1
ἐν δὲ τῷ δευτέρῳ ἔτει τῆς τοῦ Δαρείου βασιλείας ἐπροφήτευσεν Αγγαιος καὶ Ζαχαριας ὁ τοῦ Εδδι οἱ προφῆται ἐπὶ τοὺς Ιουδαίους τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ καὶ Ιερουσαλημ ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι κυρίου θεοῦ Ισραηλ ἐπ' αὐτούς
In the second year of the reign of Darius, Haggai and Zechariah son of Iddo, the prophets, prophesied over the Jews in Judea and Jerusalem in the name of the Lord God of Israel.
The chapter resumes the temple story by dating the scene to Darius and placing the decisive impulse in prophetic speech. Haggai and Zechariah frame rebuilding as an act carried forward under the divine name rather than as a merely civic project.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρῳsecondA1A DSN · δεύτεροςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἔτειyearN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαρείουDariusN2 GSM · Δαρεῖοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΔαρείου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
βασιλείαςreign / kingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'reign'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐπροφήτευσενprophesyVAI AAI3S · προφητεύωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristπροφητεύω: meaning 'prophesy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ΑγγαιοςHaggaiN NSM · Αγγαιοςnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑγγαιος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΖαχαριαςZechariahN1T NSM · Ζαχαριαςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΖαχαριας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕδδιIddoN GSM · Εδδιnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clauseΕδδι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetN1M NPM · προφήτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶon / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίουςJewN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΙουδαίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίᾳJudeaN1A DSF · Ἰουδαίαdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceΙουδαίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἐπὶon / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματιnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἐπ'on / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
αὐτούςhe / him / it / themRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
2
τότε στὰς Ζοροβαβελ ὁ τοῦ Σαλαθιηλ καὶ Ἰησοῦς ὁ τοῦ Ιωσεδεκ ἤρξαντο οἰκοδομεῖν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ κυρίου τὸν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ συνόντων τῶν προφητῶν τοῦ κυρίου βοηθούντων αὐτοῖς
Then Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel and Jeshua son of Jozadak arose and began to build the house of the Lord in Jerusalem, while the prophets of the Lord stood with them and helped them.
The prophetic word immediately produces public action. Zerubbabel and Jeshua stand up as restoration leaders, and the prophets are depicted not as distant commentators but as helpers standing with the builders.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
στὰςhaving arisenVH · ααπνσμ ἵστημιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ ἵστημι: meaning 'having arisen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ΖοροβαβελZerubbabelN NSM · Ζοροβαβελnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖοροβαβελ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλαθιηλShealtielN GSM · Σαλαθιηλnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαλαθιηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἸησοῦςJeshuaN NSM · Ἰησοῦςnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationἸησοῦς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσεδεκJozadakN GSM · Ιωσεδεκnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙωσεδεκ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἤρξαντοbeginVAI AMI3P · ἄρχωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristἄρχω: meaning 'begin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
οἰκοδομεῖνbuildV2 PAN · οἰκοδομέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
συνόντωνbeing withV9 · παπγπμ εἰμί + συνparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπαπγπμ εἰμί + συν: meaning 'being with'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetN1M GPM · προφήτηςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
βοηθούντωνhelpingV2 · παπγπμ βοηθέωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπαπγπμ βοηθέω: meaning 'helping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
αὐτοῖςhe / him / it / themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
3
ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ χρόνῳ παρῆν πρὸς αὐτοὺς Σισίννης ὁ ἔπαρχος Συρίας καὶ Φοινίκης καὶ Σαθραβουζάνης καὶ οἱ συνέταιροι καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς
At that time Sisinnes governor of Syria and Phoenicia, Sathrabuzanes, and their associates came to them and said to them,
Persian provincial officials arrive just as the work has restarted. The narrative shifts from prophetic encouragement to imperial scrutiny, setting up the exchange that will move from suspicion to confirmation.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
αὐτῷhe / him / it / themRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρόνῳtimeN2 DSM · χρόνοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
παρῆνbe presentV9 IAI3S · εἰμί + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ creation, idolatry, and the creatorεἰμί + παρα: meaning 'be present'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
αὐτοὺςhe / him / it / themRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ΣισίννηςSisinnesN1M NSM · Σισίννηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΣισίννης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔπαρχοςgovernorN2 NSM · ἔπαρχοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣυρίαςSyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationΣυρίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦοινίκηςPhoeniciaN1 GSF · Φοινίκηgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionΦοινίκης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαθραβουζάνηςSathrabuzanesN1M NSM · Σαθραβουζάνηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΣαθραβουζάνης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνέταιροιassociateN2 NPM · συνέταιροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionσυνέταιρος: meaning 'associate'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsayVAI AAI3P · εἶπονmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αὐτοῖςhe / him / it / themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
4
τίνος ὑμῖν συντάξαντος τὸν οἶκον τοῦτον οἰκοδομεῖτε καὶ τὴν στέγην ταύτην καὶ τἄλλα πάντα ἐπιτελεῖτε καὶ τίνες εἰσὶν οἱ οἰκοδόμοι οἱ ταῦτα ἐπιτελοῦντες
"Who gave orders to you that you are building this house and this roof and completing all the rest? And who are the builders carrying these things through?"
The officials ask not first about theology but about warrant. Their questions focus on who authorized the building and who is responsible for carrying it out.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
τίνοςwho? / what?RI GSM · τίςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationτίνος: meaning 'who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ὑμῖνyouRP DP · σύclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
συντάξαντοςhaving authorizedVA · ααπγσμ τάσσω + συνparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyααπγσμ τάσσω + συν: meaning 'having authorized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦτονthis / theseRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
οἰκοδομεῖτεbuildV2 PAI2P · οἰκοδομέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέγηνroofN1 ASF · στέγηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalστέγη: meaning 'roof'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ταύτηνthis / theseRD ASF · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceταύτην: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τἄλλαtheRA+A · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phraseτἄλλα: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall / everyA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπιτελεῖτεcomplete / finishV2 PAI2P · τελέω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτελέω + ἐπι: meaning 'complete'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίνεςwho? / what?RI NPM · τίςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτίνες: meaning 'who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδόμοιbuilderN2 NPM · οἰκοδόμοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκοδόμος: meaning 'builder'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταῦταthis / theseRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ἐπιτελοῦντεςfinishingV2 · παπνπμ τελέω + ἐπιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπαπνπμ τελέω + ἐπι: meaning 'finishing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
5
καὶ ἔσχοσαν χάριν ἐπισκοπῆς γενομένης ἐπὶ τὴν αἰχμαλωσίαν παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τῶν Ιουδαίων
But the elders of the Jews found favor, the Lord having watched over the captivity.
