1
καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Χιραμ βασιλεὺς Τύρου ἀγγέλους πρὸς Δαυιδ καὶ ξύλα κέδρινα καὶ οἰκοδόμους τοίχων καὶ τέκτονας ξύλων τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι αὐτῷ οἶκον
And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar timbers, and builders of walls, and carpenters of wood, to build him a house.
The chapter opens with international recognition and practical resources. Tyrian aid marks David’s rule as publicly acknowledged and materially established, not merely aspirational.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΧιραμHiramN NSM · Χιραμproper name within the list or clauseΧιραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
Τύρουof TyreN2 GSM · Τύροςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termΤύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἀγγέλουςmessengersN2 APM · ἄγγελοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἄγγελος: meaning 'messengers'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
πρὸςto/towardP · πρόςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidN ASM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλαwood / timbersN2N APN · ξύλονaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationξύλον: meaning 'wood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
κέδριναof cedarA1 APN · κέδρινοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationκέδρινος: meaning 'of cedar'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκοδόμουςoikodomoysN2 APM · οἰκοδόμοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalοἰκοδόμος: meaning 'oikodomoys'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τοίχωνwallsN2 GPM · τοῖχοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationτοῖχος: meaning 'walls'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέκτοναςcraftsmen / carpentersN3N APM · τέκτωνaccusative element functioning as object or goalτέκτων: meaning 'craftsmen'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ξύλωνof woodN2N GPN · ξύλονgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationξύλον: meaning 'of wood'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildVA AAN · οἰκοδομέωinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'to build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
2
καὶ ἔγνω Δαυιδ ὅτι ἡτοίμησεν αὐτὸν κύριος ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ὅτι ηὐξήθη εἰς ὕψος ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ Ισραηλ
And David knew that the LORD had established him over Israel, because his kingdom had been lifted high for the sake of his people Israel.
The key phrase is “for the sake of his people Israel.” David’s exaltation is not an end in itself; kingship is interpreted as a divinely granted office ordered toward the people’s good.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknewVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡτοίμησενhetoimesenVAI AAI3S · ἑτοιμάζωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'hetoimesen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὐξήθηincreased / grewVCI API3S · αὐξάνωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionαὐξάνω: meaning 'increased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὕψοςheightN3E ASN · ὕψοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationὕψος: meaning 'height'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαkingdomN1A NSF · βασιλείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
3
καὶ ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ ἔτι γυναῖκας ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐτέχθησαν Δαυιδ ἔτι υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες
And David took still more wives in Jerusalem, and more sons and daughters were born to David.
Dynastic growth accompanies architectural and political establishment. Chronicles presents the house of David as visibly taking shape within the city that will anchor the kingdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeλαμβάνω: meaning 'took'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γυναῖκαςwivesN3K APF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'wives'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτέχθησανwere bornVQI API3P · τίκτωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionτίκτω: meaning 'were born'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
4
καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα αὐτῶν τῶν τεχθέντων οἳ ἦσαν αὐτῷ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ Σαμαα Ισοβααμ Ναθαν Σαλωμων
And these are their names, of those born to him in Jerusalem: Shammua, Shobab, Nathan, Solomon,
The name-list gives flesh to dynastic permanence. Chronicles regularly uses such rosters not as filler but as signs of continuity, succession, and the rootedness of the royal house.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταtheseRD NPN · οὗτοςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματαnamesN3M NPN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'names'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεχθέντωνtechthentonVQ · αππγπμ τίκτωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionαππγπμ τίκτω: meaning 'techthenton'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
οἳwhoRR NPM · ὅςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ΣαμααSamaaN NSM · Σαμααproper name within the list or clauseΣαμαα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ΙσοβααμIsobaamN NSM · Ισοβααμproper name within the list or clauseΙσοβααμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ΝαθανNathanN NSM · Ναθανproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΝαθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonN NSM · Σαλωμώνproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
5
καὶ Ιβααρ καὶ Ελισαε καὶ Ελιφαλετ
and Ibhar and Elishua and Elpelet,
The terse list-form maintains the archival voice. The proliferation of sons reinforces the sense that David’s kingdom now possesses durable familial extension.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙβααρJebaarN NSM · Ιβααρproper name within the list or clauseΙβααρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλισαεElisaeN NSM · Ελισαεproper name within the list or clauseΕλισαε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλιφαλετEliphaletN NSM · Ελιφαλετproper name within the list or clauseΕλιφαλετ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
6
καὶ Ναγε καὶ Ναφαγ καὶ Ιανουου
and Nogah and Nepheg and Japhia,
The continuation of names without commentary is itself significant: dynastic fullness is registered through preservation rather than elaboration.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαγεNageN NSM · Ναγεproper name within the list or clauseΝαγε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαφαγNaphagN NSM · Ναφαγproper name within the list or clauseΝαφαγ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙανουουIanoyoyN NSM · Ιανουουproper name within the list or clauseΙανουου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
7
καὶ Ελισαμαε καὶ Βαλεγδαε καὶ Ελιφαλετ
and Elishama and Beeliada and Eliphelet.
The roster closes the domestic section of the chapter. David is now shown as internationally recognized, municipally settled, and dynastically enlarged before the war narrative resumes.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλισαμαεElisamaeN NSM · Ελισαμαεproper name within the list or clauseΕλισαμαε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαλεγδαεBalegdaeN NS · Βαλεγδαεproper name within the list or clauseΒαλεγδαε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλιφαλετEliphaletN NSM · Ελιφαλετproper name within the list or clauseΕλιφαλετ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
8
καὶ ἤκουσαν ἀλλόφυλοι ὅτι ἐχρίσθη Δαυιδ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ πάντα Ισραηλ καὶ ἀνέβησαν πάντες οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι ζητῆσαι τὸν Δαυιδ καὶ ἤκουσεν Δαυιδ καὶ ἐξῆλθεν εἰς ἀπάντησιν αὐτοῖς
And the Philistines heard that David had been anointed king over all Israel, and all the Philistines came up to seek David; and David heard and went out to meet them.
The news of universal anointing triggers immediate opposition. David’s secure status does not eliminate conflict; rather, it sharpens the response of traditional enemies.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσανheardVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχρίσθηwas anointedVCI API3S · χρίωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionχρίω: meaning 'was anointed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανwent upVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ζητῆσαιto inquireVA AAN · ζητέωinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeζητέω: meaning 'to inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidN ASM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀπάντησινmeetingN3I ASF · ἀπάντησιςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἀπάντησις: meaning 'meeting'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
9
καὶ ἀλλόφυλοι ἦλθον καὶ συνέπεσον ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι τῶν γιγάντων
And the Philistines came and spread themselves out in the Valley of Rephaim.
The verse is brief and tactical. It places pressure on David at once, so that the narrative can show how kingship responds under threat.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέπεσονsynepesonVBI AAI3P · πίπτω + συνmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπίπτω + συν: meaning 'synepeson'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλάδιvalleyN3D DSF · κοιλάςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ nations judged and zion securedκοιλάς: meaning 'valley'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γιγάντωνgiantsN3 GPM · γίγαςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationγίγας: meaning 'giants'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
10
καὶ ἠρώτησεν Δαυιδ διὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λέγων εἰ ἀναβῶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους καὶ δώσεις αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰς χεῖράς μου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ κύριος ἀνάβηθι καὶ δώσω αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου
And David inquired through God, saying, “Shall I go up against the Philistines, and will you give them into my hands?” And the LORD said to him, “Go up, and I will give them into your hands.”
Inquiry precedes action. Chronicles makes dependence on God integral to Davidic success: the king does not merely possess power but receives direction.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρώτησενaskedVAI AAI3S · ἐρωτάωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐρωτάω: meaning 'asked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
διὰthrough/byP · διάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβῶshall I go upVZ AAS1S · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'shall I go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλουςPhilistinesA1B APM · ἀλλόφυλοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειςyou shall giveVF FAI2S · δίδωμιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadδίδωμι: meaning 'you shall give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἀνάβηθιgo upVZ AAD2S · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveVF FAI1S · δίδωμιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadδίδωμι: meaning 'I will give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
11
καὶ ἀνέβη εἰς Βααλφαρασιν καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ διέκοψεν ὁ θεὸς τοὺς ἐχθρούς μου ἐν χειρί μου ὡς διακοπὴν ὕδατος διὰ τοῦτο ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου ἐκείνου Διακοπὴ φαρασιν
And he went up to Baal-perazim, and there David struck them down, and David said, “God has broken through my enemies by my hand like the breaking through of waters.” Therefore they called the name of that place Baal-perazim.
David attributes the victory to God while still acknowledging his own hand as instrument. The water-breach image gives the battle a sudden, overwhelming quality and turns geography into theological memory.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΒααλφαρασινBaalpharasinN AS · Βααλφαρασινproper name within the list or clauseΒααλφαρασιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπατάσσω: meaning 'struck'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
διέκοψενbroke throughVAI AAI3S · κόπτω + διαmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeκόπτω + δια: meaning 'broke through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρούςenemiesN2 APM · ἐχθρόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χειρίhandN3 DSF · χείρdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
διακοπὴνa breachN1 ASF · διακοπήaccusative element functioning as object or goalδιακοπή: meaning 'a breach'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐκάλεσενcalledVAI AAI3S · καλέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeκαλέω: meaning 'called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐκείνουthatRD GSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἐκείνου: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ΔιακοπὴdiakopeN1 NSF · διακοπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemΔιακοπὴ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
φαρασινpharasinN GSM · φαρασινlexical item contributing to the clause or listφαρασιν: meaning 'pharasin'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
12
καὶ ἐγκατέλιπον ἐκεῖ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτῶν καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ κατακαῦσαι αὐτοὺς ἐν πυρί
And they left their gods there, and David said that they should burn them with fire.
