Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The First Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 28ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Α′ ΚΗ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

As Philistine war closes in, Saul seeks the medium of Endor and hears again the sentence of his ruin.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 1 Kingdoms 28 (= 1 Samuel 28) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is one of the most dramatically charged narratives in the Kingdoms corpus: the Philistine muster at Σωμαν (Shunem) frames a doomed king's descent into forbidden divination. The chapter opens by re-situating David in the Philistine camp under Αγχους (Achish, vv. 1–2), then reminds the reader that Samuel is dead and that Saul himself had earlier expelled the necromancers (τοὺς ἐγγαστριμύθους καὶ τοὺς γνώστας, v. 3) — a notice that sharpens the irony of all that follows. Abandoned by God, who answers neither ἐν τοῖς ἐνυπνίοις (by dreams) nor ἐν τοῖς δήλοις (by the Urim) nor ἐν τοῖς προφήταις (by prophets, v. 6), Saul seeks out a γυνὴ ἐγγαστρίμυθος ('a woman who is a ventriloquist/medium', v. 7) at Αενδωρ (Endor). The key term ἐγγαστρίμυθος (lit. 'speaking from the belly') is the LXX's standard rendering of Hebrew אוֹב, denoting a necromancer who consults the dead; the abstract dative ἐν τῷ ἐγγαστριμύθῳ at v. 8 names the divinatory practice itself. Disguised and travelling by night, Saul swears 'as the LORD lives' (ζῇ κύριος, v. 10) and demands that Samuel be raised. The woman's terrified cry on seeing Samuel (v. 12) and Saul's recognition of the ἄνδρα ὄρθιον wrapped in a διπλοΐδα ('mantle', v. 14) lead to Samuel's verdict: the LORD has torn the kingdom (διαρρήξει … τὴν βασιλείαν) from Saul's hand and given it to David (v. 17), because Saul did not execute God's wrath on Amalek (v. 18); and 'tomorrow you and your sons will fall' (αὔριον σὺ καὶ οἱ υἱοί σου … πεσοῦνται, v. 19). The chapter closes with Saul collapsing full-length in terror and exhaustion (vv. 20–23) and being fed a last meal — slaughtered heifer and unleavened bread — by the very medium he had come to consult (vv. 24–25). Note that the woman's address to Saul as 'my lord' belongs to the human master-servant register, distinct from κύριος as the divine name in vv. 6, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19.

1

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις καὶ συναθροίζονται ἀλλόφυλοι ἐν ταῖς παρεμβολαῖς αὐτῶν ἐξελθεῖν πολεμεῖν μετὰ Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν Αγχους πρὸς Δαυιδ γινώσκων γνώσει ὅτι μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ ἐξελεύσει εἰς πόλεμον σὺ καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες σου

And it came to pass in those days that the Philistines gathered together in their camps to go out to make war against Israel; and Achish said to David, 'You shall surely know that you will go out with me into battle, you and your men.'

New narrative episode (temporal-setting formula)καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις
The chapter opens with the classic LXX scene-setting formula καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ('and it came to pass in those days'), rendering וַיְהִי בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם. The historic-present συναθροίζονται and the Achish-speech re-anchor David in the Philistine camp (continuing ch. 27), framing the coming oracle against Saul with dramatic irony: the king David will succeed is mustering for the very battle in which Saul will die.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal scene-setting formula)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'become / happen / come to pass'; the impersonal καὶ ἐγενήθη renders the Hebrew narrative opener וַיְהִי, a standard LXX device for marking the start of a new episode or time-frame.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (temporal frame)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the phrase ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ('in those days') renders בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם, a loose temporal connector linking this episode to the surrounding Philistine-campaign narrative.
ἐκείναιςthoseDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέραις)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that / those'; the far demonstrative situates the action in a remembered narrative time, not the moment of telling.
καὶandapodotic καί (Hebraism: introduces the main clause after the temporal frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the so-called apodotic καί, calquing the Hebrew waw that follows a fronted temporal phrase; in idiomatic English it is left untranslated.
συναθροίζονταιgather togetherPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · συναθροίζωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateσυναθροίζω: 'gather together / muster'; the historic present (frequent in Kingdoms narrative) gives the Philistine mobilization immediacy; renders Hebrew קָבַץ.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the standard LXX rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines') in Kingdoms; the term frames Israel's enemy as the quintessential outsider.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολαῖςcampsDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp / army / battle-array'; renders מַחֲנֶה; a key word in this chapter, recurring for both the Philistine host (vv. 1, 5) and Israel's camp (v. 19).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐξελθεῖνto go outAor Act Inf · ἐξέρχομαιinfinitive of purpose (why they muster)→ verbal action or stateἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / march out'; the purpose-infinitive states the goal of the gathering — to go out to war; military 'going out' (יָצָא לַמִּלְחָמָה) is idiomatic for taking the field.
πολεμεῖνto make warPres Act Inf · πολεμέωcomplementary infinitive (purpose, with ἐξελθεῖν)→ verbal action or stateπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; renders לָחַם; the paired infinitives ἐξελθεῖν πολεμεῖν express the single military purpose of the muster.
μετὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile: 'war against')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: normally 'with', but with verbs of fighting it carries the hostile sense 'against' (a Hebraism reflecting עִם / בְּ after לָחַם).
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of μετά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the Philistines' military target.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): the standard narrative speech-introducer; renders וַיֹּאמֶר.
ΑγχουςAchishsubject (indeclinable transliterated name)→ participant identificationΑγχους: LXX transliteration of אָכִישׁ (Achish), the Philistine king of Gath under whom David had taken refuge (ch. 27); indeclinable, treated as nominative subject here.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΔαυιδDavidobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; here the recipient of Achish's address.
γινώσκωνknowingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · γινώσκωcircumstantial participle (cognate intensifier, with γνώσει)→ verbal action or stateγινώσκω (pres. part.): the construction γινώσκων γνώσει ('knowing you shall know' = 'you shall surely know') is the LXX's calque of the Hebrew infinitive absolute יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע, rendering the emphatic figura etymologica by participle + finite verb.
γνώσειyou shall knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (cognate construction: emphatic future)→ verbal action or stateγινώσκω (fut. mid. γνώσει): 'know / recognize'; the finite member of the cognate pair, expressing certainty — Achish assures David he will indeed accompany the Philistine force.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel).
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά (1st person pronoun)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): emphatic first-person pronoun; Achish stresses David's personal alignment with him.
ἐξελεύσειyou will go outFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb of the ὅτι-clause→ verbal action or stateἐξέρχομαι (fut. mid. ἐξελεύσει): 'go out (to war)'; resumes the military ἐξελθεῖν of the opening, now applied directly to David.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
πόλεμονbattleAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal of the going-out)→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; here the specific campaign against Israel.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, in apposition to verb-subject)→ participant referenceσύ: the explicit nominative pronoun adds emphasis — 'you yourself,' specifying David as the addressee.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (coordinate with σύ)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): 'man / warrior'; here David's band of fighting men who had followed him to Philistine territory.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
2

καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ πρὸς Αγχους οὕτω νῦν γνώσει ἃ ποιήσει ὁ δοῦλός σου καὶ εἶπεν Αγχους πρὸς Δαυιδ οὕτως ἀρχισωματοφύλακα θήσομαί σε πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας

And David said to Achish, 'So now you shall know what your servant will do.' And Achish said to David, 'So I will make you chief of my bodyguard all the days.'

Dialogue exchange (David's reply and Achish's rejoinder)καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ πρὸς Αγχους
David's reply οὕτω νῦν γνώσει ('so now you shall know') is studiedly ambiguous — Achish hears loyalty, but the reader, knowing David's true allegiance, hears irony. Achish responds by promising David a permanent post as ἀρχισωματοφύλαξ ('chief of the bodyguard'). The exchange closes the David-frame before the narrative pivots wholly to Saul.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑγχουςAchishobject of πρός (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΑγχους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable name).
οὕτωso / thusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτω(ς): 'thus / so'; here forward-pointing — 'in this way you will see what I will do'; renders כֹּה / כֵּן.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; the combination οὕτω νῦν heightens the immediacy of David's (ironically loaded) assurance.
γνώσειyou shall knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (assurance to Achish)→ verbal action or stateγινώσκω: David echoes Achish's own γνώσει from v. 1, turning the king's certainty back on him with double meaning.
what thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object of γνώσει / ποιήσει)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): relative pronoun 'which / what things'; introduces the content of David's promise.
ποιήσειwill doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ verbal action or stateποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the deliberate vagueness of 'what your servant will do' is the verse's ironic crux.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject of ποιήσει (deferential self-reference)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; David's self-designation ὁ δοῦλός σου ('your servant') is conventional court deference, here rich with dramatic irony given his real loyalties; renders עֶבֶד.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΑγχουςAchishsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΑγχους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of πρός (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable name).
οὕτωςso / accordinglyadverb of manner (resumptive)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: here resumptive — 'in that case / accordingly'; Achish replies in kind to David's οὕτω.
ἀρχισωματοφύλακαchief bodyguardAccusativepredicate accusative (with θήσομαι σε: 'make you chief bodyguard')→ object specificationἀρχισωματοφύλαξ: 'chief of the bodyguard / captain of the guard'; a compound (ἀρχι- + σωματοφύλαξ) reflecting Hellenistic court terminology; the LXX uses it to render the office of personal protector of the king — a position of supreme trust.
θήσομαίI will make / appointFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (double accusative: appoint X as Y)→ verbal action or stateτίθημι (fut. mid. θήσομαι): 'place / set / appoint'; with double accusative (σε … ἀρχισωματοφύλακα) it means 'appoint you as chief bodyguard'; renders שׂוּם / נָתַן.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of θήσομαι→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θήσομαι.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') is an idiom for permanence — a lifelong appointment; renders כָּל־הַיָּמִים.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: the accusative of duration expresses the permanence of David's promised post.
3

καὶ Σαμουηλ ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἐκόψαντο αὐτὸν πᾶς Ισραηλ καὶ θάπτουσιν αὐτὸν ἐν Αρμαθαιμ ἐν πόλει αὐτοῦ καὶ Σαουλ περιεῖλεν τοὺς ἐγγαστριμύθους καὶ τοὺς γνώστας ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς

Now Samuel had died, and all Israel had mourned him and buried him in Ramah, in his own city; and Saul had removed the mediums and the wizards from the land.