Before the letter proceeds, the narrator explains why the builders are not immediately stopped: the elders are under the Lord’s favorable oversight. The restoration survives bureaucracy because it is first watched over from above.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσχοσανhaveVBI AAI3P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
χάρινfavorN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχάρις: meaning 'favor'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπισκοπῆςoversightN1 GSF · ἐπισκοπήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationἐπισκοπή: meaning 'oversight'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
γενομένηςhaving occurredVB · αμπγσφ γίγνομαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ protest, friendship, and unbearable griefαμπγσφ γίγνομαι: meaning 'having occurred'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἐπὶon / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίανcaptivityN1A ASF · αἰχμαλωσίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παρὰfrom / besideP · παράpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροιelderN2 NPM · πρεσβύτεροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elder'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJewN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΙουδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
6
καὶ οὐκ ἐκωλύθησαν τῆς οἰκοδομῆς μέχρι τοῦ ὑποσημανθῆναι Δαρείῳ περὶ αὐτῶν καὶ προσφωνηθῆναι
And they were not stopped from the building until a report should be sent to Darius concerning them and a reply returned.
The governors do not halt the work outright. Instead, they defer the matter to the royal court, which keeps the builders in motion while the legality of the project is investigated.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐκωλύθησανhinderVCI API3P · κωλύωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandκωλύω: meaning 'hinder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομῆςbuildingN1 GSF · οἰκοδομήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionοἰκοδομή: meaning 'building'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποσημανθῆναιsubmit a reportVC APN · σημαίνω + ὑποinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementσημαίνω + ὑπο: meaning 'submit a report'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ΔαρείῳDariusN2 DSM · Δαρεῖοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ participant identificationΔαρείῳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
περὶaboutP · περίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
αὐτῶνhe / him / it / themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσφωνηθῆναιsend wordVC APN · φωνέω + προςinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementφωνέω + προς: meaning 'send word'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
7
ἀντίγραφον ἐπιστολῆς ἧς ἔγραψεν Δαρείῳ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σισίννης ὁ ἔπαρχος Συρίας καὶ Φοινίκης καὶ Σαθραβουζάνης καὶ οἱ συνέταιροι οἱ ἐν Συρίᾳ καὶ Φοινίκῃ ἡγεμόνες
This is a copy of the letter that Sisinnes governor of Syria and Phoenicia, Sathrabuzanes, and their associates, the governors in Syria and Phoenicia, wrote and sent to Darius:
The story now embeds the actual letter sent to Darius. The inserted document lets the imperial correspondence itself carry the next stage of the argument.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἀντίγραφονcopyN2N ASN · ἀντίγραφονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀντίγραφον: meaning 'copy'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπιστολῆςletterN1 GSF · ἐπιστολήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationἐπιστολή: meaning 'letter'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
ἔγραψενwriteVAI AAI3S · γράφωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ΔαρείῳDariusN2 DSM · Δαρεῖοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ participant identificationΔαρείῳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsendVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'send'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ΣισίννηςSisinnesN1M NSM · Σισίννηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΣισίννης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔπαρχοςgovernorN2 NSM · ἔπαρχοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣυρίαςSyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationΣυρίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦοινίκηςPhoeniciaN1 GSF · Φοινίκηgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionΦοινίκης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαθραβουζάνηςSathrabuzanesN1M NSM · Σαθραβουζάνηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΣαθραβουζάνης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνέταιροιassociateN2 NPM · συνέταιροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionσυνέταιρος: meaning 'associate'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΣυρίᾳSyriaN1A DSF · Συρίαdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectΣυρίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦοινίκῃPhoeniciaN1 DSF · Φοινίκηdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectΦοινίκῃ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἡγεμόνεςruler / governorN3N NPM · ἡγεμώνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡγεμών: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
8
βασιλεῖ Δαρείῳ χαίρειν πάντα γνωστὰ ἔστω τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν τῷ βασιλεῖ ὅτι παραγενόμενοι εἰς τὴν χώραν τῆς Ιουδαίας καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς Ιερουσαλημ τὴν πόλιν κατελάβομεν τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους τῶν Ιουδαίων ἐν Ιερουσαλημ τῇ πόλει οἰκοδομοῦντας οἶκον τῷ κυρίῳ μέγαν καινὸν διὰ λίθων ξυστῶν πολυτελῶν ξύλων τιθεμένων ἐν τοῖς τοίχοις
"To King Darius, greetings. Let all things be known to our lord the king: when we came into the country of Judea and arrived at Jerusalem, we found in Jerusalem the elders of the captivity building for the Lord a great new house with polished and costly stones, while timbers were being laid in the walls.
The letter opens with courtly greeting and a factual account of what the inspectors have seen. The report emphasizes the scale and quality of the building in Jerusalem.
Word-by-word analysis· 50 words
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ΔαρείῳDariusN2 DSM · Δαρεῖοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ participant identificationΔαρείῳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
χαίρεινgreetings / rejoiceV1 PAN · χαίρωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival verbal idea dependent on the governing expressionχαίρω: meaning 'greetings'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
πάνταall / everyA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γνωστὰknownA1 APN · γνωστόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalγνωστός: meaning 'known'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔστωbeV9 PAD3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἡμῶνI / weRP GP · ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ὅτιthat / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραγενόμενοιhaving arrivedVB · αμπνπμ γίγνομαι + παραparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyαμπνπμ γίγνομαι + παρα: meaning 'having arrived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώρανland / regionN1A ASF · χώραaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχώρα: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΙουδαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλθόντεςhaving comeVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionααπνπμ ἔρχομαι: meaning 'having come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατελάβομενfind / discoverVBI AAI1P · λαμβάνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandλαμβάνω + κατα: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivityN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςelderN2 APM · πρεσβύτεροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elder'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJewN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΙουδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
οἰκοδομοῦνταςbuildingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκοδομέωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπαπαπμ οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'building'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
μέγανgreatA1P ASM · μέγαςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καινὸνnewA1 ASM · καινόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ content term receiving or specifying the verbal actionκαινός: meaning 'new'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
λίθωνstoneN2 GPM · λίθοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ξυστῶνhewn / polishedA1B GPM · ξυστόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionξυστός: meaning 'hewn'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
πολυτελῶνcostlyA3H GPM · πολυτελήςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ trust, discipline, and ordered flourishingπολυτελής: meaning 'costly'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ξύλωνtimber / woodN2N GPN · ξύλονgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationξύλον: meaning 'timber'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τιθεμένωνbeing placedV7 · πμπγπν τίθημιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπγπν τίθημι: meaning 'being placed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοίχοιςwallN2 DPM · τοῖχοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceτοῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
9
καὶ τὰ ἔργα ἐκεῖνα ἐπὶ σπουδῆς γιγνόμενα καὶ εὐοδούμενον τὸ ἔργον ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν πάσῃ δόξῃ καὶ ἐπιμελείᾳ συντελούμενα
And those works are being done with diligence, and the work prospers in their hands and is being completed with every kind of honor and care.
