1
καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ καλὸν καὶ τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτοῦ
And he did what was good and right before the LORD his God.
The reign begins with a clear evaluative statement. What follows will unpack what goodness and uprightness look like in practice.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλὸνgoodA1 ASN · καλόςpredicate adjective (parallel to πονηρόν)→ object specificationκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as predicate adjective (parallel to πονηρόν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςuprightA3H ASN · εὐθήςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationεὐθής: meaning 'upright'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
2
καὶ ἀπέστησεν τὰ θυσιαστήρια τῶν ἀλλοτρίων καὶ τὰ ὑψηλὰ καὶ συνέτριψεν τὰς στήλας καὶ ἐξέκοψεν τὰ ἄλση
And he removed the altars of foreign gods and the high places, and broke down the pillars and cut down the sacred groves.
Asa’s reform is concrete and physical. False worship is not merely criticized but dismantled in its visible structures.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστησενhe removedVAI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποmain verb (the partial reform: removing the pillars)→ constative aorist (completed removal)ἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'he removed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the partial reform: removing the pillars).
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοτρίωνforeign / strangeA1A GPM · ἀλλότριοςattributive adjective (modifying θεῶν)→ relational specificationἀλλότριος: meaning 'foreign'; it serves as attributive adjective (modifying θεῶν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesA1 APN · ὑψηλόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'high places'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέτριψενtore apart / crushedVAI AAI3S · τρίβω + συνmain verb (the deed)→ effective aorist (completed act of destruction)τρίβω + συν: meaning 'tore apart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the deed).
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήλαςpillarsN1 APF · στήληdirect object of συντρίψετεστήλη: meaning 'pillars'; it serves as direct object of συντρίψετε.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέκοψενhe cut downVAI AAI3S · κόπτω + ἐκmain verb (destruction of the cult-objects)→ constative aorist (decisive demolition)κόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'he cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (destruction of the cult-objects).
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἄλσηsacred groves / AsherimN3E APN · ἄλσοςdirect object of ἐκκόψετε (fronted)→ content focusἄλσος: meaning 'sacred groves'; it serves as direct object of ἐκκόψετε (fronted).
3
καὶ εἶπεν τῷ Ιουδα ἐκζητῆσαι τὸν κύριον θεὸν τῶν πατέρων αὐτῶν καὶ ποιῆσαι τὸν νόμον καὶ τὰς ἐντολάς
And he told Judah to seek the LORD God of their fathers and to do the law and the commandments.
The negative removal of idols is matched by a positive summons. True worship requires both exclusive devotion and obedient practice.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιουδαof JudahN DSM · Ἰουδάproper name or indeclinable item→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name or indeclinable item.
ἐκζητῆσαιto seek outVA AAN · ζητέω + ἐκinfinitive of purpose (with παραγίνεται: 'come to seek')→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'to seek out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive of purpose (with παραγίνεται: 'come to seek').
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιῆσαιpoieoVA AAN · ποιέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'poieo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολάςEntolasN1 APF · ἐντολήaccusative complement→ object specificationἐντολή: meaning 'Entolas'; it serves as accusative complement.
4
καὶ ἀπέστησεν ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων Ιουδα τὰ θυσιαστήρια καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα καὶ εἰρήνευσεν
And he removed from all the cities of Judah the altars and the idols, and the kingdom was at peace.
The effect of the reform is narrated as public rest. The land quiets when idolatrous cult is actively purged.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστησενhe removedVAI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποmain verb (the partial reform: removing the pillars)→ constative aorist (completed removal)ἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'he removed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the partial reform: removing the pillars).
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πασῶνallA1S GPF · πᾶςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωνcityN3I GPF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἴδωλαidolN2N APN · εἴδωλονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationεἴδωλον: meaning 'idol'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰρήνευσενmade peaceVA AAI3S · εἰρηνεύωmain verb (the peace-relationship)→ constative/ingressive aorist (established peace)εἰρηνεύω: meaning 'made peace'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the peace-relationship).