Narratorial flashback / background (two notices essential to the plot)καὶ Σαμουηλ ἀπέθανεν
v. 3 is a narrator's double parenthesis supplying the two facts that make the rest of the chapter possible and ironic: (1) Samuel is dead and buried at Armathaim (Ramah), so any consultation must be necromantic; and (2) Saul himself had purged the land of ἐγγαστρίμυθοι (mediums) and γνῶσται (wizards), so his own forthcoming act violates his own decree. The aorists are pluperfect-in-force, narrating events prior to the main storyline.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶnownarrative conjunction (introducing background)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμουηλSamuelsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: transliteration of שְׁמוּאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the prophet whose death (already reported at 25:1) is recalled here to set up the necromancy.
ἀπέθανενhad diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (pluperfect-in-force background)→ verbal action or stateἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the aorist here functions as an English pluperfect ('had died'), recalling Samuel's prior death to frame the scene.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκόψαντοmournedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · κόπτωmain verb (with collective subject πᾶς Ισραηλ)→ verbal action or stateκόπτω (mid. κόπτομαι): lit. 'beat (oneself) / strike the breast'; in the middle 'mourn / lament'; renders סָפַד; the middle voice denotes the self-directed gestures of mourning (beating the breast).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (object of mourning)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (object of mourning).
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (modifying Ισραηλ: 'all Israel')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς Ισραηλ ('all Israel') is a collective national subject taking a plural verb (constructio ad sensum).
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable; collective with πᾶς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable; collective with πᾶς).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτουσινburiedPres Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (historic present in a past-time context)→ verbal action or stateθάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the historic present amid aorists is characteristic of LXX Kingdoms narrative vividness.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑρμαθαιμRamahobject of ἐν (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΑρμαθαιμ: LXX transliteration of הָרָמָתַיִם / רָמָה (Ramathaim / Ramah), Samuel's home town and burial place (cf. 1:1; 25:1); indeclinable.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, appositional)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, appositional).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (in apposition to Αρμαθαιμ)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city / town'; ἐν πόλει αὐτοῦ ('in his own city') specifies Ramah as Samuel's home; renders עִיר.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second background notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliteration of שָׁאוּל; indeclinable in the LXX; the chapter's tragic protagonist.
περιεῖλενhad removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωmain verb (pluperfect-in-force)→ verbal action or stateπεριαιρέω: 'take away / remove / abolish'; renders הֵסִיר; the aorist again functions as a pluperfect — Saul had earlier purged the necromancers, making his present recourse to one a self-contradiction.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγγαστριμύθουςmediumsAccusativedirect object of περιεῖλεν→ object specificationἐγγαστρίμυθος: lit. 'one who speaks from the belly' (ἐν + γαστήρ + μῦθος), i.e. a ventriloquist whose voice seems to come from the spirits of the dead; the standard LXX rendering of אוֹב ('necromancer / one who consults a familiar spirit'); the key term of the chapter, recurring at vv. 7, 8, 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνώσταςwizardsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἐγγαστριμύθους)→ object specificationγνώστης: lit. 'knower / one who knows'; here 'wizard / soothsayer', rendering יִדְּעֹנִי ('familiar spirit / wise one'); regularly paired with ἐγγαστρίμυθος in LXX laws against divination (cf. Lev 19:31; 20:6, 27; Deut 18:11).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of separation (from the land)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ('from the land') marks the territorial scope of Saul's purge; renders מֵהָאָרֶץ.
4

καὶ συναθροίζονται οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι καὶ ἔρχονται καὶ παρεμβάλλουσιν εἰς Σωμαν καὶ συναθροίζει Σαουλ πάντα ἄνδρα Ισραηλ καὶ παρεμβάλλουσιν εἰς Γελβουε

And the Philistines gathered together and came and encamped at Shunem; and Saul gathered all the men of Israel, and they encamped at Gilboa.

Resumption of main narrative (two armies take their positions)καὶ συναθροίζονται οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι
After the parenthetical of v. 3, the narrative resumes with the same historic-present συναθροίζονται that opened the chapter, now bringing the two armies into facing positions: Philistines at Σωμαν (Shunem), Israel at Γελβουε (Gilboa). The chain of historic presents (συναθροίζονται … ἔρχονται … παρεμβάλλουσιν … συναθροίζει … παρεμβάλλουσιν) drives the scene toward Saul's fateful inquiry.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming main line)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναθροίζονταιgathered togetherPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · συναθροίζωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateσυναθροίζω: 'gather / muster'; the same verb as v. 1, framing the resumption of the war-narrative after the parenthesis.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; see v. 1; here the advancing aggressor.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιcamePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; the present advances the troop-movement narrative.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεμβάλλουσινencampedPres Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / pitch camp / draw up in battle-array'; cognate with παρεμβολή (v. 1); renders חָנָה.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place where, after verb of motion-into-position)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place where, after verb of motion-into-position).
ΣωμανShunemobject of εἰς (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΣωμαν: LXX form of שׁוּנֵם (Shunem), a town in the Jezreel valley where the Philistines mustered; indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναθροίζειgatheredPres Act Indic 3 Sg · συναθροίζωmain verb (historic present; Saul as subject)→ verbal action or stateσυναθροίζω (act. 3 sg.): now with Saul as subject, mustering Israel in parallel to the Philistine muster — the verbal echo sets the two camps in symmetrical opposition.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
πάνταevery / allAccusativeadjective (modifying ἄνδρα: 'every man of Israel')→ object specificationπᾶς: πάντα ἄνδρα Ισραηλ ('every man of Israel') is a collective idiom for the full Israelite levy; renders כָּל־אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object of συναθροίζει (collective singular)→ object specificationἀνήρ: here collective singular 'every man' = the whole fighting force of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'man of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'man of Israel').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεμβάλλουσινthey encampedPres Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (historic present; Israel as subject)→ verbal action or stateπαρεμβάλλω: the same encampment verb as for the Philistines, now of Israel — the two armies are pitched in mirror-image at Shunem and Gilboa.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (place where)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place where).
ΓελβουεGilboaobject of εἰς (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΓελβουε: LXX form of גִּלְבֹּעַ (Gilboa), the mountain where Israel encamped and where Saul and his sons would die (ch. 31); indeclinable.
5

καὶ εἶδεν Σαουλ τὴν παρεμβολὴν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἐφοβήθη καὶ ἐξέστη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ σφόδρα

And Saul saw the Philistine camp, and he was afraid, and his heart trembled exceedingly.

Consequence: Saul's terror at the sight of the enemyκαὶ εἶδεν Σαουλ
The sight of the παρεμβολή (the very word that opened the chapter) triggers Saul's psychological collapse: a double reaction ἐφοβήθη ('was afraid') and ἐξέστη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ ('his heart trembled / was beside itself'), intensified by σφόδρα. This terror is the engine that drives him to the inquiry of v. 6 and ultimately to Endor.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; Saul's seeing of the enemy host is the trigger for his fear.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcamp / armyAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / host / battle-array'; the menacing Philistine force whose sight unnerves Saul; see v. 1.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive of possession ('camp of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; the genitive specifies whose camp Saul sees.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφοβήθηwas afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (emotional reaction)→ verbal action or stateφοβέομαι (aor. pass. ἐφοβήθη): 'be afraid / fear'; renders יָרֵא; deponent passive in form; the ingressive aorist marks the onset of dread.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέστηtrembled / was beside itselfAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξίστημιmain verb (with subject ἡ καρδία)→ verbal action or stateἐξίστημι (intransitive aor. ἐξέστη): 'be displaced / be astonished / be beside oneself'; with καρδία as subject it renders the Hebrew idiom חָרַד לִבּוֹ ('his heart trembled') — a violent inward dismay.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐξέστη→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; in Hebraic anthropology the seat of thought, will, and courage; its 'trembling' signals total loss of nerve; renders לֵב.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying ἐξέστη)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very much / exceedingly'; standard LXX rendering of מְאֹד; underlines the extremity of Saul's terror.
6

καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν Σαουλ διὰ κυρίου καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ κύριος ἐν τοῖς ἐνυπνίοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς δήλοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς προφήταις

And Saul inquired of the LORD, but the LORD did not answer him — neither by dreams, nor by the Urim, nor by prophets.

Crisis: divine silence on every legitimate channelκαὶ ἐπηρώτησεν Σαουλ διὰ κυρίου
The verse states the theological heart of Saul's plight: he inquires of the LORD and receives no answer through any of the three sanctioned means of revelation — dreams (ἐνύπνια), the Urim (δῆλοι, lit. 'the clear/manifest things'), and prophets (προφῆται). This triple silence (note the threefold ἐν) is what corners Saul into the forbidden necromancy of the following episode; it also fulfils the prophetic estrangement that began at 15:26–28.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπηρώτησενinquiredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb (act of inquiry)→ verbal action or stateἐπερωτάω: 'ask / inquire / consult'; renders שָׁאַל; the technical verb for consulting God (cf. the oracular inquiry by Urim, Num 27:21).
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
διὰof / throughpreposition + genitive (means/agency of inquiry)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through / by means of'; ἐπηρώτησεν διὰ κυρίου = 'inquired through/of the LORD', i.e. sought a divine oracle.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitiveobject of διά (Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: the LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here the object of Saul's inquiry — the covenant God who now declines to answer him.
καὶbutadversative καί (contrastive: inquiry met with silence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative ('but / yet'), a Hebraizing use of waw — the inquiry is starkly answered by silence.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (negated: divine non-response)→ verbal action or stateἀποκρίνομαι (aor. pass. ἀπεκρίθη): 'answer / reply'; renders עָנָה; the negated verb expresses the divine refusal to respond on any channel.
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object of ἀπεκρίθη→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of ἀπεκρίθη.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἀπεκρίθη (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the divine name as subject; the LORD himself is the one who withholds the answer — Saul's abandonment is portrayed as God's deliberate act.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means of revelation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means of revelation).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνυπνίοιςdreamsDativedative of means (first channel of revelation)→ sphere or referenceἐνύπνιον: 'dream'; renders חֲלוֹם; dreams were a recognized medium of divine communication (cf. Num 12:6; Joel 3:1).
καὶnor / andcoordinate conjunction (listing channels)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δήλοιςthe UrimDativedative of means (second channel of revelation)→ sphere or referenceδῆλος (subst. neut. pl. δῆλα): lit. 'the clear/manifest things'; the LXX's rendering of the Urim (אוּרִים), the priestly oracular lots used for yes/no inquiry of God (cf. Exod 28:30; Num 27:21; the cognate δήλωσις renders Urim elsewhere).
καὶnor / andcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταιςprophetsDativedative of means (third channel of revelation)→ sphere or referenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; the third sanctioned medium; with Samuel dead and Saul estranged, this channel too is closed — the threefold silence is complete.
7

καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ ζητήσατέ μοι γυναῖκα ἐγγαστρίμυθον καὶ πορεύσομαι πρὸς αὐτὴν καὶ ζητήσω ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ εἶπαν οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ πρὸς αὐτόν ἰδοὺ γυνὴ ἐγγαστρίμυθος ἐν Αενδωρ

And Saul said to his servants, 'Seek me out a woman who is a medium, that I may go to her and inquire of her.' And his servants said to him, 'Behold, there is a woman who is a medium at Endor.'

