1
καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ ταῦτα ἀπέθανεν Ναας βασιλεὺς υἱῶν Αμμων καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αναν υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ' αὐτοῦ
And it came to pass after these things that Nahash king of the sons of Ammon died, and Hanun his son reigned in his place.
The narrative begins with a dynastic transition that could invite diplomatic renewal, but instead becomes the setting for rupture.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐγένετοbecome / happenVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseγίγνομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phraseμετά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ταῦταthisRD APN · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀπέθανενdieVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ΝααςNahashN NSM · Νααςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextNahash: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemβασιλεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
υἱῶνsonN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐβασίλευσενreignVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseβασιλεύω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΑνανHanunN NSM · Ανανsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextHanun: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀντ'instead ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀντί: function word shaping relation, discourse flow, or clause linkage in context.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
2
καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ ποιήσω ἔλεος μετὰ Αναν υἱοῦ Ναας ὡς ἐποίησεν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ μετ' ἐμοῦ ἔλεος καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ἀγγέλους Δαυιδ τοῦ παρακαλέσαι αὐτὸν περὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἦλθον παῖδες Δαυιδ εἰς γῆν υἱῶν Αμμων τοῦ παρακαλέσαι αὐτόν
And David said, I will show mercy to Hanun son of Nahash, as his father showed mercy to me. So David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father; and David's servants came to the land of the sons of Ammon to comfort him.
David interprets the political relationship through remembered kindness, making his embassy one of condolence rather than calculation.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶπενsayVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseεἶπον: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ποιήσωdo / makeVF FAI1S · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseποιέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἔλεοςmercyN3E ASN · ἔλεοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἔλεος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phraseμετά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΑνανHanunN GSM · Ανανsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextHanun: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΝααςNahashN GSM · Νααςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextNahash: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ὡςas / whenC · ὡςlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic roleὡς: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐποίησενdo / makeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseποιέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemπατήρ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
μετ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phraseμετά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἔλεοςmercyN3E ASN · ἔλεοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἔλεος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπέστειλεν+ apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἀγγέλουςmessengerN2 APM · ἄγγελοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἄγγελος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
παρακαλέσαιcomfortVA AAN · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaκαλέω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
αὐτὸνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπατήρ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦλθονcomeVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
παῖδεςservantN3D NPM · παῖςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemπαῖς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
γῆνland / earthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementγῆ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
υἱῶνsonN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
παρακαλέσαιcomfortVA AAN · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaκαλέω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
αὐτόνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
3
καὶ εἶπον ἄρχοντες Αμμων πρὸς Αναν μὴ δοξάζων Δαυιδ τὸν πατέρα σου ἐναντίον σου ἀπέστειλέν σοι παρακαλοῦντας οὐχ ὅπως ἐξερευνήσωσιν τὴν πόλιν τοῦ κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν γῆν ἦλθον παῖδες αὐτοῦ πρὸς σέ
But the rulers of Ammon said to Hanun, Is David honoring your father in your sight because he has sent comforters to you? Have not his servants come to you to search and to spy out the land and to explore it?
The crisis is generated by interpretation: what David means as loyal kindness is re-described by the court as hostile reconnaissance.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶπονsayVBI AAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseεἶπον: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἄρχοντεςrulerN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἄρχων: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phraseπρός: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΑνανHanunN ASM · Ανανsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextHanun: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμή: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
δοξάζωνhonor / glorifyV1 · παπνσμ δοξάζωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceδοξάζω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπατήρ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐναντίον: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀπέστειλέν+ apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
σοιyouRP DS · σύdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
παρακαλοῦνταςcomfort / call nearV2 · παπαπμ καλέω + παραparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceκαλέω + παρα: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
οὐχnotD · οὐnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic roleὅπως: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐξερευνήσωσινsearch outVA AAS3P · ἐρευνάω + ἐκverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaἐρευνάω + ἐκ: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπόλις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
κατασκοπῆσαιspy outVA AAN · σκοπέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaσκοπέω + κατα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
γῆνland / earthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementγῆ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἦλθονcomeVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
παῖδεςservantN3D NPM · παῖςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemπαῖς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phraseπρός: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
σέyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
4
καὶ ἔλαβεν Αναν τοὺς παῖδας Δαυιδ καὶ ἐξύρησεν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀφεῖλεν τῶν μανδυῶν αὐτῶν τὸ ἥμισυ ἕως τῆς ἀναβολῆς καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτούς
And Hanun took David's servants and shaved them and cut off half their garments as far as the buttocks, and sent them away.