5
πόλεις τειχήρεις ἐν γῇ Ιουδα ὅτι εἰρήνευσεν ἡ γῆ καὶ οὐκ ἦν αὐτῷ πόλεμος ἐν τοῖς ἔτεσιν τούτοις ὅτι κατέπαυσεν αὐτῷ κύριος
And he built fortified cities in the land of Judah, because the land had rest and there was no war against him in those years, for the LORD gave him rest.
Peace does not produce passivity. Asa treats divinely given quiet as the proper time for prudent strengthening.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τειχήρειςfortifiedA3H NPF · τειχήρηςattributive adjective (walled cities)τειχήρης: meaning 'fortified'; it serves as attributive adjective (walled cities).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
γῇland / earthN1 DSF · γῆdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰρήνευσενmade peaceVA AAI3S · εἰρηνεύωmain verb (the peace-relationship)→ constative/ingressive aorist (established peace)εἰρηνεύω: meaning 'made peace'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the peace-relationship).
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁnominal element within the genealogical notice→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the local noun phrase relation.
γῆland / earthN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
πόλεμοςwarN2 NSM · πόλεμοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔτεσινyearsN3E DPN · ἔτοςdative of measure/degree of difference ('by seven years')→ dative complement within the clauseἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as dative of measure/degree of difference ('by seven years').
τούτοιςthese thingsRD DPN · οὗτοςdemonstrative pronoun (the whole matter)→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun (the whole matter).
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέπαυσενgive restVAI AAI3S · παύω + καταfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπαύω + κατα: meaning 'give rest'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
6
καὶ εἶπεν τῷ Ιουδα οἰκοδομήσωμεν τὰς πόλεις ταύτας καὶ ποιήσωμεν τείχη καὶ πύργους καὶ πύλας καὶ μοχλοὺς ἐν ᾧ τῆς γῆς κυριεύσομεν ὅτι καθὼς ἐξεζητήσαμεν κύριον θεὸν ἡμῶν ἐξεζήτησεν ἡμᾶς καὶ κατέπαυσεν ἡμᾶς κυκλόθεν καὶ εὐόδωσεν ἡμῖν
And he said to Judah, Let us build these cities and make walls and towers and gates and bars, while we still rule the land, because we have sought the LORD our God; we sought him and he has given us rest all around. So he prospered us.
The speech links construction directly to covenantal experience. Because the people have sought the LORD, they have both room to build and reason to acknowledge him.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιουδαof JudahN DSM · Ἰουδάproper name or indeclinable item→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name or indeclinable item.
οἰκοδομήσωμενlet us buildVA AAS2P · οἰκοδομέωhortatory subjunctive (the proposal's main verb)→ hortatory aorist subjunctive (firm resolve / proposal)οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'let us build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as hortatory subjunctive (the proposal's main verb).
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ταύταςtheseRD APF · οὗτοςdemonstrative or relative element tying the register together→ mortality, patience, and limited wisdomοὗτος: meaning 'these'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσωμενlet us makeVA AAS1P · ποιέωhortatory subjunctive (communal cultic act)→ constative aorist (single act of altar-building)ποιέω: meaning 'let us make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as hortatory subjunctive (communal cultic act).
τείχηwallsN3E APN · τεῖχοςsubject of καθαιρεθῶσιν→ judgment emphasis within the oracleτεῖχος: meaning 'walls'; it serves as subject of καθαιρεθῶσιν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πύργουςtowerN2 APM · πύργοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant or category named within the oracleπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πύλαςgatesN1 APF · πύληcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοχλοὺςbars / crossbarsN2 APM · μοχλόςaccusative (object of ἤνεγκαν)→ object specificationμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as accusative (object of ἤνεγκαν).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ᾧwho / whichRR DSM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
κυριεύσομενshall have dominion / ruleVF FAI1P · κυριεύωfinite verb advancing the clauseκυριεύω: meaning 'shall have dominion'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεζητήσαμενdestroyVAI AAI1P · ζητέω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clauseζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐξεζήτησενζητέωVAI AAI3S · ζητέω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'ζητέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέπαυσενgive restVAI AAI3S · παύω + καταfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπαύω + κατα: meaning 'give rest'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κυκλόθενround aboutD · κυκλόθενproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ discourse linkage or contrastκυκλόθεν: meaning 'round about'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐόδωσενhas prosperedVA AAI3S · εὐοδόωmain verb (seventh and final occurrence of εὐοδόω)→ constative aorist (the completed divine guidance grounds the urgency)εὐοδόω: meaning 'has prospered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (seventh and final occurrence of εὐοδόω).
