Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The First Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 26ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Α′ Κϛ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

David again spares Saul, exposing the king's guilt and leaving vengeance in the Lord's hands.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 1 Kingdoms 26 (= 1 Samuel 26 MT) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is a near-doublet of the cave-of-Engedi episode of ch. 24, retelling David's sparing of Saul in a second, more daring form: a night infiltration of the royal camp. The Ziphites again betray David (v. 1; cf. 23:19); Saul descends to the wilderness of Ziph with three thousand chosen men (v. 2); David sends out spies (κατασκόπους, v. 4) and by night enters the camp with Abishai (Αβεσσα), finding Saul asleep in the entrenchment (λαμπήνη) with his spear (δόρυ) fixed in the ground at his head and a deep stupor from the LORD upon all (θάμβος κυρίου ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, v. 12). Abishai begs to pin Saul with the spear (πατάξω αὐτὸν τῷ δόρατι, v. 8), but David twice forbids it with the chapter's theological centre: τίς ἐποίσει χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ χριστὸν κυρίου καὶ ἀθῳωθήσεται; ('who can stretch out his hand against the LORD's anointed and be guiltless?', v. 9; cf. v. 11, v. 23). The phrase χριστὸς κυρίου — the LXX rendering of מְשִׁיחַ יהוה — is the load-bearing term of the whole narrative: Saul's office, not his character, makes his person inviolable. David takes only the spear and the water-jar (τὸν φακὸν τοῦ ὕδατος), crosses the valley to a far hilltop (vv. 12–13), and rebukes Abner (Αβεννηρ) for failing to guard τὸν κύριόν σου τὸν βασιλέα ('your lord the king', v. 15), producing the missing spear as proof (v. 16). Saul recognises David's voice (v. 17); David's appeal protests his innocence and laments his exile from the LORD's inheritance (κληρονομία κυρίου, v. 19) under the proverb of the partridge/night-raven hunted in the mountains (v. 20). Saul confesses ἡμάρτηκα … μεματαίωμαι καὶ ἠγνόηκα πολλὰ σφόδρα ('I have sinned … I have played the fool and erred exceedingly', v. 21), and the episode closes with David's appeal to the LORD's recompense of righteousness and faithfulness (δικαιοσύνας … πίστιν, v. 23) and Saul's parting blessing εὐλογημένος σύ τέκνον (v. 25). The two depart, each to his own place — their final recorded meeting.

1

καὶ ἔρχονται οἱ Ζιφαῖοι ἐκ τῆς αὐχμώδους πρὸς τὸν Σαουλ εἰς τὸν βουνὸν λέγοντες ἰδοὺ Δαυιδ σκεπάζεται μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ βουνῷ τοῦ Εχελα τοῦ κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ Ιεσσαιμουν

And the Ziphites come from the parched land to Saul at the hill, saying, 'Behold, David is hiding with us on the hill of Hachilah, which is opposite Jeshimon.'

New narrative scene (renewed betrayal; doublet of 23:19)καὶ ἔρχονται οἱ Ζιφαῖοι
The chapter opens with the historic present ἔρχονται ('come'), a vivid LXX device that thrusts the reader into the scene; the Ziphites' denunciation echoes 23:19 almost verbatim, framing ch. 26 as a deliberate doublet of the earlier betrayal. The deictic ἰδού introduces their report to Saul.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιcomePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the historic present ἔρχονται at the head of the chapter is a lively LXX narrative device rendering the Hebrew narrative tense (wayyiqtol / imperfect), drawing the reader into the immediacy of the Ziphites' arrival.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with Ζιφαῖοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΖιφαῖοιZiphitesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΖιφαῖος: 'Ziphite', the gentilic adjective from Ζιφ (Hebrew זִיף), used substantively; declinable in Greek, hence nominative plural as subject; the inhabitants of the wilderness of Ziph repeat their earlier betrayal of David (23:19).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with αὐχμώδους)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐχμώδουςparched landGenitivegenitive of source (substantivized adjective: 'the dry/parched region')→ relational specificationαὐχμώδους: meaning 'parched land'; it serves as genitive of source (substantivized adjective: 'the dry/parched region').
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward person)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward person).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαουλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun, articular)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliteration of Hebrew שָׁאוּל ('asked for'); indeclinable in the LXX, here marked accusative only by the article τόν; the reigning king to whom the Ziphites bring their report.
εἰςto / atpreposition + accusative (location/goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location/goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βουνόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνὸνhillAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (place: Gibeah)→ object specificationβουνός: 'hill / mound'; here 'the hill' renders Hebrew הַגִּבְעָתָה (Gibeah, Saul's seat); the same word βουνός recurs in this verse for the hill of Hachilah where David hides — a verbal echo binding pursuer and pursued.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing, agreeing with Ζιφαῖοι)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the participle λέγοντες introduces the Ziphites' direct report; the construction ἔρχονται … λέγοντες is a Hebraizing redundancy of motion-plus-speech common in LXX narrative.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders Hebrew הִנֵּה; a deictic attention-marker fronting the informers' disclosure of David's hiding-place.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX of Kingdoms; the fugitive whose whereabouts the Ziphites betray.
σκεπάζεταιis hiding / shelters himselfPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · σκεπάζωmain verb of the report (present of ongoing concealment)→ verbal action or stateσκεπάζω: 'cover / shelter / hide'; the middle σκεπάζεται means 'shelters/conceals himself'; the same root recurs at v. 24 (σκεπάσαι με) where David prays the LORD will 'shelter' him — an ironic verbal link between David's hiding and divine protection.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμεθ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided before vowel).
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά (1st person plural pronoun)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'us'; the Ziphites locate David 'with us' — among their own territory — heightening the treachery of their report.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with βουνῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνῷhillDativedative of place (locative: 'on the hill')→ sphere or referenceβουνός: 'hill'; the hill of Hachilah; the repetition of βουνός (Gibeah / Hachilah) within one verse sets the two hills — royal seat and fugitive's refuge — in pointed parallel.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Εχελα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕχελαHachilahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name: 'hill of Hachilah')→ participant identificationΕχελα: transliteration of Hebrew הַחֲכִילָה (Hachilah); indeclinable; the hill 'opposite Jeshimon' where David hides (cf. 23:19); marked genitive only by the article τοῦ.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (governing κατὰ πρόσωπον phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατὰopposite / facingpreposition + accusative (in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'over against / facing'; the phrase κατὰ πρόσωπον ('before the face of / opposite') is a Hebraism rendering עַל פְּנֵי, locating Hachilah directly across from Jeshimon.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative in the prepositional idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον→ spatial or relational framingπρόσωπον: 'face / surface / front'; in κατὰ πρόσωπον the noun is bleached to a topographical sense ('opposite'), a calque of Hebrew פְּנֵי.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ιεσσαιμουν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεσσαιμουνJeshimongenitive object of κατὰ πρόσωπον (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙεσσαιμουν: transliteration of Hebrew הַיְשִׁימוֹן (Jeshimon, 'the waste/desert'); indeclinable; the desolate region opposite which Hachilah lies, fixing the geography of David's refuge.
2

καὶ ἀνέστη Σαουλ καὶ κατέβη εἰς τὴν ἔρημον Ζιφ καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ τρεῖς χιλιάδες ἀνδρῶν ἐκλεκτοὶ ἐξ Ισραηλ ζητεῖν τὸν Δαυιδ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Ζιφ

And Saul arose and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, and with him three thousand men, chosen ones from Israel, to seek David in the wilderness of Ziph.

Sequential narrative: Saul mobilizes in response to the reportκαὶ ἀνέστη Σαουλ
The verb-pair ἀνέστη … κατέβη ('arose … went down') is a typical LXX narrative coordination of departure; the figure of τρεῖς χιλιάδες ἀνδρῶν ἐκλεκτοί ('three thousand chosen men') echoes 24:3, marking the disproportion between the royal army and the lone fugitive. The articular infinitive of purpose ζητεῖν τὸν Δαυιδ states the aim.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (departure: 'set out')→ verbal action or stateἀνίστημι (aor. ἀνέστη): 'rise up / set out'; renders קוּם; in LXX narrative ἀνέστη frequently signals the initiation of decisive movement, here Saul's mustering for the pursuit.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: the king, now the active pursuer.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (descent toward the wilderness)→ verbal action or stateκαταβαίνω: 'go down / descend'; renders יָרַד; the descent from the heights of Gibeah to the wilderness of Ziph; ἀνέστη … κατέβη is a stock LXX motion-pair.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἔρημον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of descent)→ object specificationἔρημον: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς (goal of descent).
ΖιφZiphgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name: 'wilderness of Ziph')→ participant identificationΖιφ: transliteration of Hebrew זִיף (Ziph); indeclinable; the wilderness district named from the town of Ziph, home of the betraying Ziphites.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing accompaniment clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά (Saul)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (Saul).
τρεῖςthreeNominativeattributive numeral (modifying χιλιάδες)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the figure τρεῖς χιλιάδες repeats 24:3, underscoring the vast imbalance of force against the solitary David.
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativesubject of implied verb (the army accompanying Saul)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς: 'thousand'; renders אֶלֶף; the three military units (thousands) of elite troops constitute Saul's expeditionary force.
ἀνδρῶνof menGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitive (with χιλιάδες)→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. pl. ἀνδρῶν): 'man / warrior'; renders אִישׁ; specifies the thousands as fighting men.
ἐκλεκτοὶchosen onesNominativeattributive adjective (substantival: elite troops)→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: 'chosen / select / elite'; renders בָּחוּר; the king's picked troops, the best of Israel's soldiery — a force calibrated to overwhelm David.
ἐξfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of source (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the people from whom the elite troops are drawn — and over whom David will later reign.
ζητεῖνto seekPres Act Inf · ζητέωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateζητέω: 'seek / look for'; renders בִּקֵּשׁ; the present infinitive of purpose expresses the manhunt's goal; the same verb recurs at v. 20 (ζητεῖν τὴν ψυχήν μου, 'to seek my life'), framing the pursuit as a hunt for David's very life.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative object of ζητεῖν (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: the object of the royal manhunt; the article τόν marks the accusative of the indeclinable name.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἐρήμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the repeated ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Ζιφ closes the verse with an emphatic locative inclusio bracketing the search.
ΖιφZiphgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΖιφ: the wilderness of Ziph, named a second time to fix the locale of the manhunt.
3

καὶ παρενέβαλεν Σαουλ ἐν τῷ βουνῷ τοῦ Εχελα ἐπὶ προσώπου τοῦ Ιεσσαιμουν ἐπὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ Δαυιδ ἐκάθισεν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ καὶ εἶδεν Δαυιδ ὅτι ἥκει Σαουλ ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν ἔρημον

And Saul encamped on the hill of Hachilah, opposite Jeshimon, by the road; and David was dwelling in the wilderness, and David saw that Saul had come after him into the wilderness.

Scene-setting: the two camps positioned; David's awarenessκαὶ παρενέβαλεν Σαουλ
The verse positions the two parties geographically (Saul encamped on Hachilah; David dwelling in the wilderness) and then turns to David's perception (εἶδεν … ὅτι ἥκει Σαουλ). The recognition-clause prepares the reversal: it is the pursued, not the pursuer, who controls the night's events.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλενencampedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (military encampment)→ verbal action or stateπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / pitch camp / draw up'; renders חָנָה; the technical military verb; the cognate noun παρεμβολή ('camp', v. 6) and participle παρεμβεβληκώς ('encamped', v. 5) recur, lexically marking the camp David will infiltrate.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with βουνῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνῷhillDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceβουνός: 'hill'; Saul now occupies the very hill (Hachilah) where David had been reported hiding — pursuer and pursued converge on the same height.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Εχελα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕχελαHachilahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΕχελα: Hachilah; the place-name repeated from v. 1, marked genitive by the article.
ἐπὶopposite / beforepreposition + genitive (in the idiom ἐπὶ προσώπου)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: in the phrase ἐπὶ προσώπου ('on the face of / opposite'), a Hebraism (עַל פְּנֵי) synonymous with κατὰ πρόσωπον of v. 1.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive in the prepositional idiom ἐπὶ προσώπου→ spatial or relational framingπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; bleached to 'in front of / opposite' in this calque of עַל פְּנֵי.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ιεσσαιμουν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεσσαιμουνJeshimongenitive object of ἐπὶ προσώπου (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙεσσαιμουν: Jeshimon; the desert region opposite Hachilah, repeated from v. 1.
ἐπὶby / alongpreposition + genitive (position: 'by the road')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'on / by / along'; here locating Saul's camp beside the road (ἐπὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὁδοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῦroad / wayGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (position)→ relational specificationὁδός: 'road / way / journey'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the camp lies athwart the road; ὁδός recurs at v. 25 (εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ, David's departure 'on his way').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (shift to David)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐκάθισενwas dwelling / settledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (David's encampment/dwelling)→ verbal action or stateκαθίζω: 'sit / settle / dwell'; renders יָשַׁב; here 'took up his dwelling / encamped' in the wilderness, set in contrast to Saul's military παρενέβαλεν.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἐρήμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; David's habitual refuge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsaw / perceivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception, introducing ὅτι-clause)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; here cognitive ('realised / became aware'), introducing the ὅτι-clause reporting David's awareness of Saul's approach.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content of perception)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that'; introduces the object clause of εἶδεν.
ἥκειhas comePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἥκωverb of the ὅτι-clause (perfective present: 'has arrived')→ verbal action or stateἥκω: 'have come / be present'; the present tense carries perfective force ('has arrived and is here'); renders בָּא; the same verb recurs in v. 4 (ἥκει Σαουλ ἕτοιμος), reporting the confirmed arrival.
ΣαουλSaulsubject of ἥκει (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἥκει (indeclinable proper noun).
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (pursuit)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; with genitive denotes pursuit; ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ('after him') frames Saul's coming as a manhunt; the same construction recurs at v. 18 (καταδιώκει … ὀπίσω τοῦ δούλου αὐτοῦ).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω (David)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω (David).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἔρημον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of Saul's coming)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the third occurrence of the word in vv. 2–3, hammering the desert setting where the drama unfolds.
4

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Δαυιδ κατασκόπους καὶ ἔγνω ὅτι ἥκει Σαουλ ἕτοιμος ἐκ Κεϊλα

And David sent out spies, and learned that Saul had come, ready, from Keilah.