The enemy’s abandoned gods symbolize impotence before YHWH’s action. Burning them dramatizes David’s refusal to turn triumph into trophy-collection or syncretistic temptation.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπονthey forsookVBI AAI3P · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'they forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοὺςgodsN2 APM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'gods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
κατακαῦσαιkatakasaiVA AAD2S · καίω + καταmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionκαίω + κατα: meaning 'katakasai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πυρίfireN3 DSN · πῦρdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
13
καὶ προσέθεντο ἔτι ἀλλόφυλοι καὶ συνέπεσαν ἔτι ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι τῶν γιγάντων
And the Philistines again spread themselves out in the valley.
The repeated attack prevents the first victory from becoming a formula. The chapter will insist that past guidance does not authorize mechanical repetition in the present.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέθεντοthey continued / did againVE AMI3P · τίθημι + προςmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionτίθημι + προς: meaning 'they continued'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesN2 NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέπεσανdeployed / spread outVAI AAI3P · πίπτω + συνmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπίπτω + συν: meaning 'deployed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλάδιvalleyN3D DSF · κοιλάςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ nations judged and zion securedκοιλάς: meaning 'valley'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γιγάντωνgiantsN3 GPM · γίγαςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationγίγας: meaning 'giants'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
14
καὶ ἠρώτησεν Δαυιδ ἔτι ἐν θεῷ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ θεός οὐ πορεύσῃ ὀπίσω αὐτῶν ἀποστρέφου ἀπ' αὐτῶν καὶ παρέσῃ αὐτοῖς πλησίον τῶν ἀπίων
And David inquired yet again of God, and God said to him, “You shall not go up after them; turn away from them and come upon them opposite the balsam trees.”
The changed command is crucial. Divine guidance is particular, not generic; faithful kingship means listening anew rather than assuming that yesterday’s answer automatically governs today’s battle.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρώτησενaskedVAI AAI3S · ἐρωτάωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐρωτάω: meaning 'asked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
πορεύσῃyou shall goVA AAS3S · πορεύομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπορεύομαι: meaning 'you shall go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὀπίσωafterP · ὀπίσωpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀποστρέφουturn awayV1 PMD2S · στρέφω + ἀποmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀπ'of it / from itP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'of it'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέσῃparesVF FMI2S · εἰμί + παραmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί + παρα: meaning 'pares'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
πλησίονnearD · πλησίονpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'near'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπίωνapionN2 GPF · ἄπιοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termἄπιος: meaning 'apion'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
15
καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ ἀκοῦσαί σε τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ συσσεισμοῦ τῶν ἄκρων τῶν ἀπίων τότε ἐξελεύσῃ εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ὅτι ἐξῆλθεν ὁ θεὸς ἔμπροσθέν σου τοῦ πατάξαι τὴν παρεμβολὴν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων
And it shall be, when you hear the sound of the shaking in the tops of the balsam trees, then you shall go out into battle, for God has gone out before you to strike the camp of the Philistines.
The sign in the trees dramatizes divinely timed warfare. David’s offensive must coincide with the moment that God himself is said to have gone out before him.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοῦσαίobeying / to hearVA AAN · ἀκούωinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀκούω: meaning 'obeying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συσσεισμοῦsysseismoN2 GSM · συσσεισμόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termσυσσεισμός: meaning 'sysseismo'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρωνtips / endsA1A GPF · ἄκροςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termἄκρος: meaning 'tips'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπίωνapionN2 GPF · ἄπιοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termἄπιος: meaning 'apion'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τότεthenD · τότεconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεύσῃyou shall go outVF FMI2S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future force: points to action still aheadἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'you shall go out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἔμπροσθένbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentἔμπροσθέν: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατάξαιmay he strikeVA AAN · πατάσσωinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπατάσσω: meaning 'may he strike'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampN1 ASF · παρεμβολήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ content focusπαρεμβολή: meaning 'camp'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesN2 GPM · ἀλλόφυλοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
16
καὶ ἐποίησεν καθὼς ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ ὁ θεός καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὴν παρεμβολὴν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων ἀπὸ Γαβαων ἕως Γαζαρα
And David did as God commanded him, and he struck the camp of the Philistines from Gibeon to Gezer.
The victory is narrated as the direct fruit of obedience. The verse is intentionally economical: the interpretive point lies not in tactical detail but in faithful conformity to command.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeπατάσσω: meaning 'struck'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampN1 ASF · παρεμβολήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ content focusπαρεμβολή: meaning 'camp'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesN2 GPM · ἀλλόφυλοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΓαβαωνGibeonN GSF · Γαβαωνproper name within the list or clauseΓαβαων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἕωςuntil/as far asP · ἕωςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΓαζαραGazaraN GS · Γαζαραproper name within the list or clauseΓαζαρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
17
καὶ ἐγένετο ὄνομα Δαυιδ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ καὶ κύριος ἔδωκεν τὸν φόβον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
And the name of David came to be in all the land, and the LORD put the fear of him upon all the nations.
The chapter ends with international consequence. David’s fame is derivative of YHWH’s action, and the nations’ fear confirms that the Davidic kingdom now stands under visible divine sponsorship.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάσῃallA1S DSF · πᾶςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόβονfearN2 ASM · φόβοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.