2 Chronicles 13 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

ἐν τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας Ιεροβοαμ ἐβασίλευσεν Αβια ἐπὶ Ιουδαν

In the eighteenth year of Jeroboam's reign, Abijah began to reign over Judah.

Abijah’s accession datedἐν τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ

The conflict with Jeroboam is anchored in synchronized regnal time. Chronicles situates the war inside the already fractured political order.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳeighteenthA1 DSN · ὀκτωκαιδέκατοςattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει: 'eighteenth year')ὀκτωκαιδέκατος: meaning 'eighteenth'; it serves as attributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει: 'eighteenth year').

ἔτειyearsN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative complement→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as dative complement.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

ΙεροβοαμJeroboamN GSM · Ιεροβοαμproper-name item in the genealogical chainΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.

ἐβασίλευσενreignedVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωmain verb of regnal-duration summary→ constative aorist (regnal summary)βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of regnal-duration summary.

ΑβιαAbiaN NSM · Αβιαname-item in the genealogical registerΑβια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.

ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.

2

ἔτη τρία ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ Μααχα θυγάτηρ Ουριηλ ἀπὸ Γαβαων καὶ πόλεμος ἦν ἀνὰ μέσον Αβια καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Ιεροβοαμ

He reigned three years in Jerusalem; his mother's name was Maacah daughter of Uriel of Gibeon. And there was war between Abijah and Jeroboam.

Brief reign introduced under the sign of warἔτη τρία ἐβασίλευσεν

The formula moves quickly from family data to conflict. Abijah’s short reign is defined here by military opposition to the north.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ object specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.

τρίαthreeA3 APN · τρεῖςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ measure or countτρία: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.

ἐβασίλευσενreignedVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωmain verb of regnal-duration summary→ constative aorist (regnal summary)βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of regnal-duration summary.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαhead noun in a naming formula→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as head noun in a naming formula.

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μητρὶmotherN3 DSF · μήτηρcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.

ΜααχαMaachaN NSF · Μααχαgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Maacha')Μααχα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Maacha').

θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

ΟυριηλUrielN GSM · Ουριηλname-item in the genealogical registerΟυριηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.

ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.

ΓαβαωνGibeonN GS · Γαβαωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΓαβαων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πόλεμοςwarN2 NSM · πόλεμοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.

ἀνὰup / throughoutP · ἀνάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνὰ: meaning 'up'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.

μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

ΑβιαAbijahN GSM · Αβιαdirect object of ἔτεκεν (indeclinable; the child)Αβια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἔτεκεν (indeclinable; the child).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνὰup / throughoutP · ἀνάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνὰ: meaning 'up'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.

μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

ΙεροβοαμJeroboamN GSM · Ιεροβοαμproper-name item in the genealogical chainΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.

3

καὶ παρετάξατο Αβια τὸν πόλεμον ἐν δυνάμει πολεμισταῖς δυνάμεως τετρακοσίαις χιλιάσιν ἀνδρῶν δυνατῶν καὶ Ιεροβοαμ παρετάξατο πρὸς αὐτὸν πόλεμον ἐν ὀκτακοσίαις χιλιάσιν δυνατοὶ πολεμισταὶ δυνάμεως

And Abijah set the battle in array with an army of war, four hundred thousand mighty men; and Jeroboam drew up battle against him with eight hundred thousand mighty warriors.

Battle lines and lopsided numbers set outκαὶ παρετάξατο Αβια

The double army notice makes Judah appear badly outmatched. The coming victory must therefore be explained by more than force of numbers.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

παρετάξατοdraw upVAI AMI3S · τάσσω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτάσσω + παρα: meaning 'draw up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.

ΑβιαAbiaN NSM · Αβιαname-item in the genealogical registerΑβια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

δυνάμειmightN3I DSF · δύναμιςdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: meaning 'might'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.

πολεμισταῖςwarriors / fighting menN1 DPM · πολεμιστήςcommon noun within the clauseπολεμιστής: meaning 'warriors'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

δυνάμεωςmightN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'might'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.