The shaving and mutilated clothing produce a deliberate spectacle of shame, assaulting both diplomatic propriety and personal honor.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἔλαβενtakeVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseλαμβάνω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΑνανHanunN NSM · Ανανsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextHanun: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
παῖδαςservantN3D APM · παῖςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπαῖς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐξύρησενshaveVAI AAI3S · ξυράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseξυράω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
αὐτοὺςhe / she / itRD APM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀφεῖλεν+ apoVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
μανδυῶνcloakN1T GPM · μανδύαςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionμανδύας: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνhe / she / itRD GPM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἥμισυhalfA3U ASN · ἥμισυςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveἥμισυς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phraseἕως: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀναβολῆςbuttocks / rear edgeN1 GSF · ἀναβολήgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἀναβολή: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπέστειλεν+ apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
αὐτούςhe / she / itRD APM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
5
καὶ ἦλθον ἀπαγγεῖλαι τῷ Δαυιδ περὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ ἀπέστειλεν εἰς ἀπάντησιν αὐτοῖς ὅτι ἦσαν ἠτιμωμένοι σφόδρα καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς καθίσατε ἐν Ιεριχω ἕως τοῦ ἀνατεῖλαι τοὺς πώγωνας ὑμῶν καὶ ἀνακάμψατε
And men came and reported to David concerning the men, and he sent to meet them, because they had been greatly dishonored; and the king said, Stay at Jericho until your beards grow, and then return.
David does not rush them into public view; he shields their dignity until the marks of humiliation are repaired.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦλθονcomeVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἀπαγγεῖλαιreportVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΔαυιδDavidN DSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀνδρῶνmanN3 GPM · ἀνήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἀνήρ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπέστειλεν+ apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ἀπάντησινmeetingN3I ASF · ἀπάντησιςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἀπάντησις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῖςhe / she / itRD DPM · αὐτόςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ὅτιfor / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing explanation, cause, or quoted content→ explanatory / causalὅτι: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦσανbeV9 IAI3P · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceεἰμί: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἠτιμωμένοιdishonoredVMI YMPNPMA)TIMO/Wverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeσφόδρα: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶπενsayVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseεἶπον: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
βασιλεύςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemβασιλεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καθίσατεstayVA AAD2P · ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaἧμαι + κατα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΙεριχωJerichoN DSF · Ιεριχωsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextJericho: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phraseἕως: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀνατεῖλαιgrow / riseVA AAN · τέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaτέλλω + ἀνα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πώγωναςbeardN3W APM · πώγωνaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπώγων: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ὑμῶνyouRP GP · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀνακάμψατεreturnVA AAD2P · κάμπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaκάμπτω + ἀνα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
6
καὶ εἶδον οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων ὅτι ᾐσχύνθη λαὸς Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αναν καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων χίλια τάλαντα ἀργυρίου τοῦ μισθώσασθαι ἑαυτοῖς ἐκ Συρίας Μεσοποταμίας καὶ ἐκ Συρίας Μοοχα καὶ ἐκ Σωβα ἅρματα καὶ ἱππεῖς
And the sons of Ammon saw that David's people had been put to shame, and Hanun and the sons of Ammon sent a thousand talents of silver to hire for themselves chariots and horsemen from Aram-mesopotamia and from Aram-maacah and from Zobah.