The officials note that the project is not stalled or disorderly. It is moving energetically and competently, which strengthens the case that this is an organized and serious undertaking.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworkN2N NPN · ἔργονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκεῖναthat / thoseRD NPN · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ living God and the vanity of idolsἐκεῖνα: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ἐπὶon / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
σπουδῆςdiligenceN1 GSF · σπουδήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationσπουδή: meaning 'diligence'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
γιγνόμεναbeing doneV1 · πμπνπν γίγνομαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπνπν γίγνομαι: meaning 'being done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐοδούμενονprosperingV4 · πμπνσν εὐοδόωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπνσν εὐοδόω: meaning 'prospering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργονworkN2N ASN · ἔργονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandN3 DPF · χείρdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
αὐτῶνhe / him / it / themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
πάσῃall / everyA1S DSF · πᾶςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
δόξῃglory / honorN1S DSF · δόξαdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιμελείᾳcareN1A DSF · ἐπιμέλειαdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ teachability, speech, and disciplined desireἐπιμέλεια: meaning 'care'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
συντελούμεναbeing completedV2 · πμπνπν τελέω + συνparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπνπν τελέω + συν: meaning 'being completed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
10
τότε ἐπυνθανόμεθα τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τούτων λέγοντες τίνος ὑμῖν προστάξαντος οἰκοδομεῖτε τὸν οἶκον τοῦτον καὶ τὰ ἔργα ταῦτα θεμελιοῦτε
Then we inquired of these elders, saying, Who commanded you to build this house and lay the foundations of these works?
The letter recounts the exact question put to the elders. This keeps the investigation centered on legitimacy and authorization rather than on political alarm.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐπυνθανόμεθαinquireV1I IMI1P · πυνθάνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandπυνθάνομαι: meaning 'inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρωνelderN2 GPM · πρεσβύτεροςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elder'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τούτωνthis / theseRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τίνοςwho? / what?RI GSM · τίςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationτίνος: meaning 'who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ὑμῖνyouRP DP · σύclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
προστάξαντοςhaving commandedVA · ααπγσμ τάσσω + προςparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyααπγσμ τάσσω + προς: meaning 'having commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
οἰκοδομεῖτεbuildV2 PAI2P · οἰκοδομέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦτονthis / theseRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworkN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ταῦταthis / theseRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
θεμελιοῦτεlay foundationsV4 PAI2P · θεμελιόωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandθεμελιόω: meaning 'lay foundations'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
11
ἐπηρωτήσαμεν οὖν αὐτοὺς εἵνεκεν τοῦ γνωρίσαι σοι καὶ γράψαι σοι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἀφηγουμένους καὶ τὴν ὀνοματογραφίαν ᾐτοῦμεν αὐτοὺς τῶν προκαθηγουμένων
So we questioned them in order to make it known to you and write to you the names of the men who are leading them, and we asked them for the list of those who stand at their head.
The governors stress that they asked for names and leadership details for the sake of an accurate report. Their tone is bureaucratic and evidentiary rather than openly hostile.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐπηρωτήσαμενquestionVAI AAI1P · ἐρωτάω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandἐρωτάω + ἐπι: meaning 'question'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὺςhe / him / it / themRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
εἵνεκενfor the sake ofP · ἕνεκαpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phraseεἵνεκεν: meaning 'for the sake of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνωρίσαιmake knownVA AAN · γνωρίζωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementγνωρίζω: meaning 'make known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
σοιyouRP DS · σύclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γράψαιwriteVA AAN · γράφωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
σοιyouRP DS · σύclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουςman / personN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφηγουμένουςgiving an accountV2 · πμπαπμ ἡγέομαι + ἀποparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ participial verbal force modifying the main actionπμπαπμ ἡγέομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'giving an account'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνοματογραφίανlist of namesN1A ASF · ὀνοματογραφίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalὀνοματογραφία: meaning 'list of names'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ᾐτοῦμενaskV2I IAI1P · αἰτέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandαἰτέω: meaning 'ask'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αὐτοὺςhe / him / it / themRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προκαθηγουμένωνthose presidingV2 · πμπγπμ ἡγέομαι + προ + καταparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπγπμ ἡγέομαι + προ + κατα: meaning 'those presiding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
12
οἱ δὲ ἀπεκρίθησαν ἡμῖν λέγοντες ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν παῖδες τοῦ κυρίου τοῦ κτίσαντος τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν
And they answered us, saying, We are servants of the Lord who created heaven and earth.
The Judean reply begins with confession before history. They identify themselves first as servants of the creator God, placing imperial review inside a larger divine frame.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθησανanswerVCI API3P · κρίνω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristκρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'answer'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἡμῖνI / weRP DP · ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἡμεῖςI / weRP NP · ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
ἐσμενbeV9 PAI1P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
παῖδεςservant / childN3D NPM · παῖςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαῖς: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτίσαντοςhaving createdVA · ααπγσμ κτίζωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyααπγσμ κτίζω: meaning 'having created'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνland / earthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
13
καὶ ᾠκοδόμητο ὁ οἶκος ἔμπροσθεν ἐτῶν πλειόνων διὰ βασιλέως τοῦ Ισραηλ μεγάλου καὶ ἰσχυροῦ καὶ ἐπετελέσθη
And this house had been built many years before by a great and mighty king of Israel, and it was finished.
The elders remind the officials that an earlier temple had stood here under a great king of Israel. Rebuilding is presented as restoration of an ancient sanctuary, not invention of a novel cult.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμητοbuildVM YMI3S · οἰκοδομέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ἐτῶνyearN3E GPN · ἔτοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
πλειόνωνmany / muchA3C GPN · πολύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
μεγάλουgreatA1 GSM · μέγαςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰσχυροῦmightyA1A GSM · ἰσχυρόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ unenjoyed gifts and uncertain goodἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπετελέσθηcomplete / finishVSI API3S · τελέω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτελέω + ἐπι: meaning 'complete'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
14
καὶ ἐπεὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν παραπικράναντες ἥμαρτον εἰς τὸν κύριον τοῦ Ισραηλ τὸν οὐράνιον παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς εἰς χεῖρας Ναβουχοδονοσορ βασιλέως Βαβυλῶνος βασιλέως τῶν Χαλδαίων
But because our fathers provoked God and sinned against the heavenly Lord of Israel, he gave them into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, king of the Chaldeans.