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
7
καὶ ἐγένετο τῷ Ασα δύναμις ὁπλοφόρων αἰρόντων θυρεοὺς καὶ δόρατα ἐν γῇ Ιουδα τριακόσιαι χιλιάδες καὶ ἐν γῇ Βενιαμιν πελτασταὶ καὶ τοξόται διακόσιαι καὶ πεντήκοντα χιλιάδες πάντες οὗτοι πολεμισταὶ δυνάμεως
And Asa had an army of men bearing shield and spear from Judah, three hundred thousand; and from Benjamin, shield-bearers and archers, two hundred fifty thousand. All these were mighty warriors.
The army list shows that Asa is not careless about means. Yet the later prayer will ensure that these means are not mistaken for ultimate security.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσαAsaN DSM · Ασαsubject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable proper noun)Ασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable proper noun).
δύναμιςhostN3I NSF · δύναμιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceδύναμις: meaning 'host'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁπλοφόρωνhoplophoronA1B GPM · ὁπλοφόροςadjectival or ordinal modifierὁπλοφόρος: meaning 'hoplophoron'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
αἰρόντωνbearing / carryingV1 · παπγπμ αἴρωattributive participle (modifying ἱερέων: 'the priests who bear')→ imperfective participle (continuous bearing of the ark)παπγπμ αἴρω: meaning 'bearing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying ἱερέων: 'the priests who bear').
θυρεοὺςthyreoysN2 APM · θυρεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationθυρεός: meaning 'thyreoys'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δόραταspearsN3 APN · δόρυaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationδόρυ: meaning 'spears'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
γῇland / earthN1 DSF · γῆdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
τριακόσιαιthree hundredA1A NPF · τριακόσιοιnumeral (modifying παλλακαί)→ participant prominenceτριακόσιοι: meaning 'three hundred'; it serves as numeral (modifying παλλακαί).
χιλιάδεςthousandN3D NPF · χιλίαςnumeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequenceχιλίας: meaning 'thousand'; it serves as numeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
γῇland / earthN1 DSF · γῆdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ΒενιαμινBenjaminN GSM · Βενιαμίνplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
πελτασταὶshield-bearerN1M NPM · πελταστήςcommon noun within the clauseπελταστής: meaning 'shield-bearer'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοξόταιarchers / bowmenN1M NPM · τοξότηςcommon noun within the clauseτοξότης: meaning 'archers'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
διακόσιαιtwo hundredA1A NPF · διακόσιοιadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceδιακόσιοι: meaning 'two hundred'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεντήκονταfiftyM · πεντήκονταnumeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastπεντήκοντα: meaning 'fifty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
χιλιάδεςthousandN3D NPF · χιλίαςnumeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequenceχιλίας: meaning 'thousand'; it serves as numeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequence.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
πολεμισταὶwarriors / fighting menN1M NPM · πολεμιστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemπολεμιστής: meaning 'warriors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
δυνάμεωςmightN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'might'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
8
καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς Ζαρε ὁ Αἰθίοψ ἐν δυνάμει ἐν χιλίαις χιλιάσιν καὶ ἅρμασιν τριακοσίοις καὶ ἦλθεν ἕως Μαρισα
And Zerah the Ethiopian came out against them with a force of a million and three hundred chariots, and he came as far as Mareshah.
