1
ὢν ὀκτὼ ἐτῶν Ιωσιας ἐν τῷ βασιλεῦσαι αὐτὸν καὶ τριάκοντα ἓν ἔτος ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ
Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned thirty-one years in Jerusalem.
The age notice sharpens the wonder of what follows: the king's later discernment cannot be credited to mere maturity or inherited stability.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὢνπαπνσμ εἰμίV9 · παπνσμ εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ εἰμί: meaning 'παπνσμ εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὀκτὼeightM · ὀκτώlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastὀκτὼ: meaning 'eight'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐτῶνyearsN3E GPN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ΙωσιαςJosiahN1T NSM · Ιωσίαςpredicate nominative in apposition ('Josiah is his name')Ιωσιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as predicate nominative in apposition ('Josiah is his name').
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσαιto make kingVA AAN · βασιλεύωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβασιλεύω: meaning 'to make king'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τριάκονταthirtyM · τριάκονταnumeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἓνoneM ASN · εἷςnumeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequenceἓν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτοςyear(s)N3E ASN · ἔτοςaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος: meaning 'year(s)'; it serves as accusative of extent of time (duration of reign).
ἐβασίλευσενreignedVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωmain verb of regnal-duration summary→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of regnal-duration summary.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
2
καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐναντίον κυρίου καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδοῖς Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν δεξιὰ καὶ ἀριστερά
And he did what was right before the Lord and walked in the ways of David his father and did not turn aside to the right or to the left.
Chronicles casts Josiah as a straight-walking Davidic ruler whose fidelity will be measured by sustained conformity to the covenant path.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςuprightA3H ASN · εὐθήςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationεὐθής: meaning 'upright'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηgoVCI API3S · πορεύομαιmovement predicate→ verbal action in summary styleπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as movement predicate.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξέκλινενhe turned asideV1I IAI3S · κλίνω + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'he turned aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
δεξιὰto the rightA1A APN · δεξιόςadverbial accusative (direction)→ object specificationδεξιός: meaning 'to the right'; it serves as adverbial accusative (direction).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀριστεράleftA1A APN · ἀριστερόςaccusative of direction (object of εἰς)→ inherited wisdom and guarded pathsἀριστερός: meaning 'left'; it serves as accusative of direction (object of εἰς).
3
καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀγδόῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτὸς ἔτι παιδάριον ἤρξατο τοῦ ζητῆσαι κύριον τὸν θεὸν Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ δωδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ ἤρξατο τοῦ καθαρίσαι τὸν Ιουδαν καὶ τὴν Ιερουσαλημ ἀπὸ τῶν ὑψηλῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλσεων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν χωνευτῶν
And in the eighth year of his reign, while he was still a boy, he began to seek the Lord, the God of David his father; and in the twelfth year he began to cleanse Judah and Jerusalem from the high places and the Asherim and the carved images and the molten images.
The chronology matters: inner orientation toward God comes before outward cleansing, giving the reform its proper spiritual order.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῳeighthA1 DSN · ὄγδοοςordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)ὄγδοος: meaning 'eighth'; it serves as ordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει).
ἔτειyearsN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative complement→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as dative complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe / she / itRD NSM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔτιstill / moreoverD · ἔτιadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
παιδάριονyoung boyN2N ASN · παιδάριονcommon noun within the clauseπαιδάριον: meaning 'young boy'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἤρξατοbegin / ruleVAI AMI3S · ἄρχωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ perfectiveἄρχω: meaning 'begin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζητῆσαιto inquireVA AAN · ζητέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ infinitival complementζητέω: meaning 'to inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δωδεκάτῳtwelfthA1 DSN · δωδέκατοςattributive ordinal (modifying μηνὶ)→ sphere or referenceδωδέκατος: meaning 'twelfth'; it serves as attributive ordinal (modifying μηνὶ).
ἔτειyearsN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative complement→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as dative complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἤρξατοbegin / ruleVAI AMI3S · ἄρχωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ perfectiveἄρχω: meaning 'begin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρίσαιhas been purifiedVA AAN · καθαρίζωverb of causal clause→ infinitival complementκαθαρίζω: meaning 'has been purified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of causal clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνypselosA1 GPM · ὑψηλόςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ Davidic hope and righteous kingshipὑψηλός: meaning 'ypselos'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἄλσεωνAsherimN3E GPN · ἄλσοςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseἄλσος: meaning 'Asherim'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χωνευτῶνmolten imagesA1 GPM · χωνευτόςnominal element carrying the clause or phrase→ relational specificationχωνευτός: meaning 'molten images'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
4
καὶ κατέσπασεν κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ τὰ θυσιαστήρια τῶν Βααλιμ καὶ τὰ ὑψηλὰ τὰ ἐπ' αὐτῶν καὶ ἔκοψεν τὰ ἄλση καὶ τὰ γλυπτὰ καὶ τὰ χωνευτὰ συνέτριψεν καὶ ἐλέπτυνεν καὶ ἔρριψεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον τῶν μνημάτων τῶν θυσιαζόντων αὐτοῖς
And they pulled down before him the altars of the Baals, and he cut down the incense altars that were above them, and he smashed the Asherim and the carved images and the molten images and ground them to dust and scattered it upon the graves of those who had sacrificed to them.
The treatment of the images is intentionally humiliating. What had been revered is reduced to dust and scattered over graves, a sign of defilement and judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέσπασενσπάωVAI AAI3S · σπάω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristσπάω + κατα: meaning 'σπάω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Βααλιμthe Baalim / the BaalsN GPF · Βααλιμdative object of ἐλάτρευσαν (indeclinable, case marked by article τοῖς)Βααλιμ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesA1 APN · ὑψηλόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'high places'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier or resumptive dependent→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier or resumptive dependent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκοψενstruck / cut downVAI AAI3S · κόπτωmain verb (the defeat of the Philistines)→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeκόπτω: meaning 'struck'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the defeat of the Philistines).
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἄλσηsacred groves / AsherimN3E APN · ἄλσοςdirect object of ἐκκόψετε (fronted)→ content focusἄλσος: meaning 'sacred groves'; it serves as direct object of ἐκκόψετε (fronted).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
γλυπτὰglyptosA1 APN · γλυπτόςaccusative element functioning as object or extent expression→ object specificationγλυπτός: meaning 'glyptos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent expression.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χωνευτὰmolten / castA1 APN · χωνευτόςattributive adjective (modifying εἴδωλα)χωνευτός: meaning 'molten'; it serves as attributive adjective (modifying εἴδωλα).
συνέτριψενtore apart / crushedVAI AAI3S · τρίβω + συνmain verb (the deed)→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'tore apart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the deed).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέπτυνενhe ground to powderVAI AAI3S · λεπτύνωmain verb→ constative aoristλεπτύνω: meaning 'he ground to powder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρριψενhe hurled / castVAI AAI3S · ῥίπτωmain verb (the LORD as agent)→ constative aoristῥίπτω: meaning 'he hurled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the LORD as agent).