Sequential narrative: David's reconnaissance confirms the reportκαὶ ἀπέστειλεν Δαυιδ κατασκόπους
David's dispatch of κατασκόπους ('spies') and his consequent knowledge (ἔγνω) display the fugitive's superior intelligence — the recurring narrative point that David, not Saul, sees clearly. The note that Saul comes ἕτοιμος ('ready' / equipped for war) underlines the king's hostile intent.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (commissioning reconnaissance)→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send out / dispatch (on a mission)'; renders שָׁלַח; the compound ἀπο- marks sending away with a commission, here the dispatch of scouts.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
κατασκόπουςspiesAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationκατάσκοπος: 'spy / scout'; from κατασκοπέω ('reconnoitre'); renders מְרַגְּלִים; the same noun is used of the spies sent into Canaan (Gen 42:9; Num 21:32 LXX); David's scouts confirm the intelligence on which the night raid depends.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωlearned / knewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (acquired knowledge, introducing ὅτι-clause)→ verbal action or stateγινώσκω (aor. ἔγνω): 'know / ascertain'; renders יָדַע; the ingressive aorist marks David's gaining certain knowledge through the scouts' report — contrast the camp's later total ignorance (οὐκ ἦν ὁ γινώσκων, v. 12).
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content of knowledge)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἥκειhas comePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἥκωverb of the ὅτι-clause (perfective present)→ verbal action or stateἥκω: 'have come'; repeated from v. 3, now as confirmed fact rather than perception — the scouts verify Saul's presence.
ΣαουλSaulsubject of ἥκει (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἥκει (indeclinable proper noun).
ἕτοιμοςready / preparedNominativepredicate adjective (with ἥκει: 'comes ready')→ participant prominenceἕτοιμος: 'ready / prepared'; renders נָכוֹן; describes Saul as come fully equipped for the manhunt — armed and mobilized, heightening the danger David faces and the audacity of the raid he will undertake.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΚεϊλαKeilahgenitive of source (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΚεϊλα: transliteration of Hebrew קְעִילָה (Keilah); indeclinable; the fortified town David had earlier rescued and from which he then fled (ch. 23); naming it here recalls the long arc of pursuit.
5

καὶ ἀνέστη Δαυιδ λάθρᾳ καὶ εἰσπορεύεται εἰς τὸν τόπον οὗ ἐκάθευδεν ἐκεῖ Σαουλ καὶ ἐκεῖ Αβεννηρ υἱὸς Νηρ ἀρχιστράτηγος αὐτοῦ καὶ Σαουλ ἐκάθευδεν ἐν λαμπήνῃ καὶ ὁ λαὸς παρεμβεβληκὼς κύκλῳ αὐτοῦ

And David arose secretly and goes to the place where Saul was sleeping; and there was Abner son of Ner, his commander-in-chief; and Saul was sleeping in the entrenchment, and the people encamped around him.

New scene: the nocturnal reconnaissance of the campκαὶ ἀνέστη Δαυιδ λάθρᾳ
The adverb λάθρᾳ ('secretly') and the shift to the historic present εἰσπορεύεται ('goes in') open the suspense of the night raid; the verse surveys the sleeping camp from David's vantage — Saul in the λαμπήνη, Abner the commander beside him, the army ringed round (κύκλῳ). The triple emphasis on sleep (ἐκάθευδεν ×2) prepares the divine stupor of v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (setting out for the raid)→ verbal action or stateἀνίστημι (aor. ἀνέστη): 'rise up / set out'; the same verb that opened Saul's mobilization (v. 2) now opens David's counter-move, pairing the two adversaries' initiatives.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
λάθρᾳsecretlyadverb of manner→ clausal contributionλάθρᾳ: 'secretly / stealthily'; an adverbial dative; signals the clandestine character of the reconnaissance, building narrative tension as David approaches the armed camp unseen.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσπορεύεταιgoes in / entersPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateεἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; the historic present heightens the drama of the infiltration; the verb recurs at v. 7 (εἰσπορεύεται Δαυιδ καὶ Αβεσσα) when the actual penetration with Abishai occurs.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τόπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / spot'; renders מָקוֹם; the precise location of Saul's repose; τόπος recurs at v. 25 (εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ) as Saul returns to 'his own place.'
οὗwhererelative adverb of place (introducing relative clause)→ participant referenceοὗ: 'where'; the relative adverb of place introducing the clause locating Saul.
ἐκάθευδενwas sleepingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · καθεύδωverb of relative clause (durative imperfect)→ verbal action or stateκαθεύδω: 'sleep / lie down'; the imperfect marks the king's sleep as the ongoing background state into which David intrudes; the verb is repeated three times in vv. 5–7, saturating the scene with the motif of vulnerable sleep that makes the sparing of Saul so striking.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; a resumptive locative (a Hebraism after the relative οὗ, calquing אֲשֶׁר … שָׁם).
ΣαουλSaulsubject of ἐκάθευδεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἐκάθευδεν (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (presentative: 'there was')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; introduces Abner's presence at Saul's side.
ΑβεννηρAbnersubject of implied verb (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: transliteration of Hebrew אַבְנֵר (Abner, 'father is a lamp'); indeclinable; Saul's cousin and army-commander, whom David will rebuke across the valley (vv. 14–16).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; introduces the patronymic 'son of Ner', standard LXX identification of a figure.
ΝηρNergenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: 'son of Ner')→ participant identificationΝηρ: transliteration of Hebrew נֵר (Ner, 'lamp'); indeclinable; Abner's father.
ἀρχιστράτηγοςcommander-in-chiefNominativenominative in apposition (Abner's office)→ participant prominenceἀρχιστράτηγος: 'commander-in-chief / chief captain'; from ἀρχι- + στρατηγός; renders שַׂר צָבָא ('captain of the host'); designates Abner's supreme military rank — making his failure to guard the king (v. 15) the more culpable.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's commander)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's commander).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐκάθευδενwas sleepingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · καθεύδωmain verb (durative imperfect)→ verbal action or stateκαθεύδω: 'sleep'; the repeated imperfect fixes Saul's defenceless slumber in the entrenchment.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
λαμπήνῃentrenchment / covered placeDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceλαμπήνη: 'covered wagon / litter / enclosure'; here used for the entrenchment or barricaded encampment (rendering Hebrew מַעְגָּל, the 'circle/barricade' of wagons) at the centre of which the king sleeps; the term recurs at v. 7, marking the precise spot of Saul's vulnerability.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeople / armyNominativesubject (the troops)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; here the army/host (rendering עָם in its military sense); the troops bivouacked around the king; λαός recurs at v. 7 and v. 14.
παρεμβεβληκὼςencampedPerf Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · παρεμβάλλωperiphrastic perfect participle (with implied ἦν: 'was encamped')→ verbal action or stateπαρεμβάλλω (perf. ptcp.): 'encamp'; the perfect participle (periphrastic, with implied copula) denotes the army's settled, established encampment surrounding the king — the human ring of protection that the divine stupor will render useless.
κύκλῳaround / in a circleadverb (dative of manner: 'round about')→ clausal contributionκύκλῳ: 'round about / in a circle'; an adverbial dative; the army encircles Saul, a cordon that the night raid will penetrate; repeated at v. 7.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive with κύκλῳ ('around him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive with κύκλῳ ('around him').
6

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς Αχιμελεχ τὸν Χετταῖον καὶ πρὸς Αβεσσα υἱὸν Σαρουιας ἀδελφὸν Ιωαβ λέγων τίς εἰσελεύσεται μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ πρὸς Σαουλ εἰς τὴν παρεμβολήν καὶ εἶπεν Αβεσσα ἐγὼ εἰσελεύσομαι μετὰ σοῦ

And David answered and said to Ahimelech the Hittite and to Abishai son of Zeruiah, brother of Joab, saying, 'Who will go in with me to Saul, into the camp?' And Abishai said, 'I will go in with you.'

Dialogue: David recruits a companion for the raidκαὶ ἀπεκρίθη Δαυιδ
The Hebraizing pleonasm ἀπεκρίθη … καὶ εἶπεν … λέγων ('answered and said … saying') frames David's challenge. The volunteer Abishai (Αβεσσα), Joab's brother, will play the foil whose zeal David must restrain (v. 8); his emphatic ἐγώ ('I myself') answers David's τίς ('who?').
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass(dep) Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / respond'; in the formula ἀπεκρίθη … καὶ εἶπεν (a Hebraism rendering וַיַּעַן … וַיֹּאמֶר) 'answer' need not respond to a prior question but simply opens authoritative speech.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: 'say'; the second verb of the pleonastic speech-frame.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑχιμελεχAhimelechaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχιμελεχ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִימֶלֶךְ (Ahimelech, 'my brother is king'); indeclinable; here a Hittite warrior in David's band (distinct from the priest of ch. 21).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Χετταῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧετταῖονHittiteAccusativeattributive (gentilic, with Αχιμελεχ)→ object specificationΧετταῖος: 'Hittite'; the gentilic adjective from Χετ (Hebrew חִתִּי); declinable, hence accusative; marks Ahimelech as one of the foreign warriors attached to David (like Uriah the Hittite).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑβεσσαAbishaiaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσα: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִישַׁי (Abishai); indeclinable; David's nephew (son of his sister Zeruiah) and a fierce warrior; he volunteers and then urges the killing of Saul that David forbids.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition (patronymic)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; introducing Abishai's matronymic 'son of Zeruiah'.
Σαρουιαςof Zeruiahgenitive of relationship (transliterated name: 'son of Zeruiah')→ participant identificationΣαρουιας: transliteration of Hebrew צְרוּיָה (Zeruiah), David's sister; treated as an indeclinable transliterated name functioning here as genitive; her three sons (Joab, Abishai, Asahel) are David's chief warriors.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition (further identification)→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; identifies Abishai as brother of Joab, David's commander — locating him within the dominant warrior-clan of David's court.
ΙωαβJoabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: 'brother of Joab')→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב (Joab); indeclinable; David's nephew and future commander-in-chief; mentioned here to place Abishai in his family context.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the redundant participle λέγων completes the Hebraizing speech-frame and introduces David's question.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; the interrogative opens David's recruitment challenge; it is answered by Abishai's emphatic ἐγώ.
εἰσελεύσεταιwill go inFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of the question (deliberative future)→ verbal action or stateεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; renders בּוֹא; the future poses the challenge of who will dare enter the enemy camp; echoed by Abishai's εἰσελεύσομαι.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of μετά (1st person pronoun)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): the emphatic genitive of the personal pronoun.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward Saul)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward Saul).
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with παρεμβολήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολήνcampAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal: the enemy camp)→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / army / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; cognate with παρενέβαλεν (v. 3) and παρεμβεβληκώς (v. 5); the fortified bivouac into which David proposes to go.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Abishai's reply)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Abishai's volunteering response.
ΑβεσσαAbishaisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses Abishai's bold self-offer ('I, for my part'), answering David's τίς.
εἰσελεύσομαιI will go inFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Abishai's pledge)→ verbal action or stateεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; the first-person future echoes David's question-verb, sealing Abishai's commitment to share the danger.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά (2nd person pronoun)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): 'you'; Abishai pledges to accompany David personally.
7

καὶ εἰσπορεύεται Δαυιδ καὶ Αβεσσα εἰς τὸν λαὸν τὴν νύκτα καὶ ἰδοὺ Σαουλ καθεύδων ὕπνῳ ἐν λαμπήνῃ καὶ τὸ δόρυ ἐμπεπηγὸς εἰς τὴν γῆν πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ Αβεννηρ καὶ ὁ λαὸς αὐτοῦ ἐκάθευδεν κύκλῳ αὐτοῦ

And David and Abishai go in among the people by night; and behold, Saul lay sleeping in slumber in the entrenchment, and his spear stuck in the ground at his head; and Abner and his people were sleeping around him.