Once the insult is recognized as intolerable, Ammon chooses escalation and spends heavily to turn local offense into coalition warfare.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶδονseeVBI AAI3P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseὁράω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ὅτιfor / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing explanation, cause, or quoted content→ explanatory / causalὅτι: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ᾐσχύνθηput to shameVCI API3S · αἰσχύνωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseαἰσχύνω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπέστειλεν+ apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΑνανHanunN NSM · Ανανsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextHanun: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
χίλιαa thousandA1A APN · χίλιοιacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveχίλιοι: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
τάλανταtalentN2N APN · τάλαντονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementτάλαντον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἀργύριον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
μισθώσασθαιhireVA AMN · μισθόωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaμισθόω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἑαυτοῦ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΣυρίαςSyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionSyria: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ΜεσοποταμίαςMesopotamiaN1A GSF · Μεσοποταμίαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionMesopotamia: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΣυρίαςSyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionSyria: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ΜοοχαMaacahN GSF · Μοοχαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextMaacah: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΣωβαZobahN GSF · Σωβαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextZobah: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἅρματαchariotN3M APN · ἅρμαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἅρμα: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἱππεῖςhorsemanN3V APM · ἱππεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἱππεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
7
καὶ ἐμισθώσαντο ἑαυτοῖς δύο καὶ τριάκοντα χιλιάδας ἁρμάτων καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Μωχα καὶ τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἦλθον καὶ παρενέβαλον κατέναντι Μαιδαβα καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων συνήχθησαν ἐκ τῶν πόλεων αὐτῶν καὶ ἦλθον εἰς τὸ πολεμῆσαι
So they hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots, and the king of Maacah and his people; and they came and encamped opposite Medeba. And the sons of Ammon gathered themselves from their cities and came to battle.
The scene enlarges from court intrigue to an organized multinational threat prepared for open combat.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐμισθώσαντοhireVAI AMI3P · μισθόωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseμισθόω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἑαυτοῦ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
δύοtwoM · δύοparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeδύο: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
τριάκονταtriakontaM · τριάκονταparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeτριάκοντα: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
χιλιάδαςthousandN3D APF · χιλιάςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementχιλιάς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἁρμάτωνchariotN3M GPN · ἅρμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἅρμα: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementβασιλεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΜωχαMaacahN GSF · Μωχαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextMaacah: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦλθονcomeVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
παρενέβαλονencampVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + παρα + ἐνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseβάλλω + παρα + ἐν: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeκατέναντι: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
ΜαιδαβαMedebaN GSF · Μαιδαβαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextMedeba: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
συνήχθησανgatherVQI API3P · ἄγω + συνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἄγω + συν: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πόλεωνcityN3I GPF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπόλις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνhe / she / itRD GPM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦλθονcomeVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πολεμῆσαιfightVA AAN · πολεμέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaπολεμέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
8
καὶ ἤκουσεν Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τὸν Ιωαβ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν στρατιὰν τῶν δυνατῶν
And David heard and sent Joab and all the army of the mighty men.
The answer is swift and measured: David deploys his seasoned force under Joab rather than treating the insult as a minor frontier disturbance.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἤκουσενhearVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἀκούω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπέστειλεν+ apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΙωαβJoabN ASM · Ιωαβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextJoab: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
στρατιὰνarmyN1A ASF · στρατιάaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementστρατιά: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
δυνατῶνdynatosA1 GPM · δυνατόςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveδυνατός: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
9
καὶ ἐξῆλθον οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων καὶ παρατάσσονται εἰς πόλεμον παρὰ τὸν πυλῶνα τῆς πόλεως καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς οἱ ἐλθόντες παρενέβαλον καθ' ἑαυτοὺς ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ
And the sons of Ammon came out and drew up for battle by the gate of the city, while the kings who had come were encamped by themselves in the open field.
The battlefield is split spatially, forcing Israel to confront simultaneous urban and open-country threats.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐξῆλθον+ ekVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + ἐκfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἐκ: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
παρατάσσονταιdraw upV1 PMI3P · τάσσω + παραparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceτάσσω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπόλεμος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
παρὰbeside / byP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phraseπαρά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πυλῶναgateN3W ASM · πυλώνaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπυλών: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπόλις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemβασιλεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἐλθόντεςcomeVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
παρενέβαλονencampVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + παρα + ἐνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseβάλλω + παρα + ἐν: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
καθ'according to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phraseκατά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἑαυτοῦ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πεδίῳfieldN2N DSN · πεδίονdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationπεδίον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
10
καὶ εἶδεν Ιωαβ ὅτι γεγόνασιν ἀντιπρόσωποι τοῦ πολεμεῖν πρὸς αὐτὸν κατὰ πρόσωπον καὶ ἐξόπισθεν καὶ ἐξελέξατο ἐκ παντὸς νεανίου ἐξ Ισραηλ καὶ παρετάξαντο ἐναντίον τοῦ Σύρου
And Joab saw that the front of the battle had come against him both in front and behind; and he chose from every chosen young man of Israel and drew them up against the Arameans.