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μνημάτωνgravesN3M GPN · μνῆμαgenitive object of ἀπό (place of departure)→ relational specificationμνῆμα: meaning 'graves'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό (place of departure).
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαζόντωνthose sacrificingV1 · παπγπμ θυσιάζωfinite verb advancing the clauseπαπγπμ θυσιάζω: meaning 'those sacrificing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτοῖςhe / she / itRD DPM · αὐτόςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
5
καὶ ὀστᾶ ἱερέων κατέκαυσεν ἐπὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια καὶ ἐκαθάρισεν τὸν Ιουδαν καὶ τὴν Ιερουσαλημ
And he burned the bones of the priests upon their altars, and he cleansed Judah and Jerusalem.
By burning bones on the altars, Josiah turns the cult sites into scenes of contamination, fulfilling the logic of holy judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀστᾶbonesN2N APN · ὀστέονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἱερέωνpriestN3V GPM · ἱερεύςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
κατέκαυσενhe burnedVAI AAI3S · καύω + καταmain verb (destruction by fire)→ constative aoristκαύω + κατα: meaning 'he burned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (destruction by fire).
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκαθάρισενpurifiedVAI AAI3S · καθαρίζωmain verb (cleansing the altar)καθαρίζω: meaning 'purified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (cleansing the altar).
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
6
καὶ ἐν πόλεσιν Εφραιμ καὶ Μανασση καὶ Συμεων καὶ Νεφθαλι καὶ τοῖς τόποις αὐτῶν κύκλῳ
And in the cities of Manasseh and Ephraim and Simeon and as far as Naphtali, in their ruins all around,
Chronicles underscores Josiah's reach into former northern territories, presenting the king as laboring for an Israel-wide purification.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesN3I DPF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜανασσηManassehN GSM · Μανασσήplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΜανασση: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣυμεωνSimeonN GSM · Συμεωνplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΣυμεων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝεφθαλιNaphtaliN GSM · Νεφθαλιplace-name in the allotment list→ clausal contributionΝεφθαλι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τόποιςplacesN2 DPM · τόποςnominal element carrying the clause or phrase→ law, judgment, and generosity to the poorτόπος: meaning 'places'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κύκλῳkyklosN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative complement within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'kyklos'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
7
καὶ κατέσπασεν τὰ ἄλση καὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα κατέκοψεν λεπτὰ καὶ πάντα τὰ ὑψηλὰ ἔκοψεν ἀπὸ πάσης τῆς γῆς Ισραηλ καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ
he pulled down the altars and the Asherim and beat the carved images into powder and cut down all the incense altars throughout all the land of Israel. Then he returned to Jerusalem.
The broad sweep of the verse shows that Josiah's zeal is comprehensive. Only after the land is cleansed does the narrative move back to Jerusalem.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέσπασενσπάωVAI AAI3S · σπάω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristσπάω + κατα: meaning 'σπάω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἄλσηsacred groves / AsherimN3E APN · ἄλσοςdirect object of ἐκκόψετε (fronted)→ content focusἄλσος: meaning 'sacred groves'; it serves as direct object of ἐκκόψετε (fronted).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἴδωλαidolN2N APN · εἴδωλονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationεἴδωλον: meaning 'idol'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
κατέκοψενwent downVAI AAI3S · κόπτω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseκόπτω + κατα: meaning 'went down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
λεπτὰpowderA1 APN · λεπτόςnominal element carrying the clause or phrase→ object specificationλεπτός: meaning 'powder'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesA1 APN · ὑψηλόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'high places'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἔκοψενstruck / cut downVAI AAI3S · κόπτωmain verb (the defeat of the Philistines)→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeκόπτω: meaning 'struck'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the defeat of the Philistines).
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA3 GSF · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενreturnedVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'returned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
8
καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαρίσαι τὴν γῆν καὶ τὸν οἶκον ἀπέστειλεν τὸν Σαφαν υἱὸν Εσελια καὶ τὸν Μαασιαν ἄρχοντα τῆς πόλεως καὶ τὸν Ιουαχ υἱὸν Ιωαχαζ τὸν ὑπομνηματογράφον αὐτοῦ κραταιῶσαι τὸν οἶκον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτοῦ
And in the eighteenth year of his reign, after he had cleansed the land and the house, he sent Shaphan son of Azaliah and Maaseiah the governor of the city and Joah son of Joahaz the recorder to repair the house of the Lord his God.
The sequence is again important: cleansing precedes rebuilding. Repairing the house is part of renewed covenant life, not a substitute for it.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳeighteenthA1 DSN · ὀκτωκαιδέκατοςattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει: 'eighteenth year')ὀκτωκαιδέκατος: meaning 'eighteenth'; it serves as attributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει: 'eighteenth year').
ἔτειyearsN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative complement→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as dative complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρίσαιhas been purifiedVA AAN · καθαρίζωverb of causal clause→ infinitival complementκαθαρίζω: meaning 'has been purified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of causal clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνland / earthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἀπέστειλενsendVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'send'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαφανof ShaphanN ASM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Σαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
υἱὸνsonN2 ASM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ΕσελιαAzaliahN GSM · Εσελιαproper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal registerΕσελια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαασιανMaaseiahN ASM · Μαασιαproper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal registerΜαασιαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal register.
ἄρχονταruler / commanderN3 ASM · ἄρχωνaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουαχJoahN ASM · Ιουαχproper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal registerΙουαχ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal register.
υἱὸνsonN2 ASM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ΙωαχαζJehoahazN GSM · Ιωαχαζproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΙωαχαζ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπομνηματογράφονrecorderN2 ASM · ὑπομνηματογράφοςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseὑπομνηματογράφος: meaning 'recorder'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κραταιῶσαιto strengthen / repairVA AAN · κραταιόωgenitive articular infinitive of purpose ('in order to strengthen')κραταιόω: meaning 'to strengthen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as genitive articular infinitive of purpose ('in order to strengthen').
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
9
καὶ ἦλθον πρὸς Χελκιαν τὸν ἱερέα τὸν μέγαν καὶ ἔδωκαν τὸ ἀργύριον τὸ εἰσενεχθὲν εἰς οἶκον θεοῦ ὃ συνήγαγον οἱ Λευῖται φυλάσσοντες τὴν πύλην ἐκ χειρὸς Μανασση καὶ Εφραιμ καὶ τῶν ἀρχόντων καὶ ἀπὸ παντὸς καταλοίπου ἐν Ισραηλ καὶ υἱῶν Ιουδα καὶ Βενιαμιν καὶ οἰκούντων ἐν Ιερουσαλημ
And they came to Hilkiah the high priest and gave the money that had been brought into the house of God, which the Levites who kept the threshold had collected from the hand of Manasseh and Ephraim and from all the remnant of Israel and from all Judah and Benjamin and the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
The collection itself enacts the Chronicler's vision of reunited Israel. Even the remnant of the north participates in the repair of the house.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθονcomeVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΧελκιανHilkiahN ASM · Χελκιαςaccusative object of πρός (the high priest to be approached)Χελκιαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the high priest to be approached).