Climactic infiltration: the sleeping camp tableauκαὶ εἰσπορεύεται Δαυιδ καὶ Αβεσσα
The historic present εἰσπορεύεται and the presentative ἰδού freeze the scene at the moment of maximum danger and opportunity: Saul asleep, his spear fixed at his head, Abner and the host slumbering around. The spear (δόρυ) fixed in the earth becomes the chapter's recurring token (vv. 8, 11, 12, 16, 22).
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσπορεύεταιgo inPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb (historic present; singular with compound subject)→ verbal action or stateεἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; the historic present (3 sg with the compound subject Δαυιδ καὶ Αβεσσα, agreeing with the nearer/leading subject) plunges the reader into the actual penetration of the camp.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβεσσαAbishaisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςinto / amongpreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeople / armyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the host)→ object specificationλαός: 'people / army'; David and Abishai penetrate into the very midst of the sleeping troops.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with νύκτα, accusative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of time ('by night / during the night')→ object specificationνύξ: 'night'; the accusative of duration/time τὴν νύκτα ('by night') frames the raid as a nocturnal exploit; the same hour underlies the proverb of the night-raven (v. 20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; presents the tableau of the sleeping king through the intruders' eyes.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καθεύδωνsleepingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · καθεύδωpredicate participle (with implied copula: 'lay sleeping')→ verbal action or stateκαθεύδω (ptcp.): 'sleep'; the participle with the cognate dative ὕπνῳ ('sleeping in slumber') intensifies the depth of Saul's sleep — a Hebraizing figura etymologica preparing the divine stupor of v. 12.
ὕπνῳin slumberDativecognate/instrumental dative (with καθεύδων)→ sphere or referenceὕπνος: 'sleep / slumber'; the dative ὕπνῳ with καθεύδων is a cognate-like construction stressing the completeness of Saul's sleep; renders the Hebrew emphatic notion of deep sleep, anticipating θάμβος κυρίου (v. 12).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
λαμπήνῃentrenchmentDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceλαμπήνη: 'covered enclosure / entrenchment'; repeated from v. 5; the barricaded centre of the camp where the king sleeps.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearNominativesubject (the royal spear)→ participant prominenceδόρυ: 'spear / lance'; renders חֲנִית; Saul's spear — emblem of his kingship and the very weapon he had hurled at David (18:11; 19:10) — is the chapter's key prop: planted at his head, taken by David (vv. 11–12), demanded back (v. 22). Its presence 'at his head' makes Abishai's proposed thrust grimly available.
ἐμπεπηγὸςstuck / fixedPerf Act Ptcp Nom Neut Sg · ἐμπήγνυμιpredicate participle (with implied copula: 'was fixed')→ verbal action or stateἐμπήγνυμι (perf. ptcp. ἐμπεπηγός): 'fix in / drive in / plant'; the perfect denotes the spear's settled, upright position thrust into the ground; the vivid detail signals both the king's repose and the lethal opportunity at hand.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of fixing)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of fixing).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνground / earthAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the spear fixed into the ground)→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; renders אֶרֶץ; the spear is driven into the earth at the king's head; γῆν recurs ironically in Abishai's plan to pin Saul 'to the ground' (v. 8) and in David's plea that his blood not fall 'to the ground' (v. 20).
πρὸςatpreposition (in the idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς: 'at the head')→ spatial or relational framingπρός: in the locative idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς ('at the head of'), a Hebraism (מְרַאֲשֹׁתָיו, 'at his head-place') with the genitive; recurs at vv. 11, 12, 16.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive in the idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς ('at the head')→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; in πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ('at his head') the spear and water-jar lie within arm's reach of the sleeping king — the precise objects David will remove as proof.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's head)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's head).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβεννηρAbnersubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: the commander, sleeping with the host — his failure to guard the king is exposed by his very slumber.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeople / armyNominativesubject (the host)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people / army'; the troops asleep around the king.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's people)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's people).
ἐκάθευδενwere sleepingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · καθεύδωmain verb (durative imperfect, sg. with collective subject)→ verbal action or stateκαθεύδω: 'sleep'; the singular verb with the collective λαός; the third occurrence of the sleep-motif, completing the picture of total unconsciousness in the camp.
κύκλῳaroundadverb (dative of manner: 'round about')→ clausal contributionκύκλῳ: 'round about'; repeated from v. 5; the encircling host whose ring the intruders have breached.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive with κύκλῳ ('around him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive with κύκλῳ ('around him').
8

καὶ εἶπεν Αβεσσα πρὸς Δαυιδ ἀπέκλεισεν σήμερον κύριος τὸν ἐχθρόν σου εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου καὶ νῦν πατάξω αὐτὸν τῷ δόρατι εἰς τὴν γῆν ἅπαξ καὶ οὐ δευτερώσω αὐτῷ

And Abishai said to David, 'Today the LORD has shut up your enemy into your hands; and now I will strike him with the spear to the ground once, and I will not do it to him a second time.'

Dialogue: Abishai's temptation to kill Saulκαὶ εἶπεν Αβεσσα πρὸς Δαυιδ
Abishai reads the providential moment as a divine handing-over (ἀπέκλεισεν … κύριος), the conventional formula of victory; his eagerness (πατάξω … ἅπαξ καὶ οὐ δευτερώσω, 'one blow, no need of a second') sets up David's principled refusal in v. 9. The κύριος here is the LORD as giver of victory.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Abishai's urging.
ΑβεσσαAbishaisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
ἀπέκλεισενhas shut up / deliveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκλείωmain verb (divine handing-over)→ verbal action or stateἀποκλείω: 'shut up / enclose / deliver into the power of'; renders סָגַר ('hand over, shut up'); the idiom 'the LORD has shut up your enemy into your hands' is the standard formula of divinely-granted victory (cf. 24:5, 24:19); Abishai construes the sleeping camp as God's gift of vengeance.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; stresses the decisive 'this very day' of opportunity; the word recurs through the chapter (vv. 8, 19, 23, 24) marking the day's import.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (the LORD as giver of victory)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here the LORD is named as the one who has 'delivered up' the enemy — the divine agency Abishai invokes to justify the killing, which David will reinterpret in vv. 9–11.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐχθρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρόνenemyAccusativedirect object of ἀπέκλεισεν→ object specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy / foe'; renders אוֹיֵב; Abishai labels Saul 'your enemy' — the very framing David refuses, since for him Saul is not 'enemy' but χριστὸς κυρίου.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (David's enemy)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom: 'into the hands')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom: 'into the hands').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖράς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom of delivery)→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; the idiom εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου ('into your hands') renders בְּיָדְךָ, the formula of giving an enemy into one's power; χείρ is a leitmotif here — the hand that must not be stretched against the anointed (vv. 9, 11, 23).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transitional: 'so now')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; with καί introduces the practical proposal flowing from the providential premise — a logical 'and so now'; recurs at vv. 11, 16, 19, 20.
πατάξωI will strikeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Abishai's lethal proposal)→ verbal action or stateπατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders נָכָה / הִכָּה; in military contexts 'strike dead'; Abishai's eager future expresses his readiness to dispatch Saul with a single blow — the act David forbids.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of πατάξω (Saul)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of πατάξω (Saul).
τῷtheDativearticle (with δόρατι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρατιwith the spearDativeinstrumental dative (means of the blow)→ sphere or referenceδόρυ (dat. δόρατι): 'spear'; the instrumental dative — Abishai would use Saul's own spear, fixed at his head (v. 7), to kill him; the grim irony of the king slain by his own weapon.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (result: 'pinning to the ground')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (result: 'pinning to the ground').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (result of the thrust)→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground / earth'; Abishai would pin Saul to the ground 'with the spear' — exactly as Saul once tried to pin David to the wall (19:10); the verbal echo brands the proposed deed as a base inversion.
ἅπαξonceadverb of frequency (single blow)→ clausal contributionἅπαξ: 'once / a single time'; renders פַּעַם אַחַת; Abishai boasts that one thrust will suffice; the bravado heightens the contrast with David's restraint.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτερώσωI will repeat / strike a second timeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δευτερόωmain verb (no need of a second blow)→ verbal action or stateδευτερόω: 'do a second time / repeat'; from δεύτερος ('second'); renders שָׁנָה ('do again'); Abishai's grim confidence — 'I will not need a second stroke' — vividly conveys his eagerness to finish Saul off.
αὐτῷto himDativedative (indirect object: 'a second blow to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. αὐτῷ): 'to him'; dative with δευτερώσω, completing the boast that one blow will end Saul.
9

καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ πρὸς Αβεσσα μὴ ταπεινώσῃς αὐτόν ὅτι τίς ἐποίσει χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ χριστὸν κυρίου καὶ ἀθῳωθήσεται

And David said to Abishai, 'Do not destroy him; for who can stretch out his hand against the LORD's anointed and be held guiltless?'

Theological centre: David's prohibition of regicideκαὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ πρὸς Αβεσσα
David's refusal is the chapter's heart: a prohibition (μὴ ταπεινώσῃς) grounded in a rhetorical question whose answer is 'no one.' The phrase χριστὸν κυρίου ('the LORD's anointed', rendering מְשִׁיחַ יהוה) makes the sacrosanctity of the king's person a function of his divine anointing, not his merit — the inviolability lies in the office YHWH has conferred.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces David's prohibition.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑβεσσαAbishaiaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
μὴdo notnegative with subjunctive (prohibition)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: the negative of prohibition; with the aorist subjunctive ταπεινώσῃς it forbids the act before it is begun ('do not so much as …').
ταπεινώσῃςdestroy / bring lowAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ταπεινόωprohibitive subjunctive (main verb of the command)→ verbal action or stateταπεινόω: 'humble / bring low / abase'; here in the strong sense 'do violence to / destroy'; renders שָׁחַת ('destroy') in this context; David forbids Abishai to lay Saul low — the negation of Abishai's πατάξω.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ταπεινώσῃς (Saul)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ταπεινώσῃς (Saul).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounds for the prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the theological rationale for the prohibition.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of rhetorical question)→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; the rhetorical interrogative expects the answer 'no one' — no one may raise a hand against the anointed and remain innocent.
ἐποίσειwill stretch out / layFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιφέρωmain verb of the rhetorical question→ verbal action or stateἐπιφέρω (fut. ἐποίσει): 'bring upon / lay (a hand) on'; the idiom ἐπιφέρειν χεῖρα ἐπί ('lay a hand against') renders שָׁלַח יָד בְּ; the same idiom recurs at v. 23 (ἐπενεγκεῖν χεῖρά μου ἐπὶ χριστὸν κυρίου), framing the inviolability of the anointed.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐποίσει (the hand laid on)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the instrument of violence; the laying of a hand 'against the LORD's anointed' is the precise act David holds to be unforgivable.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his hand')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his hand').
ἐπὶagainst / uponpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against / upon'; in the hostile idiom of laying a hand 'against' the anointed.
χριστὸνanointed oneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the anointed king)→ object specificationχριστός: 'anointed one'; from χρίω ('anoint'); renders מָשִׁיחַ; the verbal adjective designates one consecrated by anointing-oil — here King Saul. χριστὸς κυρίου ('the LORD's anointed') is the theological hinge of the whole chapter: Saul's person is inviolable not by virtue of his conduct but by his sacral office; the term carries the messianic trajectory the LXX bequeaths to the NT (cf. Luke 2:26, χριστὸν κυρίου).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (the LORD's anointed)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive χριστὸν κυρίου renders מְשִׁיחַ יהוה ('the anointed of YHWH'); it is the LORD's own act of anointing that makes the king untouchable — to strike Saul is to assail the LORD's choice.
καὶand (yet)coordinating conjunction (consecutive: 'and so / and yet')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here consecutive within the rhetorical question — 'and (still) be guiltless?' — the impossibility being asserted.
ἀθῳωθήσεταιwill be held guiltlessFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀθῳόωmain verb (second limb of the rhetorical question)→ verbal action or stateἀθῳόω: 'hold guiltless / acquit / leave unpunished'; from ἀ- + θωή ('penalty'); renders נָקָה (Niphal, 'be held innocent'); the future passive ('shall be reckoned innocent') with τίς expects the answer 'no one' — whoever harms the anointed incurs ineradicable bloodguilt before God.
10

καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ ζῇ κύριος ἐὰν μὴ κύριος παίσῃ αὐτόν ἢ ἡ ἡμέρα αὐτοῦ ἔλθῃ καὶ ἀποθάνῃ ἢ εἰς πόλεμον καταβῇ καὶ προστεθῇ

And David said, 'As the LORD lives, surely the LORD will strike him, or his day will come and he will die, or he will go down into battle and be swept away.'

Oath: David commits Saul's fate to the LORD aloneκαὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ ζῇ κύριος
David swears by the divine life-oath ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives'); the following ἐὰν μή is the Hebraizing oath-formula (כִּי אִם) functioning as a strong affirmative ('surely'). He lists three legitimate ends for Saul — divine stroke, natural death, death in battle — all of which leave the matter in God's hands, never David's.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces David's oath.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of oath-formula ('as the LORD lives')→ verbal action or stateζάω: 'live / be alive'; the oath-formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') renders חַי יהוה, the most solemn Hebrew asseveration, invoking the living God as guarantor of the speaker's word.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (the living God invoked)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; in the oath ζῇ κύριος the LORD is sworn by as the living guarantor of David's vow not to harm Saul.
ἐὰνifconditional particle (in oath-idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; in the oath-formula ἐὰν μή (rendering Hebrew כִּי אִם / אִם after an oath) it forms a strong affirmation: 'surely (the LORD will…)'; the negative-conditional shape is a self-imprecatory oath-idiom.
μὴnotnegative (in oath-idiom ἐὰν μή = 'surely')→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: with ἐάν in the oath-construction; the combination ἐὰν μή here asserts certainty ('surely the LORD will strike him'), not a true negation.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of παίσῃ (the LORD as sole rightful agent)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; David insists that the LORD himself — not David — is the one who may strike Saul; the divine prerogative over the anointed's life is the point.
παίσῃwill strikeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · παίωverb of the oath-clause (subjunctive after ἐὰν μή)→ verbal action or stateπαίω: 'strike / smite'; the first of three possible deaths David envisions — a direct divine stroke (as later befalls Nabal, 25:38); David leaves vengeance to God.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of παίσῃ (Saul)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παίσῃ (Saul).
ordisjunctive conjunction (second alternative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; introduces the second of the three legitimate ends.
theNominativearticle (with ἡμέρα)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject of ἔλθῃ ('his day')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the idiom ἡ ἡμέρα αὐτοῦ ('his day') is a euphemism for the appointed day of death (cf. Job 18:20; Ps 36:13 LXX) — natural death in God's appointed time.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his day')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his day').
ἔλθῃcomesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of the second disjunct (subjunctive)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come'; 'his day comes' = the arrival of his appointed death; the subjunctive continues under the oath-construction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθάνῃhe diesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb (consequence of the second disjunct)→ verbal action or stateἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the natural death that follows when 'his day' comes — death in God's timing, not by David's blade.
ordisjunctive conjunction (third alternative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; introduces the third end — death in battle (fulfilled at Gilboa, ch. 31).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
πόλεμονbattle / warAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the third fate)→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the third legitimate end — falling in war; this proves prophetic of Saul's death on Mount Gilboa (1 Kgdms 31).
καταβῇgoes downAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καταβαίνωverb of the third disjunct (subjunctive)→ verbal action or stateκαταβαίνω: 'go down'; 'go down into battle' is idiomatic for joining combat; the same verb described Saul's descent to the wilderness (v. 2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστεθῇis gathered / swept awayAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · προστίθημιverb (consequence of the third disjunct)→ verbal action or stateπροστίθημι (aor. pass. προστεθῇ): 'be added / be gathered (to one's fathers)'; the passive is a euphemism for death (rendering נֶאֱסַף, 'be gathered'), as in 'gathered to his people' (Gen 25:8); here 'be swept away / perish' in war.
11

μηδαμῶς μοι παρὰ κυρίου ἐπενεγκεῖν χεῖρά μου ἐπὶ χριστὸν κυρίου καὶ νῦν λαβὲ δὴ τὸ δόρυ ἀπὸ πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν φακὸν τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ ἀπέλθωμεν καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς

'May it never be, by the LORD, that I should stretch out my hand against the LORD's anointed! And now take the spear from at his head, and the jar of water, and let us go away by ourselves.'