The destruction of the first temple is interpreted morally. The exile came because the fathers sinned against the Lord, so the current rebuilding must be read within a covenantal history of judgment and mercy.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεὶsince / becauseC · ἐπείcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεὶ: meaning 'since'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfatherN3 NPM · πατήρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνI / weRP GP · ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
παραπικράναντεςhaving provokedVA · ααπνπμ πικραίνω + παραparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyααπνπμ πικραίνω + παρα: meaning 'having provoked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἥμαρτονsinVBI AAI3P · ἁμαρτάνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'sin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐράνιονheavenlyA1A ASM · οὐράνιοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalοὐράνιος: meaning 'heavenly'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παρέδωκενδίδωμι + παραVAI AAI3S · δίδωμι + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'δίδωμι + παρα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αὐτοὺςhe / him / it / themRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
χεῖραςhandN3 APF · χείρaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN GSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝαβουχοδονοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΒαβυλῶνοςBabylonN3W GSF · Βαβυλώνgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeanN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΧαλδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
15
τόν τε οἶκον καθελόντες ἐνεπύρισαν καὶ τὸν λαὸν ᾐχμαλώτευσαν εἰς Βαβυλῶνα
They tore down the house, burned it, and carried the people away captive to Babylon.
The consequences of conquest are compressed into house, fire, and captivity. The terse sequence underscores the totality of the prior ruin from which the restoration now rises.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τόνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ crafted idols and moral corruptionτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεCATSS source 18.1Esdras.mlxx.X TEconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'CATSS source 18.1Esdras.mlxx.'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καθελόντεςhaving torn downVB · ααπνπμ αἱρέω + καταparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyααπνπμ αἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'having torn down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἐνεπύρισανburn upVAI AAI3P · πυρίζω + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aorist of burningπυρίζω + ἐν: meaning 'burn up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ᾐχμαλώτευσανtake captiveVAI AAI3P · αἰχμαλωτεύωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ eventαἰχμαλωτεύω: meaning 'take captive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΒαβυλῶναBabylonN3W ASF · Βαβυλώνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
16
ἐν δὲ τῷ πρώτῳ ἔτει βασιλεύοντος Κύρου χώρας Βαβυλωνίας ἔγραψεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Κῦρος οἰκοδομῆσαι τὸν οἶκον τοῦτον
But in the first year of Cyrus, when he was reigning over the land of Babylon, King Cyrus wrote that this house should be built.
The elders move from catastrophe to royal precedent. Cyrus is named as the monarch who first authorized the rebuilding, making the present effort a continuation rather than a rebellion.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτῳfirstA1 DSN · πρῶτοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectπρῶτος: meaning 'first'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἔτειyearN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
βασιλεύοντοςreigningV1 · παπγσμ βασιλεύωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardπαπγσμ βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ΚύρουCyrusN2 GSM · Κῦροςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΚύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
χώραςland / regionN1A GSF · χώραgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationχώρα: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΒαβυλωνίαςΒαβυλωνίαN1A GSF · Βαβυλωνίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΒαβυλωνίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἔγραψενwriteVAI AAI3S · γράφωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΚῦροςCyrusN2 NSM · Κῦροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΚῦρος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἰκοδομῆσαιbuildVA AAN · οἰκοδομέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦτονthis / theseRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
17
καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ σκεύη τὰ χρυσᾶ καὶ τὰ ἀργυρᾶ ἃ ἐξήνεγκεν Ναβουχοδονοσορ ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἀπηρείσατο αὐτὰ ἐν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ ναῷ πάλιν ἐξήνεγκεν αὐτὰ Κῦρος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι καὶ παρεδόθη Ζοροβαβελ καὶ Σαναβασσάρῳ τῷ ἐπάρχῳ
And the holy gold and silver vessels that Nebuchadnezzar had carried out from the house in Jerusalem and had deposited in his own temple, King Cyrus brought them out again from the temple in Babylon and handed them over to Zerubbabel and to Sanabassar the governor.
The return of the sacred vessels confirms that the rebuilding had imperial sanction from the start. The narrative ties house and vessels together so that cultic continuity accompanies architectural renewal.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερὰsacred / holyA1A APN · ἱερόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἱερός: meaning 'sacred'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σκεύηvesselN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσᾶgoldA1C APN · χρυσοῦςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρᾶsilverA1C APN · ἀργυροῦςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργυροῦς: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἃwho / whichRR APN · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
ἐξήνεγκενbring outVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristφέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'bring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN NSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝαβουχοδονοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηρείσατοdepositVAI AMI3S · ἐρείδομαι + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristἐρείδομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'deposit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αὐτὰhe / him / it / themRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhimself / themselvesRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ναῷtempleN2 DSM · ναόςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastπάλιν: meaning 'again'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐξήνεγκενbring outVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristφέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'bring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αὐτὰhe / him / it / themRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ΚῦροςCyrusN2 NSM · Κῦροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΚῦρος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναοῦtempleN2 GSM · ναόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΒαβυλῶνιBabylonN3W DSF · Βαβυλώνdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεδόθηδίδωμι + παραVCI API3S · δίδωμι + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'δίδωμι + παρα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ΖοροβαβελZerubbabelN DSM · Ζοροβαβελnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ temple neglect, covenant chastening, and renewed obedienceΖοροβαβελ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαναβασσάρῳSanabassarN2 DSM · Σαναβάσσαροςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectΣαναβασσάρῳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπάρχῳgovernorN2 DSM · ἔπαρχοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
18
καὶ ἐπετάγη αὐτῷ ἀπενέγκαντι πάντα τὰ σκεύη ταῦτα ἀποθεῖναι ἐν τῷ ναῷ τῷ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τὸν ναὸν τοῦ κυρίου τοῦτον οἰκοδομηθῆναι ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου
And he ordered him, after carrying all these vessels away, to place them in the temple in Jerusalem, and that this temple of the Lord should be built on its site.