Decisive turn: the forbidden recourseκαὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ
Blocked on every legitimate channel (v. 6), Saul commands his servants to find a γυνὴ ἐγγαστρίμυθος — the very class of person he had banished (v. 3). The servants' immediate answer (ἰδοὺ … ἐν Αενδωρ) shows the purge was incomplete and the king's word easily found its illicit target. The repetition of ζητέω (ζητήσατε … ζητήσω) binds the servants' search to Saul's intended consultation.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παισὶνservantsDativeindirect object (addressees)→ sphere or referenceπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / boy'; here Saul's personal retainers; renders עֶבֶד / נַעַר.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ζητήσατέseek outAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ζητέωmain verb (royal command)→ verbal action or stateζητέω: 'seek / search for'; renders בִּקֵּשׁ; the aorist imperative issues a decisive royal order to find a medium.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object of ζητήσατε→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman'; renders אִשָּׁה; the object of the search, qualified by ἐγγαστρίμυθον.
ἐγγαστρίμυθονmediumAccusativeattributive (modifying γυναῖκα: 'a medium-woman')→ object specificationἐγγαστρίμυθος: 'medium / necromancer / ventriloquist' (one who consults the dead); see v. 3; here used adjectivally with γυναῖκα — 'a woman who has a familiar spirit', rendering אֵשֶׁת בַּעֲלַת־אוֹב.
καὶthat / andcoordinating καί (purpose-result: 'so that I may go')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύσομαιI may goFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (Saul's intended action)→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; renders הָלַךְ; the future expresses Saul's resolved plan to visit the medium.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτὴνherAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζητήσωI may inquireFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (purpose of the visit)→ verbal action or stateζητέω: here 'consult / seek (an oracle) by means of'; the same verb as the command, now of Saul's intended consultation — he will 'seek' through the medium what God denied him.
ἐνof / bypreposition + dative (means: 'inquire by/through her')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental — 'inquire by means of her', a Hebraizing construction (דָּרַשׁ בְּ) for consulting through a medium.
αὐτῇherDativeobject of ἐν (instrumental)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν (instrumental).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (servants' reply)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (Hellenistic aor. εἶπαν, with -α endings): 'said'; the servants' reply.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject of εἶπαν→ participant prominenceπαῖς: see above; the servants who answer the king.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (drawing attention)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; a deictic attention-marker presenting the requested information.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject (nominative in presentative clause)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'; the medium the servants identify.
ἐγγαστρίμυθοςmediumNominativeattributive (modifying γυνή: 'a medium-woman')→ participant prominenceἐγγαστρίμυθος: 'medium / necromancer'; see v. 3; here predicated of the woman at Endor.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑενδωρEndorobject of ἐν (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΑενδωρ: LXX transliteration of עֵין דּוֹר ('Endor', lit. 'spring of Dor'), a town in the Jezreel region; indeclinable; the site of the necromancy.
8

καὶ συνεκαλύψατο Σαουλ καὶ περιεβάλετο ἱμάτια ἕτερα καὶ πορεύεται αὐτὸς καὶ δύο ἄνδρες μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔρχονται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα νυκτὸς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ μάντευσαι δή μοι ἐν τῷ ἐγγαστριμύθῳ καὶ ἀνάγαγέ μοι ὃν ἐὰν εἴπω σοι

And Saul disguised himself and put on other garments, and he went, he and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night; and he said to her, 'Divine for me, I pray, by the familiar spirit, and bring up for me whomever I name to you.'

Action: the secret night-journey to Endorκαὶ συνεκαλύψατο Σαουλ
Saul's disguise (συνεκαλύψατο … ἱμάτια ἕτερα) and night travel (νυκτός) signal both shame and the clandestine nature of the forbidden act. The two-fold request — μάντευσαι ('divine') ἐν τῷ ἐγγαστριμύθῳ and ἀνάγαγε ('bring up') — uses the abstract dative ἐν τῷ ἐγγαστριμύθῳ ('by the familiar spirit / by necromancy') to name the divinatory technique itself, distinct from the woman so designated in v. 7.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεκαλύψατοdisguised himselfAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · συγκαλύπτωmain verb (reflexive middle)→ verbal action or stateσυγκαλύπτω (mid. 'cover/disguise oneself'): 'cover completely / conceal'; renders הִתְחַפֵּשׂ ('disguise oneself'); the reflexive middle expresses Saul masking his identity to approach the medium unrecognized.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεβάλετοput onAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · περιβάλλωmain verb (reflexive middle)→ verbal action or stateπεριβάλλω (mid. 'clothe oneself'): 'put around / clothe'; renders לָבַשׁ; the middle voice marks the self-clothing in disguise.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of περιεβάλετο→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; the 'other garments' are ordinary clothing replacing the royal dress, completing the disguise.
ἕτεραotherAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἱμάτια)→ object specificationἕτερος: 'other / different'; ἱμάτια ἕτερα ('other garments') emphasizes the change from kingly to common attire.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύεταιwentPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; the historic present heightens the drama of the secret expedition.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject, emphatic)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; underlines that the king personally undertook the journey.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoNominativenumeral (modifying ἄνδρες)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the (largely indeclinable) numeral; the small escort preserves secrecy.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (coordinate with αὐτός)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; Saul's two companions on the night journey.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιcamePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come'; the present continues the vivid travel-narrative.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationγυνή: the medium of Endor.
νυκτὸςby nightGenitivegenitive of time (within which)→ relational specificationνύξ (gen. νυκτός): 'night'; the genitive of time ('by night') stresses the secrecy and ominous timing of the visit; renders לַיְלָה.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
μάντευσαιdivineAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · μαντεύομαιmain verb (request/command)→ verbal action or stateμαντεύομαι: 'practice divination / prophesy (of pagan seers)'; renders קָסַם ('divine'); a loaded term used in the LXX for illegitimate, non-Yahwistic divination (cf. Deut 18:10) — exactly the forbidden act Saul now demands.
δήI pray / nowentreaty particle (softening the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: enclitic particle of entreaty/urgency, 'pray / now / please'; renders נָא; softens the command into an urgent request.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the familiar spirit')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental; ἐν τῷ ἐγγαστριμύθῳ names the technique 'by the familiar spirit / by necromancy.'
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγγαστριμύθῳfamiliar spiritDativeobject of ἐν (instrumental: the divinatory means)→ sphere or referenceἐγγαστρίμυθος: here in an abstract/instrumental sense — not the medium-woman (as v. 7) but the necromantic practice or familiar spirit 'by which' she divines, rendering בָּאוֹב ('by the familiar spirit', cf. the same idiom in MT 28:8).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνάγαγέbring upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb (second imperative request)→ verbal action or stateἀνάγω: 'lead up / bring up'; renders הֶעֱלָה; the technical term here for raising a spirit of the dead from below — the verb dominates the raising of Samuel (vv. 8, 11, 15).
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
ὃνwhomeverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀνάγαγε and εἴπω)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. ὅν): relative pronoun; with ἐάν forms an indefinite relative 'whomever' — Saul withholds the name until v. 11.
ἐὰνeverparticle with relative (indefinite: 'whomever')→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with the relative ὅν it makes the clause indefinite/generalizing; takes the subjunctive εἴπω.
εἴπωI nameAor Act Subj 1 Sg · λέγωverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (aor. subj. εἴπω): 'say / name'; the subjunctive after ὃν ἐάν marks the as-yet-unnamed person Saul will specify.
σοιto youDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
9

καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνὴ πρὸς αὐτόν ἰδοὺ δὴ σὺ οἶδας ὅσα ἐποίησεν Σαουλ ὡς ἐξωλέθρευσεν τοὺς ἐγγαστριμύθους καὶ τοὺς γνώστας ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἵνα τί σὺ παγιδεύεις τὴν ψυχήν μου θανατῶσαι αὐτήν

And the woman said to him, 'Behold, you yourself know all that Saul did, how he destroyed the mediums and the wizards from the land. Why then are you ensnaring my life, to put it to death?'

Objection: the medium fears entrapmentκαὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνὴ πρὸς αὐτόν
The woman's reply turns Saul's own purge (v. 3) into an argument against the request: she cites what 'Saul' did — unaware she is addressing him — and reads the demand as a deadly trap (παγιδεύεις … θανατῶσαι). The dramatic irony is acute: the very decree that should have protected her now threatens her, and the king who issued it is her disguised petitioner.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: the medium of Endor, now the speaker.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; introduces the woman's appeal to shared knowledge.
δὴindeedemphatic particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic 'indeed / surely'; renders נָא; reinforces the appeal.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you yourself' — heavy with dramatic irony, since the 'you' who knows what Saul did is Saul.
οἶδαςknowPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (stative perfect)→ verbal action or stateοἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present sense); renders יָדַע; the woman assumes her visitor's awareness of the royal purge.
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of οἶδας / ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος (neut. pl. ὅσα): 'as much/many as / all that'; introduces the content of Saul's deed.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ verbal action or stateποιέω: 'do / make'; here of Saul's purging action.
ΣαουλSaulsubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: named in the third person by the woman, who does not know she addresses him — the irony's pivot.
ὡςhowconjunction (explanatory: 'namely how')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here 'how / that', specifying the manner of what Saul did.
ἐξωλέθρευσενdestroyed utterlyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωverb of the ὡς-clause→ verbal action or stateἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; an intensive LXX compound (ἐκ + ὀλεθρεύω) rendering הִכְרִית / הֵסִיר; stronger than περιεῖλεν (v. 3), framing the purge as total extermination of the necromancers.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγγαστριμύθουςmediumsAccusativedirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσεν→ object specificationἐγγαστρίμυθος: 'medium / necromancer'; see v. 3; the woman's own class, hence her fear.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνώσταςwizardsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationγνώστης: 'wizard / soothsayer'; see v. 3; paired again with ἐγγαστρίμυθος.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; echoes v. 3 verbatim, binding the woman's objection to the earlier purge-notice.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναwhyinterrogative idiom (with τί: 'why?')→ clausal contributionἵνα τί: idiomatic 'why? / to what end?'; renders לָמָּה; the woman's indignant question.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (adverbial accusative, with ἵνα)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): interrogative; with ἵνα forms the causal question 'why / for what purpose.'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic — 'why are you, of all people, setting a trap for me?'
παγιδεύειςensnarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · παγιδεύωmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateπαγιδεύω: 'set a snare / entrap'; denominative from παγίς ('snare'); renders יָקַשׁ / נָקַשׁ; the woman fears the request is a sting designed to expose and execute her.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνlife / soulAccusativedirect object of παγιδεύεις→ object specificationψυχή: 'life / soul / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'my life' — her very survival is at stake.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωinfinitive of purpose/result (the snare's aim)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; causative of θάνατος; renders הֵמִית; the purpose-infinitive states the feared outcome of the trap.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of θανατῶσαι (resumes ψυχήν)→ participant referenceαὐτή: resumptive pronoun referring back to ψυχήν ('my life').
10

καὶ ὤμοσεν αὐτῇ Σαουλ λέγων ζῇ κύριος εἰ ἀπαντήσεταί σοι ἀδικία ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ

And Saul swore to her, saying, 'As the LORD lives, no guilt shall befall you in this matter.'