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestN3V ASM · ἱερεύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγανmegasA1P ASM · μέγαςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationμέγας: meaning 'megas'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of allotment or gift→ aorist summary statementδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of allotment or gift.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσενεχθὲνbrought inVQ · αππασν φέρω + εἰςattributive participle (modifying ἀργύριον: 'the silver that was brought in')αππασν φέρω + εἰς: meaning 'brought in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying ἀργύριον: 'the silver that was brought in').
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὃwhich / whoRR NSM · ὅςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
συνήγαγονgather togetherVBI AAI3P · ἄγω + συνfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευῖταιLeviteN1M NPM · Λευείτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant identificationΛευῖται: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
φυλάσσοντεςkeeping / guardingV1 · παπνπμ φυλάσσωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ φυλάσσω: meaning 'keeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ΜανασσηManassehN GSM · Μανασσήplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΜανασση: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχόντωνof rulersN3 GPM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἄρχων: meaning 'of rulers'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
καταλοίπουremnantA1B GSM · κατάλοιποςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseκατάλοιπος: meaning 'remnant'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒενιαμινBenjaminN GSM · Βενιαμίνplace-name in the allotment list→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκούντωνwho dwellV2 · παπγπμ οἰκέωsubstantival participle in genitive (the men who inhabit the city)→ circumstanceπαπγπμ οἰκέω: meaning 'who dwell'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as substantival participle in genitive (the men who inhabit the city).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
10
καὶ ἔδωκαν αὐτὸ ἐπὶ χεῖρα ποιούντων τὰ ἔργα οἱ καθεσταμένοι ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου καὶ ἔδωκαν αὐτὸ ποιοῦσι τὰ ἔργα οἳ ἐποίουν ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου ἐπισκευάσαι κατισχῦσαι τὸν οἶκον
And they gave it into the hand of those doing the work, those appointed over the house of the Lord; and they gave it to those doing the work in the house of the Lord, to restore and to repair the house.
The repetition stresses accountability. Funds collected for the temple are actually directed toward the temple's restoration.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of allotment or gift→ aorist summary statementδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of allotment or gift.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ποιούντωνdo / makeV2 · παπγπμ ποιέωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceπαπγπμ ποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔργαworkN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθεσταμένοιappointed officersVMI XMPNPM I(/STHMI KATAfinite verb advancing the clauseκαθεσταμένοι: meaning 'appointed officers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of allotment or gift→ aorist summary statementδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of allotment or gift.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ποιοῦσιdoingV2 PAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clauseποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔργαworkN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
οἳwho / whichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐποίουνdo / makeV2I IAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal predicate→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal predicate.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐπισκευάσαισκευάζωVA AAN · σκευάζω + ἐπιinfinitive complement within the clauseσκευάζω + ἐπι: meaning 'σκευάζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement within the clause.
κατισχῦσαιto overpowerVA AAN · ἰσχύω + καταinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἰσχύω + κατα: meaning 'to overpower'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
11
καὶ ἔδωκαν τοῖς τέκτοσι καὶ τοῖς οἰκοδόμοις ἀγοράσαι λίθους τετραπέδους καὶ ξύλα εἰς δοκοὺς στεγάσαι τοὺς οἴκους οὓς ἐξωλέθρευσαν βασιλεῖς Ιουδα
And they gave it to the craftsmen and to the builders to buy hewn stone and timber for braces and beams for the houses that the kings of Judah had ruined.
The verse turns from financial handling to construction materials, reminding the reader that reform has an architectural dimension as well as a moral one.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of allotment or gift→ aorist summary statementδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of allotment or gift.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τέκτοσιcraftsmenN3N DPM · τέκτωνnominal element carrying the clause or phraseτέκτων: meaning 'craftsmen'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οἰκοδόμοιςbuildersN2 DPM · οἰκοδόμοςindirect object of ἐξέδοσαν (recipients of payment)οἰκοδόμος: meaning 'builders'; it serves as indirect object of ἐξέδοσαν (recipients of payment).
ἀγοράσαιto buyVA AAN · ἀγοράζωinfinitive of purpose ('in order to buy')→ infinitival complementἀγοράζω: meaning 'to buy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive of purpose ('in order to buy').
λίθουςstoneN2 APM · λίθοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τετραπέδουςbeamsA1B APM · τετραπέδοςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseτετραπέδος: meaning 'beams'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλαtimber / woodN2N APN · ξύλονaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationξύλον: meaning 'timber'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
δοκοὺςtimbersN2 APF · δοκόςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseδοκός: meaning 'timbers'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
στεγάσαιto roofVA AAN · στεγάζωfinite verb advancing the clauseστεγάζω: meaning 'to roof'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
οὓςwho / whomRR APM · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
ἐξωλέθρευσανdestroyVAI AAI3P · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
12
καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες ἐν πίστει ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῶν ἐπίσκοποι Ιεθ καὶ Αβδιας οἱ Λευῖται ἐξ υἱῶν Μεραρι καὶ Ζαχαριας καὶ Μοσολλαμ ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Κααθ ἐπισκοπεῖν καὶ πᾶς Λευίτης πᾶς συνίων ἐν ὀργάνοις ᾠδῶν
And the men were doing the work faithfully. And their overseers were Jahath and Obadiah the Levites, of the sons of Merari, and Zechariah and Meshullam, of the sons of the Kohathites, to direct; and the Levites, all who were skillful with instruments of song,
Chronicles highlights both integrity and Levitical competence. Sacred repair belongs to trustworthy and gifted servants.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative head term or subject complement→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as nominative head term or subject complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πίστειgood faith / faithfulnessN3I DSF · πίστιςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπίστις: meaning 'good faith'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔργωνworks / laboursN2N GPN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπίσκοποιoverseersN2 NPM · ἐπισκοπόςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseἐπισκοπός: meaning 'overseers'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
ΙεθJahathN NSM · Ιεθproper-name item in the genealogical chainΙεθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβδιαςObadiahN NSM · Αβδιαςproper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal registerΑβδιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal register.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευῖταιLeviteN1M NPM · Λευείτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant identificationΛευῖται: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΜεραριMerariN NSM · Μεραριname-item in the genealogical registerΜεραρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΖαχαριαςZechariahN1T NSM · Ζαχαριαςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemΖαχαριας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜοσολλαμMosollamN NSM · Μοσολλαμproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΜοσολλαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΚααθKohathN NSM · Κααθname-item in the genealogical registerΚααθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
ἐπισκοπεῖνto superviseV2 PAN · σκοπέω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clauseσκοπέω + ἐπι: meaning 'to supervise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ΛευίτηςLeviteN1M NSM · Λευείτηςsubject (coordinate; the landless cult-servant)Λευίτης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (coordinate; the landless cult-servant).