The order concerns more than transport. The vessels must be replaced in Jerusalem and the temple itself rebuilt in its rightful location.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπετάγηorder / appointVDI API3S · τάσσω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristτάσσω + ἐπι: meaning 'order'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αὐτῷhe / him / it / themRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ἀπενέγκαντιafter bringingVA · ααπδσμ φέρω + ἀποparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyααπδσμ φέρω + ἀπο: meaning 'after bringing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
πάνταall / everyA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvesselN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ταῦταthis / theseRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ἀποθεῖναιplace / set downVE AAN · τίθημι + ἀποinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementτίθημι + ἀπο: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναῷtempleN2 DSM · ναόςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναὸνtempleN2 ASM · ναόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦτονthis / theseRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
οἰκοδομηθῆναιbuildVC APN · οἰκοδομέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ verbal action marked by its local tense-formοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ἐπὶon / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplace / siteN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
19
τότε ὁ Σαναβάσσαρος ἐκεῖνος παραγενόμενος ἐνεβάλετο τοὺς θεμελίους τοῦ οἴκου κυρίου τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἀπ' ἐκείνου μέχρι τοῦ νῦν οἰκοδομούμενος οὐκ ἔλαβεν συντέλειαν
Then that Sanabassar came and laid the foundations of the house of the Lord in Jerusalem, and from that time until now it has been under construction and has not yet reached completion.
The letter acknowledges both progress and delay. Foundations were laid long ago, yet completion has been deferred, which explains why the question has returned in Darius’s reign.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαναβάσσαροςSanabassarN2 NSM · Σαναβάσσαροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΣαναβάσσαρος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκεῖνοςthat / thoseRD NSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceἐκεῖνος: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
παραγενόμενοςhaving arrivedVB · αμπνσμ γίγνομαι + παραparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyαμπνσμ γίγνομαι + παρα: meaning 'having arrived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἐνεβάλετοlay / cast inVBI AMI3S · βάλλω + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandβάλλω + ἐν: meaning 'lay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεμελίουςfoundationA1B APM · θεμέλιοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεμέλιος: meaning 'foundation'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ἐκείνουthat / thoseRD GSN · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogationἐκείνου: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οἰκοδομούμενοςbeing builtV2 · πμπνσμ οἰκοδομέωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπνσμ οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'being built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔλαβενtake / receiveVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
συντέλειανcompletionN1A ASF · συντέλειαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυντέλεια: meaning 'completion'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
20
νῦν οὖν εἰ κρίνεται βασιλεῦ ἐπισκεπήτω ἐν τοῖς βασιλικοῖς βιβλιοφυλακίοις τοῦ κυρίου βασιλέως τοῖς ἐν Βαβυλῶνι
Now therefore, if it seems good to the king, let a search be made in the royal archives of my lord the king in Babylon.
The officials conclude the factual report with a practical petition. Let the archives decide whether Cyrus truly authorized the work.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίνεταιjudge / seem goodV1 PMI3S · κρίνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ ongoing verbal processκρίνω: meaning 'judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
βασιλεῦkingN3V VSM · βασιλεύςnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ direct addressβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἐπισκεπήτωsearchVD APD3S · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ verbal action or stateσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'search'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλικοῖςroyalA1 DPN · βασιλικόςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectβασιλικός: meaning 'royal'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
βιβλιοφυλακίοιςarchiveN2N DPN · βιβλιοφυλάκιονdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectβιβλιοφυλάκιον: meaning 'archive'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΒαβυλῶνιBabylonN3W DSF · Βαβυλώνdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
21
καὶ ἐὰν εὑρίσκηται μετὰ τῆς γνώμης Κύρου τοῦ βασιλέως γενομένην τὴν οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ οἴκου κυρίου τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ κρίνηται τῷ κυρίῳ βασιλεῖ ἡμῶν προσφωνησάτω ἡμῖν περὶ τούτων
And if it is found that the building of the house of the Lord in Jerusalem was done with the approval of King Cyrus, and if it seems good to our lord the king, let him send us word concerning these things."
If the record confirms the Judean claim, the governors ask for explicit instruction back from the court. The chain of authority is kept formally intact.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρίσκηταιfindV1 PMS3S · εὑρίσκωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνώμηςdecisionN1 GSF · γνώμηgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationγνώμη: meaning 'decision'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΚύρουCyrusN2 GSM · Κῦροςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΚύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
γενομένηνhaving come aboutVB · αμπασφ γίγνομαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyαμπασφ γίγνομαι: meaning 'having come about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομὴνbuildingN1 ASF · οἰκοδομήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἰκοδομή: meaning 'building'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίνηταιjudge / seem goodVA AMS3S · κρίνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ subjunctive contingencyκρίνω: meaning 'judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἡμῶνI / weRP GP · ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
προσφωνησάτωsend wordVA AAD3S · φωνέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandφωνέω + προς: meaning 'send word'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἡμῖνI / weRP DP · ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
περὶaboutP · περίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τούτωνthis / theseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
22
τότε ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαρεῖος προσέταξεν ἐπισκέψασθαι ἐν τοῖς βασιλικοῖς βιβλιοφυλακίοις τοῖς κειμένοις ἐν Βαβυλῶνι καὶ εὑρέθη ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις τῇ βάρει τῇ ἐν Μηδίᾳ χώρᾳ τόμος εἷς ἐν ᾧ ὑπεμνημάτιστο τάδε
Then King Darius gave orders that a search should be made in the royal archives laid up in Babylon, and in Ecbatana, the fortress in the land of Media, one scroll was found in which the following had been recorded:
Darius responds by ordering a search. The narrative now moves from local report to imperial adjudication, and the archives become the witness that settles the case.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΔαρεῖοςDariusN2 NSM · Δαρεῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΔαρεῖος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
προσέταξενcommandVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτάσσω + προς: meaning 'command'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἐπισκέψασθαιsearchVA AMN · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ infinitival complementσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'search'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλικοῖςroyalA1 DPN · βασιλικόςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectβασιλικός: meaning 'royal'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
βιβλιοφυλακίοιςarchiveN2N DPN · βιβλιοφυλάκιονdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectβιβλιοφυλάκιον: meaning 'archive'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κειμένοιςbeing laid upV5 · πμπδπν κεῖμαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπδπν κεῖμαι: meaning 'being laid up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΒαβυλῶνιBabylonN3W DSF · Βαβυλώνdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρέθηfindVC API3S · εὑρίσκωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ἘκβατάνοιςEcbatanaN DS · Ἐκβάταναnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clauseἘκβατάνοις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάρειfortressN3I DSF · βάριςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceβάρις: meaning 'fortress'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΜηδίᾳMediaN DS · Μηδείαnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clauseΜηδίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
χώρᾳland / regionN1A DSF · χώραdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceχώρα: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τόμοςscrollN2 NSM · τόμοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionτόμος: meaning 'scroll'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἷςoneM · εἷςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ᾧwho / whichRR DSN · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
ὑπεμνημάτιστοbe recordedVM YMI3S · ὑπομνηματίζομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandὑπομνηματίζομαι: meaning 'be recorded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τάδεthese thingsRD NPN · ὅδεpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
23
ἔτους πρώτου βασιλεύοντος Κύρου βασιλεὺς Κῦρος προσέταξεν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ κυρίου τὸν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ οἰκοδομῆσαι ὅπου ἐπιθύουσιν διὰ πυρὸς ἐνδελεχοῦς
"In the first year of the reign of Cyrus, King Cyrus ordered the house of the Lord in Jerusalem to be built, the place where continual fire-offerings are presented.