The scale of Zerah’s force is meant to dwarf Judah. The tranquility of the early verses is abruptly put under pressure.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςhe / she / itRD APM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ΖαρεZareN NSM · Ζαρεproper-name item in the genealogical chainΖαρε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰθίοψAithiopsN NSM · Αἰθίοψproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΑἰθίοψ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
δυνάμειmightN3I DSF · δύναμιςdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: meaning 'might'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χιλίαιςa thousandA1A DPF · χίλιοιadjectival or ordinal modifierχίλιοι: meaning 'a thousand'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
χιλιάσινthousandsN3D DPF · χιλίαςdative of measure (object of ἐν)χιλίας: meaning 'thousands'; it serves as dative of measure (object of ἐν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅρμασινchariotsN3M DPN · ἅρμαdative with σύν (accompaniment)→ sphere or referenceἅρμα: meaning 'chariots'; it serves as dative with σύν (accompaniment).
τριακοσίοιςthree hundredA1A DPN · τριακόσιοιattributive numeral (with ἀνδράσιν)τριακόσιοι: meaning 'three hundred'; it serves as attributive numeral (with ἀνδράσιν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΜαρισαMarisaN GS · Μαρισαproper name within the genealogical or territorial registerΜαρισα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
9
καὶ ἐξῆλθεν Ασα εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτῷ καὶ παρετάξατο πόλεμον ἐν τῇ φάραγγι κατὰ βορρᾶν Μαρισης
And Asa went out to meet him, and they drew up battle in the valley north of Mareshah.
The king does not retreat into fear. He takes his place in the field, but the decisive move has not yet been made.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΑσαAsaN NSM · Ασαproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
συνάντησινa meeting / to meetN3I ASF · συνάντησιςaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationσυνάντησις: meaning 'a meeting'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet').
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρετάξατοdraw upVAI AMI3S · τάσσω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτάσσω + παρα: meaning 'draw up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάραγγιgorgeN3G DSF · φάραγξdative of place (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceφάραγξ: meaning 'gorge'; it serves as dative of place (object of ἐν).
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
βορρᾶνnorthN1T ASM · βορέαςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationβορέας: meaning 'north'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ΜαρισηςMarisaN GS · Μαρισαproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΜαρισης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
10
καὶ ἐβόησεν Ασα πρὸς κύριον θεὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν κύριε οὐκ ἀδυνατεῖ παρὰ σοὶ σῴζειν ἐν πολλοῖς καὶ ἐν ὀλίγοις κατίσχυσον ἡμᾶς κύριε ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ὅτι ἐπὶ σοὶ πεποίθαμεν καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί σου ἤλθαμεν ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος τὸ πολὺ τοῦτο κύριε ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν μὴ κατισχυσάτω πρὸς σὲ ἄνθρωπος
And Asa cried to the LORD his God and said, O LORD, it is nothing with you to save by many or by few; strengthen us, O LORD our God, for we rely on you, and in your name we have come against this great multitude. O LORD, you are our God; let not man prevail against you.
This is the theological core of the chapter. Asa confesses that dependence, not numbers, determines the battle’s true outcome.
Word-by-word analysis· 51 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόησενcry outVAI AAI3S · βοάωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristβοάω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ΑσαAsaN NSM · Ασαproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςcommon noun within the clause→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀδυνατεῖis impossibleV2 PAI3S · ἀδυνατέωmain verb (rhetorical question: 'is it impossible?')→ gnomic present (general divine principle)ἀδυνατέω: meaning 'is impossible'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (rhetorical question: 'is it impossible?').