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
συνίωνacting prudently / prosperingV1 · παπνσμ ἵημι + συνparticiple of periphrastic imperfect (with ἦν)παπνσμ ἵημι + συν: meaning 'acting prudently'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle of periphrastic imperfect (with ἦν).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὀργάνοιςinstrumentN2N DPN · ὄργανονdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationὄργανον: meaning 'instrument'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ᾠδῶνsongN1 GPF · ᾠδήgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationᾠδή: meaning 'song'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
13
καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν νωτοφόρων καὶ ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν ποιούντων τὰ ἔργα ἐργασίᾳ καὶ ἐργασίᾳ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν Λευιτῶν γραμματεῖς καὶ κριταὶ καὶ πυλωροί
were over the burden-bearers and supervised all who were doing the work for every task. And some of the Levites were scribes and officers and gatekeepers.
The chapter resists narrowing temple service to one role. Worship, logistics, record-keeping, and guarding all belong to the restored order.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νωτοφόρωνburden-bearerA1B GPM · νωτοφόροςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or descriptionνωτοφόρος: meaning 'burden-bearer'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιούντωνdo / makeV2 · παπγπμ ποιέωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceπαπγπμ ποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔργαworkN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ἐργασίᾳworkN1A DSF · ἐργασίαdative complement→ sphere or referenceἐργασία: meaning 'work'; it serves as dative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐργασίᾳworkN1A DSF · ἐργασίαdative complement→ sphere or referenceἐργασία: meaning 'work'; it serves as dative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευιτῶνLeviteN1M GPM · Λευείτηςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΛευιτῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
γραμματεῖςγραμματευςN3V NPM · γραμματεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionγραμματεύς: meaning 'γραμματευς'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριταὶjudgeN1M NPM · κριτήςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκριτής: meaning 'judge'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πυλωροίpylorosN2 NPM · πυλωρόςcommon noun within the clauseπυλωρός: meaning 'pyloros'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
14
καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐκφέρειν αὐτοὺς τὸ ἀργύριον τὸ εἰσοδιασθὲν εἰς οἶκον κυρίου εὗρεν Χελκιας ὁ ἱερεὺς βιβλίον νόμου κυρίου διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσῆ
And when they brought out the money that had been brought into the house of the Lord, Hilkiah the priest found the book of the law of the Lord by the hand of Moses.
The rediscovery of the book turns structural restoration into covenant confrontation. The house is being repaired, but the people are about to be read.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκφέρεινto bring outV1 PAN · φέρω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clause→ infinitival complementφέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'to bring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτοὺςhe / she / itRD APM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσοδιασθὲνεἰςVC · αππασν ὁδιάζω + εἰςfinite verb advancing the clauseαππασν ὁδιάζω + εἰς: meaning 'εἰς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
εὗρενfindVB AAI3S · εὑρίσκωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ΧελκιαςHilkiahN NSM · Χελκιαςsubject of εὗρεν→ participant identificationΧελκιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of εὗρεν.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestN3V NSM · ἱερεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βιβλίονbookN2N ASN · βιβλίονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ΜωυσῆMosesN1M GSM · Μωυσῆςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΜωυσῆ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
15
καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Χελκιας καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς Σαφαν τὸν γραμματέα βιβλίον νόμου εὗρον ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου καὶ ἔδωκεν Χελκιας τὸ βιβλίον τῷ Σαφαν
And Hilkiah answered and said to Shaphan the scribe, 'I have found the book of the law in the house of the Lord.' And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan.
The movement from priest to scribe matters. The book is not hidden away as a relic but passed toward public and royal hearing.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredVCI API3S · κρίνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristκρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'answered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΧελκιαςHilkiahN NSM · Χελκιαςsubject of εὗρεν→ participant identificationΧελκιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of εὗρεν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
Σαφανof ShaphanN ASM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Σαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματέαscribeN3V ASM · γραμματεύςdirect object (third figure)→ object specificationγραμματεύς: meaning 'scribe'; it serves as direct object (third figure).
βιβλίονa certificate / documentN2N NSN · βιβλίονdirect object of γράψει→ participant prominenceβιβλίον: meaning 'a certificate'; it serves as direct object of γράψει.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
εὗρονI have foundVB AAI1S · εὑρίσκωmain verb of protasis (conditional)→ constative aorist presenting the event as a wholeεὑρίσκω: meaning 'I have found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of protasis (conditional).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ΧελκιαςHilkiahN NSM · Χελκιαςsubject of εὗρεν→ participant identificationΧελκιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of εὗρεν.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίονbookN2N ASN · βιβλίονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαφανof ShaphanN DSM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Σαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
16
καὶ εἰσήνεγκεν Σαφαν τὸ βιβλίον πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ἀπέδωκεν ἔτι τῷ βασιλεῖ λόγον πᾶν τὸ δοθὲν ἀργύριον ἐν χειρὶ τῶν παίδων σου τῶν ποιούντων τὸ ἔργον
And Shaphan brought the book to the king, and he also returned word to the king, saying, 'All that has been committed to your servants they are doing.'
The verse begins as a routine progress report, which makes the coming disclosure about the book more dramatic.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήνεγκενbring inVAI AAI3S · φέρω + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristφέρω + εἰς: meaning 'bring in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
Σαφανof ShaphanN NSM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Σαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίονbookN2N ASN · βιβλίονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέδωκενgave overVAI AAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀποmain verb (Aaron's presentation of the Levites)→ aoristδίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'gave over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Aaron's presentation of the Levites).
ἔτιstill / moreoverD · ἔτιadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοθὲνδίδωμιVC · αππασν δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the clauseαππασν δίδωμι: meaning 'δίδωμι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservant / childN3D GPM · παῖςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπαῖς: meaning 'servant'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιούντωνdo / makeV2 · παπγπμ ποιέωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceπαπγπμ ποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργονworkN2N ASN · ἔργονaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
17
καὶ ἐχώνευσαν τὸ ἀργύριον τὸ εὑρεθὲν ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου καὶ ἔδωκαν ἐπὶ χεῖρα τῶν ἐπισκόπων καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα τῶν ποιούντων ἐργασίαν
'And they have poured out the money that was found in the house of the Lord and have given it into the hand of the overseers and into the hand of those doing the work.'
Before the book is read, the chapter underlines that the practical side of reform is being handled honestly and efficiently.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχώνευσανchoneyoVAI AAI3P · χωνεύωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristχωνεύω: meaning 'choneyo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθὲνfound / brought inVC · αππασν εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying ἀργύριον: 'that was found')αππασν εὑρίσκω: meaning 'found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying ἀργύριον: 'that was found').
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of allotment or gift→ aorist summary statementδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of allotment or gift.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπισκόπωνoverseersN2 GPM · ἐπισκοπόςgenitive in apposition (identifying the work-doers as overseers)ἐπισκοπός: meaning 'overseers'; it serves as genitive in apposition (identifying the work-doers as overseers).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιούντωνdo / makeV2 · παπγπμ ποιέωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceπαπγπμ ποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐργασίανworkN1A ASF · ἐργασίαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ nominal, pronominal, or adjectival contribution to the oracle's imagery and argumentἐργασία: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
18
καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν Σαφαν ὁ γραμματεὺς τῷ βασιλεῖ λέγων βιβλίον ἔδωκέν μοι Χελκιας ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ ἀνέγνω αὐτὸ Σαφαν ἐναντίον τοῦ βασιλέως
Then Shaphan the scribe told the king, saying, 'Hilkiah the priest has given me a book.' And Shaphan read from it before the king.
The transition from report to reading creates the decisive moment. Reform must now submit itself to Scripture's judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενreportVAI AAI3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'report'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
Σαφανof ShaphanN NSM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Σαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματεὺςscribeN3V NSM · γραμματεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγραμματεύς: meaning 'scribe'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
λέγωνsayV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
βιβλίονbookN2N ASN · βιβλίονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἔδωκένgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ perfectiveδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ΧελκιαςHilkiahN NSM · Χελκιαςsubject of εὗρεν→ participant identificationΧελκιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of εὗρεν.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestsN3V NSM · ἱερεύςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέγνωread aloudVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκω + ἀναmain verb of section [e]→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'read aloud'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of section [e].
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
Σαφανof ShaphanN NSM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Σαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
19
καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τοὺς λόγους τοῦ νόμου καὶ διέρρηξεν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ
And it happened, when the king heard the words of the law, that he tore his clothes.
Josiah's torn garments signal genuine covenant alarm. He does not treat the text as mere antiquarian discovery but as living indictment.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἤκουσενhearVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέρρηξενtoreVAI AAI3S · ῥήγνυμι + διαfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristῥήγνυμι + δια: meaning 'tore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονdirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: meaning 'garments'; it serves as direct object of πλυνεῖ.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
20
καὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ Χελκια καὶ τῷ Αχικαμ υἱῷ Σαφαν καὶ τῷ Αβδων υἱῷ Μιχαια καὶ τῷ Σαφαν τῷ γραμματεῖ καὶ τῷ Ασαια παιδὶ τοῦ βασιλέως λέγων
And the king commanded Hilkiah and Ahikam son of Shaphan and Abdon son of Micah and Shaphan the scribe and Asaiah the servant of the king, saying,
Hearing the law leads at once to inquiry. Josiah does not presume to master the word privately but seeks a prophetic answer.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοτελλω + ενVAI AMI3S · τέλλω + ἐνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristτέλλω + ἐν: meaning 'τελλω + εν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧελκιαHilkiahN DSM · Χελκιαςindirect object of ἐνετείλατοΧελκια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indirect object of ἐνετείλατο.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αχικαμof AhikamN DSM · Αχικαμindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Αχικαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
υἱῷto the sonN2 DSM · υἱόςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'to the son'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
Σαφανof ShaphanN GSM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)→ participant identificationΣαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβδωνAbdonN DSM · Αβδωνsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Αβδων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱῷto the sonN2 DSM · υἱόςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'to the son'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ΜιχαιαMicaiahN GSM · Μιχαιαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΜιχαια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαφανof ShaphanN DSM · Σαφανindeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive)Σαφαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (patronymic genitive).
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματεῖscribeN3V DSM · γραμματεύςdative in apposition to Σαφφαν (his office)→ sphere or referenceγραμματεύς: meaning 'scribe'; it serves as dative in apposition to Σαφφαν (his office).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσαιαAsaiahN DSM · Ασαιαname-item in the genealogical registerΑσαια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
παιδὶservantN3D DSM · παῖςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ sphere or referenceπαῖς: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
λέγωνsayV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
21
πορεύθητε ζητήσατε τὸν κύριον περὶ ἐμοῦ καὶ περὶ παντὸς τοῦ καταλειφθέντος ἐν Ισραηλ καὶ Ιουδα περὶ τῶν λόγων τοῦ βιβλίου τοῦ εὑρεθέντος ὅτι μέγας ὁ θυμὸς κυρίου ἐκκέκαυται ἐν ἡμῖν διότι οὐκ εἰσήκουσαν οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν τῶν λόγων κυρίου τοῦ ποιῆσαι κατὰ πάντα τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ
'Go, inquire of the Lord for me and for those left in Israel and in Judah concerning the words of the book that has been found, for great is the wrath of the Lord that has been poured out upon us because our fathers did not keep the word of the Lord, to do according to all that is written in this book.'
The king identifies inherited disobedience and national exposure. Scripture is heard not abstractly but as covenant prosecution.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
πορεύθητεgoVC APD2P · πορεύομαιfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ command or prohibitive forceπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ζητήσατεseekVA AAD2P · ζητέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ verbal action or stateζητέω: meaning 'seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἐμοῦI / meRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλειφθέντοςκαταVV · αππγσμ λείπω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateαππγσμ λείπω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Ιουδαof JudahN DSM · Ἰουδάproper name or indeclinable item→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name or indeclinable item.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνthing / wordN2 GPM · λόγοςgenitive dependent→ relational specificationλόγος: meaning 'thing'; it serves as genitive dependent.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίουbookN2N GSN · βιβλίονcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθέντοςthat was foundVC · αππγσν εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying βιβλίου)αππγσν εὑρίσκω: meaning 'that was found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying βιβλίου).
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέγαςgreatA1P NSM · μέγαςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςpredicate nominative ('their wine is venom')→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'venom'; it serves as predicate nominative ('their wine is venom').
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐκκέκαυταιhas been kindledVM XMI3S · καίω + ἐκmain verb (the wrath already alight)καίω + ἐκ: meaning 'has been kindled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the wrath already alight).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσήκουσανthey heeded / obeyedVAI AAI3P · ἀκούω + εἰςverb of causal clause (second ground; negated)→ constative aoristἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'they heeded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of causal clause (second ground; negated).
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνthing / wordN2 GPM · λόγοςgenitive dependent→ relational specificationλόγος: meaning 'thing'; it serves as genitive dependent.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιmake / doVA AAN · ποιέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
γεγραμμέναwriteVP · χμπαπν γράφωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ verbal action or stateχμπαπν γράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίῳbookN2N DSN · βιβλίονcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τούτῳto himRD DSN · οὗτοςdative indirect object (fronted)→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (fronted).
22
καὶ ἐπορεύθη Χελκιας καὶ οἷς εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς Ολδαν τὴν προφῆτιν γυναῖκα Σελλημ υἱοῦ Θακουαθ υἱοῦ Χελλης φυλάσσουσαν τὰς στολάς καὶ αὕτη κατῴκει ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ἐν μασανα καὶ ἐλάλησαν αὐτῇ κατὰ ταῦτα
And Hilkiah and those whom the king had sent went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum son of Tokhath, son of Hasrah, keeper of the wardrobe (and she was dwelling in Jerusalem in the second quarter), and they spoke to her accordingly.
The move to Huldah shows that written Torah and living prophetic interpretation belong together in the reform process.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηgoVCI API3S · πορεύομαιmovement predicate→ verbal action in summary styleπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as movement predicate.
ΧελκιαςHilkiahN NSM · Χελκιαςsubject of εὗρεν→ participant identificationΧελκιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of εὗρεν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἷςwhich / whoRR DPN · ὅςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΟλδανHuldahN ASF · Ολδανobject of πρός (the prophetess consulted)Ολδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (the prophetess consulted).
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆτινprophetessN3D ASF · προφῆτιςaccusative in apposition to Ολδαν (her office)→ object specificationπροφῆτις: meaning 'prophetess'; it serves as accusative in apposition to Ολδαν (her office).
γυναῖκαwifeN3K ASF · γυνήwife-term in a household notice→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as wife-term in a household notice.
ΣελλημShallumN GSM · Σελλημgenitival relationship with γυναῖκα (indeclinable name: her husband)Σελλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival relationship with γυναῖκα (indeclinable name: her husband).
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ΘακουαθΘακουαθN GSM · Θακουαθproper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal registerΘακουαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative, cultic, or regnal register.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ΧελληςChellesN GSM · Χελληςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΧελλης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
φυλάσσουσανφυλάσσωV1 · παπασφ φυλάσσωfinite verb advancing the clauseπαπασφ φυλάσσω: meaning 'φυλάσσω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στολάςvestments / robesN1 APF · στολήdirect object (inventory item: the ministry vestments)στολή: meaning 'vestments'; it serves as direct object (inventory item: the ministry vestments).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηthis / theseRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
κατῴκειwas dwellingV2I IAI3S · οἰκέω + καταmain verb (descriptive imperfect)→ verbal actionοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'was dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (descriptive imperfect).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
μασαναμασαναN DS · μασαναlexical item contributing to the clause or listμασανα: meaning 'μασανα'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησανspeakVAI AAI3P · λαλέωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτῇhe / she / itRD DSF · αὐτόςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
23
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς οὕτως εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ εἴπατε τῷ ἀνδρὶ τῷ ἀποστείλαντι ὑμᾶς πρός με
And she said to them, 'Thus says the Lord: Tell the man who sent you to me,'
The prophetess begins by relocating the whole exchange under the formula of revelation. The king will be answered as a man before the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοῖςhe / she / itRD DPM · αὐτόςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
εἴπατεsayVA AAD2P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρὶmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστείλαντιwho sentVA · ααπδσμ στέλλω + ἀποattributive participle (modifying ἀνδρί: 'the man who sent you')ααπδσμ στέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'who sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying ἀνδρί: 'the man who sent you').
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
μεI / meRP AS · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
24
οὕτως λέγει κύριος ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐπάγω κακὰ ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον τοῦτον τοὺς πάντας λόγους τοὺς γεγραμμένους ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῷ ἀνεγνωσμένῳ ἐναντίον τοῦ βασιλέως Ιουδα
'Thus says the Lord: Behold, I am bringing evil upon this place and upon its inhabitants, all the curses written in the book that they read before the king of Judah,'
The discovered text is not rhetorical exaggeration. Huldah declares that its covenant curses genuinely stand over Jerusalem.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speech→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐγὼI / meRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπάγωbring uponV1 PAI1S · ἄγω + ἐπιmain verb (futuristic present: imminent divine action)→ ongoing verbal processἄγω + ἐπι: meaning 'bring upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (futuristic present: imminent divine action).
κακὰevils / calamityA1 APN · κακόςdirect object of ἐξεγείρω ('evil things')→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as direct object of ἐξεγείρω ('evil things').
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεγραμμένουςwrittenVP · χμπαπμ γράφωattributive participle (modifying λόγους)→ verbal action or stateχμπαπμ γράφω: meaning 'written'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying λόγους).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίῳbookN2N DSN · βιβλίονcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνεγνωσμένῳἀναVT · χμπδσν γιγνώσκω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clauseχμπδσν γιγνώσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
25
ἀνθ' ὧν ἐγκατέλιπόν με καὶ ἐθυμίασαν θεοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις ἵνα παροργίσωσίν με ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐξεκαύθη ὁ θυμός μου ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τούτῳ καὶ οὐ σβεσθήσεται
'because they have forsaken me and burned incense to other gods, so that they might provoke me with all the works of their hands. Therefore my wrath will be poured out upon this place and will not be quenched.'
The oracle refuses vague blame. Judah's deliberate provocation through manufactured gods explains why the wrath is unquenched.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἀνθ'instead of / in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνθ': meaning 'instead of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ὧνosRR GPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'os'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐγκατέλιπόνthey forsookVBI AAI3P · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verb (specifying the apostasy: abandonment)→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'they forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (specifying the apostasy: abandonment).
μεI / meRP AS · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίασανto be burned (as offering)VAI AAI3P · θυμιάωinfinitive with πρίν (temporal)→ constative aoristθυμιάω: meaning 'to be burned (as offering)'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive with πρίν (temporal).
θεοῖςGodN2 DPM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἀλλοτρίοιςforeignerA1A DPM · ἀλλότριοςsubject of ἐπικαλέσηται→ sphere or referenceἀλλότριος: meaning 'foreigner'; it serves as subject of ἐπικαλέσηται.
ἵναιναC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'ινα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροργίσωσίνthey might provoke to angerVA AAS3P · ὀργίζω + παραverb of ὅπως-clause (the effect of the idolatry)→ verbal contribution to the clauseὀργίζω + παρα: meaning 'they might provoke to anger'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of ὅπως-clause (the effect of the idolatry).
μεI / meRP AS · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πᾶσινallA3 DPN · πᾶςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔργοιςworksN2N DPN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive (source of the works)→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as genitive (source of the works).
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεκαύθηhas been burnedVCI API3S · καίω + ἐκverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristκαίω + ἐκ: meaning 'has been burned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the relative clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμόςwrath / angerN2 NSM · θυμόςsubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as subject of ἔσται.
μουIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπῳplaceN2 DSM · τόποςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
τούτῳto himRD DSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
σβεσθήσεταιshall be quenchedVC FPI3S · σβέννυμιmain verb (negated future: prohibition)→ futureσβέννυμι: meaning 'shall be quenched'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (negated future: prohibition).
26
καὶ ἐπὶ βασιλέα Ιουδα τὸν ἀποστείλαντα ὑμᾶς τοῦ ζητῆσαι τὸν κύριον οὕτως ἐρεῖτε αὐτῷ οὕτως λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ τοὺς λόγους οὓς ἤκουσας
'But to the king of Judah who sent you to inquire of the Lord, thus shall you say to him: Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: As for the words that you heard,'
Judgment on the place does not erase God's notice of Josiah's response. The address narrows to individual humility within corporate doom.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστείλανταwho sentVA · ααπασμ στέλλω + ἀποattributive participle (modifying βασιλέα: 'the king who sent you')→ verbal action or stateααπασμ στέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'who sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying βασιλέα: 'the king who sent you').
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζητῆσαιto inquireVA AAN · ζητέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ infinitival complementζητέω: meaning 'to inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐρεῖτεyou shall sayVF2 FAI2P · εἶπονmain verb (future as command)→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'you shall say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (future as command).
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
οὓςwho / whomRR APM · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
ἤκουσαςhave you heardVAI AAI2S · ἀκούωmain verb of rhetorical question→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'have you heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of rhetorical question.
27
καὶ ἐνετράπη ἡ καρδία σου καὶ ἐταπεινώθης ἀπὸ προσώπου μου ἐν τῷ ἀκοῦσαί σε τοὺς λόγους μου ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον τοῦτον καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας αὐτὸν καὶ ἐταπεινώθης ἐναντίον μου καὶ διέρρηξας τὰ ἱμάτιά σου καὶ ἔκλαυσας κατεναντίον μου καὶ ἐγὼ ἤκουσά φησιν κύριος
'because your heart was tender and you humbled yourself before God when you heard his words against this place and against its inhabitants, and you humbled yourself before me and tore your clothes and wept before me, I also have heard you,' declares the Lord.
The verse presents humble hearing as exemplary kingship. The king's tears are not weakness but the form of wisdom demanded by the covenant word.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετράπηwas subdued / humbledVDI API3S · τρέπω + ἐνmain verb (Moab's subjugation)→ aorist passive of repulseτρέπω + ἐν: meaning 'was subdued'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Moab's subjugation).
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁnominal element within the genealogical notice→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the local noun phrase relation.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐταπεινώθηςταπεινόωVCI API2S · ταπεινόωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist passive indicativeταπεινόω: meaning 'ταπεινόω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
μουIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοῦσαίobeying / to hearVA AAN · ἀκούωinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀκούω: meaning 'obeying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
σεyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
μουIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose dwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'those dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐταπεινώθηςταπεινόωVCI API2S · ταπεινόωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist passive indicativeταπεινόω: meaning 'ταπεινόω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μουIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέρρηξαςyou toreVAI AAI2S · ῥήγνυμι + διαverb continuing the king's contrite acts (2nd person)→ constative aoristῥήγνυμι + δια: meaning 'you tore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb continuing the king's contrite acts (2nd person).
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἱμάτιάgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονdirect object of διέρρηξας (the torn clothing)→ object specificationἱμάτιον: meaning 'garments'; it serves as direct object of διέρρηξας (the torn clothing).
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκλαυσαςyou weptVAI AAI2S · κλαίωverb continuing the king's contrite acts (weeping)κλαίω: meaning 'you wept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb continuing the king's contrite acts (weeping).
κατεναντίονbefore / in front ofD · κατεναντίονimproper preposition + genitive ('before me')κατεναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by improper preposition + genitive ('before me').
μουIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼI / meRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἤκουσάἀκούωVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the clauseἀκούω: meaning 'ἀκούω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
φησινsaysV6 PAI3S · φημίparenthetical verb of speaking (oracle-marker)→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as parenthetical verb of speaking (oracle-marker).
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
28
ἰδοὺ προστίθημί σε πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας σου καὶ προστεθήσῃ πρὸς τὰ μνήματά σου ἐν εἰρήνῃ καὶ οὐκ ὄψονται οἱ ὀφθαλμοί σου ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς κακοῖς οἷς ἐγὼ ἐπάγω ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον τοῦτον καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας αὐτόν καὶ ἀπέδωκαν τῷ βασιλεῖ λόγον
'Behold, I will gather you to your fathers, and you shall be gathered to your grave in peace, and your eyes shall not see all the evil that I am bringing upon this place and upon its inhabitants.' And they brought back word to the king.
Josiah receives a merciful horizon, but the larger sentence over Judah is untouched. The reform therefore proceeds under tragic knowledge.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speech→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
προστίθημίI am gathering / addingV7 PAI1S · τίθημι + προςmain verb (the promise of peaceful death)τίθημι + προς: meaning 'I am gathering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the promise of peaceful death).
σεyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραςfathersN3 APM · πατήρaccusative object of πρός (the ancestors)→ object specificationπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as accusative object of πρός (the ancestors).
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστεθήσῃyou shall join / be addedVC FPI2S · τίθημι + προςmain verb (prohibition: 'you shall not attach yourself')→ futureτίθημι + προς: meaning 'you shall join'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (prohibition: 'you shall not attach yourself').
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μνήματάμνῆμαN3M APN · μνῆμαnominal element carrying the clause or phraseμνῆμα: meaning 'μνῆμα'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
εἰρήνῃpeaceN1 DSF · εἰρήνηdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὄψονταιthey shall seeVF FMI3P · ὁράωmain verb of the oath (negated by εἰ)→ futureὁράω: meaning 'they shall see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the oath (negated by εἰ).
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοίeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κακοῖςtroublesA1 DPM · κακόςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceκακός: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPM · ὅςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐγὼI / meRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπάγωbring uponV1 PAI1S · ἄγω + ἐπιmain verb (futuristic present: imminent divine action)→ ongoing verbal processἄγω + ἐπι: meaning 'bring upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (futuristic present: imminent divine action).
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose dwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'those dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
αὐτόνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέδωκανthey renderedVAI AAI3P · δίδωμι + ἀποverb of the relative clauseδίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'they rendered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the relative clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
29
καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ συνήγαγεν τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους Ιουδα καὶ Ιερουσαλημ
Then the king sent and gathered all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem.
The discovered word moves immediately from private crisis to public assembly. Covenant response must become communal.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsendVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'send'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήγαγενgatherVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςelderN2 APM · πρεσβύτεροςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elder'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSM · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
30
καὶ ἀνέβη ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰς οἶκον κυρίου καὶ πᾶς Ιουδα καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες Ιερουσαλημ καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς καὶ οἱ Λευῖται καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ἀπὸ μεγάλου ἕως μικροῦ καὶ ἀνέγνω ἐν ὠσὶν αὐτῶν τοὺς πάντας λόγους βιβλίου τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ εὑρεθέντος ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου
And the king went up to the house of the Lord with all the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem and the priests and the Levites and all the people, both great and small; and he read in their ears all the words of the book of the covenant that had been found in the house of the Lord.
What pierced the king is made audible to the nation. Reform is grounded in shared hearing of the covenant text.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηgo upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ΙουδαJudahN NSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευῖταιLeviteN1M NPM · Λευείτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant identificationΛευῖται: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μεγάλουgreatA1 GSM · μέγαςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ relational specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
μικροῦsmallA1A GSM · μικρόςgenitive substantive (first pole of merism: 'from the least')→ relational specificationμικρός: meaning 'small'; it serves as genitive substantive (first pole of merism: 'from the least').
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέγνωread aloudVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκω + ἀναmain verb of section [e]→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'read aloud'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of section [e].
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὠσὶνearN3T DPN · οὖςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceοὖς: meaning 'ear'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
βιβλίουbookN2N GSN · βιβλίονcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantN1 GSF · διαθήκηgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθέντοςthat was foundVC · αππγσμ εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying βιβλίου)αππγσμ εὑρίσκω: meaning 'that was found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying βιβλίου).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
31
καὶ ἔστη ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ τὸν στῦλον καὶ διέθετο διαθήκην ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ πορευθῆναι ἐνώπιον κυρίου τοῦ φυλάσσειν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ καὶ μαρτύρια αὐτοῦ καὶ προστάγματα αὐτοῦ ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ ψυχῇ τοὺς λόγους τῆς διαθήκης τοὺς γεγραμμένους ἐπὶ τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ
And the king stood in his place and made a covenant before the Lord, to walk after the Lord and to keep his commandments and his testimonies and his statutes with all his heart and with all his soul, to perform the words of the covenant that were written in this book.
Josiah binds himself publicly to total obedience. The language of heart and soul answers the earlier diagnosis of ancestral failure.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηιστημιVHI AAI3S · ἵστημιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'ιστημι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στῦλονpillarN2 ASM · στῦλοςobject of πρός (ceremonial location)→ object specificationστῦλος: meaning 'pillar'; it serves as object of πρός (ceremonial location).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέθετοmake peaceVEI AMI3S · τίθημι + διαfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι + δια: meaning 'make peace'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευθῆναιgoVC APN · πορεύομαιfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ infinitival complementπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάσσεινto keepV1 PAN · φυλάσσωparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ infinitival complementφυλάσσω: meaning 'to keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολὰςEntolasN1 APF · ἐντολήaccusative complement→ object specificationἐντολή: meaning 'Entolas'; it serves as accusative complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαρτύριαof meeting / of witnessN2N APN · μαρτύριονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationμαρτύριον: meaning 'of meeting'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστάγματαcommandmentN3M APN · πρόσταγμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπρόσταγμα: meaning 'commandment'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὅλῃὅλοςA1 DSF · ὅλοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceὅλος: meaning 'ὅλος'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative complement→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὅλῃὅλοςA1 DSF · ὅλοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceὅλος: meaning 'ὅλος'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantN1 GSF · διαθήκηgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεγραμμένουςwrittenVP · χμπαπμ γράφωattributive participle (modifying λόγους)→ verbal action or stateχμπαπμ γράφω: meaning 'written'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying λόγους).
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίῳbookN2N DSN · βιβλίονcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τούτῳto himRD DSN · οὗτοςdative indirect object (fronted)→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (fronted).
32
καὶ ἔστησεν πάντας τοὺς εὑρεθέντας ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ Βενιαμιν καὶ ἐποίησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες Ιερουσαλημ διαθήκην ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου θεοῦ πατέρων αὐτῶν
And he caused all who were found in Jerusalem and Benjamin to stand to it; and the inhabitants of Jerusalem acted according to the covenant of God, the God of their fathers.
The reform is not left at the level of royal aspiration. Josiah presses the gathered community into concrete covenant participation.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενistemiVAI AAI3S · ἵστημιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'istemi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθένταςwho were foundVC · αππαπμ εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying ἄνδρας)→ verbal action or stateαππαπμ εὑρίσκω: meaning 'who were found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying ἄνδρας).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Βενιαμινof BenjaminN DSM · Βενιαμίνgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
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καὶ περιεῖλεν Ιωσιας τὰ πάντα βδελύγματα ἐκ πάσης τῆς γῆς ἣ ἦν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐποίησεν πάντας τοὺς εὑρεθέντας ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐν Ισραηλ τοῦ δουλεύειν κυρίῳ θεῷ αὐτῶν πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ἀπὸ ὄπισθεν κυρίου θεοῦ πατέρων αὐτοῦ
And Josiah removed all the abominations from all the lands that belonged to the sons of Israel and made all who were found in Israel serve the Lord their God. All his days they did not turn away from following the Lord, the God of their fathers.
The final verdict portrays a reign in which covenantal service was effectively maintained. The king's responsiveness to the word reshaped the life of the nation.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεῖλενremovedVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + περιmain verb (the total removal of the dog-fly)→ rebellion exposed and remnant joy restoredαἱρέω + περι: meaning 'removed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the total removal of the dog-fly).
ΙωσιαςJosiahN1T NSM · Ιωσίαςpredicate nominative in apposition ('Josiah is his name')Ιωσιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as predicate nominative in apposition ('Josiah is his name').
τὰtheRA APN · ὁacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
βδελύγματαabominationsN3M APN · βδέλυγμαdirect object of ἐποίησαν (fronted)→ object specificationβδέλυγμα: meaning 'abominations'; it serves as direct object of ἐποίησαν (fronted).
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA3 GSF · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ἣwhichRR NSF · ὅςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ participant referenceἣ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθένταςwho were foundVC · αππαπμ εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying ἄνδρας)→ verbal action or stateαππαπμ εὑρίσκω: meaning 'who were found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying ἄνδρας).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δουλεύεινto serveV1 PAN · δουλεύωarticular infinitive (result: 'so that they do not serve')→ infinitival complementδουλεύω: meaning 'to serve'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (result: 'so that they do not serve').
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πάσαςallA3 APF · πᾶςattributive adjective (with ἐντολάς)πᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ἐντολάς).
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξέκλινενhe turned asideV1I IAI3S · κλίνω + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'he turned aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὄπισθενbehind / pursuingD · ὄπισθεadverb (with ἀπό: 'from after/following')ὄπισθε: meaning 'behind'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.