Renewed refusal and counter-command: take only the tokensμηδαμῶς μοι παρὰ κυρίου
David's emphatic μηδαμῶς ('by no means!') with the deprecatory dative and παρὰ κυρίου ('from / before the LORD') is a strong self-disavowal of regicide, repeating the χριστὸν κυρίου formula of v. 9. He then redirects Abishai's zeal: instead of striking, take the spear and water-jar as proof of how near they came — and withdraw.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
μηδαμῶςby no meansadverb of strong negation (deprecation)→ clausal contributionμηδαμῶς: 'by no means / never / God forbid'; an emphatic deprecatory adverb; renders חָלִילָה ('far be it'); David recoils absolutely from the proposed deed.
μοιfor meDativedative of disadvantage/reference (in the deprecation idiom)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'to/for me'; the dative in the idiom μηδαμῶς μοι ('far be it from me'), expressing personal abhorrence.
παρὰfrom / beforepreposition + genitive (source/perspective: 'in the LORD's sight')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from / from beside'; in the idiom μηδαμῶς … παρὰ κυρίου, 'far be it from me before/from the LORD' — the deprecation is made with appeal to God himself.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of παρά (the LORD invoked)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; the deed would be an offence 'before the LORD' — David binds his refusal to God's own regard.
ἐπενεγκεῖνto stretch out / layAor Act Inf · ἐπιφέρωepexegetical infinitive (content of the deprecation)→ verbal action or stateἐπιφέρω (aor. inf. ἐπενεγκεῖν): 'lay / bring upon'; the infinitive completes μηδαμῶς ('far be it … that I should lay'); the idiom ἐπιφέρειν χεῖρα ἐπί ('lay a hand against') renders שָׁלַח יָד; repeated at v. 23 (οὐκ ἠθέλησα ἐπενεγκεῖν χεῖρά μου).
χεῖράhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπενεγκεῖν→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the hand David refuses to raise against Saul; the leitmotif of vv. 8–9, 23.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my hand')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my hand').
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
χριστὸνanointed oneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the anointed king)→ object specificationχριστός: 'anointed one'; renders מָשִׁיחַ; the repetition of χριστὸν κυρίου from v. 9 makes David's principle into a refrain: the anointed is untouchable because the LORD has consecrated him.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the LORD's anointed')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; χριστὸν κυρίου = מְשִׁיחַ יהוה, 'the anointed of YHWH'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (turning to the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transitional: 'so now')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; with καί marks the practical pivot from refusal to alternative action.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (command to Abishai)→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω (aor. impv. λαβέ): 'take'; David redirects the raid toward seizing proof, not life; fulfilled in v. 12 (ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ τὸ δόρυ).
δὴnow / pleaseenclitic particle (urgency/entreaty with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: an emphatic/hortatory particle reinforcing the imperative ('do take'); renders נָא; adds urgency to the command.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearAccusativedirect object of λαβέ (the royal spear as token)→ object specificationδόρυ: 'spear'; the spear that was to have been the murder weapon becomes instead the trophy of David's restraint.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source, in compound idiom ἀπὸ πρὸς κεφαλῆς)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; combined with πρὸς κεφαλῆς in the overloaded prepositional idiom ἀπὸ πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ('from the place at his head'), a calque of Hebrew מֵרַאֲשֹׁתָיו.
πρὸςatpreposition (in idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς: 'at the head')→ spatial or relational framingπρός: in the locative idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς ('at the head of'); see v. 7.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive in the idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the spear lies at Saul's head, within reach.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's head)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's head).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with φακόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φακὸνjar / flaskAccusativedirect object of λαβέ (second token)→ object specificationφακός: 'flask / cruse / water-jar'; the φακὸς τοῦ ὕδατος ('jar of water') is the second token taken; together with the spear it furnishes incontestable proof of the night raid (vv. 12, 16).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὕδατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive of content ('jar of water')→ relational specificationὕδωρ (gen. ὕδατος): 'water'; renders מַיִם; the jar's contents specify the everyday royal object whose absence will accuse the negligent guards.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (hortatory)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέλθωμενlet us go awayAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιhortatory subjunctive (withdrawal)→ verbal action or stateἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; the hortatory subjunctive ('let us depart') ends the raid; fulfilled in v. 12 (ἀπῆλθον).
καθ᾿bypreposition + accusative (in idiom καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς: 'by ourselves')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in the idiom καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς ('by ourselves / on our own'), denoting withdrawal apart from the camp.
ἑαυτούςourselvesAccusativereflexive pronoun (in idiom καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς)→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ (acc. pl. ἑαυτούς): 'ourselves'; the reflexive in καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς marks the pair's separate, undetected retreat.
12

καὶ ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ τὸ δόρυ καὶ τὸν φακὸν τοῦ ὕδατος ἀπὸ πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπῆλθον καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ βλέπων καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ γινώσκων καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ ἐξεγειρόμενος πάντες ὑπνοῦντες ὅτι θάμβος κυρίου ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτούς

And David took the spear and the jar of water from at his head, and they went away by themselves; and there was no one seeing, and no one knowing, and no one waking, for they were all sleeping, because a stupor from the LORD had fallen upon them.

Fulfilment and theological explanation: the divine stuporκαὶ ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ τὸ δόρυ
The verse enacts David's command (ἔλαβεν … ἀπῆλθον) and then supplies the narrator's theological key in a triple negation (οὐκ ἦν ὁ βλέπων … γινώσκων … ἐξεγειρόμενος) capped by the causal ὅτι: a θάμβος κυρίου ('stupor from the LORD') had fallen on the camp. The success of the raid is not David's stealth but God's intervention, making the sparing of Saul the more pointedly a moral choice.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (fulfilling the command of v. 11)→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take'; enacts λαβέ of v. 11 — David himself takes the tokens, claiming the act of restraint as his own.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationδόρυ: 'spear'; the first token seized.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with φακόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φακὸνjar / flaskAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (second token)→ object specificationφακός: 'water-jar'; the second token; the pair spear-and-jar will be the evidence flung back at Abner and Saul (v. 16).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὕδατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive of content ('jar of water')→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source, compound idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; in ἀπὸ πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ('from at his head'); see v. 11.
πρὸςatpreposition (in idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: locative idiom 'at the head'.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive in the idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's head)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's head).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθονthey went awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (the withdrawal accomplished)→ verbal action or stateἀπέρχομαι: 'go away'; enacts ἀπέλθωμεν of v. 11; the pair retreats unseen.
καθ᾿bypreposition + accusative (idiom καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'by themselves'; see v. 11.
ἑαυτούςthemselvesAccusativereflexive pronoun (in idiom καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς)→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: 'themselves'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing triple negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (with participle: 'there was no one ...')→ participant referenceεἰμί: 'be'; the existential οὐκ ἦν ὁ βλέπων ('there was no one seeing') is a periphrastic Hebraism (אֵין רֹאֶה) stressing total absence; repeated three times for emphasis.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βλέπωνseeingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · βλέπωsubstantival participle ('one seeing')→ verbal action or stateβλέπω: 'see / look'; ὁ βλέπων ('the one who sees') — no eye in the camp witnessed the intrusion; first of the triple negation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb→ participant referenceεἰμί: 'be'; second limb of the triple negation.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γινώσκωνknowingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · γινώσκωsubstantival participle ('one knowing')→ verbal action or stateγινώσκω: 'know / perceive'; ὁ γινώσκων ('the one who knows') — none was aware; pointedly contrasts David's ἔγνω (v. 4), the fugitive who knows all.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb→ participant referenceεἰμί: 'be'; third limb of the triple negation.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξεγειρόμενοςwakingPres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἐξεγείρωsubstantival participle ('one waking up')→ verbal action or stateἐξεγείρω (mid./pass. 'awake'): 'rouse / wake up'; ὁ ἐξεγειρόμενος ('the one waking') — not a soul stirred; the climax of the triple negation, explained by the divine stupor.
πάντεςallNominativesubject of ὑπνοῦντες ('all sleeping')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (nom. pl. πάντες): 'all'; the universal scope — the entire host lay unconscious.
ὑπνοῦντεςsleepingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · ὑπνόωpredicate participle (with implied copula: 'were sleeping')→ verbal action or stateὑπνόω: 'sleep / be asleep'; cognate with ὕπνος (v. 7); 'all were sleeping' — the periphrastic participle states the condition the following ὅτι-clause explains.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (the theological explanation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the narrator's decisive theological cause of the camp's stupor.
θάμβοςstupor / deep sleepNominativesubject of ἐπέπεσεν→ participant prominenceθάμβος: 'amazement / stupor / trance'; here a divinely-sent torpor (rendering תַּרְדֵּמָה, 'deep sleep', the same word used of Adam's sleep in Gen 2:21 and Abraham's in Gen 15:12); θάμβος κυρίου names God as its source — the camp's helplessness is supernatural.
κυρίουfrom the LORDGenitivegenitive of source/agency (with θάμβος)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; θάμβος κυρίου ('a stupor from the LORD') attributes the universal sleep to YHWH's direct action — it is God who delivers Saul into David's reach, precisely so that David's restraint may be tested and displayed.
ἐπέπεσενhad fallenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιπίπτωverb of the causal clause→ verbal action or stateἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon / come over'; renders נָפַל; the stupor 'fell upon' the camp like a descending power; the same verb describes terror or the Spirit falling on people (Gen 15:12 LXX of θάμβος).
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided: direction of the falling)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided: direction of the falling).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the whole camp)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the entire sleeping host on whom the divine stupor descended.
13

καὶ διέβη Δαυιδ εἰς τὸ πέραν καὶ ἔστη ἐπὶ τὴν κορυφὴν τοῦ ὄρους μακρόθεν καὶ πολλὴ ἡ ὁδὸς ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν

And David crossed over to the other side and stood on the top of the mountain far off, and the distance between them was great.

Transition: David repositions for the safe confrontationκαὶ διέβη Δαυιδ εἰς τὸ πέραν
David puts a wide gulf (πολλὴ ἡ ὁδός) between himself and the camp before speaking — the safe distance that makes possible the bold rebuke of vv. 14–16. The motif recalls the cave episode (24:9) where David likewise addressed Saul only after withdrawing to safety.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέβηcrossed overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαβαίνωmain verb (crossing the valley)→ verbal action or stateδιαβαίνω: 'cross over / pass through'; renders עָבַר; David crosses the intervening valley to the far ridge, establishing the safe distance for his speech.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανother sideAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (substantivized adverb: 'the far side')→ object specificationπέραν: 'across / the other side'; the substantivized τὸ πέραν ('the opposite side') marks David's removal to the far ridge across the valley.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (taking a stand on the height)→ verbal action or stateἵστημι (aor. ἔστη): 'stand / take one's stand'; renders עָמַד; David takes his stand on the hilltop, commanding both visibility and a safe gulf for the exchange.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position attained)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position attained).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κορυφήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κορυφὴνsummit / topAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the position taken)→ object specificationκορυφή: 'summit / top / crest'; renders רֹאשׁ (of a mountain); David stands on the very peak, in full view yet beyond reach.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive of relationship ('top of the mountain')→ relational specificationὄρος (gen. ὄρους): 'mountain / hill'; renders הַר; the height from which David addresses the camp; ὄρος recurs (pl. ὄρεσιν) in the partridge-proverb of v. 20.
μακρόθενfar offadverb of place (distance)→ clausal contributionμακρόθεν: 'from afar / at a distance'; renders מֵרָחוֹק; underscores the deliberate gap David keeps — close enough to be heard, far enough to be safe.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing nominal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολλὴgreat / muchNominativepredicate adjective (with ἡ ὁδός: 'the distance was great')→ participant prominenceπολύς (fem. πολλή): 'much / great'; predicate to ἡ ὁδός — the 'way / distance' between them was great; emphasizes the safe interval.
theNominativearticle (with ὁδός)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸςway / distanceNominativesubject of the nominal clause→ participant prominenceὁδός: 'way / road / distance'; here in the sense of 'the stretch of ground' between the two ridges; the wide intervening space guarantees David's safety as he calls out.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('between / in the midst of'), a Hebraism rendering בֵּין; expresses the interval separating David from the camp.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; in ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν ('between them').
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between them')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): 'them'; David and the camp, separated by the broad valley.
14

καὶ προσεκαλέσατο Δαυιδ τὸν λαὸν καὶ τῷ Αβεννηρ ἐλάλησεν λέγων οὐκ ἀποκριθήσει Αβεννηρ καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Αβεννηρ καὶ εἶπεν τίς εἶ σὺ ὁ καλῶν με

And David called out to the people and spoke to Abner, saying, 'Will you not answer, Abner?' And Abner answered and said, 'Who are you who call me?'

Dialogue across the valley: David hails Abnerκαὶ προσεκαλέσατο Δαυιδ τὸν λαόν
David's taunt to Abner opens with a challenge-question (οὐκ ἀποκριθήσει Αβεννηρ; 'will you not answer?'). Abner's startled counter-question (τίς εἶ σύ; 'who are you?') shows that the commander does not even recognise the voice that has penetrated his camp — a further indictment of his vigilance.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκαλέσατοcalled out toAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσκαλέωmain verb (summoning by shout)→ verbal action or stateπροσκαλέω (mid.): 'call to / summon'; the middle 'called to (for himself)'; David shouts across the valley to the camp; the middle voice fits a personal hailing.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeople / armyAccusativedirect object of προσεκαλέσατο→ object specificationλαός: 'people / army'; David hails the whole host to witness the rebuke that follows.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Αβεννηρ, marking dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεννηρAbnerdative indirect object of ἐλάλησεν (indeclinable, articular)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: the commander; the article τῷ marks the dative ('to Abner') of the indeclinable name.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (addressing Abner)→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: 'speak'; David directs his words specifically to Abner the commander.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: redundant participle introducing the direct address.
οὐκnotnegative (in a question expecting 'yes')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ: 'not'; in the question οὐκ ἀποκριθήσει; ('will you not answer?') the negative expects an affirmative response — a goading challenge.
ἀποκριθήσειwill you answerFut Pass(dep) Indic 2 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb of the question (2nd person future)→ verbal action or stateἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the 2nd-singular future addressed to Abner ('will you not answer?') is a taunt summoning the commander to account for himself.
ΑβεννηρAbnervocative (direct address; indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: vocative address — David names the negligent commander directly.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass(dep) Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (Abner's response)→ verbal action or stateἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; Abner now responds, but with a question betraying his ignorance of the speaker's identity.
ΑβεννηρAbnersubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Abner's counter-question.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate of εἶ)→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; Abner's startled demand of identity exposes that an unknown voice has breached his watch.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (of the question 'who are you?')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; the copula in τίς εἶ σύ; ('who are you?').
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; sharpens Abner's challenge to the unseen caller.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλῶνcallingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · καλέωsubstantival participle ('the one calling')→ verbal action or stateκαλέω: 'call / summon'; ὁ καλῶν με ('the one who is calling me') identifies the speaker by his action; Abner cannot name him, only describe him.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of καλῶν→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): 'me'.
15

καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ πρὸς Αβεννηρ οὐκ ἀνὴρ σύ καὶ τίς ὡς σὺ ἐν Ισραηλ καὶ διὰ τί οὐ φυλάσσεις τὸν κύριόν σου τὸν βασιλέα ὅτι εἰσῆλθεν εἷς ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ διαφθεῖραι τὸν βασιλέα κύριόν σου

And David said to Abner, 'Are you not a man? And who is like you in Israel? Why then have you not guarded your lord the king? For one of the people came in to destroy the king, your lord.'

Rebuke: David indicts Abner's failure to guard the kingκαὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ πρὸς Αβεννηρ
David's rebuke turns Abner's eminence against him: precisely because he is unrivalled in Israel (τίς ὡς σὺ ἐν Ισραηλ;), his negligence is inexcusable. The repeated τὸν κύριόν σου τὸν βασιλέα ('your lord the king') here designates Saul as Abner's human master — a different register from the divine κύριος, and the accusation's pivot.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces David's rebuke of Abner.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑβεννηρAbneraccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
οὐκnotnegative (in question expecting 'yes')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ: 'not'; οὐκ ἀνὴρ σύ; ('are you not a man?') expects 'yes' — an ironic affirmation of Abner's reputed manhood before the indictment.
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative (with implied εἶ: 'are you not a man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / warrior'; here 'man' in the sense of a valiant, capable warrior — David grants Abner's reputation only to expose its hollowness.
σύyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; τίς ὡς σὺ ἐν Ισραηλ; ('who is like you in Israel?') concedes Abner's pre-eminence — making his lapse the more damning.
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; in the comparison 'who is like you'.
σὺyouNominativesubject of comparison (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: 'you'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of place/sphere (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: 'Israel'; the sphere of comparison — Abner is reckoned without peer in all Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰbecause of / whypreposition (in interrogative idiom διὰ τί: 'why')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: in the idiom διὰ τί ('on account of what? = why?'), introducing the accusing question.
τίwhat / whyAccusativeinterrogative (in idiom διὰ τί)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'what?'; with διά forms 'why?'.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάσσειςdo you guardPres Act Indic 2 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb of the accusing question→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: 'guard / watch / keep'; renders שָׁמַר; the verb of the bodyguard's duty; Abner's failure to 'guard' the king is the precise charge; repeated as a participle in v. 16 (οἱ φυλάσσοντες).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόνlord / masterAccusativedirect object of φυλάσσεις (Saul as Abner's human lord)→ object specificationκύριος: here 'lord / master' in the human sense — Saul is Abner's sovereign, not the deity; the phrase τὸν κύριόν σου τὸν βασιλέα ('your lord the king', rendering אֲדֹנֶיךָ הַמֶּלֶךְ) marks Saul's royal authority over Abner; this human-master usage is distinct from κύριος as the Tetragrammaton.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your lord')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your lord').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον ('your lord the king')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; in apposition to κύριόν σου, identifying Saul's office; βασιλεύς recurs through the rebuke (vv. 15–16) and David's appeal (vv. 19–20, 22).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounds of the charge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the evidence of Abner's dereliction.
εἰσῆλθενcame inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of the causal clause→ verbal action or stateεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / come in'; the very verb of the raid (vv. 6–7); 'one came in' = the intruder David, who penetrated the unguarded camp.
εἷςoneNominativesubject (the lone intruder)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one (person)'; the lone intruder — David refers to himself obliquely; one man alone breached the guard of the unrivalled commander; εἷς recurs in v. 22 (εἷς τῶν παιδαρίων).
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivepartitive genitive ('one of the people')→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; 'one from among the people' — an ordinary man, not a army, slipped past Abner.
διαφθεῖραιto destroyAor Act Inf · διαφθείρωinfinitive of purpose (the intruder's supposed aim)→ verbal action or stateδιαφθείρω: 'destroy / kill / ruin'; renders שָׁחַת; David states the intruder's potential purpose — the very deed (regicide) he himself had refused; the irony sharpens the rebuke: Abner left the king open to exactly what David declined to do.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of διαφθεῖραι→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the object of the supposed assassination — Saul.
κύριόνlord / masterAccusativeaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα ('the king, your lord')→ object specificationκύριος: 'lord / master' (human); in apposition to βασιλέα, again designating Saul as Abner's sovereign; the doubled 'king–your lord' hammers home the gravity of the dereliction.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your lord')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your lord').
16

καὶ οὐκ ἀγαθὸν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ὃ πεποίηκας ζῇ κύριος ὅτι υἱοὶ θανατώσεως ὑμεῖς οἱ φυλάσσοντες τὸν βασιλέα κύριον ὑμῶν τὸν χριστὸν κυρίου καὶ νῦν ἰδὲ δή τὸ δόρυ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ὁ φακὸς τοῦ ὕδατος ποῦ ἐστιν τὰ πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ

'And this thing you have done is not good. As the LORD lives, you are sons of death, you who have not guarded the king, your lord, the anointed of the LORD! And now look: where is the king's spear and the jar of water that were at his head?'

Verdict and proof: 'sons of death,' and the missing tokensκαὶ οὐκ ἀγαθὸν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο
David passes sentence (υἱοὶ θανατώσεως ὑμεῖς, 'you are sons of death' — a Hebraism for those deserving death) under the oath ζῇ κύριος, then produces the irrefutable evidence: the spear and water-jar are gone from the king's head. Here both registers of κύριος meet — Saul as κύριον ὑμῶν ('your lord', human) and as τὸν χριστὸν κυρίου ('the anointed of the LORD', divine).
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὸνgoodNominativepredicate adjective (with implied copula: 'is not good')→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: 'good'; the litotes οὐκ ἀγαθόν ('not good' = thoroughly bad) is a Hebraizing understatement condemning Abner's negligence.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matterNominativesubject (the deed in question)→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / thing / matter'; renders דָּבָר, which (like ῥῆμα here) can mean 'thing/affair' as well as 'word'; 'this thing you have done' = the dereliction of the guard.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (with ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. τοῦτο): 'this'; specifies the particular failure.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of πεποίηκας)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. ὅ): 'which'; relative referring to τὸ ῥῆμα.
πεποίηκαςyou have donePerf Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (perfect of abiding guilt)→ verbal action or stateποιέω (perf. πεποίηκας): 'do / make'; the perfect stresses the abiding guilt of the accomplished negligence — its result stands as the missing spear proves.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of oath-formula→ verbal action or stateζάω: in the oath ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives'); David solemnly affirms the death-sentence verdict that follows.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (the living God invoked)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the oath-formula invokes the living LORD as guarantor of David's verdict on the guards.
ὅτιthat / surelyconjunction introducing the content of the oath→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: after the oath ζῇ κύριος, 'that / surely' introduces the asseverated verdict.
υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative ('you are sons of death')→ participant prominenceυἱός (pl. υἱοί): 'son'; in the Hebraism υἱοὶ θανατώσεως ('sons of death' = those deserving/doomed to die, rendering בְּנֵי מָוֶת); 'son of X' denotes one characterized by or destined for X; the same idiom recurs in 2 Kgdms 12:5 (υἱὸς θανάτου).
θανατώσεωςof deathGenitivegenitive of quality/destiny (with υἱοί)→ relational specificationθανάτωσις: 'putting to death / deserving of death'; the abstract noun in the genitive of the Hebraism 'sons of death'; David declares the guards liable to capital punishment for their failure.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic 2nd person plural)→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): 'you (pl.)'; the emphatic plural broadens the indictment from Abner to the whole guard.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάσσοντεςguardingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · φυλάσσωsubstantival participle in apposition to ὑμεῖς (with implied negative: 'you who failed to guard')→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω (ptcp.): 'guard'; οἱ φυλάσσοντες ('you, the guards') — ironically naming their office while indicting their failure to perform it; echoes φυλάσσεις (v. 15).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of φυλάσσοντες (Saul)→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the object of the guards' neglected duty.
κύριονlord / masterAccusativeaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (Saul as human lord)→ object specificationκύριος: 'lord / master' (human); κύριον ὑμῶν ('your lord') again designates Saul as the guards' royal sovereign — the human-master sense, not the deity.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your lord')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your (pl.)'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χριστόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χριστὸνanointed oneAccusativeaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα/κύριον ('the anointed of the LORD')→ object specificationχριστός: 'anointed one'; renders מָשִׁיחַ; the climactic apposition τὸν χριστὸν κυρίου elevates the charge from neglect of a human king to neglect of the LORD's own consecrated one — the very title that grounds David's refusal to harm Saul (vv. 9, 11, 23).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the LORD's anointed')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): here the Tetragrammaton — χριστὸν κυρίου = מְשִׁיחַ יהוה; the same word κύριος appears in two senses within one verse (κύριον ὑμῶν, human; χριστὸν κυρίου, divine), a deliberate juxtaposition of Saul's two-fold dignity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (turn to the proof)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transitional)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; with καί pivots to the demonstrable evidence.
ἰδὲlook / seeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωimperative (presentative: 'look!')→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. impv. ἰδέ): 'see / look'; the imperative summons Abner to behold the proof; distinct from the interjection ἰδού.
δήnow / indeedemphatic particle (with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic particle reinforcing the imperative ('just look!'); renders נָא.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearNominativesubject (of the implied 'where is …?')→ participant prominenceδόρυ: 'spear'; the king's spear — its absence from his head is the visible proof of the night raid.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςking'sGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's spear')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; the spear belongs to the king — its removal proves how near death he lay.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with φακός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φακὸςjar / flaskNominativesubject (the second token)→ participant prominenceφακός: 'water-jar'; the second piece of evidence, also gone from the king's head.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὕδατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive of content ('jar of water')→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'.
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb of place→ clausal contributionποῦ: 'where?'; the triumphant question — David already holds the answer; the missing objects convict the guards out of their own watch.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (of the interrogative 'where is …?')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; the verb of the locative question.
τὰthe (things)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the prepositional phrase: 'the things at his head')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/τό (nom. pl. neut. τά): the neuter article substantivizes τὰ πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ('the things that were at his head') — the spear and jar together.
πρὸςatpreposition (in idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: locative idiom 'at the head'; see v. 7.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive in the idiom πρὸς κεφαλῆς→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the place from which the tokens are now missing.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's head)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's head).
17

καὶ ἐπέγνω Σαουλ τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν ἦ φωνή σου αὕτη τέκνον Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ δοῦλός σου κύριε βασιλεῦ

And Saul recognized David's voice and said, 'Is this your voice, my child David?' And David said, 'Your servant, my lord the king.'

Recognition scene: Saul and David address each otherκαὶ ἐπέγνω Σαουλ τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ Δαυιδ
Saul's recognition (ἐπέγνω) of David's voice shifts the dialogue from Abner to the king himself. The tender vocative τέκνον ('my child') and David's deferential δοῦλός σου κύριε βασιλεῦ ('your servant, my lord the king') set the affectionate-yet-formal register; here κύριε is the human-master vocative — David addresses Saul as his royal lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέγνωrecognizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιγινώσκωmain verb (recognition)→ verbal action or stateἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize / know fully'; the intensive compound (ἐπι- + γινώσκω) denotes recognition/identification; Saul knows David by his voice across the valley — the personal turn of the exchange.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φωνήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativedirect object of ἐπέγνω→ object specificationφωνή: 'voice / sound'; renders קוֹל; the voice is what Saul recognizes; φωνή is repeated in his question (φωνή σου αὕτη).
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Δαυιδ, marking genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of possession (indeclinable, articular: 'David's voice')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: the article τοῦ marks the genitive of the indeclinable name.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Saul's question.
is it / surelyinterrogative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἦ: an interrogative/asseverative particle ('is it indeed…?'); introduces Saul's incredulous question 'is this your voice?'
φωνήvoiceNominativesubject (predicate of the verbless question)→ participant prominenceφωνή: 'voice'; the verbless 'is this your voice?' echoes Saul's near-identical words at 24:17, binding the two sparing-episodes.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your voice')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your voice').
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative (predicate: 'this is your voice')→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; the demonstrative in the recognition-question.
τέκνονchildVocativevocative of affectionate address→ direct addressτέκνον: 'child / son'; renders בְּנִי ('my son'); the tender vocative with which Saul addresses David (also vv. 21, 25) — an intimacy poignant against their enmity, recalling David's marriage into Saul's family.
ΔαυιδDavidvocative in apposition to τέκνον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: vocative ('David'), naming the one Saul addresses as 'child'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (David's reply)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces David's deferential answer.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
δοῦλόςservantNominativepredicate nominative (with implied copula: '[I am] your servant')→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders עֶבֶד; David's self-designation 'your servant' (with the deferential δοῦλός σου) acknowledges Saul's royal authority despite the king's hostility — the posture of submission that defines David's whole conduct toward the anointed.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your servant')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your servant').
κύριεmy lordVocativevocative of address (Saul as human lord)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): 'lord / master'; here the human-master vocative — David addresses Saul as 'my lord (the king)', rendering אֲדֹנִי; not the divine title but the courteous address of a subject to his sovereign.
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative in apposition to κύριε ('my lord the king')→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc. βασιλεῦ): 'king'; the vocative completing the deferential address κύριε βασιλεῦ ('my lord the king').
18

καὶ εἶπεν ἵνα τί τοῦτο καταδιώκει ὁ κύριός μου ὀπίσω τοῦ δούλου αὐτοῦ ὅτι τί ἡμάρτηκα καὶ τί εὑρέθη ἐν ἐμοὶ ἀδίκημα

And he said, 'Why is this — that my lord pursues after his servant? For what have I done wrong, and what wrongdoing has been found in me?'

David's appeal: the protest of innocenceκαὶ εἶπεν ἵνα τί τοῦτο
David's questions (ἵνα τί … ; τί ἡμάρτηκα; τί … ἀδίκημα;) form a protest of innocence: he can name no fault that warrants the pursuit. He speaks of himself in the third person as 'his servant' and of Saul as 'my lord' (ὁ κύριός μου, human-master sense), maintaining deferential distance even while pressing the injustice.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces David's continued appeal.
ἵναfor what / whyin interrogative idiom ἵνα τί ('why')→ clausal contributionἵνα: in the fixed interrogative idiom ἵνα τί ('to what end? = why?'), rendering לָמָּה; opens David's plea for the reason of the pursuit.
τίwhat / whyAccusativeinterrogative (in idiom ἵνα τί)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'what?'; with ἵνα = 'why?'
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (resumptive: 'why this — that …')→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. τοῦτο): 'this'; resumptive, pointing to the puzzling fact of the pursuit ('why this — that my lord pursues…?').
καταδιώκειpursuesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καταδιώκωmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateκαταδιώκω: 'pursue closely / hunt down'; the intensive compound (κατα- + διώκω); renders רָדַף; the present marks the relentless, ongoing chase; the same verb recurs at v. 20 in the partridge-proverb.
theNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςmy lordNominativesubject of καταδιώκει (Saul as human lord)→ participant prominenceκύριος: 'lord / master' (human); ὁ κύριός μου ('my lord') = Saul, David's royal sovereign, rendering אֲדֹנִי; David's habitual deferential reference, not the divine title.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my lord')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my lord').
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (pursuit)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; with genitive in the idiom of pursuit ('pursues after'); echoes ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ of v. 3.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δούλου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουservantGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω (David, self-referenced)→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; David again styles himself 'his servant' (third person, deferential), heightening the disproportion: a king chasing his own lowly servant.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his servant')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his servant').
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing the protest)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for'; introduces David's grounds — the absence of any culpable cause.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (object of ἡμάρτηκα)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'what?'; 'what have I done wrong?' — a rhetorical protest of innocence.
ἡμάρτηκαhave I sinned / done wrongPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb of the protest→ verbal action or stateἁμαρτάνω (perf. ἡμάρτηκα): 'sin / err / do wrong'; renders חָטָא; David's protest 'what have I done?' uses the same verb Saul will use in his confession (v. 21, ἡμάρτηκα) — David is sinless where Saul admits sin, a pointed verbal contrast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative (subject/predicate with ἀδίκημα)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'what?'; 'what wrong has been found in me?'
εὑρέθηhas been foundAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of the second protest-question (passive)→ verbal action or stateεὑρίσκω (aor. pass. εὑρέθη): 'be found'; renders נִמְצָא; the forensic passive ('what fault has been found') casts David's plea in legal terms — no charge can be substantiated against him.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in me')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in me').
ἐμοὶmeDativedative object of ἐν ('in me')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): 'me'; the emphatic dative pronoun.
ἀδίκημαwrongdoingNominativesubject of εὑρέθη ('what wrongdoing has been found')→ participant prominenceἀδίκημα: 'wrong / injustice / crime'; renders רָעָה / עָוֹן; the concrete misdeed David denies — no actionable offence exists to justify Saul's relentless hunt.
19

καὶ νῦν ἀκουσάτω δὴ ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦ δούλου αὐτοῦ εἰ ὁ θεὸς ἐπισείει σε ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ ὀσφρανθείη θυσίας σου καὶ εἰ υἱοὶ ἀνθρώπων ἐπικατάρατοι οὗτοι ἐνώπιον κυρίου ὅτι ἐξέβαλόν με σήμερον μὴ ἐστηρίσθαι ἐν κληρονομίᾳ κυρίου λέγοντες πορεύου δούλευε θεοῖς ἑτέροις

'And now let my lord the king hear the word of his servant: if God is inciting you against me, let him smell a sweet offering; but if it is sons of men, cursed are they before the LORD, because they have driven me out today, that I should not be established in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, "Go, serve other gods."'

David's plea: the two sources of his persecutionκαὶ νῦν ἀκουσάτω δὴ ὁ κύριός μου
David sets out a disjunction: if YHWH (ὁ θεός) has stirred Saul against him, let an offering propitiate; but if men are behind it, they are accursed before the LORD, for they have effectively exiled David from κληρονομία κυρίου ('the LORD's inheritance' — the land where YHWH is worshipped) into a place where one might as well 'serve other gods.' Here ὁ κύριός μου is human (Saul), while ἐνώπιον κυρίου and ἐν κληρονομίᾳ κυρίου are divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transitional)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; introduces the formal petition.
ἀκουσάτωlet him hearAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκούωthird-person imperative (deferential petition)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / listen'; the third-person imperative ('let my lord hear') is a courtly deferential form — David asks a hearing without commanding the king directly.
δὴplease / nowentreaty particle (with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: hortatory/entreaty particle softening the request ('let my lord please hear'); renders נָא.
theNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςmy lordNominativesubject of ἀκουσάτω (Saul as human lord)→ participant prominenceκύριος: 'lord / master' (human); ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς ('my lord the king') = Saul; the deferential designation of David's sovereign, not the deity.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my lord')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my lord').
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος ('my lord the king')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; in apposition, identifying Saul's office.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativedirect object of ἀκουσάτω→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying'; renders דָּבָר; here properly 'word' — the plea David asks Saul to hear.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with δούλου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουservantGenitivegenitive of possession ('his servant's word')→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; David again self-references as 'his servant', maintaining the deferential posture.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰifconditional particle (first horn of the disjunction)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the first hypothesis — that God himself has stirred Saul against David.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of ἐπισείει→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the first possible source of the persecution — if it is divinely caused, it can be remedied by sacrifice (ὀσφρανθείη θυσίας).
ἐπισείειis inciting / stirring upPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισείωverb of the first conditional clause→ verbal action or stateἐπισείω: 'shake at / incite / stir up against'; literally 'shake (something) at' someone; renders הֵסִית ('incite / instigate'); the vivid image of God provoking Saul against David — a possibility David hypothesizes but does not assert.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἐπισείει (Saul)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σε): 'you'; Saul, the one possibly being incited.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against'; the hostile direction of the incitement.
ἐμέmeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('against me')→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. ἐμέ): emphatic 'me'.
ὀσφρανθείηmay he smell / acceptAor Pass(dep) Opt 3 Sg · ὀσφραίνομαιoptative of wish (the proposed remedy)→ verbal action or stateὀσφραίνομαι: 'smell / catch the scent of'; the optative of wish; the idiom 'may he smell your offering' (cf. Gen 8:21, ὠσφράνθη κύριος ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας) means 'may God graciously accept a propitiatory sacrifice' — if divine wrath drives Saul, sacrifice can appease it.
θυσίαςoffering / sacrificeGenitivegenitive object of ὀσφρανθείη ('smell a sacrifice')→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders מִנְחָה / זֶבַח; the genitive object of ὀσφραίνομαι ('smell of'); the propitiatory offering David proposes if God is the cause.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your offering')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your offering').
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (introducing second horn)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifconditional particle (second horn of the disjunction)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; the second hypothesis — that human instigators, not God, are behind the pursuit.
υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate/subject ('if [it is] sons of men')→ participant prominenceυἱός (pl. υἱοί): 'son'; in υἱοὶ ἀνθρώπων ('sons of men'), a Hebraism (בְּנֵי אָדָם) for 'human beings / mortals' — the human agents David curses if they are the cause.
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitivegenitive (in Hebraism 'sons of men')→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος (gen. pl. ἀνθρώπων): 'man / human'; υἱοὶ ἀνθρώπων = 'mortals', the human instigators of Saul's hostility (the courtiers and slanderers).
ἐπικατάρατοιcursedNominativepredicate adjective ('cursed are they')→ participant prominenceἐπικατάρατος: 'cursed / accursed'; renders אָרוּר; the strong imprecation upon the human instigators; the same word curses the serpent and the ground (Gen 3:14, 17) and is taken up by Paul (Gal 3:10, 13).
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative subject ('these [men]')→ participant prominenceοὗτος (pl. οὗτοι): 'these'; the human persecutors pronounced accursed.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive ('in the sight of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the curse is pronounced 'before the LORD' — invoking divine sanction.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton יהוה; ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('before the LORD') — here the divine sense; the curse falls on the instigators in God's own presence.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (grounds of the curse)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the offence for which they are cursed — driving David from the LORD's land.
ἐξέβαλόνthey have driven outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωverb of the causal clause→ verbal action or stateἐκβάλλω: 'cast out / drive out / expel'; renders גֵּרֵשׁ; the instigators have effectively exiled David from the covenant land — equivalent to expelling him from the worship of YHWH.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξέβαλον→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): 'me'.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the decisive day of David's effective expulsion.
μὴnotnegative (with infinitive of result/purpose)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: negative with the infinitive ἐστηρίσθαι ('so as not to be established').
ἐστηρίσθαιto be establishedPerf Mid/Pass Inf · στηρίζωinfinitive of result ('that I should not be settled')→ verbal action or stateστηρίζω (perf. inf. ἐστηρίσθαι): 'fix firmly / establish / settle'; renders סָפַח / נִסְפַּח ('attach oneself / be joined'); the result of the expulsion — David cannot remain settled/attached within the LORD's inheritance.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
κληρονομίᾳinheritanceDativedative of place (locative: 'in the inheritance')→ sphere or referenceκληρονομία: 'inheritance / heritage'; renders נַחֲלָה; ἐν κληρονομίᾳ κυρίου ('in the inheritance of the LORD') = the promised land as YHWH's allotted possession for Israel; to be cut off from it is to be cut off from the sphere of covenant worship.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('the LORD's inheritance')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; κληρονομία κυρίου ('the LORD's inheritance') — the divine sense; the land belongs to YHWH, and exile from it is the grievance David lays before the king.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωcircumstantial participle (the instigators' words)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the participle introduces the instigators' implied taunt — to drive David from the land is tantamount to telling him to worship foreign gods.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative (the instigators' supposed command)→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; the imperative 'go!' — the instigators' dismissive command sending David into exile.
δούλευεservePres Act Impv 2 Sg · δουλεύωimperative (the instigators' supposed command)→ verbal action or stateδουλεύω: 'serve / be a slave to'; renders עָבַד; 'serve other gods' — the appalling consequence David sees in his exile: outside the LORD's land, idolatry seems imposed on him; the phrase frames banishment as a spiritual catastrophe.
θεοῖςgodsDativedative object of δούλευε ('serve gods')→ sphere or referenceθεός (dat. pl. θεοῖς): 'god'; here the false gods of foreign lands; δουλεύω governs the dative; the plural with ἑτέροις marks them as the rival deities forbidden by the covenant.
ἑτέροιςotherDativeattributive adjective ('other gods')→ sphere or referenceἕτερος (dat. pl. ἑτέροις): 'other / different'; θεοῖς ἑτέροις ('other gods') renders אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, the standard Deuteronomic phrase for the forbidden foreign deities (Deut 6:14; 11:28).
20

καὶ νῦν μὴ πέσοι τὸ αἷμά μου ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἐξ ἐναντίας προσώπου κυρίου ὅτι ἐξελήλυθεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ζητεῖν τὴν ψυχήν μου καθὼς καταδιώκει ὁ νυκτικόραξ ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν

'And now let not my blood fall to the ground away from the presence of the LORD; for the king of Israel has come out to seek my life, as the night-raven hunts in the mountains.'

Climax of the appeal: the plea against bloodshed and the hunting-proverbκαὶ νῦν μὴ πέσοι τὸ αἷμά μου
David closes his appeal with a wish (optative πέσοι) that his innocent blood not be shed far from the LORD's presence, and a proverb likening Saul's pursuit of a single fugitive to a predatory bird (νυκτικόραξ, 'night-raven') hunting in the hills — a vivid figure for the absurd disproportion of a king chasing one man's life.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transitional)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; introduces the climactic plea.
μὴnotnegative (with optative of wish)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: the negative with the optative πέσοι, forming a prohibitive wish ('may it not fall').
πέσοιmay it fallAor Act Opt 3 Sg · πίπτωoptative of wish (main verb)→ verbal action or stateπίπτω (aor. opt. πέσοι): 'fall'; the optative of wish; 'let not my blood fall to the ground' — a plea that David not die unjustly and unavenged, far from the place of the LORD's presence.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμάbloodNominativesubject of πέσοι→ participant prominenceαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; David's lifeblood; for blood to 'fall to the ground' (cf. Gen 4:10) evokes innocent bloodshed crying out for vindication — David appeals against being killed as guiltless.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my blood')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my blood').
ἐπὶto / uponpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνground / earthAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (where blood would fall)→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground / earth'; blood falling 'to the ground' is the image of violent, unavenged death; γῆ recurs from vv. 7–8, binding the spear-in-the-ground and the feared blood-on-the-ground.
ἐξfrom / away frompreposition (in idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας: 'away from / opposite')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; in the idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας ('away from the presence of / over against'); David fears dying cut off from the LORD's nearness.
ἐναντίαςpresence / faceGenitivegenitive in the idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας (substantivized adjective)→ relational specificationἐναντίος: 'opposite / facing'; the substantivized feminine in ἐξ ἐναντίας προσώπου κυρίου ('away from before the face of the LORD') — a Hebraism conveying separation from the LORD's presence/land.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive ('the face/presence of the LORD')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; renders פָּנִים; the LORD's 'face' = his presence, localized in the covenant land; to die far from it compounds the injustice David dreads.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('the LORD's presence')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton יהוה; προσώπου κυρίου ('the face of the LORD') — divine sense; David appeals to the LORD's presence as the proper sphere of his life and death.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounds of the plea)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the reason — the king's disproportionate hunt.
ἐξελήλυθενhas come outPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of the causal clause (perfect of present state)→ verbal action or stateἐξέρχομαι (perf. ἐξελήλυθεν): 'come/go out'; the perfect ('has come out and is out') depicts the king on campaign; 'the king of Israel has come out' for so paltry a quarry — the irony David presses.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἐξελήλυθεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ('the king of Israel') — the full majesty of the office set against the triviality of the prey (a single life, a flea, a partridge).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: 'Israel'; the realm whose king demeans himself by hunting one fugitive.
ζητεῖνto seekPres Act Inf · ζητέωinfinitive of purpose (the king's aim)→ verbal action or stateζητέω: 'seek'; the infinitive of purpose ζητεῖν τὴν ψυχήν μου ('to seek my life') is the sinister idiom for an attempt on someone's life (cf. v. 2, ζητεῖν τὸν Δαυιδ); the manhunt has become a hunt for David's very soul.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνlife / soulAccusativedirect object of ζητεῖν ('seek my life')→ object specificationψυχή: 'life / soul / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'to seek my ψυχή' = to seek to kill me; ψυχή recurs in v. 24 (ἡ ψυχή σου / μου), where David prays his own life be as precious to the LORD as Saul's was to him.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my life')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my life').
καθὼςas / just ascomparative conjunction (introducing the proverb)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; introduces the proverbial simile of the hunting bird.
καταδιώκειhunts / pursuesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καταδιώκωverb of the comparative clause→ verbal action or stateκαταδιώκω: 'pursue / hunt down'; the gnomic present in the simile; the same verb describes Saul's pursuit (v. 18) — David's persecutor is likened to a relentless bird of prey.
theNominativearticle (with νυκτικόραξ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νυκτικόραξnight-raven / owlNominativesubject of the comparative clause→ participant prominenceνυκτικόραξ: 'night-raven / owl' (lit. 'night-crow'); the LXX's striking rendering here (the MT reads קֹרֵא, 'partridge'); the nocturnal predator hunting in the hills figures Saul's relentless, ill-omened pursuit of a single life; νυκτικόραξ also appears in the bird-lists of Lev 11:17; Deut 14:16 LXX.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὄρεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρεσινmountainsDativedative of place (locative: 'in the mountains')→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. pl. ὄρεσιν): 'mountain / hill'; the hill-country where the predatory bird — and Saul — hunt; echoes ὄρους of v. 13, the heights that frame the whole confrontation.
21

καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ ἡμάρτηκα ἐπίστρεφε τέκνον Δαυιδ ὅτι οὐ κακοποιήσω σε ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ἔντιμος ψυχή μου ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς σου ἐν τῇ σήμερον μεματαίωμαι καὶ ἠγνόηκα πολλὰ σφόδρα

And Saul said, 'I have sinned. Return, my child David, for I will no longer do you harm, because my life was precious in your eyes this day. I have played the fool and erred exceedingly.'

Saul's confession of sin and follyκαὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ ἡμάρτηκα
Saul's reply is the emotional climax: a bare confession (ἡμάρτηκα, 'I have sinned'), a summons to return, a pledge of no further harm, and a self-condemnation (μεματαίωμαι καὶ ἠγνόηκα, 'I have played the fool and erred'). The motive — David valued Saul's life (ἔντιμος ψυχή μου ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς σου) — is repaid in David's prayer at v. 24.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Saul's confession.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἡμάρτηκαI have sinnedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (confession)→ verbal action or stateἁμαρτάνω (perf. ἡμάρτηκα): 'sin'; renders חָטָאתִי; Saul's confession echoes the identical word in David's protest (v. 18, τί ἡμάρτηκα); David found no sin in himself, while Saul confesses his own — the moral asymmetry of the chapter laid bare; cf. Saul's same words at 15:24, 24:18.
ἐπίστρεφεreturnPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωimperative (summons to David)→ verbal action or stateἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; Saul invites David to come back — an overture David does not accept; the verb of 'turning/returning' is thematically loaded (κύριος ἐπιστρέψει, v. 23; Saul ἀνέστρεψεν, v. 25).
τέκνονchildVocativevocative of affectionate address→ direct addressτέκνον: 'child / son'; Saul's tender address again (cf. vv. 17, 25), poignant in a confession of having hunted that same 'child.'
ΔαυιδDavidvocative in apposition to τέκνον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as vocative in apposition to τέκνον (indeclinable proper noun).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; grounds Saul's invitation in his pledge of safety.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακοποιήσωI will harm / do evil toFut Act Indic 1 Sg · κακοποιέωmain verb (pledge of no further harm)→ verbal action or stateκακοποιέω: 'do evil / harm / mistreat'; from κακός + ποιέω; renders הֵרַע; Saul promises 'I will no longer do you harm' — a pledge the narrative leaves ambiguous, since David never trusts it enough to return.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of κακοποιήσω→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σε): 'you'; David.
ἀνθ᾿because / in return forpreposition (in idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν: 'because')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in return for'; in the idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('in return for which things = because'), a causal connective explaining Saul's change of heart.
ὧνwhich thingsGenitiverelative pronoun (in idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): in ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because'); the relative attracted into the genitive by ἀντί.
ἔντιμοςprecious / valuedNominativepredicate adjective ('my life was precious')→ participant prominenceἔντιμος: 'honored / precious / held in value'; renders יָקָר; Saul acknowledges that his own life (ψυχή) was 'precious' in David's eyes — David's sparing of him is the demonstrable proof; David turns the very word back in v. 24 (ἐμεγαλύνθη ἡ ψυχή σου).
ψυχήlife / soulNominativesubject ('my life')→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'life / soul'; Saul's own life, which David held precious by refusing to take it; ψυχή links this verse to David's plea (v. 20) and prayer (v. 24).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my life')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my life').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in your eyes')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in your eyes').
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative in idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός (dat. pl. ὀφθαλμοῖς): 'eye'; the idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς σου ('in your eyes / sight') renders בְּעֵינֶיךָ, denoting estimation/valuation; recurs in v. 24 (ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς μου).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your eyes')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your eyes').
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal: 'this day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'this day').
τῇtheDativearticle (substantivizing σήμερον)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σήμερονtodayadverb substantivized by article (temporal: 'this day')→ noun-phrase markingσήμερον: 'today'; the articular ἐν τῇ σήμερον ('on this day') marks the decisive day of David's demonstrated restraint; σήμερον is the chapter's recurring temporal anchor (vv. 8, 19, 23, 24).
μεματαίωμαιI have played the fool / acted senselesslyPerf Mid/Pass Indic 1 Sg · ματαιόωmain verb (self-condemnation)→ verbal action or stateματαιόω: 'make/become vain, foolish, futile'; the perfect μεματαίωμαι ('I have acted as a fool / been made vain') renders הִסְכַּלְתִּי ('I have done foolishly'); Saul's stark self-judgment — his whole pursuit was empty folly; the root ματαιο- evokes the 'vanity' of idols and futile striving (Eccl 1:2 LXX).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠγνόηκαI have erred / been ignorantPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀγνοέωmain verb (self-condemnation, paired with μεματαίωμαι)→ verbal action or stateἀγνοέω (perf. ἠγνόηκα): 'be ignorant / err / sin unwittingly'; in the LXX often 'commit a sin of ignorance' (cf. Lev 4:13); here 'I have gone astray / erred greatly'; paired with μεματαίωμαι it doubles the confession of folly.
πολλὰmuch / greatlyAccusativeadverbial accusative (extent: 'greatly')→ object specificationπολύς (neut. pl. πολλά): 'much / many things'; adverbial accusative ('much / greatly'), intensifying the confession of error.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying πολλά)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly / very much'; renders מְאֹד; πολλὰ σφόδρα ('very greatly') caps Saul's confession with maximal intensity — he has erred to the utmost.
22

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν ἰδοὺ τὸ δόρυ τοῦ βασιλέως διελθέτω εἷς τῶν παιδαρίων καὶ λαβέτω αὐτό

And David answered and said, 'Behold the king's spear! Let one of the young men come over and take it.'

David's reply: returning the spear, keeping his distanceκαὶ ἀπεκρίθη Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν
David does not return in person (declining Saul's ἐπίστρεφε) but offers to restore the spear by an intermediary (εἷς τῶν παιδαρίων, 'one of the young men') — a gesture of honor toward the king's property that nonetheless preserves David's safety. The presentative ἰδού displays the spear as proof and as token of restored trust.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass(dep) Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; in the pleonastic ἀπεκρίθη … καὶ εἶπεν frame; David responds to Saul's confession.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the second verb of the speech-frame.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; David displays the spear — the proof of his nocturnal restraint now becomes the pledge to be returned.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearNominativenominative of exclamation (presentative: 'here is the spear')→ participant prominenceδόρυ: 'spear'; the royal spear, last appearing here in its chain through the chapter (vv. 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 22); David restores what he could have used to kill.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςking'sGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's spear')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; David honors the spear as royal property, to be returned to its owner.
διελθέτωlet him come overAor Act Impv 3 Sg · διέρχομαιthird-person imperative (instruction)→ verbal action or stateδιέρχομαι: 'come/go across / pass over'; the third-person imperative 'let one come across' (the same gulf David himself crossed, v. 13); David will not recross himself — an attendant must fetch the spear, keeping David at a safe remove.
εἷςoneNominativesubject of διελθέτω ('one of the young men')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; 'one of the young men'; echoes εἷς ('one [intruder]') of v. 15 — there one man breached the camp; here one young man will fetch the spear back.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with παιδαρίων, partitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίωνyoung men / servantsGenitivepartitive genitive ('one of the young men')→ relational specificationπαιδάριον: 'young man / lad / servant'; diminutive of παῖς; renders נַעַר; the king's attendants; David designates an intermediary, declining the personal return Saul urged.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβέτωlet him takeAor Act Impv 3 Sg · λαμβάνωthird-person imperative (instruction)→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω (aor. impv. λαβέτω): 'take'; the attendant is to take back the spear David had taken (ἔλαβεν, v. 12) — the restitution closing the spear-motif.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object of λαβέτω (the spear)→ participant referenceαὐτός (neut. acc. αὐτό): 'it'; the spear to be retrieved.
23

καὶ κύριος ἐπιστρέψει ἑκάστῳ τὰς δικαιοσύνας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν πίστιν αὐτοῦ ὡς παρέδωκέν σε κύριος σήμερον εἰς χεῖράς μου καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησα ἐπενεγκεῖν χεῖρά μου ἐπὶ χριστὸν κυρίου

'And the LORD will repay each man his righteous deeds and his faithfulness; for the LORD gave you into my hands today, but I would not stretch out my hand against the LORD's anointed.'

David's theology of recompense: the LORD repays righteousnessκαὶ κύριος ἐπιστρέψει ἑκάστῳ
David grounds the whole episode in divine justice: κύριος ('the LORD') repays each man's δικαιοσύνη and πίστις ('righteousness' and 'faithfulness'). The proof of David's own faithfulness is precisely the restraint just shown — the LORD delivered Saul into his hand (παρέδωκέν σε κύριος), yet David refused to strike χριστὸν κυρίου. All three κύριος here are the Tetragrammaton.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐπιστρέψει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here the LORD as the just judge who repays each according to his deeds — the divine sense; David appeals from Saul's pursuit to God's recompense.
ἐπιστρέψειwill repay / returnFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (divine recompense)→ verbal action or stateἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return / repay'; here transitive 'requite / render back'; renders יָשִׁיב; the LORD will 'return to each' his due; the same verb of Saul's invitation (ἐπίστρεφε, v. 21) now describes God's just requital.
ἑκάστῳto eachDativeindirect object of ἐπιστρέψει (distributive)→ sphere or referenceἕκαστος (dat. ἑκάστῳ): 'each / every one'; the distributive recipient — God repays every person individually according to conduct.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with δικαιοσύνας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύναςrighteous deedsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστρέψει→ object specificationδικαιοσύνη (acc. pl. δικαιοσύνας): 'righteousness / righteous act'; renders צְדָקָה; the plural ('righteous deeds') denotes concrete acts of right conduct that God rewards — David's sparing of Saul foremost among them.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his righteous deeds')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his righteous deeds').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πίστιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πίστινfaithfulnessAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστρέψει (coordinate with δικαιοσύνας)→ object specificationπίστις: 'faithfulness / fidelity / trustworthiness'; renders אֱמוּנָה; in the OT sense of loyal reliability rather than the Pauline 'faith'; God repays each one's covenant fidelity — David's loyalty to the anointed being the case in point.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his faithfulness')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his faithfulness').
ὡςas / inasmuch ascomparative/causal conjunction (the proof of David's fidelity)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / seeing that'; here causal-comparative, introducing the demonstration of David's faithfulness ('inasmuch as the LORD gave you up… and I would not strike').
παρέδωκένgave over / deliveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιverb of the ὡς-clause→ verbal action or stateπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders נָתַן / מִכֵּר; 'the LORD delivered you into my hands' restates Abishai's claim (ἀπέκλεισεν … κύριος, v. 8) but now from David's mouth as proof of his restraint — God gave the chance, David declined the act.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of παρέδωκεν (Saul)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σε): 'you'; Saul, delivered into David's power.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of παρέδωκεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; it is the LORD himself who handed Saul over (through the θάμβος of v. 12) — divine sense; David attributes the opportunity to God, not to his own cunning.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the decisive day of the test, repeated from vv. 8, 19, 21, 24.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom: 'into my hands')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom: 'into my hands').
χεῖράςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom of delivery)→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; εἰς χεῖράς μου ('into my hands') = into my power; the leitmotif of the hand (vv. 8, 9, 11, 23) — into David's hands Saul was given, yet David's hand stayed.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my hands')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my hands').
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative in force ('and yet / but') — God gave the chance, but David refused it.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἠθέλησαI was willing / I wouldAor Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb (David's refusal)→ verbal action or stateθέλω (aor. ἠθέλησα): 'wish / will / be willing'; οὐκ ἠθέλησα ('I was unwilling / I would not') marks David's deliberate, principled refusal — his restraint was a free moral choice, not mere lack of opportunity.
ἐπενεγκεῖνto stretch out / layAor Act Inf · ἐπιφέρωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησα)→ verbal action or stateἐπιφέρω (aor. inf. ἐπενεγκεῖν): 'lay / bring upon'; in the idiom ἐπιφέρειν χεῖρα ἐπί ('lay a hand against'); repeated verbatim from David's vow in v. 11 — what he deprecated then, he affirms he did not do.
χεῖράhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπενεγκεῖν→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the hand David refused to raise — the final occurrence of the hand-motif.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my hand')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my hand').
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
χριστὸνanointed oneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the anointed king)→ object specificationχριστός: 'anointed one'; renders מָשִׁיחַ; the third and climactic occurrence of χριστὸν κυρίου (cf. vv. 9, 11, 16) — the principle David enunciated is now sealed by his deed: he would not touch the LORD's anointed.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the LORD's anointed')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; χριστὸν κυρίου = מְשִׁיחַ יהוה; the divine genitive grounding the inviolability of the king — David's whole conduct vindicated as faithfulness to the LORD.
24

καὶ ἰδοὺ καθὼς ἐμεγαλύνθη ἡ ψυχή σου σήμερον ἐν ταύτῃ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς μου οὕτως μεγαλυνθείη ἡ ψυχή μου ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ σκεπάσαι με καὶ ἐξελεῖταί με ἐκ πάσης θλίψεως

'And behold, as your life was magnified this day in my eyes, so may my life be magnified before the LORD; and may he shelter me and deliver me from all affliction.'

David's prayer: reciprocal valuing of life under the LORDκαὶ ἰδοὺ καθὼς ἐμεγαλύνθη ἡ ψυχή σου
David turns Saul's own confession (ἔντιμος ψυχή μου, v. 21) into a prayer of correspondence (καθὼς … οὕτως): as he valued Saul's life, may the LORD value his. The petition closes with σκεπάσαι ('shelter') — the very verb the Ziphites used of David's hiding (σκεπάζεται, v. 1) — now asking divine protection, and a confident assurance of deliverance (ἐξελεῖταί με).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; introduces David's concluding prayer of reciprocity.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction (correlative with οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; the first member of the καθὼς … οὕτως ('as … so') correlation expressing the prayed-for correspondence between David's act and God's response.
ἐμεγαλύνθηwas magnified / esteemed greatAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μεγαλύνωverb of the καθώς-clause→ verbal action or stateμεγαλύνω (aor. pass. ἐμεγαλύνθη): 'make great / magnify / esteem highly'; renders גָּדַל; 'your life was made great/precious in my eyes' = David held Saul's life in high value by sparing it; the passive prepares the parallel wish for David's own life.
theNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήlife / soulNominativesubject of ἐμεγαλύνθη ('your life')→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'life / soul'; Saul's life, which David esteemed; the reciprocal use of ψυχή (your life / my life) is the rhetorical pivot of the prayer.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your life')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your life').
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the day of the demonstrated valuing; the chapter's recurring temporal marker.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal, with ταύτῃ: 'on this [day]')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal, with ταύτῃ: 'on this [day]').
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (with implied ἡμέρᾳ: 'on this day')→ participant reference or interestοὗτος (fem. dat. ταύτῃ): 'this'; ἐν ταύτῃ ('on this [day]') reinforces σήμερον — the decisive day; the feminine agrees with an implied ἡμέρᾳ.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in my eyes')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in my eyes').
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative in idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός (dat. pl. ὀφθαλμοῖς): 'eye'; ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς μου ('in my eyes / estimation'); echoes Saul's ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς σου (v. 21) — David valued Saul's life as Saul concedes.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my eyes')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my eyes').
οὕτωςsocorrelative adverb (apodosis of καθὼς … οὕτως)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; the second member of the correlation, introducing the prayed-for outcome for David.
μεγαλυνθείηmay it be magnifiedAor Pass Opt 3 Sg · μεγαλύνωoptative of wish (the petition)→ verbal action or stateμεγαλύνω (aor. pass. opt. μεγαλυνθείη): 'be made great / esteemed'; the optative of wish — 'may my life be esteemed great before the LORD'; David asks God to value his life as he valued Saul's, invoking the principle of recompense from v. 23.
theNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήlife / soulNominativesubject of μεγαλυνθείη ('my life')→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'life / soul'; David's own life, the object of the prayer; the reciprocity (your life → my life) is now complete.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my life')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my life').
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive ('in the sight of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders לִפְנֵי; David's life is to be valued 'before the LORD' — the divine arbiter of worth, contrasted with the human eyes (ὀφθαλμοῖς) of the first clause.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton יהוה; ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('before the LORD') — divine sense; David places his fate in God's estimation, not Saul's clemency.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεπάσαιmay he shelterAor Act Opt 3 Sg · σκεπάζωoptative of wish (continuing the petition)→ verbal action or stateσκεπάζω (aor. opt. σκεπάσαι): 'cover / shelter / protect'; the optative of wish; the same verb used of David's hiding 'with us' (σκεπάζεται, v. 1) is now turned into a prayer for divine protection — David's true refuge is not a hill but the LORD.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of σκεπάσαι→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): 'me'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεῖταίhe will deliverFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαιρέωmain verb (assured deliverance; shift from optative to future)→ verbal action or stateἐξαιρέω (mid. 'rescue'): 'take out / deliver / rescue'; renders הִצִּיל; the shift from optative wish to future indicative ('he will deliver me') turns prayer into confidence — David trusts the LORD's rescue from all distress; the same verb of God's deliverance recurs throughout the Psalms (e.g., Ps 33:5 LXX).
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξελεῖται→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): 'me'.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source: deliverance from)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: deliverance from).
πάσηςall / everyGenitiveattributive adjective (with θλίψεως)→ relational specificationπᾶς (fem. gen. πάσης): 'all / every'; 'from all affliction' — the comprehensive scope of the deliverance David trusts.
θλίψεωςaffliction / distressGenitivegenitive of source (deliverance from affliction)→ relational specificationθλῖψις: 'affliction / tribulation / distress'; renders צָרָה; the totality of David's troubles — Saul's pursuit foremost; the term carries the rich Psalmic resonance of the righteous sufferer delivered by God.
25

καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ πρὸς Δαυιδ εὐλογημένος σύ τέκνον καὶ ποιῶν ποιήσεις καὶ δυνάμενος δυνήσει καὶ ἀπῆλθεν Δαυιδ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ Σαουλ ἀνέστρεψεν εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ

And Saul said to David, 'Blessed are you, my child; you will surely do, and you will surely prevail.' And David went his way, and Saul returned to his own place.

Parting blessing and final separationκαὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ πρὸς Δαυιδ εὐλογημένος σύ
The episode closes with Saul's blessing (εὐλογημένος σύ, 'blessed are you') and a double Hebraic infinitive-absolute construction (ποιῶν ποιήσεις … δυνάμενος δυνήσει, 'you will surely do… surely prevail') foretelling David's success — an unwitting royal endorsement of his successor. The two then part: David to his way, Saul to his place — their last recorded meeting.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Saul's parting blessing.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
εὐλογημένοςblessedPerf Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · εὐλογέωpredicate participle (with implied copula: 'blessed are you')→ verbal action or stateεὐλογέω (perf. ptcp. εὐλογημένος): 'bless / speak well of'; renders בָּרוּךְ; the perfect passive participle in a blessing-formula ('blessed are you') — Saul, who has hunted David, now pronounces him blessed, an ironic anticipation of David's kingship.
σύyouNominativesubject (with εὐλογημένος)→ participant referenceσύ: 'you'; the one pronounced blessed — David.
τέκνονchildVocativevocative of affectionate address→ direct addressτέκνον: 'child / son'; Saul's final tender address to David (cf. vv. 17, 21) — their last word to each other in the narrative is one of paternal affection.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιῶνdoingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ποιέωparticiple in figura etymologica (Hebraism: 'surely do')→ verbal action or stateποιέω (ptcp. ποιῶν): 'do / make'; the construction ποιῶν ποιήσεις (participle + cognate finite verb) is the LXX's calque of the Hebrew infinitive absolute עָשֹׂה תַעֲשֶׂה ('you will surely do'), expressing certainty and intensity — David's success is assured.
ποιήσειςyou will doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (with cognate participle: 'you will surely do')→ verbal action or stateποιέω (fut. ποιήσεις): 'do'; the finite verb completing the figura etymologica ποιῶν ποιήσεις ('doing you will do' = 'you will surely accomplish'); Saul foretells David's effective action.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνάμενοςbeing ablePres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · δύναμαιparticiple in figura etymologica (Hebraism: 'surely prevail')→ verbal action or stateδύναμαι (ptcp. δυνάμενος): 'be able / be strong / prevail'; the construction δυνάμενος δυνήσει parallels ποιῶν ποιήσεις — a second infinitive-absolute calque (יָכֹל תּוּכַל, 'you will surely prevail'), doubling the prophecy of David's triumph.
δυνήσειyou will prevailFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (with cognate participle: 'you will surely prevail')→ verbal action or stateδύναμαι (fut. δυνήσει): 'be able / prevail'; completes the second figura etymologica; Saul's blessing thus closes with an emphatic assurance of David's coming power — the doomed king blessing his anointed supplanter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (narrative resolution)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενwent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (David's departure)→ verbal action or stateἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; David departs — the two part for the last time in the narrative; each goes his separate way.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςto / onpreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁδόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸνway / roadAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('on his way')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; David goes 'on his way' — into the continued exile that will lead (in the next chapter) to Philistine territory; ὁδός echoes v. 3 (ἐπὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his way')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his way').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἀνέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (Saul's return)→ verbal action or stateἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; Saul 'returned to his place' — the manhunt abandoned; the verb of return (cf. ἐπιστρέφω, vv. 21, 23) closes the episode with the two adversaries separating, never to meet again before Saul's death at Gilboa.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τόπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('to his place')→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; Saul returns 'to his place' (Gibeah); τόπος echoes v. 5 (τὸν τόπον οὗ ἐκάθευδεν Σαουλ) — the king returns to the seat from which he had set out, the cycle of pursuit closed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his place')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his place').