The discovered scroll opens with the decree itself. Its wording confirms that the rebuilding belongs to the official Persian policy of temple restoration.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἔτουςyearN3E GSN · ἔτοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
πρώτουfirstA1 GSN · πρῶτοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionπρῶτος: meaning 'first'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
βασιλεύοντοςreigningV1 · παπγσμ βασιλεύωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardπαπγσμ βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ΚύρουCyrusN2 GSM · Κῦροςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΚύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΚῦροςCyrusN2 NSM · Κῦροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΚῦρος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
προσέταξενcommandVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτάσσω + προς: meaning 'command'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
οἰκοδομῆσαιbuildVA AAN · οἰκοδομέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ὅπουwhereX · ὅπουconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπου: meaning 'where'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθύουσινoffer sacrificeV1 PAI3P · θύω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandθύω + ἐπι: meaning 'offer sacrifice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐνδελεχοῦςcontinualA3H GSN · ἐνδελεχήςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionἐνδελεχής: meaning 'continual'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
24
οὗ τὸ ὕψος πήχεων ἑξήκοντα πλάτος πήχεων ἑξήκοντα διὰ δόμων λιθίνων ξυστῶν τριῶν καὶ δόμου ξυλίνου ἐγχωρίου καινοῦ ἑνός καὶ τὸ δαπάνημα δοθῆναι ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου Κύρου τοῦ βασιλέως
Its height is to be sixty cubits and its width sixty cubits, with three courses of polished stone and one course of new local timber, and the cost is to be paid from the house of King Cyrus.
The decree records measurements, materials, and funding. Imperial authorization reaches down to practical construction details, not merely a vague permission.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
οὗwho / whichRR GSN · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕψοςheightN3E NSN · ὕψοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕψος: meaning 'height'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πήχεωνcubitN3E GPM · πῆχυςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionπῆχυς: meaning 'cubit'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἑξήκονταsixtyM · ἑξήκονταclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ discourse linkage or contrastἑξήκοντα: meaning 'sixty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πλάτοςwidthN3E NSN · πλάτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionπλάτος: meaning 'width'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πήχεωνcubitN3E GPM · πῆχυςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionπῆχυς: meaning 'cubit'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἑξήκονταsixtyM · ἑξήκονταclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ discourse linkage or contrastἑξήκοντα: meaning 'sixty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
δόμωνcourse / layerN2 GPM · δόμοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionδόμος: meaning 'course'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
λιθίνωνstoneA1 GPM · λίθινοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionλίθινος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ξυστῶνhewn / polishedA1B GPM · ξυστόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionξυστός: meaning 'hewn'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τριῶνthreeA3 GPM · τρεῖςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δόμουcourse / layerN2 GSM · δόμοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionδόμος: meaning 'course'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ξυλίνουwoodenA1 GSM · ξύλινοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐγχωρίουlocalA1B GSM · ἐγχώριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionἐγχώριος: meaning 'local'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καινοῦnewA1 GSM · καινόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκαινός: meaning 'new'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἑνόςoneA3 GSM · εἷςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δαπάνημαexpenseN3M ASN · δαπάνημαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalδαπάνημα: meaning 'expense'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δοθῆναιδίδωμιVC APN · δίδωμιinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementδίδωμι: meaning 'δίδωμι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΚύρουCyrusN2 GSM · Κῦροςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΚύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
25
καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ σκεύη τοῦ οἴκου κυρίου τά τε χρυσᾶ καὶ τὰ ἀργυρᾶ ἃ ἐξήνεγκεν Ναβουχοδονοσορ ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἀπήνεγκεν εἰς Βαβυλῶνα ἀποκατασταθῆναι εἰς τὸν οἶκον τὸν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ οὗ ἦν κείμενα ὅπως τεθῇ ἐκεῖ
And the holy vessels of the house of the Lord, both gold and silver, which Nebuchadnezzar carried out from the house in Jerusalem and brought to Babylon, are to be restored to the house in Jerusalem where they used to stand, so that each may be set there."
The decree also orders the return of the looted vessels to their former place. The sanctuary is to be reconstituted as a functioning cultic house, not just a repaired structure.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερὰsacred / holyA1A APN · ἱερόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἱερός: meaning 'sacred'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σκεύηvesselN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τάtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ living God and the vanity of idolsτά: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεCATSS source 18.1Esdras.mlxx.X TEconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'CATSS source 18.1Esdras.mlxx.'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσᾶgoldA1C APN · χρυσοῦςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρᾶsilverA1C APN · ἀργυροῦςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργυροῦς: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἃwho / whichRR APN · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
ἐξήνεγκενbring outVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristφέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'bring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN NSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝαβουχοδονοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήνεγκενcarry awayVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ constative aoristφέρω + ἀπο: meaning 'carry away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΒαβυλῶναBabylonN3W ASF · Βαβυλώνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀποκατασταθῆναιrestoreVC APN · ἵστημι + ἀπο + καταinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementἵστημι + ἀπο + κατα: meaning 'restore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
οὗοὗD · οὗadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastοὗ: meaning 'οὗ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial or discourse-marking modifier.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'be'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
κείμεναbeing setV5 · πμπνπν κεῖμαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπμπνπν κεῖμαι: meaning 'being set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ὅπωςὅπωςC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'ὅπως'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεθῇput / setVC APS3S · τίθημιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτίθημι: meaning 'put'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
26
προσέταξεν δὲ ἐπιμεληθῆναι Σισίννῃ ἐπάρχῳ Συρίας καὶ Φοινίκης καὶ Σαθραβουζάνῃ καὶ τοῖς συνεταίροις καὶ τοῖς ἀποτεταγμένοις ἐν Συρίᾳ καὶ Φοινίκῃ ἡγεμόσιν ἀπέχεσθαι τοῦ τόπου ἐᾶσαι δὲ τὸν παῖδα τοῦ κυρίου Ζοροβαβελ ἔπαρχον δὲ τῆς Ιουδαίας καὶ τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους τῶν Ιουδαίων τὸν οἶκον τοῦ κυρίου ἐκεῖνον οἰκοδομεῖν ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου
Darius also ordered that Sisinnes governor of Syria and Phoenicia, Sathrabuzanes, their associates, and the appointed governors in Syria and Phoenicia should keep away from that place, but should permit Zerubbabel the servant of the Lord, the governor of Judea, and the elders of the Jews to build that house of the Lord on its site.