Reassurance: Saul's oath of safetyκαὶ ὤμοσεν αὐτῇ Σαουλ
The grim irony deepens: Saul swears by the very LORD who has just refused to answer him (v. 6) to guarantee the safety of a necromancer he had outlawed. The oath formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') with the εἰ-construction is a Hebraism: εἰ introduces a negative oath (the apodosis being suppressed), so 'εἰ ἀπαντήσεται … ἀδικία' means emphatically 'no guilt shall befall you.'
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωmain verb (oath-taking)→ verbal action or stateὀμνύω: 'swear (an oath)'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; introduces the solemn assurance to the medium.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (pres. part. λέγων): the redundant 'saying' that introduces direct discourse after a verb of speaking; a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of oath-formula→ verbal action or stateζάω: 'live'; ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives' / 'the LORD lives') is the standard OT oath-formula rendering חַי־יְהוָה — invoking the living God as guarantor of the vow.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (Tetragrammaton, oath-guarantor)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here invoked as the divine witness of Saul's oath — a striking irony given the LORD's silence toward him.
εἰ(surely not)oath-particle (Hebraism: introduces a negative oath)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in oath-formulae, calquing Hebrew אִם, εἰ introduces an emphatic negation ('if … = surely not'); 'εἰ ἀπαντήσεται ἀδικία' = 'no guilt shall befall you.'
ἀπαντήσεταίshall befallFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαντάωmain verb of the oath-clause→ verbal action or stateἀπαντάω: 'meet / encounter / befall'; renders קָרָה / פָּגַע; with the oath-εἰ, the meaning is 'no guilt will meet/befall you.'
σοιyouDativedative (the one whom guilt would meet)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (the one whom guilt would meet).
ἀδικίαguilt / punishmentNominativesubject of ἀπαντήσεται→ participant prominenceἀδικία: 'wrongdoing / injustice / penalty'; renders עָוֹן ('guilt / punishment for guilt'); here the legal jeopardy the woman feared (v. 9), which Saul swears will not touch her.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγῳmatterDativedative of sphere ('in this matter')→ sphere or referenceλόγος: 'word / matter / affair'; ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ ('in this matter') renders בַּדָּבָר הַזֶּה; here the affair of the necromantic consultation.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying λόγῳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; pins the oath to the specific present transaction.
11

καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή τίνα ἀναγάγω σοι καὶ εἶπεν τὸν Σαμουηλ ἀνάγαγέ μοι

And the woman said, 'Whom shall I bring up for you?' And he said, 'Bring up Samuel for me.'

Dialogue: the naming of Samuelκαὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή
Reassured by the oath, the woman proceeds to business with the deliberative question τίνα ἀναγάγω ('whom shall I bring up?'). Saul at last names the one withheld in v. 8: τὸν Σαμουηλ — the dead prophet who anointed and then rejected him. The terse imperative ἀνάγαγέ μοι ('bring him up for me') drives the episode to its climax.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: the medium, now compliant.
τίναwhomAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἀναγάγω)→ participant referenceτίς (acc. τίνα): interrogative 'whom?'; renders אֶת־מִי; opens the deliberative question.
ἀναγάγωshall I bring upAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb (deliberative subjunctive)→ verbal action or stateἀνάγω: 'bring up'; the deliberative subjunctive asks for instruction — 'whom should I raise?'; the verb again carries the necromantic sense of v. 8.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing; Saul as subject)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (marking the case of indeclinable Σαμουηλ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the accusative article supplies the case-marking for the indeclinable name Σαμουηλ — 'bring up Samuel.'
ΣαμουηλSamueldirect object of (implied) ἀνάγαγε (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: the dead prophet whom Saul names; indeclinable, case shown by the article τόν.
ἀνάγαγέbring upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb (command)→ verbal action or stateἀνάγω: 'bring up'; Saul's explicit order to raise Samuel.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
12

καὶ εἶδεν ἡ γυνὴ τὸν Σαμουηλ καὶ ἀνεβόησεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνὴ πρὸς Σαουλ ἵνα τί παρελογίσω με καὶ σὺ εἶ Σαουλ

And the woman saw Samuel and cried out with a loud voice; and the woman said to Saul, 'Why have you deceived me? You are Saul!'

Climax of the raising: recognition and alarmκαὶ εἶδεν ἡ γυνὴ τὸν Σαμουηλ
The narrative leaps past any ritual: she simply sees Samuel and screams (ἀνεβόησεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ). The apparition somehow reveals her client's identity, and she rounds on Saul with the accusation παρελογίσω με ('you deceived me') and the recognition σὺ εἶ Σαουλ ('you are Saul') — the disguise (v. 8) is undone, and the king stands exposed before the medium.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see'; the woman's sight of Samuel triggers her cry and her recognition of Saul.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (case-marker for Σαμουηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαμουηλSamueldirect object of εἶδεν (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: the apparition of the prophet, seen by the medium.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεβόησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβοάωmain verb (vocal reaction)→ verbal action or stateἀναβοάω: 'cry out / shout aloud'; the compound ἀνα- intensifies; renders זָעַק / צָעַק; her scream registers shock at the apparition.
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedative of manner (with μεγάλῃ: 'with a loud voice')→ sphere or referenceφωνή: 'voice / sound'; φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ('with a loud voice') is a stock LXX phrase for a loud cry, rendering בְּקוֹל גָּדוֹל.
μεγάλῃloud / greatDativeattributive adjective (modifying φωνῇ)→ sphere or referenceμέγας: 'great / loud'; intensifies the cry.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΣαουλSaulobject of πρός (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: now named to his face — the woman addresses the king she has recognized.
ἵναwhyinterrogative idiom (with τί: 'why?')→ clausal contributionἵνα τί: 'why?'; see v. 9; here the medium's reproach.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with ἵνα)→ participant referenceτίς (τί): interrogative; with ἵνα = 'why.'
παρελογίσωyou deceivedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · παραλογίζομαιmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateπαραλογίζομαι: 'deceive / cheat / delude by false reasoning'; renders רִמָּה ('deal treacherously / deceive'); the woman charges Saul with tricking her by his disguise.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶfor / andexplanatory καί ('and indeed / for')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here explanatory — the reason for her alarm: 'and you are Saul!'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — the climactic unmasking.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (identifying)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; the copula in the recognition-statement 'you are Saul.'
ΣαουλSaulpredicate nominative (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: the predicate of identification — the disguise is now penetrated.
13

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ ὁ βασιλεύς μὴ φοβοῦ εἰπὸν τίνα ἑόρακας καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Θεοὺς ἑόρακα ἀναβαίνοντας ἐκ τῆς γῆς

And the king said to her, 'Do not be afraid; tell me, what have you seen?' And she said to him, 'I have seen gods coming up out of the earth.'

Dialogue: reassurance and the woman's visionκαὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ ὁ βασιλεύς
Saul, now named ὁ βασιλεύς ('the king') by the narrator, calms her (μὴ φοβοῦ) and asks what she sees. Her answer Θεοὺς … ἀναβαίνοντας ('gods coming up') uses the plural θεοί to render the ambiguous Hebrew אֱלֹהִים — here a numinous 'preternatural being' rising from the underworld (ἐκ τῆς γῆς), the realm of the dead. The participle ἀναβαίνοντας echoes the necromantic verb ἀνάγω of the request.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject (narratorial designation of Saul)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the narrator's switch from 'Saul' to 'the king' subtly stresses the royal dignity now exposed and humiliated before a medium.
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φοβοῦbe afraidPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibition)→ verbal action or stateφοβέομαι: 'fear'; μὴ φοβοῦ ('do not be afraid') is the stock LXX reassurance formula rendering אַל־תִּירְאִי.
εἰπὸνtellAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (command)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'say / tell'; Saul commands her to report what she sees.
τίναwhat / whomAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἑόρακας)→ participant referenceτίς (acc. τίνα): interrogative 'what/whom'; introduces the indirect question about her vision.
ἑόρακαςhave you seenPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateὁράω (perf. ἑόρακας): 'have seen'; the perfect stresses the continuing vision before her eyes.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
ΘεοὺςgodsAccusativedirect object of ἑόρακα→ object specificationθεός (acc. pl. θεούς): 'gods / divine beings'; renders the ambiguous plural אֱלֹהִים — here a numinous, preternatural being rising from the realm of the dead; the plural form leaves the apparition's nature eerily indeterminate.
ἑόρακαI have seenPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the woman's report)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (perf. ἑόρακα): 'I have seen'; the perfect again marks the vision as present and vivid to her.
ἀναβαίνονταςcoming upPres Act Part Acc Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωparticiple (predicate, modifying Θεούς)→ verbal action or stateἀναβαίνω (pres. part. ἀναβαίνοντας): 'come up / ascend'; the participle describes the apparition ascending — cognate in sense with the causative ἀνάγω ('bring up') of the request; renders עֹלִים.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of source (the underworld realm of the dead)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; ἐκ τῆς γῆς ('out of the earth') denotes the underworld/Sheol from which the dead are summoned; renders מִן־הָאָרֶץ.
14

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ τί ἔγνως καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ἄνδρα ὄρθιον ἀναβαίνοντα ἐκ τῆς γῆς καὶ οὗτος διπλοΐδα ἀναβεβλημένος καὶ ἔγνω Σαουλ ὅτι Σαμουηλ οὗτος καὶ ἔκυψεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ

And he said to her, 'What did you perceive?' And she said to him, 'An upright man coming up out of the earth, and he is wrapped in a mantle.' And Saul knew that this was Samuel, and he bowed his face to the ground and did obeisance to him.

Recognition and obeisanceκαὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ τί ἔγνως
Saul presses for detail (τί ἔγνως); her description — ἄνδρα ὄρθιον ('an upright/old man') wrapped in a διπλοΐς ('mantle', the prophetic cloak) — lets Saul recognize Samuel without seeing him himself. The recognition (ἔγνω Σαουλ ὅτι Σαμουηλ οὗτος) prompts full prostration (ἔκυψεν … προσεκύνησεν), the gesture of reverence to the very prophet who pronounced his rejection.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἔγνως)→ participant referenceτίς (τί): interrogative 'what?'; Saul asks for the form/identity she perceives.
ἔγνωςdid you perceiveAor Act Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateγινώσκω: 'know / perceive / recognize'; here 'what did you make out / discern?' — Saul cannot see the figure and depends on her perception; renders רָאָה / יָדַע.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
ἄνδραa manAccusativedirect object (of implied 'I saw / perceive')→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. ἄνδρα): 'man'; the apparition now described in human form; renders אִישׁ.
ὄρθιονupright / standingAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνδρα)→ object specificationὄρθιος: 'upright / erect / standing straight'; describes the figure rising erect; renders זָקֵן in some witnesses ('an old man') but the LXX's ὄρθιον stresses the upright stance of the ascending apparition.
ἀναβαίνονταcoming upPres Act Part Acc Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωparticiple (modifying ἄνδρα)→ verbal action or stateἀναβαίνω (pres. part.): 'coming up'; the singular now (cf. plural ἀναβαίνοντας v. 13), focusing on the one figure ascending from the earth.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of source (the realm of the dead)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth'; see v. 13; the underworld from which Samuel rises.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativesubject (of periphrastic ἀναβεβλημένος)→ participant referenceοὗτος: demonstrative 'this one / he'; subject of the descriptive clause about his clothing.
διπλοΐδαmantleAccusativeaccusative of respect/direct object (with ἀναβεβλημένος: 'wrapped in a mantle')→ object specificationδιπλοΐς (acc. διπλοΐδα): 'double cloak / mantle'; renders מְעִיל, the prophetic/priestly outer robe (the same garment Samuel wore in life, cf. 15:27 where Saul tore its hem); its presence identifies the figure as Samuel.
ἀναβεβλημένοςwrapped / clothedPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβάλλωperfect participle (periphrastic with οὗτος: 'he is wrapped')→ verbal action or stateἀναβάλλω (perf. mid./pass. part. ἀναβεβλημένος): 'throw around / wrap (a garment) about oneself'; the perfect participle denotes the settled state of being mantled; with οὗτος it forms a periphrastic description — 'he is wrapped in a mantle.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (recognition)→ verbal action or stateγινώσκω (aor. ἔγνω): 'know / recognize'; Saul deduces from her description that the figure is Samuel — recognition without his own sight.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμουηλSamuelpredicate nominative (indeclinable; 'this is Samuel')→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: the identification — 'this (one) is Samuel.'
οὗτοςthisNominativesubject of the verbless clause ('this [is] Samuel')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this (one)'; subject of the nominal clause Σαμουηλ οὗτος ('this is Samuel').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκυψενbowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κύπτωmain verb (gesture of homage)→ verbal action or stateκύπτω: 'bend / stoop / bow down'; renders קָדַד; the first of the two obeisance verbs — Saul stoops his face to the ground.
ἐπὶupon / topreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative (the part bowed: 'on his face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ('on the face') is the standard idiom for prostration; renders אַפַּיִם / פָּנִים.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of ἐπί (goal: 'to the ground')→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground / earth'; ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ('to the ground') completes the prostration gesture.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (act of homage)→ verbal action or stateπροσκυνέω: 'do obeisance / prostrate oneself / worship'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; the climactic act of reverence — Saul honors the prophet who will now confirm his doom.
αὐτῷto himDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of προσεκύνησεν.
15

καὶ εἶπεν Σαμουηλ ἵνα τί παρηνώχλησάς μοι ἀναβῆναί με καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ θλίβομαι σφόδρα καὶ οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι πολεμοῦσιν ἐν ἐμοί καὶ ὁ θεὸς ἀφέστηκεν ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐπακήκοέν μοι ἔτι καὶ ἐν χειρὶ τῶν προφητῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἐνυπνίοις καὶ νῦν κέκληκά σε γνωρίσαι μοι τί ποιήσω

And Samuel said, 'Why have you troubled me, to bring me up?' And Saul said, 'I am exceedingly distressed: the Philistines are making war against me, and God has departed from me and no longer answers me, either by the hand of the prophets or by dreams; and now I have called you to make known to me what I should do.'

Samuel's question and Saul's desperate pleaκαὶ εἶπεν Σαμουηλ
Samuel speaks at last, his opening rebuke ἵνα τί παρηνώχλησάς μοι ('why have you troubled me?') framing the raising as an unwelcome disturbance. Saul's reply lays bare the chapter's crisis from his own mouth: military peril (πολεμοῦσιν ἐν ἐμοί), divine abandonment (ὁ θεὸς ἀφέστηκεν), and the silence of every channel (prophets, dreams — recalling v. 6) — driving the desperate purpose γνωρίσαι μοι τί ποιήσω ('to make known what I should do').
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΣαμουηλSamuelsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: the raised prophet, now the speaker of the oracle of doom.
ἵναwhyinterrogative idiom (with τί: 'why?')→ clausal contributionἵνα τί: 'why?'; Samuel's reproachful question.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with ἵνα)→ participant referenceτίς (τί): interrogative; with ἵνα = 'why.'
παρηνώχλησάςhave you troubledAor Act Indic 2 Sg · παρενοχλέωmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateπαρενοχλέω: 'trouble / disturb / annoy'; renders רָגַז ('disturb / disquiet'); Samuel frames being raised as an unwelcome disturbance of his rest.
μοιmeDativedative object of παρηνώχλησας→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of παρηνώχλησας.
ἀναβῆναίto come upAor Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωinfinitive (epexegetic/result: 'so as to bring me up')→ verbal action or stateἀναβαίνω (aor. inf. ἀναβῆναι): 'come up'; the infinitive with accusative subject με explains the disturbance — 'troubled me by making me come up.'
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἀναβῆναι→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive ἀναβῆναι.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
θλίβομαιI am distressedPres Mid/Pass Indic 1 Sg · θλίβωmain verb (Saul's state)→ verbal action or stateθλίβω (pass. 'be afflicted/distressed'): 'press / oppress / afflict'; renders צַר־לִי ('I am in distress'); the present states Saul's acute, ongoing anguish.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; intensifies Saul's distress; cf. v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject of πολεμοῦσιν→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; the immediate military threat Saul cites.
πολεμοῦσινmake warPres Act Indic 3 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (ongoing hostility)→ verbal action or stateπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; cf. v. 1; the present marks the war as currently pressing upon Saul.
ἐνagainstpreposition + dative (hostile: 'war against me')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here 'against' (Hebraism for בְּ after לָחַם), the hostile sphere of the warfare.
ἐμοίmeDativeobject of ἐν (the one warred against)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): emphatic first-person pronoun.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of ἀφέστηκεν→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; Saul names his deepest crisis — God himself has withdrawn.
ἀφέστηκενhas departedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (stative perfect: settled abandonment)→ verbal action or stateἀφίστημι (intrans. perf. ἀφέστηκεν): 'stand away / depart / withdraw'; renders סוּר; the perfect denotes a settled estrangement — God has departed and remains absent (cf. v. 16).
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, elided).
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as object of ἀπό.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπακήκοένhas answeredPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (negated perfect)→ verbal action or stateἐπακούω (perf. ἐπακήκοεν): 'listen to / heed / answer'; renders עָנָה; the perfect with οὐκ stresses God's continued refusal to respond — the same silence as v. 6.
μοιmeDativedative object of ἐπακήκοεν→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐπακήκοεν.
ἔτιany longertemporal adverb (with negative: 'no longer')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; with οὐκ = 'no longer'; renders עוֹד; the divine answer has ceased.
καὶeither / andcoordinate conjunction (introducing the means)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'either'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means/agency)→ spatial or relational framingἐν χειρί: 'by the hand of' = 'through the agency of', a Hebraism (בְּיַד).
χειρὶhandDativedative of means ('by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; in the idiom ἐν χειρί ('by the hand of') it denotes agency; renders יָד.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive (the agents of revelation now silent)→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; cf. v. 6; one of the channels through which God no longer answers.
καὶor / andcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνυπνίοιςdreamsDativedative of means (second silent channel)→ sphere or referenceἐνύπνιον: 'dream'; cf. v. 6; the other revelatory medium now closed — Saul's recital echoes the narrator's notice in v. 6 (omitting the Urim he himself may no longer access).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transition to the request)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν ('and now') marks the inferential turn to Saul's plea; renders וְעַתָּה.
κέκληκάI have calledPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · καλέωmain verb (stating purpose of summoning Samuel)→ verbal action or stateκαλέω (perf. κέκληκα): 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; the perfect stresses that Saul has summoned Samuel and Samuel now stands present.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of κέκληκα→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κέκληκα.
γνωρίσαιto make knownAor Act Inf · γνωρίζωinfinitive of purpose (why Saul summoned him)→ verbal action or stateγνωρίζω: 'make known / declare'; renders הוֹדִיעַ; the purpose-infinitive states Saul's aim — to learn his course of action.
μοιto meDativeindirect object of γνωρίσαι→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of γνωρίσαι.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ποιήσω, indirect question)→ participant referenceτίς (τί): interrogative 'what'; introduces the deliberative indirect question.
ποιήσωI should doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωverb of indirect deliberative question→ verbal action or stateποιέω (aor. subj. ποιήσω): 'do / make'; the deliberative subjunctive in the indirect question expresses Saul's helplessness — he needs to be told what to do.
16

καὶ εἶπεν Σαμουηλ ἵνα τί ἐπερωτᾷς με καὶ κύριος ἀφέστηκεν ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ γέγονεν μετὰ τοῦ πλησίον σου

And Samuel said, 'Why then do you ask me, when the LORD has departed from you and has become your neighbor's ally?'

Samuel's rebuttal: the futility of asking himκαὶ εἶπεν Σαμουηλ
Samuel's counter-question ἵνα τί ἐπερωτᾷς με ('why do you ask me?') turns Saul's appeal back on itself: there is no point consulting the prophet of a God who has departed (ἀφέστηκεν, echoing Saul's own word in v. 15) and now sides with 'your neighbor' — David, named explicitly in v. 17. The clause sets up the formal oracle of judgment in vv. 17–19.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΣαμουηλSamuelsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
ἵναwhyinterrogative idiom (with τί: 'why?')→ clausal contributionἵνα τί: 'why?'; Samuel's pointed rebuttal.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with ἵνα)→ participant referenceτίς (τί): interrogative; with ἵνα = 'why.'
ἐπερωτᾷςdo you askPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateἐπερωτάω: 'ask / inquire / consult'; the same verb used of Saul's inquiry of the LORD in v. 6 — Samuel asks why Saul now consults him, when the LORD himself has withdrawn.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶwhen / andcircumstantial καί ('seeing that / when')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here circumstantial/causal — 'when / seeing that the LORD has departed'; a Hebraizing use of waw.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἀφέστηκεν (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; Samuel names the LORD (where Saul said ὁ θεός in v. 15) as the one who has turned away.
ἀφέστηκενhas departedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (stative perfect)→ verbal action or stateἀφίστημι (perf. ἀφέστηκεν): 'depart / withdraw'; echoes Saul's own word in v. 15, now confirmed by the prophet as the LORD's deliberate abandonment.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἀπό.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γέγονενhas becomePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (perfect of changed allegiance)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (perf. γέγονεν): 'become / come to be'; γέγονεν μετά ('has become with' = 'has sided/allied with') describes the LORD's transferred favor; renders הָיָה עִם.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (alliance: 'with / on the side of')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: here 'with / on the side of', expressing the LORD's allegiance to David.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborGenitiveobject of μετά (substantivized: 'your neighbor')→ relational specificationπλησίον: originally adverb 'near by', here substantive 'neighbor / fellow'; renders רֵעַ; a veiled reference to David (named in v. 17), the LORD's new favorite — the same diction as 15:28 ('he has given it to your neighbor').
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
17

καὶ πεποίηκεν κύριός σοι καθὼς ἐλάλησεν ἐν χειρί μου καὶ διαρρήξει κύριος τὴν βασιλείαν σου ἐκ χειρός σου καὶ δώσει αὐτὴν τῷ πλησίον σου τῷ Δαυιδ

And the LORD has done to you just as he spoke by my hand: the LORD will tear the kingdom out of your hand and give it to your neighbor, to David.

Oracle of judgment (fulfilment of the earlier word)καὶ πεποίηκεν κύριός σοι
Samuel announces that the LORD has now executed (πεποίηκεν) precisely what he spoke earlier 'by my hand' (ἐν χειρί μου) — pointing back to the rejection oracle of 15:27–28, where the torn robe symbolized the torn kingdom. The future διαρρήξει ('he will tear away') reactivates that very image (σχίζω/διαρρήγνυμι of the βασιλεία), and the gift to David is now made explicit by name (τῷ Δαυιδ).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεποίηκενhas donePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (perfect of accomplished act)→ verbal action or stateποιέω (perf. πεποίηκεν): 'do / make'; the perfect declares the LORD's judgment already enacted in principle — the rejection of 15:27–28 now reaching its consummation.
κύριόςthe LORDNominativesubject (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the active agent of the judgment, repeated three times in this verse for emphasis.
σοιto youDativeindirect object (the one judged)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (the one judged).
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction (correlating deed and word)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; correlates the present fulfilment with the prior prophetic word.
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of the comparative clause→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; refers to the earlier rejection-word delivered through Samuel (15:27–28).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (agency)→ spatial or relational framingἐν χειρί: 'by the hand of' = 'through the agency of'; Hebraism (בְּיַד).
χειρίhandDativedative of agency ('by my hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρί μου ('by my hand') = 'through me', identifying Samuel as the LORD's prophetic mouthpiece.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαρρήξειwill tear awayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διαρρήγνυμιmain verb (predictive judgment)→ verbal action or stateδιαρρήγνυμι: 'tear apart / rend'; renders קָרַע ('tear'); deliberately reactivates the torn-robe sign of 15:27–28 — the kingdom is 'torn' from Saul as the robe was torn; a vivid metaphor of violent dispossession.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the divine name; the LORD as the agent who tears away the kingdom.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of διαρρήξει→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship / royal rule'; renders מַמְלָכָה; the object of the tearing — Saul's dynastic claim, to be transferred to David.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
χειρόςhandGenitiveobject of ἐκ ('out of your hand')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός σου ('out of your hand') is the idiom of forcible removal of possession/power; renders מִיָּדְךָ.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειwill giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (predictive)→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι (fut. δώσει): 'give'; renders נָתַן; the kingdom torn from Saul is given to David — the positive counterpart of διαρρήξει.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (resumes βασιλείαν)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (resumes βασιλείαν).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborDativeindirect object (substantivized: 'to your neighbor')→ sphere or referenceπλησίον: 'neighbor'; see v. 16; here the recipient of the kingdom, immediately glossed by name as David.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
τῷtheDativearticle (in apposition, case-marking Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the dative article placing Δαυιδ in apposition to πλησίον — 'to your neighbor, (namely) to David.'
ΔαυιδDavidapposition to πλησίον (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: now named explicitly as the LORD's chosen successor; the 'neighbor' of v. 16 is identified — the frame of vv. 1–2 (David in the Philistine camp) closes the irony.
18

διότι οὐκ ἤκουσας φωνῆς κυρίου καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησας θυμὸν ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ ἐν Αμαληκ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα ἐποίησεν κύριός σοι τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ

Because you did not obey the voice of the LORD and did not execute the fury of his wrath upon Amalek, therefore the LORD has done this thing to you this day.

Ground of judgment (causal explanation)διότι οὐκ ἤκουσας φωνῆς κυρίου
The διότι … διὰ τοῦτο structure gives the legal rationale for the doom: Saul's disobedience over Amalek (ch. 15). The idiom οὐκ ἤκουσας φωνῆς κυρίου ('did not obey the voice of the LORD') is the standard LXX expression for covenant disobedience, and θυμὸν ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ ('the fury of his wrath') refers to the ḥērem Saul failed to carry out. The cause-effect frame seals the theodicy: the judgment is just.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
διότιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because / for the reason that'; renders יַעַן; introduces the cause of the judgment announced in v. 17.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἤκουσαςyou obeyedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (negated: disobedience)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / obey'; with φωνῆς ('voice') and the genitive it means 'heed / obey'; οὐκ ἤκουσας φωνῆς κυρίου ('you did not obey the LORD's voice') renders לֹא־שָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקוֹל יְהוָה, the classic formula of covenant disobedience (cf. 15:19–22).
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσας (what was not obeyed)→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice'; renders קוֹל; the genitive after ἀκούω in the sense of 'obey.'
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the voice Saul disobeyed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐποίησαςyou executedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (negated: failure to act)→ verbal action or stateποιέω: 'do / carry out / execute'; here 'you did not carry out the fury of his wrath' — Saul's failure to perform the ḥērem against Amalek (ch. 15).
θυμὸνfuryAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησας→ object specificationθυμός: 'wrath / fury / hot anger'; renders חֲרוֹן / חֵמָה; here the divine wrath Saul was commanded to execute on Amalek but did not.
ὀργῆςof angerGenitivegenitive (attributive/epexegetic: 'fury of wrath')→ relational specificationὀργή: 'wrath / anger'; the pairing θυμὸν ὀργῆς ('the fury of his anger') is a Hebraizing intensification (חֲרוֹן אַף), a doubled wrath-term heightening the severity of the divine command Saul flouted.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (God's wrath)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (God's wrath).
ἐνupon / againstpreposition + dative (object of the wrath)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here 'on / against', marking Amalek as the target of the wrath Saul should have executed.
ΑμαληκAmalekobject of ἐν (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: transliteration of עֲמָלֵק (Amalek); indeclinable; the nation Saul was commanded to devote to destruction (ch. 15), whose sparing of Agag and the spoil was his decisive sin.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause, with τοῦτο)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ τοῦτο: 'on account of this / therefore'; the resumptive causal phrase drawing the consequence.
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (demonstrative, with τὸ ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; διὰ τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα = 'because of this thing/matter', linking the cause (disobedience) to the effect (judgment).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matterAccusativein apposition with τοῦτο (object of διά)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / thing / matter'; renders דָּבָר (which spans 'word' and 'thing'); here 'this thing/matter', the cause for which judgment comes.
ἐποίησενhas doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the judgment enacted)→ verbal action or stateποιέω: 'do'; the LORD 'has done this to you' — the verb frames the judgment as the LORD's deliberate response to Saul's failure to 'do' (ἐποίησας) his command.
κύριόςthe LORDNominativesubject (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the agent of the present judgment.
σοιto youDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on this day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ('this day') renders בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה; locates the judgment's enactment in the present crisis.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; pins the fulfilment to the very day of the consultation.
19

καὶ παραδώσει κύριος τὸν Ισραηλ μετὰ σοῦ εἰς χεῖρας ἀλλοφύλων καὶ αὔριον σὺ καὶ οἱ υἱοί σου μετὰ σοῦ πεσοῦνται καὶ τὴν παρεμβολὴν Ισραηλ δώσει κύριος εἰς χεῖρας ἀλλοφύλων

And the LORD will hand Israel over with you into the hands of the Philistines; and tomorrow you and your sons with you will fall; and the camp of Israel the LORD will give into the hands of the Philistines.

Climactic verdict: defeat and death tomorrowκαὶ παραδώσει κύριος τὸν Ισραηλ
The oracle reaches its devastating climax in three future-tense pronouncements bracketed by the repeated εἰς χεῖρας ἀλλοφύλων ('into the hands of the Philistines'): national defeat (παραδώσει … τὸν Ισραηλ), Saul's and his sons' death αὔριον ('tomorrow', the verse's chilling pivot), and the surrender of Israel's camp (παρεμβολή, the word that opened the chapter, v. 1). The personal doom σὺ καὶ οἱ υἱοί σου … πεσοῦνται is fulfilled at Gilboa in ch. 31.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραδώσειwill hand overFut Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (predictive judgment)→ verbal action or stateπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up / betray'; renders נָתַן בְּיַד ('give into the hand'); the technical term for delivering a people to their enemies in divine judgment.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD as the agent who hands Israel over.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (case-marking Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of παραδώσει (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the nation, handed over to defeat; case shown by the article τόν.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά (Saul shares Israel's fate)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): 'you'; μετὰ σοῦ ('with you') binds Saul's personal doom to the national defeat.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of εἰς ('into the hands of')→ object specificationχείρ (acc. pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; εἰς χεῖρας ('into the hands of') = into the power of; renders בְּיַד; the idiom of military subjugation, repeated at verse end.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the PhilistinesGenitivegenitive of possession ('hands of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; the enemy into whose power Israel is delivered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὔριονtomorrowtemporal adverb (the day of doom)→ clausal contributionαὔριον: 'tomorrow'; renders מָחָר; the single most chilling word of the oracle — the death of Saul and his sons is set for the very next day.
σὺyouNominativesubject of πεσοῦνται (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — Saul personally named for death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοίsonsNominativesubject (coordinate with σύ)→ participant prominenceυἱοί: meaning 'sons'; it serves as subject (coordinate with σύ).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): μετὰ σοῦ ('with you') stresses that the sons will share their father's death.
πεσοῦνταιwill fallFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb (predictive: death in battle)→ verbal action or stateπίπτω (fut. mid. πεσοῦνται): 'fall'; renders נָפַל; in military idiom 'fall' = 'die in battle'; the future seals the doom of Saul and his house.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcamp / armyAccusativedirect object of δώσει (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / army'; the same word that opened the chapter (vv. 1, 5) — Israel's host, now consigned to the enemy; its fronting underscores the totality of the defeat.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'camp of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: 'of Israel'; specifies whose camp is given over.
δώσειwill giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (predictive)→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι (fut. δώσει): 'give / hand over'; parallels παραδώσει at the verse's head, forming an envelope around the death-prophecy.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD repeated as the sovereign agent of the whole catastrophe.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of εἰς ('into the hands of')→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the repeated εἰς χεῖρας ἀλλοφύλων frames the verse, hammering home the surrender of Israel into Philistine power.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the PhilistinesGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; the final word of the oracle of doom — Israel's enemy as the instrument of judgment.
20

καὶ ἔσπευσεν Σαουλ καὶ ἔπεσεν ἑστηκὼς ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐφοβήθη σφόδρα ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων Σαμουηλ καὶ ἰσχὺς ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἦν ἔτι οὐ γὰρ ἔφαγεν ἄρτον ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν καὶ ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ἐκείνην

And Saul hurried and fell his full length upon the ground, and he was greatly afraid because of Samuel's words; and there was no strength left in him, for he had eaten no bread all that day and all that night.

Aftermath: Saul's physical collapseκαὶ ἔσπευσεν Σαουλ
The oracle delivered, the narrative turns to its bodily effect. Saul, who had bowed in homage (v. 14), now falls his full length (ἔπεσεν ἑστηκώς — a startled drop, prostrate at full stature) in renewed terror (ἐφοβήθη σφόδρα, echoing v. 5). The narrator supplies the physiological cause (γάρ): a full day and night of fasting has drained his strength (ἰσχὺς … οὐκ ἦν), preparing for the meal of vv. 22–25.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσπευσενhurriedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπεύδωmain verb→ verbal action or stateσπεύδω: 'hasten / hurry / be startled into sudden action'; renders מָהַר; here of Saul's abrupt, terror-driven collapse — he 'hurried' to the ground (cf. v. 21, where the same verb describes his being 'greatly hurried/terrified').
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable name).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (collapse)→ verbal action or stateπίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; the same verb prophesied of Saul's death (πεσοῦνται, v. 19) — his collapse foreshadows his fall in battle.
ἑστηκὼςhis full lengthPerf Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ἵστημιcircumstantial participle (manner: 'at full stature')→ verbal action or stateἵστημι (perf. act. part. ἑστηκώς, 'standing'): here ἔπεσεν ἑστηκώς = 'he fell (at) full length / full-stretched', rendering וַיִּפֹּל מְלֹא־קוֹמָתוֹ ('he fell the fullness of his stature') — Saul drops headlong, his whole tall frame (cf. 10:23) prostrate on the ground.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of ἐπί ('upon the ground')→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground / earth'; the place of Saul's collapse.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφοβήθηwas afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (emotional reaction)→ verbal action or stateφοβέομαι: 'be afraid'; echoes v. 5 — Saul's terror at the Philistine host is now redoubled by Samuel's words.
σφόδραgreatlyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; intensifies the fear; the recurring intensifier of the chapter (vv. 5, 15, 21).
ἀπὸbecause ofpreposition + genitive (cause)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + gen.: here causal — 'because of / on account of'; a Hebraizing use (מִן) marking the source of the fear.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνwordsGenitiveobject of ἀπό (cause of fear)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word'; the words of Samuel — the death-oracle — that crushed Saul; renders דָּבָר.
Σαμουηλof Samuelgenitive of source (indeclinable: 'words of Samuel')→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: the speaker of the doom; case shown by context.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰσχὺςstrengthNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: 'strength / might'; renders כֹּחַ; its absence (οὐκ ἦν) marks Saul's total physical depletion.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in him')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in him').
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (negated: 'there was no strength')→ participant referenceεἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; the imperfect describes Saul's ongoing state of exhaustion.
ἔτιany longertemporal adverb (with negative: 'no longer')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; with οὐκ = 'no longer'; his strength was now wholly spent.
οὐnotnegative particle (with γάρ-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive, giving the reason)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for / because'; introduces the narrator's explanation of Saul's weakness — his fasting.
ἔφαγενhad eatenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb of the γάρ-clause (negated)→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω (aor. ἔφαγεν): 'eat'; renders אָכַל; the negated aorist functions as a pluperfect — Saul had not eaten, explaining his collapse.
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of ἔφαγεν→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / food'; renders לֶחֶם; 'had eaten no bread' = had taken no food at all.
ὅληνall / wholeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέραν)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ('the whole day') is accusative of extent — the full duration of his fast.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of duration measures the length of the fast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅληνall / wholeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying νύκτα)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole'; ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ('the whole night') extends the fast through the night of the journey.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationνύξ: 'night'; the night of the secret journey to Endor (cf. νυκτός, v. 8).
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying νύκτα)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; specifies the particular fateful night.
21

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ἡ γυνὴ πρὸς Σαουλ καὶ εἶδεν ὅτι ἔσπευσεν σφόδρα καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν ἰδοὺ δὴ ἤκουσεν ἡ δούλη σου τῆς φωνῆς σου καὶ ἐθέμην τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐν τῇ χειρί μου καὶ ἤκουσα τοὺς λόγους οὓς ἐλάλησάς μοι

And the woman came to Saul and saw that he was greatly terrified, and she said to him, 'Behold, your servant has obeyed your voice, and I have taken my life in my hand and have heeded the words you spoke to me.'

The woman's intervention: appeal to reciprocityκαὶ εἰσῆλθεν ἡ γυνὴ πρὸς Σαουλ
The medium returns to the foreground as caretaker. Seeing Saul's terror (ἔσπευσεν σφόδρα, echoing v. 20), she builds an argument from reciprocity: she obeyed his voice (ἤκουσεν … τῆς φωνῆς σου) at mortal risk (ἐθέμην τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐν τῇ χειρί μου, the idiom 'to take one's life in one's hand'), so now he should heed hers (v. 22). Her self-designation ἡ δούλη σου ('your servant') belongs to the human deference register.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενcame inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (entry)→ verbal action or stateεἰσέρχομαι: 'come in / enter'; renders בּוֹא; the woman approaches the prostrate king.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: the medium, now acting as host and caretaker.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣαουλSaulobject of πρός (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable name).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see'; she perceives Saul's state of collapse.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσπευσενwas terrifiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπεύδωverb of the ὅτι-clause→ verbal action or stateσπεύδω: here in the sense 'be thrown into agitation / be terrified' (the same verb as v. 20); the woman sees that Saul is utterly overcome.
σφόδραgreatlyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; intensifies Saul's agitation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; introduces her appeal.
δὴnow / indeedentreaty particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: 'now / indeed / pray'; renders נָא; lends urgency to the appeal.
ἤκουσενhas obeyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (with subject ἡ δούλη)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / obey'; with the genitive φωνῆς ('voice') it means 'obey'; the woman stresses her compliance with Saul's command — the basis for her counter-request.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληservantNominativesubject of ἤκουσεν (deferential self-reference)→ participant prominenceδούλη: 'female servant / handmaid'; renders שִׁפְחָה; the woman's deferential self-designation ἡ δούλη σου ('your servant') — court-style humility addressed to the king.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν ('obeyed your voice')→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice'; ἤκουσεν τῆς φωνῆς σου ('obeyed your voice') — pointed diction, since Saul's doom came precisely because he did NOT 'obey the voice of the LORD' (v. 18); the medium did what the king failed to do.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθέμηνI have put / takenAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (idiomatic)→ verbal action or stateτίθημι (mid. ἐθέμην): 'place / put'; ἐθέμην τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐν τῇ χειρί μου ('I put my life in my hand') is the Hebraic idiom שִׂים נֶפֶשׁ בְּכַף ('to risk one's life'); the medium claims to have staked her life by complying.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἐθέμην→ object specificationψυχή: 'life / soul'; here 'my life' — what she risked; renders נֶפֶשׁ.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, idiomatic)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, idiomatic).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativeobject of ἐν (idiom: 'in my hand' = at risk)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; in the idiom 'put one's life in one's hand' it denotes exposure to mortal danger.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσαI have heededAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (compliance)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / heed / obey'; the woman reiterates her obedience, now with the words (λόγους) Saul spoke as the object.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσα→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; the commands Saul gave her (vv. 8, 11); renders דָּבָר.
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησας)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. pl. οὕς): relative pronoun; introduces the clause specifying the words.
ἐλάλησάςyou spokeAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; refers to Saul's earlier instructions to the medium.
μοιto meDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
22

καὶ νῦν ἄκουσον δὴ φωνῆς τῆς δούλης σου καὶ παραθήσω ἐνώπιόν σου ψωμὸν ἄρτου καὶ φάγε καὶ ἔσται ἐν σοὶ ἰσχύς ὅτι πορεύσῃ ἐν ὁδῷ

Now therefore, listen, I pray, to the voice of your servant, and let me set before you a morsel of bread, and eat, so that there may be strength in you, for you will go on your way.

