠγέρθησαν ἐκ Γαλααδ πᾶς ἀνὴρ δυνατὸς καὶ ἔλαβον τὸ σῶμα Σαουλ καὶ τὸ σῶμα τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἤνεγκαν αὐτὰ εἰς Ιαβις καὶ ἔθαψαν τὰ ὀστᾶ αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τὴν δρῦν ἐν Ιαβις καὶ ἐνήστευσαν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
every mighty man arose from Gilead and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons and brought them to Jabesh; and they buried their bones under the oak in Jabesh and fasted seven days.
Their retrieval of the bodies is the chapter's one act of human honor. Fasting and burial cannot undo judgment, but they refuse to let Philistine mockery have the final human word.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἠγέρθησανraises / liftsVCI API3P · ἐγείρωfinite verb advancing the clauseἐγείρω: 'raises / lifts'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: 'from'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΓαλααδGileadN GSF · Γαλαάδproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceGilead: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clauseἀνήρ: 'man'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
δυνατὸςmighty / strongA1 NSM · δυνατόςadjectival or ordinal modifierδυνατός: 'mighty'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔλαβονseized / took hold ofVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the clauseλαμβάνω: 'take'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαcommon noun within the clauseσῶμα: 'body'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN GSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαcommon noun within the clauseσῶμα: 'body'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἤνεγκανthey broughtVAI AAI3P · φέρωfinite verb advancing the clauseφέρω: 'they brought'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτὰitRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΙαβιςJabeshN AS · Ιαβιςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceJabesh: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἔθαψανthey buriedVAI AAI3P · θάπτωfinite verb advancing the clauseθάπτω: 'they buried'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesN2N APN · ὀστέονcommon noun within the clauseὀστέον: 'bones'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ὑπὸas / byP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπό: 'as / by'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δρῦνan oakN3U ASF · δρῦςcommon noun within the clauseδρῦς: 'an oak'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΙαβιςJabeshN DS · Ιαβιςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceJabesh: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐνήστευσανfastedVAI AAI3P · νηστεύωfinite verb advancing the clauseνηστεύω: 'fasted'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάcommon noun within the clauseἑπτά: 'seven'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
13
καὶ ἀπέθανεν Σαουλ ἐν ταῖς ἀνομίαις αὐτοῦ αἷς ἠνόμησεν τῷ κυρίῳ κατὰ τὸν λόγον κυρίου διότι οὐκ ἐφύλαξεν ὅτι ἐπηρώτησεν Σαουλ ἐν τῷ ἐγγαστριμύθῳ τοῦ ζητῆσαι καὶ ἀπεκρίνατο αὐτῷ Σαμουηλ ὁ προφήτης
So Saul died in the lawless acts by which he acted lawlessly against the Lord, against the word of the Lord, because he did not keep it, and because Saul consulted a ventriloquist medium to seek an answer, and Samuel the prophet answered him.
Only here does the Chronicler deliver the governing explanation. Saul's death is read not as accident but as judgment for covenant breach and illicit consultation.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: 'die'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN NSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀνομίαιςiniquitiesN1A DPF · ἀνομίαcommon noun within the clauseἀνομία: 'iniquities'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
αἷςwhichRR DPF · ὅςcommon noun within the clauseὅς: 'which'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἠνόμησενhas acted lawlesslyVAI AAI3S · ἀνομέωfinite verb advancing the clauseἀνομέω: 'has acted lawlessly'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clauseκύριος: the standard Septuagint rendering of the divine name; here the LORD is the decisive agent behind judgment, appointment, and deliverance.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λόγονthing / wordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clauseλόγος: 'word'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clauseκύριος: the standard Septuagint rendering of the divine name; here the LORD is the decisive agent behind judgment, appointment, and deliverance.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: 'because'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: 'not'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐφύλαξενhe keptVAI AAI3S · φυλάσσωfinite verb advancing the clauseφυλάσσω: 'he kept'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὅτι: 'that / because'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπηρώτησενinquired / askedVAI AAI3S · ἐρωτάω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clauseἐρωτάω + ἐπι: 'inquired / asked'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΣαουλSaulN NSM · Σαούλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSaul: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐγγαστριμύθῳfamiliar spiritA1B DSM · ἐγγαστρίμυθοςadjectival or ordinal modifierἐγγαστρίμυθος: 'ventriloquist, medium'; the forbidden necromantic figure whose consultation epitomizes Saul's unfaithfulness.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ζητῆσαιto inquireVA AAN · ζητέωfinite verb advancing the clauseζητέω: 'seek'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀπεκρίνατοansweredVAI AMI3S · κρίνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseκρίνω + ἀπο: 'answered'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ΣαμουηλSamuelN NSM · Σαμουηλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceSamuel: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προφήτηςprophetN1M NSM · προφήτηςcommon noun within the clauseπροφήτης: 'prophet'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
14
καὶ οὐκ ἐζήτησεν κύριον καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν τὴν βασιλείαν τῷ Δαυιδ υἱῷ Ιεσσαι
But he did not seek the Lord; so He killed him and turned the kingdom over to David son of Jesse.
The verdict ends by transferring the kingdom to David. Divine judgment on Saul is simultaneously the theological ground of Davidic kingship.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: 'not'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐζήτησενsoughtVAI AAI3S · ζητέωfinite verb advancing the clauseζητέω: 'seek'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clauseκύριος: the standard Septuagint rendering of the divine name; here the LORD is the decisive agent behind judgment, appointment, and deliverance.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀπέκτεινενkilledVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseκτείνω + ἀπο: 'killed'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἐπέστρεψενturned backVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clauseστρέφω + ἐπι: 'turned back'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαcommon noun within the clauseβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidN DSM · Δαυίδproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceDavid: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
υἱῷsonN2 DSM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
ΙεσσαιJesseN GSM · Ιεσσαιproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceJesse: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.