Darius turns confirmation into active shielding. Provincial authorities are instructed to step back and let Zerubbabel and the elders proceed on site.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
προσέταξενcommandVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτάσσω + προς: meaning 'command'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιμεληθῆναιtake care forVC APN · μελέομαι + ἐπιinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementμελέομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'take care for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ΣισίννῃSisinnesN1M DSM · Σισίννηςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectΣισίννῃ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἐπάρχῳgovernorN2 DSM · ἔπαρχοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ΣυρίαςSyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationΣυρίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦοινίκηςPhoeniciaN1 GSF · Φοινίκηgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionΦοινίκης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαθραβουζάνῃSathrabuzanesN1M DSM · Σαθραβουζάνηςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectΣαθραβουζάνῃ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνεταίροιςassociateN2 DPM · συνέταιροςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectσυνέταιρος: meaning 'associate'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποτεταγμένοιςthose appointedVK · χμπδπμ τάσσω + ἀποparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyχμπδπμ τάσσω + ἀπο: meaning 'those appointed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΣυρίᾳSyriaN1A DSF · Συρίαdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectΣυρίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦοινίκῃPhoeniciaN1 DSF · Φοινίκηdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectΦοινίκῃ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἡγεμόσινruler / governorN3N DPM · ἡγεμώνdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectἡγεμών: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ἀπέχεσθαιkeep awayV1 PMN · ἔχω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ infinitival complementἔχω + ἀπο: meaning 'keep away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplace / siteN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐᾶσαιpermitVA AAN · ἐάωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementἐάω: meaning 'permit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαservant / childN3D ASM · παῖςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαῖς: meaning 'servant'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΖοροβαβελZerubbabelN ASM · Ζοροβαβελnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖοροβαβελ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἔπαρχονgovernorN2 ASM · ἔπαρχοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΙουδαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςelderN2 APM · πρεσβύτεροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elder'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJewN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΙουδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐκεῖνονthat / thoseRD ASM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceἐκεῖνον: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
οἰκοδομεῖνbuildV2 PAN · οἰκοδομέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ἐπὶon / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplace / siteN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
27
κἀγὼ δὲ ἐπέταξα ὁλοσχερῶς οἰκοδομῆσαι καὶ ἀτενίσαι ἵνα συμποιῶσιν τοῖς ἐκ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας τῆς Ιουδαίας μέχρι τοῦ ἐπιτελεσθῆναι τὸν οἶκον τοῦ κυρίου
"And I have also ordered that it be built completely and that close attention be given so that they may work together with the exiles of Judea until the house of the Lord is finished.
The decree intensifies from permission to determined support. Darius wants the work finished and calls for active cooperation until the project reaches its end.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί̈ἐγώ: meaning 'and I'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέταξαorder / appointVAI AAI1S · τάσσω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτάσσω + ἐπι: meaning 'order'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ὁλοσχερῶςcompletelyD · ὁλοσχερῶςadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastὁλοσχερῶς: meaning 'completely'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οἰκοδομῆσαιbuildVA AAN · οἰκοδομέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτενίσαιgive attentionVA AAN · ἀτενίζωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ repentance, majesty, and mercy for sinnersἀτενίζω: meaning 'give attention'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμποιῶσινwork togetherV2 PAS3P · ποιέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandποιέω + συν: meaning 'work together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivityN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΙουδαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιτελεσθῆναιcomplete / finishVS APN · τελέω + ἐπιinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementτελέω + ἐπι: meaning 'complete'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
28
καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς φορολογίας Κοίλης Συρίας καὶ Φοινίκης ἐπιμελῶς σύνταξιν δίδοσθαι τούτοις τοῖς ἀνθρώποις εἰς θυσίας τῷ κυρίῳ Ζοροβαβελ ἐπάρχῳ εἰς ταύρους καὶ κριοὺς καὶ ἄρνας
And from the tribute of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia a careful allowance is to be given to these men for sacrifices to the Lord, to Zerubbabel the governor, for bulls and rams and lambs;
Royal support now becomes financial and liturgical. Tribute from the province is redirected so that the regular sacrificial life of the temple can be sustained.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φορολογίαςtributeN1A GSF · φορολογίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionφορολογία: meaning 'tribute'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΚοίληςCoeleN1 GSF · Κοίληgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionΚοίλης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ΣυρίαςSyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationΣυρίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦοινίκηςPhoeniciaN1 GSF · Φοινίκηgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionΦοινίκης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐπιμελῶςcarefullyD · ἐπιμελῶςadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ teachability, speech, and disciplined desireἐπιμελῶς: meaning 'carefully'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σύνταξινallowanceN3I ASF · σύνταξιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalσύνταξις: meaning 'allowance'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίδοσθαιδίδωμιV8 PMN · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ deliverance, death, and covenant remembranceδίδωμι: meaning 'δίδωμι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τούτοιςthis / theseRD DPM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώποιςman / personN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
θυσίαςsacrificeN1A APF · θυσίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ΖοροβαβελZerubbabelN DSM · Ζοροβαβελnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ temple neglect, covenant chastening, and renewed obedienceΖοροβαβελ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ἐπάρχῳgovernorN2 DSM · ἔπαρχοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ταύρουςbullN2 APM · ταῦροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalταῦρος: meaning 'bull'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριοὺςramN2 APM · κριόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκριός: meaning 'ram'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρναςlambN3 APM · ἀρνόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀρνός: meaning 'lamb'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
29
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ πυρὸν καὶ ἅλα καὶ οἶνον καὶ ἔλαιον ἐνδελεχῶς κατ' ἐνιαυτόν καθὼς ἂν οἱ ἱερεῖς οἱ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ὑπαγορεύσωσιν ἀναλίσκεσθαι καθ' ἡμέραν ἀναμφισβητήτως
likewise wheat, salt, wine, and oil, continually year by year, according as the priests in Jerusalem may direct, are to be expended day by day without dispute,
The decree names ordinary staples needed for worship and orders their constant provision. The detail shows that Persian support extends into the daily rhythm of temple service.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὁμοίωςlikewiseD · ὁμοίωςadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastὁμοίως: meaning 'likewise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbut / andX · δέconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πυρὸνwheatN2 ASM · πυρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalπυρός: meaning 'wheat'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅλαsaltN3 ASM · ἅλςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἅλς: meaning 'salt'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαιονoilN2N ASN · ἔλαιονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλαιον: meaning 'oil'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνδελεχῶςcontinuallyD · ἐνδελεχῶςadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastἐνδελεχῶς: meaning 'continually'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κατ'according toP · κατάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ἐνιαυτόνyearN2 ASM · ἐνιαυτόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: meaning 'year'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καθὼςjust asC · καθώςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂν[modal particle]X · ἄνconnective particle shaping the flow of discourse→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning '[modal particle]'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
ὑπαγορεύσωσινdirectVA AAS3P · ἀγορεύω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandἀγορεύω + ὑπο: meaning 'direct'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἀναλίσκεσθαιspend / use upV1 PPN · ἁλίσκω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandἁλίσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'spend'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
καθ'according toP · κατάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀναμφισβητήτωςwithout disputeD · ἀναμφισβητήτωςadverbial or discourse-marking modifierἀναμφισβητήτως: meaning 'without dispute'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
30
ὅπως προσφέρωνται σπονδαὶ τῷ θεῷ τῷ ὑψίστῳ ὑπὲρ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τῶν παίδων καὶ προσεύχωνται περὶ τῆς αὐτῶν ζωῆς
so that offerings may be presented to the Most High God on behalf of the king and his sons, and that they may pray for their life.