Joab responds tactically to encirclement by selecting elite troops and assigning the harder field engagement to himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶδενseeVBI AAI3S · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseὁράω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΙωαβJoabN NSM · Ιωαβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextJoab: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ὅτιfor / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing explanation, cause, or quoted content→ explanatory / causalὅτι: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
γεγόνασινbecome / happenVX XAI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaγίγνομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἀντιπρόσωποιopposing frontA1B NPM · ἀντιπρόσωποςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveἀντιπρόσωπος: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πολεμεῖνfightV2 PAN · πολεμέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaπολεμέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phraseπρός: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
αὐτὸνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phraseκατά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐξόπισθενbehindP · ἐξόπισθενpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐξόπισθεν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐξελέξατοchooseVAI AMI3S · λέγω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseλέγω + ἐκ: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
νεανίουyoung manN1T GSM · νεανίαςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionνεανίας: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextIsrael: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
παρετάξαντοdraw upVAI AMI3P · τάσσω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτάσσω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐναντίον: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΣύρουArameanN2 GSM · Σύροςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
11
καὶ τὸ κατάλοιπον τοῦ λαοῦ ἔδωκεν ἐν χειρὶ Αβεσσα ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ παρετάξαντο ἐξ ἐναντίας υἱῶν Αμμων
And the rest of the people he gave into the hand of Abishai his brother, and they drew up against the sons of Ammon.
The division of command keeps kinship and military coordination together: Joab and Abishai hold the split front in mutual support.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
κατάλοιπονremainderA1B ASM · κατάλοιποςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveκατάλοιπος: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseδίδωμι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationχείρ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑβεσσαAbishaiN GSM · Αβεσσαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAbishai: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἀδελφός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
παρετάξαντοdraw upVAI AMI3P · τάσσω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτάσσω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ἐναντίαςoppositeA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveἐναντίος: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
υἱῶνsonN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
12
καὶ εἶπεν ἐὰν κρατήσῃ ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ Σύρος καὶ ἔσῃ μοι εἰς σωτηρίαν καὶ ἐὰν υἱοὶ Αμμων κρατήσωσιν ὑπὲρ σέ καὶ σώσω σε
And he said, If the Arameans are too strong for me, then you shall be my help; and if the sons of Ammon are too strong for you, then I will save you.
Joab's speech is practical before it is rhetorical, establishing reciprocal aid as the basis for courage under pressure.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶπενsayVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseεἶπον: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
κρατήσῃbe strong / prevailVF FMI2S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaκρατέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing a following complement phraseὑπέρ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ἐμὲIRP AS · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΣύροςArameanN2 NSM · Σύροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἔσῃbeVF FMI2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaεἰμί: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
μοιIRP DS · ἐγώdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
σωτηρίανsalvationN1A ASF · σωτηρίαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementσωτηρία: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
κρατήσωσινbe strong / prevailVA AAS3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaκρατέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing a following complement phraseὑπέρ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
σέyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
σώσωsaveVF FAI1S · σώζωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseσώζω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
σεyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
13
ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἐνισχύσωμεν περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν πόλεων τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ κύριος τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ ποιήσει
Be strong, and let us strengthen ourselves for our people and for the cities of our God, and the Lord will do what is good in his eyes.
This is the chapter's moral center: strenuous action for people and holy cities is joined to humble submission to the Lord's judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἀνδρίζουbe courageousV1 PMD2S · ἀνδρίζομαιparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceἀνδρίζομαι: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐνισχύσωμενstrengthen oneselfVA AAS1P · ἰσχύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaἰσχύω + ἐν: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πόλεωνcityN3I GPF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπόλις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemκύριος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 ASM · ἀγαθόςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveἀγαθός: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyeN2 DPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationὀφθαλμός: lexical item glossed here in its local narrative or cultic sense.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ποιήσειdo / makeVF FAI3S · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseποιέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
14
καὶ παρετάξατο Ιωαβ καὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ μετ' αὐτοῦ κατέναντι Σύρων εἰς πόλεμον καὶ ἔφυγον ἀπ' αὐτοῦ
And Joab and the people with him drew near before the Arameans for battle, and they fled from before him.