τετρακοσίαιςfour hundredA1A DPF · τετρακόσιοιadjectival or ordinal modifierτετρακόσιοι: meaning 'four hundred'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.

χιλιάσινthousandsN3D DPF · χιλίαςdative of measure (object of ἐν)χιλίας: meaning 'thousands'; it serves as dative of measure (object of ἐν).

ἀνδρῶνof menN3 GPM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of men'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

δυνατῶνof the mightyA1 GPM · δυνατόςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ relational specificationδυνατός: meaning 'of the mighty'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

Ιεροβοαμof JeroboamN NSM · Ιεροβοαμindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship).

παρετάξατοdraw upVAI AMI3S · τάσσω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτάσσω + παρα: meaning 'draw up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.

πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.

αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.

πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

ὀκτακοσίαιςoktakosioiA1A DPF · ὀκτακόσιοιadjectival or ordinal modifierὀκτακόσιοι: meaning 'oktakosioi'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.

χιλιάσινthousandsN3D DPF · χιλίαςdative of measure (object of ἐν)χιλίας: meaning 'thousands'; it serves as dative of measure (object of ἐν).

δυνατοὶmighty menA1 NPM · δυνατόςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceδυνατός: meaning 'mighty men'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.

πολεμισταὶwarriors / fighting menN1 NPM · πολεμιστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπολεμιστής: meaning 'warriors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

δυνάμεωςmightN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'might'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.

4

καὶ ἀνέστη Αβια ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄρους Σομορων ὅ ἐστιν ἐν τῷ ὄρει Εφραιμ καὶ εἶπεν ἀκούσατε Ιεροβοαμ καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ

Then Abijah stood on Mount Zemaraim, which is in the hill country of Ephraim, and said, Hear me, Jeroboam and all Israel.

Abijah claims the interpretive platformκαὶ ἀνέστη Αβια

Before the armies clash, Abijah seizes rhetorical height as well as geographical height. He will define the meaning of the war before the swords do.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνέστηraise upVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'raise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

ΑβιαAbiaN NSM · Αβιαname-item in the genealogical registerΑβια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.

ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄρουςmountainN3E GSN · ὄροςgenitive of relationship (with βορρᾶ: 'north of the mountain')→ relational specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as genitive of relationship (with βορρᾶ: 'north of the mountain').

ΣομορωνZemaraimN GSM · Σομορωνproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΣομορων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.

ὅwhichRR NSN · ὅςrelative pronoun, accusative (referring to σπήλαιον: 'which belongs to him')→ participant referenceὅ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun, accusative (referring to σπήλαιον: 'which belongs to him').

ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄρειhill countryN3E DSN · ὄροςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceὄρος: meaning 'hill country'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.

ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.

ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωmain verb of direct speech (summons to attention)→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of direct speech (summons to attention).

Ιεροβοαμof JeroboamN VSM · Ιεροβοαμindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)Ιεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πᾶςeveryoneA3 VSM · πᾶςsubject (with articular participle: 'everyone who eats')πᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as subject (with articular participle: 'everyone who eats').

ΙσραηλIsraelN VSM · Ἰσραήλgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: 'sons of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: 'sons of Israel').

5

οὐχ ὑμῖν γνῶναι ὅτι κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ἔδωκεν βασιλείαν ἐπὶ τὸν Ισραηλ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τῷ Δαυιδ καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ διαθήκην ἁλός

Ought you not to know that the LORD God of Israel gave the kingship over Israel forever to David and to his sons by a covenant of salt?

Davidic grant invoked as permanentοὐχ ὑμῖν γνῶναι

Abijah begins not with his own grievance but with divine gift. The appeal to an enduring covenant frames the whole speech.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.

ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.

γνῶναιknowingVZ AAN · γιγνώσκωfinite verb advancing the clause→ deliberative future (asking for a means of certain knowledge)γιγνώσκω: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.

ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.

βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.

εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΔαυιδDavidN DSM · Δαυίδproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

υἱοῖςsonN2 DPM · υἱόςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.

διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

ἁλόςof saltN3 GSM · ἅλςgenitive of material ('pillar of salt')→ protest, friendship, and unbearable griefἅλς: meaning 'of salt'; it serves as genitive of material ('pillar of salt').

6

καὶ ἀνέστη Ιεροβοαμ ὁ τοῦ Ναβατ ὁ παῖς Σαλωμων τοῦ Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ

Yet Jeroboam son of Nebat, servant of Solomon son of David, rose up and rebelled against his lord.

Jeroboam’s revolt named as rebellionκαὶ ἀνέστη Ιεροβοαμ

The northern kingdom is traced back to insubordination. Jeroboam is remembered first as a servant who rose against rightful authority.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνέστηraise upVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'raise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

Ιεροβοαμof JeroboamN NSM · Ιεροβοαμindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship).

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

Ναβατof NebatN GSM · Ναβατindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship).

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

παῖςservantN3D NSM · παῖςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπαῖς: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

ΣαλωμωνSolomonN GSM · Σαλωμώνproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ wakeful praise and righteous enduranceΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπέστηremoveVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.

7

καὶ συνήχθησαν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἄνδρες λοιμοὶ υἱοὶ παράνομοι καὶ ἀντέστη πρὸς Ροβοαμ τὸν τοῦ Σαλωμων καὶ Ροβοαμ ἦν νεώτερος καὶ δειλὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ καὶ οὐκ ἀντέστη κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ

Worthless and lawless men gathered to him and stood against Rehoboam son of Solomon when Rehoboam was young and timid-hearted and could not withstand them.

Origins of the schism painted darklyκαὶ συνήχθησαν πρὸς

Abijah’s rhetoric is partisan and sharp. By stigmatizing Jeroboam’s supporters, he casts the secession as morally disordered from the start.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

συνήχθησανwere gatheredVQI API3P · ἄγω + συνfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'were gathered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.

αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.

ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

λοιμοὶworthless / pestilentN2 NPM · λοιμόςpredicate adjective (with υἱοί)→ participant prominenceλοιμός: meaning 'worthless'; it serves as predicate adjective (with υἱοί).

υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

παράνομοιlawlessA1B NPM · παράνομοςattributive adjective (with ἄνδρες)→ participant prominenceπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ἄνδρες).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀντέστηwithstood / opposedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀντιverb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act)→ constative aorist (the historical opposition)ἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'withstood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act).

πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.

ΡοβοαμRehoboamN ASM · Ροβοαμsubject (indeclinable proper noun, in apposition to βασιλεύς)Ροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun, in apposition to βασιλεύς).

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΣαλωμωνSolomonN GSM · Σαλωμώνproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ wakeful praise and righteous enduranceΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΡοβοαμRoboamN NSM · Ροβοαμproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.

ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.

νεώτεροςyoungestA1A NSM · νέοςsubject (the youngest brother, i.e. Benjamin)νέος: meaning 'youngest'; it serves as subject (the youngest brother, i.e. Benjamin).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δειλὸςfainthearted / cowardlyA1 NSM · δειλόςpredicate adjective (coordinate with φοβούμενος)δειλός: meaning 'fainthearted'; it serves as predicate adjective (coordinate with φοβούμενος).

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative complement→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative complement.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.

ἀντέστηwithstood / opposedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀντιverb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act)→ constative aorist (the historical opposition)ἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'withstood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the remembered clause (Amalek's hostile act).

κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.

πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.

8

καὶ νῦν λέγετε ὑμεῖς ἀντιστῆναι κατὰ πρόσωπον βασιλείας κυρίου διὰ χειρὸς υἱῶν Δαυιδ καὶ ὑμεῖς πλῆθος πολύ καὶ μεθ' ὑμῶν μόσχοι χρυσοῖ οὓς ἐποίησεν ὑμῖν Ιεροβοαμ εἰς θεούς

And now you think to withstand the kingdom of the LORD in the hand of the sons of David, while you are a great multitude and have with you the golden calves that Jeroboam made for you as gods.

Northern challenge defined as resistance to the LORDκαὶ νῦν λέγετε

The issue is escalated from politics to theology. Numbers and calves are juxtaposed to expose the north’s confidence as both large and idolatrous.

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.

λέγετεyou sayV1 PAI2P · λέγωmain verb (quoting the scribes' religious request as evidence of idleness)→ conative present (you keep saying)λέγω: meaning 'you say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (quoting the scribes' religious request as evidence of idleness).

ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.

ἀντιστῆναιto stand / withstandVH AAN · ἵστημι + ἀντιcomplementary infinitive (with ἠδυνήθησαν)→ constative aorist infinitive (the impossible resistance)ἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'to stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive (with ἠδυνήθησαν).

κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.

πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.

διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.

χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.

υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.

ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.

πλῆθοςabundanceN3E NSN · πλῆθοςobject of διά (cause)→ participant prominenceπλῆθος: meaning 'abundance'; it serves as object of διά (cause).

πολύnumerousA1P NSN · πολύςaccusative adjective (attributive with ἔθνος)→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπολύς: meaning 'numerous'; it serves as accusative adjective (attributive with ἔθνος).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μεθ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.

ὑμῶνyouRP GP · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

μόσχοιcalves / cattleN2 NPM · μόσχοςnominative subject (catalogue item: cattle)→ participant prominenceμόσχος: meaning 'calves'; it serves as nominative subject (catalogue item: cattle).

χρυσοῖgold piecesA1C NPM · χρυσοῦςnoun (in apposition: 'pieces of gold')→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς: meaning 'gold pieces'; it serves as noun (in apposition: 'pieces of gold').

οὓςwho / whichRR APM · ὅςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.

ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.

Ιεροβοαμof JeroboamN NSM · Ιεροβοαμindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship).

εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

θεούςGodN2 APM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

9

ἦ οὐκ ἐξεβάλετε τοὺς ἱερεῖς κυρίου τοὺς υἱοὺς Ααρων καὶ τοὺς Λευίτας καὶ ἐποιήσατε ἑαυτοῖς ἱερεῖς ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ τῆς γῆς πᾶς ὁ προσπορευόμενος πληρῶσαι τὰς χεῖρας ἐν μόσχῳ ἐκ βοῶν καὶ κριοῖς ἑπτὰ καὶ ἐγίνετο εἰς ἱερέα τῷ μὴ ὄντι θεῷ

Did you not cast out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, and make for yourselves priests from the people of the land? Whoever comes to fill his hand with a young bull from the herd and seven rams becomes priest to what is no god.

Illegitimate priesthood denouncedἦ οὐκ ἐξεβάλετε

Abijah’s polemic targets ordination itself. Easy access to priesthood becomes a symptom of cultic falsity rather than religious openness.

Word-by-word analysis· 42 words

ἦor / is it thatC · ἤinterrogative/disjunctive particle (introducing rhetorical question)→ coordinationἦ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.

ἐξεβάλετεdestroyVBI AAI2P · βάλλω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clauseβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερεῖςpriestN3V APM · ἱερεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.

ΑαρωνAaronN GSM · Ἀαρώνancestor-name in the priestly succession→ discourse linkage or contrastΑαρων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as ancestor-name in the priestly succession.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΛευίταςΛευείτηςN1M APM · Λευείτηςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΛευίτας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐποιήσατεyou have doneVAI AAI2P · ποιέωmain verb of the accusing clause→ constative aorist (the accomplished disobedience)ποιέω: meaning 'you have done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the accusing clause.

ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

ἱερεῖςpriestN3V APM · ἱερεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.

πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προσπορευόμενοςwho approachesV1 · πμπνσμ πορεύομαι + προςattributive participle (modifying ἀλλογενής: the one approaching)→ durative present participle (anyone in the act of approaching)πμπνσμ πορεύομαι + προς: meaning 'who approaches'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying ἀλλογενής: the one approaching).

πληρῶσαιpeplerokosVA AAN · πληρόωinfinitive→ perfective infinitiveπληρόω: meaning 'peplerokos'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive.

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

μόσχῳbullN2 DSM · μόσχοςdative of reference (distributive: 'for each bull')→ sphere or referenceμόσχος: meaning 'bull'; it serves as dative of reference (distributive: 'for each bull').