The king’s generosity has an explicit aim: offerings are to be made to the Most High God and prayers said for the royal house. Imperial policy seeks divine favor through the restored cult.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὅπωςὅπωςC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'ὅπως'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσφέρωνταιbring / offerV1 PMS3P · φέρω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandφέρω + προς: meaning 'bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
σπονδαὶdrink offeringN1 NPF · σπονδήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσπονδή: meaning 'drink offering'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψίστῳMost HighA1 DSM · ὕψιστοςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceὕψιστος: meaning 'Most High'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservant / childN3D GPM · παῖςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπαῖς: meaning 'servant'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεύχωνταιprayV1 PMS3P · εὔχομαι + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandεὔχομαι + προς: meaning 'pray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
περὶaboutP · περίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτῶνhe / him / it / themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
31
καὶ προσέταξεν ἵνα ὅσοι ἐὰν παραβῶσίν τι τῶν προειρημένων καὶ τῶν προσγεγραμμένων ἢ καὶ ἀκυρώσωσιν λημφθῆναι ξύλον ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτου κρεμασθῆναι καὶ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ εἶναι βασιλικά
And he ordered that whoever transgresses anything that has been said or written, or even sets it aside, a beam should be taken from his own property and he should be hanged upon it, and his possessions should become royal property.
Like many royal decrees, the order is backed by a severe sanction. The threat of hanging from one’s own timber marks interference with the temple as an offense against the crown.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέταξενcommandVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandτάσσω + προς: meaning 'command'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσοιas many asA1 NPM · ὅσοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅσος: meaning 'as many as'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραβῶσίνtransgressVB AAS3P · βαίνω + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandβαίνω + παρα: meaning 'transgress'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τιsomeone / anythingRI ASN · τιςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προειρημένωνthings stated beforehandVM · χμπγπν ἐρῶ + προparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyχμπγπν ἐρῶ + προ: meaning 'things stated beforehand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσγεγραμμένωνthings written aboveVP · χμπγπν γράφω + προςparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyχμπγπν γράφω + προς: meaning 'things written above'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
ἢorC · ἤcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκυρώσωσινinvalidateVA AAS3P · ἀκυρόωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandἀκυρόω: meaning 'invalidate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
λημφθῆναιtake / receiveVV APN · λαμβάνωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ξύλονtimber / woodN2N ASN · ξύλονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationξύλον: meaning 'timber'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδίωνones ownA1A GPM · ἴδιοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningἴδιος: meaning 'ones own'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
αὐτοῦhe / him / it / themRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon / over / forP · ἐπίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSN · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
κρεμασθῆναιhangVS APN · κρεμάζωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementκρεμάζω: meaning 'hang'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπάρχονταpossessionsV1 · παπαπν ἄρχω + ὑποparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action framed by the clause contextπαπαπν ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'possessions'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
αὐτοῦhe / him / it / themRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
βασιλικάroyalA1 APN · βασιλικόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalβασιλικός: meaning 'royal'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
32
διὰ ταῦτα καὶ ὁ κύριος οὗ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐπικέκληται ἐκεῖ ἀφανίσαι πάντα βασιλέα καὶ ἔθνος ὃς ἐκτενεῖ τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ κωλῦσαι ἢ κακοποιῆσαι τὸν οἶκον τοῦ κυρίου ἐκεῖνον τὸν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ
Therefore may the Lord, whose name has been invoked there, destroy every king and nation that stretches out its hand to hinder or to do harm to that house of the Lord in Jerusalem.
The decree closes by invoking the Lord himself against any future king or nation that would hinder the temple. Royal protection is thus sealed by an appeal to higher judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ταῦταthis / theseRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὗwho / whichRR GSM · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhe / him / it / themRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ἐπικέκληταιcall upon / invokeVM XMI3S · καλέω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ verbal action or stateκαλέω + ἐπι: meaning 'call upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἀφανίσαιdestroyVA AAO3S · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
πάνταall / everyA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃςwho / whichRR NSM · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant referenceὅς: meaning 'who'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐκτενεῖstretch outVF2 FAI3S · τείνω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ futureτείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'stretch out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhe / him / it / themRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
κωλῦσαιhinderVA AAN · κωλύωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceκωλύω: meaning 'hinder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
ἢorC · ἤcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or items→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακοποιῆσαιdo harmVA AAN · κακοποιέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement→ assertion or appealκακοποιέω: meaning 'do harm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἐκεῖνονthat / thoseRD ASM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceἐκεῖνον: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival term functioning within the clause.
33
ἐγὼ βασιλεὺς Δαρεῖος δεδογμάτικα ἐπιμελῶς κατὰ ταῦτα γίγνεσθαι
I, King Darius, have decreed that these things are to be done carefully according to what has been written."
The king’s own voice gives final force to the document. The chapter ends with imperial resolve placed in service of the temple’s completion.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐγὼI / weRP NS · ἐγώclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as clause element functioning according to its local grammatical relation.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΔαρεῖοςDariusN2 NSM · Δαρεῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΔαρεῖος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δεδογμάτικαdecreeVX XAI1S · δογματίζωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandδογματίζω: meaning 'decree'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
ἐπιμελῶςcarefullyD · ἐπιμελῶςadverbial or discourse-marking modifier→ teachability, speech, and disciplined desireἐπιμελῶς: meaning 'carefully'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ταῦταthis / theseRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
γίγνεσθαιbecome / happenV1 PMN · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.