The first half of Joab's strategy succeeds immediately, proving that courage and order need not collapse under a split front.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
παρετάξατοdraw upVAI AMI3S · τάσσω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτάσσω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ΙωαβJoabN NSM · Ιωαβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextJoab: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
μετ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phraseμετά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeκατέναντι: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
ΣύρωνArameansN2 GPM · Σύρωνgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionArameans: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπόλεμος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἔφυγονfleeVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseφεύγω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
15
καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων εἶδον ὅτι ἔφυγον Σύροι καὶ ἔφυγον καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀπὸ προσώπου Ιωαβ καὶ ἀπὸ προσώπου Αβεσσα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἦλθον εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἦλθεν Ιωαβ εἰς Ιερουσαλημ
And the sons of Ammon saw that the Arameans had fled, and they too fled from before Joab and from before Abishai his brother and went into the city. And Joab came to Jerusalem.
Ammon's confidence proves derivative: once the hired strength fails, they retreat behind urban defenses.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
εἶδονseeVBI AAI3P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseὁράω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ὅτιfor / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing explanation, cause, or quoted content→ explanatory / causalὅτι: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἔφυγονfleeVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseφεύγω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΣύροιArameanN2 NPM · Σύροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἔφυγονfleeVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseφεύγω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΙωαβJoabN GSM · Ιωαβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextJoab: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑβεσσαAbishaiN GSM · Αβεσσαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAbishai: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἀδελφός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτοῦhe / she / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦλθονcomeVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπόλις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΙωαβJoabN NSM · Ιωαβsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextJoab: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing a following complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΙερουσαλημIeroysalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextIeroysalem: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
16
καὶ εἶδεν Σύρος ὅτι ἐτροπώσατο αὐτὸν Ισραηλ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ἀγγέλους καὶ ἐξήγαγον τὸν Σύρον ἐκ τοῦ πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ Σωφαχ ἀρχιστράτηγος δυνάμεως Αδρααζαρ ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν
And Aram saw that Israel had put it to shame, and they sent messengers and brought out the Arameans from beyond the river, with Shophach the commander of Hadraazar's army before them.
Humiliation breeds reinforcement rather than surrender; the conflict expands eastward into a broader transriver coalition.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶδενseeVBI AAI3S · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseὁράω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΣύροςArameanN2 NSM · Σύροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ὅτιfor / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing explanation, cause, or quoted content→ explanatory / causalὅτι: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐτροπώσατοput to flight / subdueVAI AMI3S · τροπόωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτροπόω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
αὐτὸνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextIsrael: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπέστειλεν+ apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἀπο: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἀγγέλουςmessengerN2 APM · ἄγγελοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἄγγελος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐξήγαγον+ ekVBI AAI3P · ἄγω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause+ ἐκ: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΣύρονArameanN2 ASM · Σύροςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πέρανbeyondP · πέρανpreposition governing a following complement phraseπέραν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionποταμός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ΣωφαχShophachN NSM · Σωφαχsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextShophach: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἀρχιστράτηγοςcommanderN2 NSM · ἀρχιστράτηγοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἀρχιστράτηγος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionδύναμις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑδρααζαρHadraazarN GSM · Αδρααζαρsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextHadraazar: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition governing a following complement phraseἔμπροσθεν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
αὐτῶνhe / she / itRD GPM · αὐτόςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
17
καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Δαυιδ καὶ συνήγαγεν τὸν πάντα Ισραηλ καὶ διέβη τὸν Ιορδάνην καὶ ἦλθεν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς καὶ παρετάξατο ἐπ' αὐτούς καὶ παρατάσσεται Σύρος ἐξ ἐναντίας Δαυιδ καὶ ἐπολέμησαν αὐτόν
And it was reported to David, and he gathered all Israel and crossed the Jordan and came upon them and drew up against them. And Aram drew up opposite David, and they fought him.
The king now enters the field directly, and the scale of response rises from Joab's expedition to all Israel under David.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπηγγέληreportVDI API3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΔαυιδDavidN DSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
συνήγαγενgatherVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἄγω + συν: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextIsrael: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
διέβηcross overVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + διαfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseβαίνω + δια: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΙορδάνηνIordanenN1M ASM · Ἰορδάνηςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementIordanen: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐπί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
αὐτοὺςhe / she / itRD APM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
παρετάξατοdraw upVAI AMI3S · τάσσω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτάσσω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐπί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
αὐτούςhe / she / itRD APM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
παρατάσσεταιdraw upV1 PMI3S · τάσσω + παραparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceτάσσω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ΣύροςArameanN2 NSM · Σύροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ἐναντίαςoppositeA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveἐναντίος: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐπολέμησανfightVAI AAI3P · πολεμέωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseπολεμέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
αὐτόνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
18
καὶ ἔφυγεν Σύρος ἀπὸ προσώπου Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν Δαυιδ ἀπὸ τοῦ Σύρου ἑπτὰ χιλιάδας ἁρμάτων καὶ τεσσαράκοντα χιλιάδας πεζῶν καὶ τὸν Σωφαχ ἀρχιστράτηγον δυνάμεως ἀπέκτεινεν
And Aram fled from before David, and David killed from Aram seven thousand chariot teams and forty thousand foot soldiers, and he killed Shophach the commander of the army.
The final victory is narrated with large numbers and the death of the chief commander, signaling total battlefield collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἔφυγενfleeVBI AAI3S · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseφεύγω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΣύροςArameanN2 NSM · Σύροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἀπέκτεινενkillVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseκτείνω + ἀπο: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΣύρουArameanN2 GSM · Σύροςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeἑπτά: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
χιλιάδαςthousandN3D APF · χιλιάςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementχιλιάς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἁρμάτωνchariotN3M GPN · ἅρμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἅρμα: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
τεσσαράκονταtessarakontaM · τεσσαράκονταparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeτεσσαράκοντα: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
χιλιάδαςthousandN3D APF · χιλιάςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementχιλιάς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
πεζῶνfoot soldierA1 GPM · πεζόςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπεζός: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ΣωφαχShophachN ASM · Σωφαχsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextShophach: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἀρχιστράτηγονcommanderN2 ASM · ἀρχιστράτηγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἀρχιστράτηγος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionδύναμις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἀπέκτεινενkillVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseκτείνω + ἀπο: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
19
καὶ εἶδον παῖδες Αδρααζαρ ὅτι ἐπταίκασιν ἀπὸ προσώπου Ισραηλ καὶ διέθεντο μετὰ Δαυιδ καὶ ἐδούλευσαν αὐτῷ καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν Σύρος τοῦ βοηθῆσαι τοῖς υἱοῖς Αμμων ἔτι
And the servants of Hadraazar saw that they had stumbled before Israel, and they made peace with David and served him; and Aram was no longer willing to help the sons of Ammon.
The chapter closes with a political reversal: the former supporters of Ammon now make peace with David and refuse further aid.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
εἶδονseeVBI AAI3P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseὁράω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
παῖδεςservantN3D NPM · παῖςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemπαῖς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑδρααζαρHadraazarN GSM · Αδρααζαρsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextHadraazar: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ὅτιfor / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing explanation, cause, or quoted content→ explanatory / causalὅτι: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐπταίκασινstumble / fallVXI XAI3P · πταίωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaπταίω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextIsrael: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
διέθεντοmake peaceVEI AMI3P · τίθημι + διαfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτίθημι + δια: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phraseμετά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextDavid: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
ἐδούλευσανserveVAI AAI3P · δουλεύωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseδουλεύω: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
αὐτῷhe / she / itRD DSM · αὐτόςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ additive / continuativeκαί: conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in the flow of the sentence.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
ἠθέλησενwishVAI AAI3S · θέλωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseθέλω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ΣύροςArameanN2 NSM · Σύροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemAramean: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
βοηθῆσαιhelpVA AAN · βοηθέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaβοηθέω: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὁ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
υἱοῖςsonN2 DPM · υἱόςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationυἱός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἔτιstill / yetD · ἔτιparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeἔτι: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.