παρὰbeside / byP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
σοὶyourRP DS · σύpronoun→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
σῴζεινto saveV1 PAN · σώζωepexegetic infinitive (defining the unhindered action)→ infinitival complementσώζω: meaning 'to save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as epexegetic infinitive (defining the unhindered action).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πολλοῖςmanyA1 DPM · πολύςattributive adjective (with ἔθνεσιν)→ sphere or referenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ἔθνεσιν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὀλίγοιςὀλίγοςA1 DPM · ὀλίγοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceὀλίγος: meaning 'ὀλίγος'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κατίσχυσονstrengthen / encourageVA AAD2S · ἰσχύω + καταmain verb (charge to Moses regarding Joshua)→ ingressive aorist imperative (make him strong)ἰσχύω + κατα: meaning 'strengthen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (charge to Moses regarding Joshua).
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςcommon noun within the clause→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA VSM · ὁarticle (with ἐχθρός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 VSM · θεόςnominative in apposition (to the object of praise: 'the God of my father')→ direct addressθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative in apposition (to the object of praise: 'the God of my father').
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
σοὶyourRP DS · σύpronoun→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
πεποίθαμενwe have trustedVX XAI1P · πείθωmain verb of the quoted confession→ stative perfect (settled trust)πείθω: meaning 'we have trusted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the quoted confession.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματίnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἤλθαμενwe cameVAI AAI1P · ἔρχομαιmain verb of direct speech→ constative aorist (completed journey)ἔρχομαι: meaning 'we came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of direct speech.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολὺmuchA3U ASN · πολύςattributive adjective (with σπέρμα)→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as attributive adjective (with σπέρμα).
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςcommon noun within the clause→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA VSM · ὁarticle (with ἐχθρός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 VSM · θεόςnominative in apposition (to the object of praise: 'the God of my father')→ direct addressθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative in apposition (to the object of praise: 'the God of my father').
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
κατισχυσάτωwent downVA AAD3S · ἰσχύω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseἰσχύω + κατα: meaning 'went down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
11
καὶ ἐπάταξεν κύριος τοὺς Αἰθίοπας ἐναντίον Ιουδα καὶ ἔφυγον οἱ Αἰθίοπες
And the LORD struck the Ethiopians before Judah, and the Ethiopians fled.
After the prayer, the battle report is almost abrupt. The brevity underscores how directly the outcome is assigned to the LORD.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck / killedVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristπατάσσω: meaning 'struck'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰθίοπαςAithiopasN APM · Αἰθίοψproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑἰθίοπας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίοςimproper preposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before him')→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by improper preposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before him').
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγονthey fledVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristφεύγω: meaning 'they fled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰθίοπεςAithiopesN NPM · Αἰθίοψproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑἰθίοπες: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
12
καὶ κατεδίωξεν Ασα καὶ ὁ λαὸς αὐτοῦ ἕως Γεδωρ καὶ ἔπεσον Αἰθίοπες ὥστε μὴ εἶναι ἐν αὐτοῖς περιποίησιν ὅτι συνετρίβησαν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ ἐναντίον τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐσκύλευσαν σκῦλα πολλά
And Asa and his people pursued them as far as Gerar, and the Ethiopians fell until none of them remained alive, for they were crushed before the LORD and before his force. And they carried away much spoil.
The defeat becomes annihilating collapse. The enemy who came in immense strength is broken before the LORD and his people.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεδίωξενpursuedVAI AAI3S · διώκω + καταverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (each man's pursuit)διώκω + κατα: meaning 'pursued'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the relative clause.
ΑσαAsaN NSM · Ασαproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΓεδωρGedorN GS · Γεδωρplace or clan-name dependent on father-of formulaΓεδωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place or clan-name dependent on father-of formula.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσονfellVBI AAI3P · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΑἰθίοπεςAithiopesN NPM · Αἰθίοψproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑἰθίοπες: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconjunction linking clauses or phrases→ coordinationὥστε: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςhe / him / hisRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
περιποίησινsurvivorN3I ASF · περιποίησιςcommon noun within the clause→ coming Lord, judgment, remembrance, and the day to comeπεριποίησις: meaning 'survivor'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετρίβησανthey were shatteredVDI API3P · τρίβω + συνmain verb (passive, of the enemy)→ constative aorist passive (they were crushed)τρίβω + συν: meaning 'they were shattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (passive, of the enemy).