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

βοῶνcattleN3 GPM · βοῦςgenitive dependent→ relational specificationβοῦς: meaning 'cattle'; it serves as genitive dependent.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κριοῖςramsN2 DPM · κριόςdative of reference ('for the rams')κριός: meaning 'rams'; it serves as dative of reference ('for the rams').

ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐγίνετοwas becoming / was goingV1I IMI3S · γίγνομαιverb of the temporal clause (imperfect: the sun in the process of setting)→ imperfect (progressive / ongoing action: the setting of the sun as a process)γίγνομαι: meaning 'was becoming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the temporal clause (imperfect: the sun in the process of setting).

εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

ἱερέαpriestN3V ASM · ἱερεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.

ὄντιthat was / beingV9 · παπδσμ εἰμίattributive participle (with καδίῳ: 'the bag that was to him')παπδσμ εἰμί: meaning 'that was'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (with καδίῳ: 'the bag that was to him').

θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.

10

καὶ ἡμεῖς κύριον τὸν θεὸν ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐγκατελίπομεν καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτοῦ λειτουργοῦσιν τῷ κυρίῳ οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων καὶ οἱ Λευῖται ἐν ταῖς ἐφημερίαις αὐτῶν

But as for us, we have not abandoned the LORD our God, and the priests serving the LORD are the sons of Aaron, with the Levites in their appointed courses.

Judah claims continuity in priestly orderκαὶ ἡμεῖς κύριον

The contrast now sharpens positively. Judah’s case rests on retention of the LORD, the Aaronides, and Levitical structure.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.

κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.

ἐγκατελίπομενwe have forsakenVBI AAI1P · λείπω + ἐν + καταverb of the causal clause (the specific sin)→ constative aorist (the act of abandonment)λείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'we have forsaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the causal clause (the specific sin).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερεῖςpriestN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.

λειτουργοῦσινthey ministerV2 PAI3P · λειτουργέωverb of relative clause (cultic service)→ customary present (regular liturgical use)λειτουργέω: meaning 'they minister'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of relative clause (cultic service).

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

ΑαρωνAaronN GSM · Ἀαρώνancestor-name in the priestly succession→ discourse linkage or contrastΑαρων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as ancestor-name in the priestly succession.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΛευῖταιLeviteN1M NPM · Λευείτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant identificationΛευῖται: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐφημερίαιςephemeriaN1A DPF · ἐφημερίαcommon noun within the clauseἐφημερία: meaning 'ephemeria'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.

11

θυμιῶσιν τῷ κυρίῳ ὁλοκαυτώματα πρωὶ καὶ δείλης καὶ θυμίαμα συνθέσεως καὶ προθέσεις ἄρτων ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης τῆς καθαρᾶς καὶ ἡ λυχνία ἡ χρυσῆ καὶ οἱ λυχνοὶ τῆς καύσεως ἀνάψαι δείλης ὅτι φυλάσσομεν ἡμεῖς τὰς φυλακὰς κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐγκατελίπετε αὐτόν

They burn to the LORD whole burnt offerings morning and evening, and compounded incense, and they set out the loaves on the pure table, and the golden lampstand with its lamps for lighting at evening, because we keep the charge of the LORD God of our fathers, but you have abandoned him.

Cultic particulars support Judah’s claimθυμιῶσιν τῷ κυρίῳ

The list of offerings and furnishings is not ornamental. Concrete liturgical practice becomes evidence for covenantal fidelity.

Word-by-word analysis· 45 words

θυμιῶσινto be burned (as offering)V3 PAI3P · θυμιάωfinite verb advancing the clause→ ongoing verbal processθυμιάω: meaning 'to be burned (as offering)'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.

ὁλοκαυτώματαburnt offeringN3M APN · ὁλοκαύτωμαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: meaning 'burnt offering'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.

πρωὶmorningD · πρωίproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ discourse linkage or contrastπρωί: meaning 'morning'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δείληςeveningN1 GSF · δείληgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or descriptionδείλη: meaning 'evening'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

θυμίαμαincenseN3M ASN · θυμίαμαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationθυμίαμα: meaning 'incense'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.

συνθέσεωςof compounding / compositionN3I GSF · σύνθεσιςgenitive (defining the incense: 'incense of the compounding')σύνθεσις: meaning 'of compounding'; it serves as genitive (defining the incense: 'incense of the compounding').

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

προθέσειςshowbreadN3I APF · πρόθεσιςcommon noun within the clauseπρόθεσις: meaning 'showbread'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

ἄρτωνof bread / loavesN2 GPM · ἄρτοςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἄρτος: meaning 'of bread'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τραπέζηςTrapezesN1S GSF · τράπεζαgenitive dependent→ relational specificationτράπεζα: meaning 'Trapezes'; it serves as genitive dependent.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καθαρᾶςpureA1A GSF · καθαρόςattributive adjective (modifying λυχνίας)καθαρός: meaning 'pure'; it serves as attributive adjective (modifying λυχνίας).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁnominal element within the genealogical notice→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the local noun phrase relation.

λυχνίαlampstandN1A NSF · λυχνίαappositional noun (item of the charge)λυχνία: meaning 'lampstand'; it serves as appositional noun (item of the charge).

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁnominal element within the genealogical notice→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the local noun phrase relation.

χρυσῆgoldenA1C NSF · χρυσοῦςpredicate adjective (material)→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as predicate adjective (material).

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λυχνοὶlychnosN2 NPM · λύχνοςcommon noun within the clauseλύχνος: meaning 'lychnos'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καύσεωςof the burningN3I GSF · καῦσιςgenitive (defining the lamps: 'lamps of the burning')καῦσις: meaning 'of the burning'; it serves as genitive (defining the lamps: 'lamps of the burning').

ἀνάψαιproclaimVA AAN · ἅπτω + ἀναinfinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal actionἅπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'proclaim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal action.

δείληςeveningN1 GSF · δείληgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or descriptionδείλη: meaning 'evening'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φυλάσσομενyou keep / guardV1 PAI1P · φυλάσσωfinite verb advancing the clauseφυλάσσω: meaning 'you keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

φυλακὰςcharges / watchesN1 APF · φυλακήcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationφυλακή: meaning 'charges'; it serves as common noun within the clause.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.

ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.

ἐγκατελίπετεthey forsookVBI AAI2P · λείπω + ἐν + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'they forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.

αὐτόνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

12

καὶ ἰδοὺ μεθ' ἡμῶν ἐν ἀρχῇ κύριος καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ σάλπιγγες τῆς σημασίας τοῦ σημαίνειν ἐφ' ὑμᾶς οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Ισραηλ πολεμήσετε πρὸς κύριον θεὸν τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν ὅτι οὐκ εὐοδωθήσεται ὑμῖν

And behold, God is with us at the head, and his priests with the trumpets of signal to sound against you. Sons of Israel, do not fight against the LORD God of our fathers, for you will not prosper.

Speech climaxes in warning and confidenceκαὶ ἰδοὺ μεθ'

Abijah closes by linking divine presence and priestly trumpets. To fight Judah under these conditions is to court certain failure.

Word-by-word analysis· 35 words

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ attention-getting deicticἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μεθ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.

ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.

ἀρχῇbeginningN1 DSF · ἀρχήdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερεῖςpriestN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.

καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σάλπιγγεςtrumpetN3G NPF · σάλπιγξnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemσάλπιγξ: meaning 'trumpet'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σημασίαςof acclamation / signalN1A GSF · σημασίαgenitive of quality/description (defining the day)→ relational specificationσημασία: meaning 'of acclamation'; it serves as genitive of quality/description (defining the day).

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σημαίνεινyou shall show / make knownV1 PAN · σημαίνωinfinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal actionσημαίνω: meaning 'you shall show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal action.

ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.

ὑμᾶςyouRP APF · σύobject of ποιῆσαιὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ποιῆσαι.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.

πολεμήσετεyou shall make warVF FAI2P · πολεμέωmain verb (prohibition, parallel)→ prohibitive futureπολεμέω: meaning 'you shall make war'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (prohibition, parallel).