The request: reciprocal obedience and a mealκαὶ νῦν ἄκουσον δὴ φωνῆς τῆς δούλης σου
The καὶ νῦν ('now therefore') draws the practical consequence: as she obeyed his voice (v. 21), let him now obey hers (ἄκουσον … φωνῆς τῆς δούλης σου). The offered ψωμὸς ἄρτου ('morsel of bread') answers exactly the ἰσχύς (strength) Saul lacks (v. 20); the purpose ἔσται ἐν σοὶ ἰσχύς and the journey (πορεύσῃ ἐν ὁδῷ) frame the meal as restorative provision for the road back.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (inferential with νῦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (inferential: 'now therefore')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: καὶ νῦν ('now therefore') draws the practical inference from v. 21; renders וְעַתָּה.
ἄκουσονlistenAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (entreaty)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / heed / obey'; ἄκουσον φωνῆς ('obey the voice') — the woman asks Saul to reciprocate the obedience she gave him; a deliberate inversion of the obedience-language of vv. 18, 21.
δὴI prayentreaty particle (softening the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: 'pray / now'; renders נָא; softens the command into a respectful plea to the king.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἄκουσον→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice'; the object of obedience requested — her voice this time.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληςservantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your servant's voice')→ relational specificationδούλη: 'handmaid / servant'; see v. 21; her humble self-reference.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence: 'and let me set')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραθήσωlet me set beforeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παρατίθημιmain verb (offer of food; volitive future)→ verbal action or stateπαρατίθημι: 'set before / serve (food)'; renders שׂוּם / נָתַן לִפְנֵי; the technical term for serving a meal; the future expresses her intention/offer.
ἐνώπιόνbeforepreposition + genitive (in front of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; here 'set before you.'
σουyouGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐνώπιον.
ψωμὸνmorselAccusativedirect object of παραθήσω→ object specificationψωμός: 'morsel / bit / mouthful'; renders פַּת; a small piece of bread, all that is needed to restore some strength.
ἄρτουof breadGenitivegenitive of material ('morsel of bread')→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread'; cf. v. 20 (the bread Saul had not eaten); the genitive specifies the morsel's substance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεeatAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (imperative)→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω (aor. impv. φάγε): 'eat'; renders אָכַל; the direct invitation to take food.
καὶso that / andresult/purpose καί ('so that there may be')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here result/purpose — 'and (so) there will be strength in you'; a Hebraizing coordination expressing consequence.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicted result)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the future predicts the restorative effect of eating — strength returning to Saul.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σοὶyouDativeobject of ἐν ('in you')→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν ('in you').
ἰσχύςstrengthNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: 'strength'; deliberately answers the ἰσχύς … οὐκ ἦν of v. 20 — the meal will restore what fear and fasting drained.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; gives the reason strength is needed — the journey ahead.
πορεύσῃyou will goFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of the causal clause→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; cf. v. 7; Saul must travel back (to face the doom announced) — the meal is provision for the road.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'on the way').
ὁδῷway / journeyDativeobject of ἐν ('on a/the way')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the return road Saul must travel.
23

καὶ οὐκ ἐβουλήθη φαγεῖν καὶ παρεβιάζοντο αὐτὸν οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ γυνή καὶ ἤκουσεν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτῶν καὶ ἀνέστη ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τὸν δίφρον

But he refused and would not eat; and his servants, together with the woman, pressed him, and he heeded their voice and rose from the ground and sat on the couch.

Resolution: Saul yields and risesκαὶ οὐκ ἐβουλήθη φαγεῖν
Saul's initial refusal (οὐκ ἐβουλήθη φαγεῖν) gives way under the combined pressure of his servants and the woman (παρεβιάζοντο, imperfect of sustained urging). His yielding is described with the very obedience-verb of the preceding verses (ἤκουσεν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτῶν, 'heeded their voice'), and he rises from the ground where he had collapsed (v. 20) to sit on the δίφρος ('couch / seat') — a movement from prostration back to upright posture for the meal.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶbutadversative καί (refusal against the appeal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative ('but'), marking Saul's refusal against the woman's plea.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐβουλήθηwould / was willingAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βούλομαιmain verb (negated: refusal)→ verbal action or stateβούλομαι (aor. pass. ἐβουλήθη): 'wish / want / be willing'; οὐκ ἐβουλήθη ('he was not willing / refused') renders וַיְמָאֵן; Saul's despondent refusal to eat.
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐβουλήθη)→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω (aor. inf. φαγεῖν): 'eat'; the complement of his refusal.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεβιάζοντοpressed / urgedImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραβιάζομαιmain verb (imperfect of sustained urging)→ verbal action or stateπαραβιάζομαι: 'press / constrain / urge strongly'; renders פָּצַר; the imperfect depicts repeated, insistent pressure until Saul relents (cf. the same verb of urging hospitality at Gen 19:3; Luke 24:29).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of παρεβιάζοντο→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρεβιάζοντο.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject of παρεβιάζοντο→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant'; Saul's two companions (v. 8), now urging him to eat.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativesubject (coordinate with οἱ παῖδες)→ participant prominenceγυνή: the medium, joining the servants in urging the king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (yielding)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / heed / obey'; ἤκουσεν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτῶν ('he heeded their voice') — Saul finally obeys, the same obedience-idiom that runs through vv. 18, 21, 22; the once-disobedient king yields to his servants and a medium.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice'; the voice he now obeys.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (rising)→ verbal action or stateἀνίστημι (intrans. aor. ἀνέστη): 'rise / stand up'; renders קוּם; Saul rises from the ground where he had fallen (v. 20).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςgroundGenitivegenitive of separation ('from the ground')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'ground'; the place of his collapse, now left behind as he rises.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενsatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (sitting)→ verbal action or stateκαθίζω: 'sit down / seat oneself'; renders יָשַׁב; Saul takes his place to eat — restored from prostration to a seated posture.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίφρονcouch / seatAccusativeobject of ἐπί ('on the couch')→ object specificationδίφρος: 'seat / couch / stool' (originally a chariot-board, then a seat); renders מִטָּה ('bed / couch') here; the seat on which Saul reclines/sits for the meal.
24

καὶ τῇ γυναικὶ ἦν δάμαλις νομὰς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ καὶ ἔσπευσεν καὶ ἔθυσεν αὐτὴν καὶ ἔλαβεν ἄλευρα καὶ ἐφύρασεν καὶ ἔπεψεν ἄζυμα

And the woman had a fattened heifer in the house, and she hurried and slaughtered it; and she took flour and kneaded it and baked unleavened bread.

Hospitality: the medium prepares a mealκαὶ τῇ γυναικὶ ἦν δάμαλις νομὰς
The chapter's grim coda turns to generous hospitality. The medium, possessing a δάμαλις νομάς ('a stall-fed/fattened heifer'), hastens (ἔσπευσεν, the chapter's recurring verb of haste) to slaughter it and bake ἄζυμα ('unleavened bread') — a swift, lavish meal recalling Abraham's hospitality (Gen 18:6–7). The string of aorists (ἔθυσεν … ἔλαβεν … ἐφύρασεν … ἔπεψεν) conveys brisk, complete preparation.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing background)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὶwomanDativedative of possession ('the woman had')→ sphere or referenceγυνή (dat. γυναικί): 'woman'; the dative of possession with ἦν — 'the woman had a heifer.'
ἦνwas / hadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existence/possession)→ participant referenceεἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; with the dative of possession, 'there was to the woman' = 'the woman had.'
δάμαλιςheifer / calfNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceδάμαλις: 'heifer / young cow'; renders עֵגֶל ('calf'); the animal the woman possesses for the meal.
νομὰςfattened / stall-fedNominativeattributive adjective (modifying δάμαλις)→ participant prominenceνομάς (gen. νομάδος): 'feeding / grazing / stall-fed'; renders מַרְבֵּק ('fattened, stall-fed'); δάμαλις νομάς = 'a fatted calf', the choicest, most generous offering of hospitality.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative of place ('in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house / household'; renders בַּיִת; the heifer is at hand in the home, enabling a swift meal.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσπευσενhurriedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπεύδωmain verb (haste)→ verbal action or stateσπεύδω: 'hasten'; cf. vv. 20–21; here the woman's eager haste to provide hospitality (echoing Abraham's haste, Gen 18:6–7).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθυσενslaughteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θύωmain verb→ verbal action or stateθύω: 'sacrifice / slaughter (for food)'; renders זָבַח / טָבַח; here ordinary slaughter for a meal, not cultic sacrifice.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (the heifer)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the heifer).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take'; renders לָקַח; she takes flour to make bread.
ἄλευραflourAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἄλευρον (pl. ἄλευρα): 'wheat flour / meal'; renders קֶמַח; the raw material for the bread.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφύρασενkneadedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φυράωmain verb→ verbal action or stateφυράω: 'mix / knead (dough)'; renders לוּשׁ; the step of preparing the dough.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεψενbakedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πέσσωmain verb→ verbal action or stateπέσσω (aor. ἔπεψεν): 'cook / bake'; renders אָפָה; completes the bread-making; the chain of aorists conveys the brisk, full preparation of the meal.
ἄζυμαunleavened breadAccusativedirect object of ἔπεψεν→ object specificationἄζυμος (neut. pl. ἄζυμα): 'unleavened (bread)'; renders מַצּוֹת; unleavened cakes are baked quickly, suited to the urgency of the night — the haste of the hospitality matches the bread's nature.
25

καὶ προσήγαγεν ἐνώπιον Σαουλ καὶ ἐνώπιον τῶν παίδων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔφαγον καὶ ἀνέστησαν καὶ ἀπῆλθον τὴν νύκτα ἐκείνην

And she brought it before Saul and before his servants, and they ate; then they rose up and departed that same night.

Closure: the meal eaten and the night departureκαὶ προσήγαγεν ἐνώπιον Σαουλ
The chapter ends with quiet, ominous finality. The woman serves the meal (προσήγαγεν) before Saul and his men; they eat, rise (ἀνέστησαν, completing the rise-from-the-ground of v. 23), and depart 'that same night' (τὴν νύκτα ἐκείνην) — back into the darkness toward Gilboa and the doom Samuel pronounced. The closing repetition of 'that night' frames the whole episode within a single night of terror, mirroring the night-arrival of v. 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήγαγενbrought / servedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (serving the meal)→ verbal action or stateπροσάγω: 'bring to / present / set before'; renders הִגִּישׁ; the woman serves the prepared food to Saul and his men.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in front of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; 'set before Saul.'
ΣαουλSaulobject of ἐνώπιον (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἐνώπιον (indeclinable name).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (second occurrence)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: repeated for the servants — 'and before his servants.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservantsGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationπαῖς: 'servant'; Saul's two companions, who share the meal.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφαγονthey ateAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω (aor. ἔφαγον): 'eat'; Saul at last takes food (cf. his refusal, v. 23), restoring the strength he lacked (v. 20).
καὶand / thennarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστησανrose upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνίστημιmain verb (rising to depart)→ verbal action or stateἀνίστημι (intrans. aor. ἀνέστησαν): 'rise / get up'; cf. ἀνέστη (v. 23); they rise to leave, the meal finished.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθονdepartedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (departure)→ verbal action or stateἀπέρχομαι (aor. ἀπῆλθον): 'go away / depart'; renders הָלַךְ; Saul and his men leave Endor — back toward the battlefield and the prophesied doom.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of time (within which: 'that night')→ object specificationνύξ: 'night'; τὴν νύκτα ἐκείνην ('that same night') closes the episode within the single fateful night, echoing νυκτός (v. 8) and ὅλην τὴν νύκτα (v. 20).
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying νύκτα)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; pins the departure to the same night of the consultation — the dark frame within which Saul's last hope expired.