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςmightN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'might'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσκύλευσανthey plundered / they stripped (of spoil)VAI AAI3P · σκυλεύωmain verb (the summary statement: Israel plunders Egypt)→ constative aorist (the completed act of plundering)σκυλεύω: meaning 'they plundered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the summary statement: Israel plunders Egypt).
σκῦλαspoilN2N APN · σκῦλονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationσκῦλον: meaning 'spoil'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πολλάmuchA1 APN · πολύςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
13
καὶ ἐξέκοψαν τὰς κώμας αὐτῶν κύκλῳ Γεδωρ ὅτι ἐγενήθη ἔκστασις κυρίου ἐπ' αὐτούς καὶ ἐσκύλευσαν πάσας τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν ὅτι πολλὰ σκῦλα ἐγενήθη αὐτοῖς
And they struck all their villages around Gerar, for the terror of the LORD came upon them; and they plundered all their cities, because there was much spoil in them.
The rout radiates beyond the battlefield into the surrounding settlements. Divine terror prepares the way for Judah’s wider plundering.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέκοψανgouged outVAI AAI3P · κόπτω + ἐκmain verb→ constative aoristκόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'gouged out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κώμαςvillagesN1 APF · κώμηcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationκώμη: meaning 'villages'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κύκλῳkyklosN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative complement within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'kyklos'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
ΓεδωρGedorN DS · Γεδωρplace or clan-name dependent on father-of formulaΓεδωρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place or clan-name dependent on father-of formula.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηgignomaiVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'gignomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ἔκστασιςtrance / ecstasy / stuporN3I NSF · ἔκστασιςsubject (of ἐπέπεσεν: the trance as agent)→ participantἔκστασις: meaning 'trance'; it serves as subject (of ἐπέπεσεν: the trance as agent).
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσκύλευσανthey plundered / they stripped (of spoil)VAI AAI3P · σκυλεύωmain verb (the summary statement: Israel plunders Egypt)→ constative aorist (the completed act of plundering)σκυλεύω: meaning 'they plundered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the summary statement: Israel plunders Egypt).
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle specifying the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολλὰmuchA1 NPN · πολύςattributive adjective (modifying σκῦλα)→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as attributive adjective (modifying σκῦλα).
σκῦλαspoils / plunderN2N NPN · σκῦλονdirect object of μεριῶ→ participant prominenceσκῦλον: meaning 'spoils'; it serves as direct object of μεριῶ.
ἐγενήθηgignomaiVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'gignomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
αὐτοῖςhe / him / hisRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
14
καί γε σκηνὰς κτήσεων τοὺς Αμαζονεῖς ἐξέκοψαν καὶ ἔλαβον πρόβατα πολλὰ καὶ καμήλους καὶ ἐπέστρεψαν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ
They also struck the tents of their livestock and carried away many sheep and camels, and returned to Jerusalem.
The chapter closes not merely with survival but with enriched return. Jerusalem receives back a people whose trust has been publicly vindicated.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clause→ tested pleasure and limited enjoymentγέ: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σκηνὰςtentsN1 APF · σκηνήdirect object of ἐγκατέλιπαν→ object specificationσκηνή: meaning 'tents'; it serves as direct object of ἐγκατέλιπαν.
κτήσεωνlivestockN3I GPF · κτῆσιςcommon noun within the clauseκτῆσις: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμαζονεῖςherdsmenN APM · Αμαζονῖςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑμαζονεῖς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐξέκοψανgouged outVAI AAI3P · κόπτω + ἐκmain verb→ constative aoristκόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'gouged out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονlambanoVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'lambano'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
πρόβαταsheepN2N APN · πρόβατονaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
πολλὰmuchA1 APN · πολύςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καμήλουςcamelN2 APM · κάμηλοςaccusative object or complement→ lexical contribution to the lamentκάμηλος: meaning 'camel'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψανturned backVAI AAI3P · στρέφω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative.